Integrated Solid Waste Management - Save Bombay Committee ...
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<strong>Integrated</strong> <strong>Solid</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> <strong>Management</strong> Programme – A<br />
sustained and perennial solution<br />
PRIYA SALVI, KISAN MEHTA AND DILIP SANKARREDDY<br />
<strong>Save</strong> <strong>Bombay</strong> <strong>Committee</strong>, India<br />
Abstract<br />
<strong>Save</strong> <strong>Bombay</strong> <strong>Committee</strong> (SBC) has been involved in taking up issues of social and<br />
environmental concern and trying to give solutions that are practical and sustainable. The<br />
management of solid waste in a city like Mumbai with an area of 434sq.km. and an everexploding<br />
population of 16 million plus, has failed and the city has been suffering the<br />
stink and filth. Technology coupled with increasing finances expended on waste<br />
management have proved useless beyond doubt making the city look more and more<br />
dirty over recent times. Since 1984, SBC has been instrumental in trying to give<br />
suggestions and programs in improving the situation but the response from the concerned<br />
authorities and the civic society in general has been poor. However in 1994, SBC took up<br />
a specific study about the problem and in 1996, we came out with a unique, concrete and<br />
sustainable solution for not only cleaning Mumbai but also serving as a panacea to be<br />
replicated the world over.<br />
<strong>Integrated</strong> <strong>Solid</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> <strong>Management</strong> Programme (ISWMP) based on citizen perceptions<br />
and civic demands was the result of the study giving a permanent and logical alternative<br />
to the society. ISWMP based on “cradle to grave” approach and the 3R principle of<br />
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle aims at attaining highest quality of cleanliness on a<br />
permanent and sustained basis taking into account the ecological and economical aspects<br />
associated with the functioning of the system as a whole.<br />
The ISWMP provides an opportunity for live partnership between the government and<br />
the people. Approximately 300,000 citizens are already practising the ISWMP. The SBC<br />
worked out models of partnerships between the authority and citizens and helped the<br />
Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) as a consultant for three years in<br />
finalising work plans for creating and sustaining partnerships involving citizens in<br />
improving conditions in their areas. The MCGM designated the partnerships as Advanced<br />
Locality <strong>Management</strong> (ALM). The Government of India has laid down norms for<br />
handling Municipal waste, medical waste, and toxic industrial waste on the basis of<br />
ISWMP.<br />
1 Introduction<br />
Disposal of solid waste is becoming a serious and vexing problem for any human<br />
habitation all over the world. More advanced the human settlements, more complex the<br />
waste management. There is a continuous search for sound solutions for this problem but
it is increasingly realised that solutions based on technological advances without human<br />
intervention cannot sustain for long and it in turn results in complicating the matters<br />
further. For the authorities, usually municipal, obligated to handle solid waste generated<br />
within their respective boundaries, the usual practice followed is of lifting solid waste<br />
from the point of generation and hauling to distant places known as dumping grounds<br />
and/or landfill sites for discarding. The treatment given to waste once thus emptied is<br />
restricted to spreading the heap over larger space so as to take away the waste from the<br />
public gaze.<br />
Even the landfill, sometimes described as `sanitary landfill’, does not go beyond filling<br />
up of low-lying areas with stinking waste conveniently bypassing the recommended<br />
requirements for `sanitary landfill’. In the end, anything that is emptied at dumping or<br />
landfill sites continues to cause serious environmental depredation.<br />
Dumped mixed waste continuously generates methane and toxic greenhouse gases,<br />
forming into suffocating cloud over habitat areas adversely affecting human health.<br />
Accidental ignition creates spontaneous fires at the dumping grounds difficult to<br />
extinguish or control.<br />
Simple dumping of mixed waste is the practice followed practically everywhere and<br />
especially in the developing countries as they cannot mobilise financial resources for<br />
