wild flowers in fife & kinross - Fife Coast and Countryside Trust

Background
WILD FLOWERS IN FIFE & KINROSS:
A CONCISE CHECKLIST
Introduction
It is well over 300 years since the first published note of some of Fife and Kinross’s
wild flowers appeared, in 1684. During the 19th century Fife in particular was well
explored botanically and was reasonably well documented. Following the end of the
First World War in 1918, William Young, a Kirkcaldy botanist, conceived the idea
of compiling a flora of the two counties, and a certain amount of writing up was
carried out. However, as the project could not be immediately continued then and
not much more work could be done, it was 1936 before Young’s research appeared
in print, entitled “A List of the Flowering Plants and Ferns Recorded from Fife and
Kinross (V.C.85)”. As the title indicates this was not a flora but a list of plant names
accompanied by a brief comment on habitat and frequency, coupled with a note of
some localities and recorders. On the face of it reasonably comprehensive, the
account was rather muddled and inaccurate and in fact, as later research has shown,
proved to be riddled with errors and omissions. Additionally, there were few
post-1910 records so that the List essentially outlined the position (in part) at the end
of the 19th, and not a third of the way through the 20th century.
This fact became clear to the writer soon after he took an interest in Fife flowers in
the late 1950s. The opportunity to examine the Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden
herbarium together with a considerable body of botanical literature came during the
1960s, and resulted in the publication of “The Flowering Plants of Kirkcaldy and
District” in 1970. In the same year the author became BSBI Recorder for Fife and
Kinross, and attention was switched to the latter county, still then an entity in its
own right. This resulted in “The Flowering Plants of Kinross” in 1977, with a
second edition in 1985 (it should be noted that in this context ‘Kinross’ refers to the
former county of that name and not just to the burgh).

In 1970 the recording of the Fife and Kinross flora on a 5 x 5 km grid square basis
was begun and has continued since. Further publications appeared, notably a
selected list of plants in West Fife in 1990 and an account of the NE Fife Parish of
Balmerino plants, past and present, in 1991. Work on the preparation of a full flora
was now contemplated but was put to one side when the BSBI requested that
Recorders should concentrate on work for a new edition of the “Atlas of the British
Flora”, then expected to appear in 2000. This, and the need to itemise the VC85
flora for the national Census Catalogue, involved a great deal of intensive field-work
and further historical research between 1995-2000. An additional project arose
during the same period with the decision to publish an account of Fife’s natural
history, and the author was invited to become botanical editor as well as to compile
succinct lists of the county’s flowering plants and trees and shrubs. These appeared
in 1998 in “The Nature of Fife”; because of the need to be brief the details given
were rather limited and by no means as informative as in this present account.
Thus by the end of the 20th century, although there was a considerable corpus of
knowledge concerning the vascular plants of Fife and Kinross, a complete list had
yet to appear, and an exhaustive flora beckoned again. But by then Fife’s local
biological records centre, Fife Nature, was becoming more and more involved with
enquiries about the environment, not least concerning planning matters. As an aid to
answering these queries, the suggestion was made that a concise but all-embracing
list be compiled - the result being the following list. It is anticipated that work will
continue with a view to issuing a flora containing much fuller details of distribution
(including maps), historical notes on localities and extinctions, more information on
introductions and casual occurrences, etc.
Geology and Landscape
Fife and Kinross, along with Clackmannan, form an extended peninsula in east
central Scotland between the Firths of Forth and Tay. The Fife coastline measures
105 miles (170 km) and the combined area is some 580 square miles (1307 sq. km).
Within this area the landscapes are distinctly varied, reflecting the differences in the
underlying rocks. Kinross is a low-lying basin surrounding Loch Leven and
encircled by hills. To the north the Ochils are formed of andesitic and basaltic
rocks of the Lower Red Sandstone. The Cleish Hills, Benarty, Bishop Hill and the
Lomonds are made up of varying types of dolerite sills. The intensively farmed land
of the Loch Leven basin is on boulder clay overlying the Upper Old Red Sandstone.

