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Baldwin's Rules - Department of Medicinal Chemistry

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Chemical Reviews REVIEW<br />

radical cyclizations, cascade transformations <strong>of</strong> alkynes for the<br />

construction <strong>of</strong> graphene nanoribbons, electronic and conformational<br />

control <strong>of</strong> the Bergman cyclization, conformationally gated<br />

cyclization/fragmentation pathways which provide a potential biochemical<br />

autoprotection mechanism from DNA-damaging cycloaromatization,<br />

metal-free conversion <strong>of</strong> phenols into esters<br />

and amides <strong>of</strong> aromatic carboxylic acids, as well as studies <strong>of</strong> stereoelectronic<br />

and rehybridization effects in organic and supramolecular<br />

chemistry.<br />

ACKNOWLEDGMENT<br />

I.V.A. is funded in part by the National Science Foundation<br />

(CHE-0848686) and Petroleum Research Fund, administered<br />

by the American Chemical Society (Award 47590-AC4). A<br />

planning grant from FSU-COFRC is also gratefully appreciated.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

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(8) Crich, D.; Fortt, S. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 2895.<br />

(9) <strong>Rules</strong> regarding the closure <strong>of</strong> enolates were published subsequently<br />

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<strong>of</strong> the enolate π-orbitals with those <strong>of</strong> the breaking bond. The rules were<br />

limited to exo-tet and exo-trig closures. 3-, 4-, and 5-(Enolendo)closures<br />

(for both exo-tet and exo-trig modes) were suggested to be<br />

disfavored, while 5- and 6-(enolendo)- and 3- to 7-(enolexo)- were said<br />

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(12) Note that this guideline disagrees with the Baldwin rules<br />

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electrophilic cyclizations.<br />

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π Electrons; Verlag Chemie International: Deerfield Beach, FL,<br />

1983; p 1.<br />

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(45) Maier, W. F.; Lau, G. C.; McEwen, A. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985,<br />

107, 4724.<br />

(46) For the effect on alkyne bending in the Bergman cyclization:<br />

(a) Alabugin, I. V.; Manoharan, M. J. Phys. Chem. A 2003, 107, 3363.<br />

(b) Galbraith, J. M.; Schreiner, P. R.; Harris, N.; Wei, W.; Wittkopp, A.;<br />

Shaik, S. Chem.—Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1446.<br />

(47) Most <strong>of</strong> the reactant destabilization that contributes to the<br />

increased reactivity <strong>of</strong> cyclic enediynes stems from the Pauli repulsion <strong>of</strong><br />

filled in-plane p-orbitals and symmetry cancellation <strong>of</strong> the two-electron<br />

AM dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr200164y |Chem. Rev. XXXX, XXX, 000–000

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