applying expensive technology propounded by the developed countries.<br />
The developed countries do boast that they handle their waste in a more scientific manner<br />
at landfill sites by laying the dumping grounds with a vulcanised plastic sheet to avoid<br />
leaching of toxic digested and undigested waste into the ground underneath. This sanitary<br />
landfill system, elaborately described in textbooks and highly recommended by the<br />
World Health Organization, is rarely followed and the impact of slipshod working on the<br />
soil underneath or on aquifers has not been documented or presented to the community.<br />
Authorities practicing landfill do declare that they assiduously implement requirements<br />
for recommended landfill to assuage citizen concern.<br />
It is however obvious that any untreated waste would definitely culminate into a health<br />
and environmental hazard at some point of time. Dumping of untreated mixed waste can<br />
be taken as a time bomb or a series of time bombs bound to explode adversely affecting<br />
the living beings and the environment. Communities residing within two to three km of<br />
the dumping sites are observed to have 25% higher incidence of cardio-vascular and lung<br />
diseases. Global scenario shows as to how countries after countries are experiencing<br />
insurmountable problems in dumping solid waste and how they are in constant search for<br />
newer sites for dumping their daily increasing quantum of waste.<br />
Despite the observation everywhere that space is a scarce commodity in human centres<br />
and it is practically impossible to find large areas for dumping of wastes, municipalities<br />
keep demanding more and more spaces causing serious strain. When they fail to find<br />
space within their own boundaries, municipalities try for land outside and quite often
obtain extraterritorial rights or rather license to dump putting neighbouring communities<br />
to unanticipated hardship.<br />
Cases of lands located as far as 200 km away for dumping exist in the USA. However<br />
one can imagine the predicament in densely populated countries where availability of<br />
land has become a controversial issue for the government and residents. Also,<br />
unscientific dumping pollutes underground water systems in adjoining areas. It also poses<br />
immense health problems to people living in the vicinity. Studies have revealed that<br />
sizeable percentage of low-income level strata of the society are forced to reside in the<br />
vicinity of these far-off dumps, tolerating the inhuman conditions, faced with severe land<br />
availability crunch.<br />
The developed countries invented incinerator to burn waste so as to remove it from the<br />
eyesight. Earlier regarded as a panacea for managing the mounting quantum of waste this<br />
sophisticated technology has now been found to be a well-established serious hazard both<br />
to the environment and public health. Concerned citizens, the world over, are persistently<br />
agitating against setting up of new incinerator plants as well as for closing down existing<br />
facilities.<br />
The experience everywhere is that more sophisticated the human settlements, more<br />
complex the waste disposal. There is a continuous search for sound solutions however it<br />
is increasingly realised that solutions based on technology not backed by human<br />
involvement cannot sustain for long and result in complicating matters further.<br />
The city of Mumbai, with an exploding population of 12 million plus, too has similar<br />
problems of waste disposal and the citizens were the ones to suffer the daily stink.<br />
Exasperated by the casual working of the municipality, citizens on their own initiated<br />
cleanliness activities in their neighbourhoods. However these initiatives were like a drop<br />
in the ocean and did not impact as such on changing the scenario of the city. The<br />
municipal authorities on the other hand were hunting for newer spaces for dumping and<br />
also wanting to introduce processing projects hazardous to the community at<br />
unprecedented public cost.<br />
The <strong>Save</strong> <strong>Bombay</strong> <strong>Committee</strong> (SBC) has since 1973 been taking up issues of social and<br />
environmental concern and developing with active citizen participation practical and<br />
sustainable solutions. The SBC in collaboration with leading environmental and<br />
consumer groups took up an in-depth study of the issue of solid waste management and<br />
came out with an economically viable and environmentally sustainable solution<br />