The two Lomond Hills, whose summits are the eroded remains of volcanic vents,
dominate the landscape of north Fife. The line of the Ochils continues as the North
Fife Hills, whose highest point is Norman’s Law; they are formed of the same lavas
of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. To their south the Howe of Fife and Stratheden
are largely covered in fluvio-glacial deposits overlying the Upper Red Sandstone.
These deposits are extensively worked for sand and gravel in the
Collessie/Ladybank area and again near Wormit and Leuchars. Much of the rest of
Fife is underlain by rather soft sandstones and limestones of Carboniferous age with
some of the higher parts capped with more resistant dolerite sills, but in the east a
number of the higher points like Kellie and Largo Laws are old volcanic necks. The
number of volcanic vents in east and south Fife is noteworthy but the largest and
best examples of volcanic activity are the hills and flows at Kinghorn and
Burntisland.
Underlying many of the Carboniferous rocks are the coal measures, extending in an
arc from Largo to Kirkcaldy and then by Westfield and Cowdenbeath to Valleyfield
in the west. All deep mining, with the exception of Longannet Pit in the far west,
has now ended but some coal is still won by opencast methods, unfortunately to the
detriment of some natural and semi-natural habitats. However, much of the
despoliation associated with mining has been cleaned up and the countryside
renewed, e.g. around Lochore Meadows. On the other hand many communities,
especially in and around Dunfermline, are growing very rapidly and are taking up
much open space. Many of the soils, whether derived from sand- and limestones,
glacial till or gravel, are fertile and as a consequence Fife too is intensively farmed,
with a higher proportion of land under cultivation than any other Scottish county.
But changes in farming methods and philosophy are now altering the appearance
and character of rural areas, and by extension, affecting the wild life.
Habitats and Plants
The two counties have never been particularly note worthy in botanical terms. With
very little upland over 1500 feet (460 m) there is not much in the way of a montane
flora; of the Devon and Black Devon water-courses in the west and the Eden and
Ore/Leven in the east, only the first may be called a river of any size; there is little
native woodland nor unimproved grassland left while heath and bog are also much
reduced. As mentioned above, farmland is increasingly intensively cultivated while
the sprawl of construction is insidiously eating away at good land. On the other
hand, Fife does have a lengthy coast line with a good share of the different habitats
associated with the sea: cliffs with Yellow-horned Poppy (Glaucium flavum),
Sea-kale (Crambe maritima), Wild Clary (Salvia verbenaca); dunes with Variegated
Horsetail (Equisetum variegatum) and Lesser Hawkbit (Leontodon saxatilis); rocky

places and piers with a Saltmarsh Grass (Puccinellia distans ssp. borealis); and
coastal marshes with Lesser Water Parsnip (Berula erecta).
Then in the NE corner there is Tentsmuir, which can be a revelation: several orchids
including Coralroot (Coralorrhiza trifida) and Creeping Lady’s Tresses (Goodyera
repens), Yellow Birdsnest (Monotropa hypopitys), Smooth Catsear and its hybrid
with Common Catsear ((Hypochaeris glabra and H. x intermedia), Shepherd’s Cress
(Teesdalia nudicaulis), and there are several notable others. Kinross has Loch
Leven, the largest freshwater loch in eastern lowland Scotland, the first British home
of Creeping Spearwort (Ranunculus reptans) (probably still re-introduced by
wildfowl from time to time), while the Ochil Hills are worth a scout. There are
several good lochs and reservoirs with a mix of pondweeds, while NE Fife burns
have Green Figwort (Scrophularia umbrosa); wooded dens and glens can take hours
to explore, always rewardingly, like Lethan’s Den in West Fife and Glen Queich in
Kinross; old policy woodland is frequent with its quota of naturalised plants such as
Three-cornered Leek (Allium triquetrum) and Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum
multiflorum); still enough moorland and marsh for variety; occasional calcareous
outcrops, one or two supporting Sticky Catchfly (Lychnis viscaria); as yet a good
crop of weeds; an entertaining mixed bag of aliens and casuals; and a scattering of
other habitats. So, all in all, Fife and Kinross are not found wanting for variety
(some 1,700 taxa recorded) or indeed rarity - the claim made in 1893 that “... short
of purely Alpine plants, specimens of almost every order are to be found in Fife [and
Kinross], and these include many of our rarer plants”, although albeit a little
optimistic, was not too far wide of the mark. Both counties have a lot to offer.
The Contents
The list is devoted to flowering plants (including shrubs and trees), ferns and
stoneworts. It comprises one main list plus an appendix of casual species, i.e. those
that are introduced by whatever means but last for only a season or two; further
details are given in the introduction to that section. A broad view has been adopted
as to what should be included in the main list, and it is not restricted to “wild
flowers” in the conventional sense of the term. Thus there are many species that
have been deliberately planted and are now part of the landscape, be they shrubs,
trees or garden plants. For centuries a number have been introduced into large
country estates or policies and many are part and parcel of the countryside, e.g.
Leopardsbane (Doronicum pardalianches). In more recent times, garden plants have
been thrown or cast-out, have escaped by themselves or, in some instances, have
actually been planted or sown by seed. It is the author’s opinion that it has long
been impossible to confine recording to species considered to be native - there are so
many others present that to omit them would be a travesty of the actual position.
This is especially true of the many different bushes, and to a lesser extent trees,