`<strong>Integrated</strong> <strong>Solid</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> <strong>Management</strong> Programme’ for cleaning up <strong>Bombay</strong>, since<br />
renamed as Mumbai.<br />
2 Materials and Methods<br />
Mumbai, with a population of 16 million inhabiting in an area of around 434 square km,<br />
generates 12000 tons plus of solid waste a day. MCGM statutorily obligated to abate
nuisance and pollution within its boundary is required to handle solid waste generated<br />
daily to maintain minimum level of public health in this city with a population density of<br />
27,000 persons per square km, the highest in the world for any human settlement. The<br />
<strong>Solid</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> <strong>Management</strong> Department of the MCGM lifts the waste from crowded<br />
habitats and hauls to four dumping grounds located at safe distance away from the areas<br />
where politicians and the rich frequent. Incidence of cardio-vascular disease is very high<br />
in areas up to 2 km radius of the dumping yards. About 25% of Mumbai’s residents stay<br />
in slums around this area. About 3.5 billion INR, which is about 15% of the MCGM’s<br />
annual revenue income, is spent on the operations of the <strong>Solid</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
(SWM) Department. In spite of this large spending, Mumbai still remains a filthy city<br />
with heaps of waste lying everywhere.<br />
Residents throw waste in the mixed condition in the ever-overflowing waste bins, from<br />
where the SWM department workers lift for depositing in the rickety trucks. Trucks haul<br />
waste to dumping grounds generating nauseating stink all along the route. <strong>Waste</strong> is<br />
emptied at the dumping grounds and evenly spread over larger area and then left to nature<br />
to look after. Fires are a continuous affair. The MCGM is constantly on watch for more<br />
land as existing dumping grounds are getting filled up. Having filled up all the low-lying<br />
areas with stinking waste, the MCGM is eyeing suitable chinks of land outside its<br />
boundaries as if to create unhealthy conditions in neighbouring centres.<br />
<strong>Integrated</strong> <strong>Solid</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> <strong>Management</strong> Programme (ISWMP) involving active citizen<br />
participation is the result of the SBC study giving a permanent and logical alternative to<br />
the existing practice. The ISWMP based on the `cradle to grave’ approach and the 3R’s –<br />
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle’ concept aims at attaining highest quality of cleanliness on a<br />
permanent and sustained basis taking into account the ecological and economical aspects<br />
associated with the functioning of the system as a whole.<br />
The SBC study showed that Mumbai’s solid waste comprises predominantly of 3<br />
components: biodegradable organic or wet waste, recyclable or dry waste and rejected<br />
building materials or inert waste in the ratio of 55:10:35 respectively. Every component<br />
needs entirely different and component specific treatment to create “zero garbage”<br />
condition. The debris is generated not on a day-to-day basis and therefore its management<br />
is not a problem for residents.<br />
The ISWMP recommends segregation of waste on the basis of three major components at<br />
the point of generation to be taken up by the generator. The recyclable component is<br />
further segregated in paper, plastic, rags, glass etc.<br />
The emphasis in the ISWMP is on treating each and every component of the solid waste<br />
while leaving nothing as discards. The ISWMP recommends treating each and every<br />
component of this solid waste especially the wet and the dry component so that it is<br />
brought back for reuse directly or after recycling by the community.<br />
Organic waste can be returned to the soil as soil conditioner/ manure through<br />
vermiculture. Vermiculture is a simple process that any generator of waste can fully
apply for turning organic component into soil conditioner. Vermiprocessing can be<br />
undertaken by every single household as conveniently and easily as it can be applied to a<br />
facility set up for waste for thousand households. Resident associations can set up central<br />
vermiculture facilities for handling their waste and utilising soil conditioner for greening<br />
of the neighbourhoods. The object is to avoid hauling of waste away from the generation<br />
point.<br />
Practically every item of dry or recyclable component can be brought back to reuse<br />
directly or after recycling. We throw away dry component originally made from our finite<br />
natural resources creating serious environmental pollution. Instead they can be diverted to<br />
the market for reuse. Every society has a substantial population of rag pickers, the<br />
poorest of the poor in the community who are always on hunt for activities that can<br />
provide food for sustenance. Rag pickers form about 3% of Mumbai’s population. They<br />
pick up these components from our waste bins and dumping yards. Residents can instead<br />
hand over segregated dry components directly to rag pickers for diverting to the market<br />
for recycling. Vermiculture of wet waste and diverting of dry waste to market directly or<br />
through rag pickers will take care of major portion of the MSW and residents, who are<br />
after all the generators of waste, can easily handle that activity.<br />
Rejected building material, the third major component, is inert. Hence municipal bodies<br />
can deposit it in a designated site to create a hill of 25 to 100 meter height in next 10 to<br />
25 years to be covered with soil conditioner retrieved from wet waste. This hillock can<br />
then be landscaped with greenery to create for the community a loveable picnic spot in<br />
the otherwise monotonous city.<br />
3 Employment opportunities to the lowest strata of the society<br />
Most of the rag-pickers in cities are developing world are migrants from rural areas. They<br />
face two challenges: surviving poverty and living with respectability. Working<br />
independently, they do not gain the respectability they deserve. Many view them with<br />
suspicion. Often, they scavenge for recyclable waste in Municipal dumps. But becoming<br />
part of ISWMP gives them a sense of identity as they can now collect wastes from<br />
individual households. This sense of respectability is a major incentive for the rag-pickers<br />
to participate in ISWMP.<br />
4 Results and Discussions<br />
The SBC presented the ISWMP to the MCGM and residents simultaneously. The<br />
Municipal Commissioner announced in public that the MCGM would implement the<br />
ISWMP in stages with resident support. Residents saw in the ISWMP an opportunity to<br />
bring about cleanliness in their neighbourhoods. They formed resident associations to set<br />
up neighbourhood vermiculture facilities. Rag pickers readily helped residents in<br />
managing their own waste within their premises and got in return recyclable component<br />
of waste from residents. Recyclable waste was diverted to market for reuse and recycling.
The MCGM set up vermiculture facilities within the dumping grounds with the help of<br />
rag pickers to handle waste from bulk generators like markets places and similar such<br />
sources.<br />
For the first time, a hope that solid waste can be managed environmentally was generated<br />
amongst the residents. The SBC approached the State of Maharashtra, of which Mumbai<br />
is the capital and the Central Government to direct all municipalities to devise waste<br />
management practices on the lines recommended in the ISWMP. The Central<br />
Government laid down norms for managing solid waste on environmentally acceptable<br />
lines. Municipalities are slowly discarding their erstwhile practices of dumping waste to<br />
sustainable practices. Leading industries and large business houses are taking up the<br />
ISWMP for handling their waste.<br />
SBC would be happy to assist any human settlement in setting up this pragmatic<br />
program.<br />
5 Conclusion<br />
In a nutshell the ISWMP ensures the following benefits:<br />
• Reduction in the quantum of waste<br />
• Saving in overall cost on management<br />
• Creation of zero waste condition in communities through 100% reutilization of<br />
what was discarded once as waste<br />
• Conservation of finite natural resources<br />
• Protection of environment<br />
• Low capital investment<br />
• Creation of jobs for the poorest of the poor<br />
• Sustained clean surroundings<br />
• Improvement in the quality of life through better health conditions<br />
• Easily replicable and simple to implement and operate<br />
References<br />
Forbes Mc Dougall & others, <strong>Integrated</strong> <strong>Solid</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> <strong>Management</strong>: a Life Cycle<br />
Inventory, Blackwell Science Ltd, (2001).<br />
Gourlay K.A. World of <strong>Waste</strong>- Dilemmas of Industrial Development, Zed books Ltd;<br />
(1992).<br />
Salvi Priya R, <strong>Integrated</strong> <strong>Solid</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> <strong>Management</strong> Programme- Citizen Perceptions,<br />
<strong>Save</strong> <strong>Bombay</strong> <strong>Committee</strong> (1996).