introduced into a wide variety of situations of late, whether they be in amenity areas,
by walks and tracks, in borders, plots and verges, by car parks, utilised for screening
and so on.
Some have already appeared well away from their source and in a few years in some
parts it will be difficult to tell just what was originally planted and what has come in
on its own. Where to draw the line is a problem: taking an overall view, only a
comparatively small selection has been mentioned here, mainly those already found
as self-sown. But others will follow ....
Recording Methods and Terms
Since 1970 recording has been carried out on a 5 x 5 km or ‘quadrant’ basis, of
which there are 86 in Fife and 14 in Kinross (whole or in part). Every one has been
visited several times and at different seasons - some have been examined on many
occasions - and localities for older records have been checked wherever feasible.
However, a quadrant is quite a large area and it has not been possible to investigate
every corner. Therefore there are bound to be omissions and oversights, while it is a
truism that nearly every individual field worker is ‘blind’ to some species or may not
have enough experience of some groups to recognise everything seen.
The categorisation of the frequency of a plant’s occurrence is very much a subjective
exercise, and cannot be based solely on the number of sightings, i.e. the terms used
should not be denoted in an exclusively quantitative way. Thus in the following
account species ranked below very common or common (i.e. found in about
60-100% of quadrants) have been assessed qualitatively as much as by how often or
how little they occur. There is therefore no hard and fast distinction between the
following terms (given in descending order of occurrence): frequent, occasional,
infrequent, uncommon rare and very rare (the last is limited to one or two current
sites).
The description of the status of non-native species is adapted from the categories
employed by Clement and Foster in Alien Plants of the British Isles (1994), as
follows:
Naturalised: established extensively amongst native vegetation so as to appear
native
Established: likely to remain permanently, reproducing by seed or spreading
Persistent: remaining longer than two years, hardly reproducing or spreading
Introduced: deliberately planted or sown in the wild
Casual: not persisting for more than two years without re-introduction
Recorded: a published record
Reported: not a published record

Again, these descriptions as used here, especially the first three, are not mutually
exclusive.

Explanation of the term “VC85”
During the 1870s H.C.Watson introduced a national scheme dividing Great Britain
and Ireland into units for the purpose of natural history recording. This was based
on the county boundaries then in existence but as some counties were very large and
others quite small, he divided or amalgamated them as appropriate; the resulting
areas were described as “vice-counties”. Kinross was joined with Fife, and in
accordance with the national numbering system became number 85. There have
been numerous changes in local government boundaries since, but the decision was
taken many years ago to abide by the Watsonian system. Unfortunately, this means
that present-day boundaries often differ considerably to those drawn up in 1874. In
the case of Fife, the western parishes of Culross and Tulliallan were originally in
Perthshire, so they are technically in VC87; and the same applies to Fossoway parish
in Kinross. There are some other differences in boundaries, the most notable being
in the Glen Farg district.
It must be noted that Kinross is not an area covered by the work of Fife Nature.
However as this publication is a joint project with the BSBI’s vice-county recorder
for Fife and Kinross it is included for completion.
Conventions and Nomenclature
The nomenclature and arrangement used in the main list follows Stace’s New Flora
of the British Isles (2nd ed 1997), with an occasional amendment as contained in the
Supplements to Kent’s List of Vascular Plants of the British Isles (1992).
Records considered to be errors are placed in square brackets. Species known to be
extinct or not recorded since about 1960 are placed in parenthesis. Localities are
given for quite a number of less common or rare species, but by no means for all; it
should be noted that the lists for Kirkcaldy District and Kinross have sites for all
species mentioned in them. As this list is not intended as a guide to sites, a gazetteer
has not been included.
Abbreviations are:
agg. = aggregate (where a name refers to more than one taxon)
cv. = cultivar (i.e. cultivated variety, a horticultural expression)
s.s. = sensu stricto (in the strict sense)
s.l. = sensu lato (in the wide sense)
ssp(p). = subspecies (singular/plural)
var. = variety
VC = Vice County (see note above)
—> = to date

Acknowledgements
Much of the fieldwork and historical research has been carried out by the author but
over the years many people have contributed, some in a large way and others in
smaller measure. Among the former are Faith Anstey, Mary Benstead, Simon
Burton, Helen Caldwell, Fiona Donald, Pete Kinnear, Simon Leach, Ros Smith,
Nick Stewart, Helen Stace and Neale Taylor. The staff of Fife Nature, William
Penrice and Ross Spalding, have done much to encourage and help this List get into
print, while their contracted field workers in recent years, notably Derek May, Alan
Gray, Nick Dadds and Louise Allen, have filled in a good number of gaps in
distribution and population numbers. Others who have contributed are the RBG
Edinburgh staff, notably Douglas McKean, and various individual members of the
BSBI (including several referees), the Fife Ranger Service, Scottish Natural
Heritage, St. Andrews University Botany Department and the Scottish Wildlife
Trust. A particular debt is owed to Bill Hay, who retired to his native Fife in 1993.
Since then he has made a significant contribution to our knowledge of the Fife flora
through both fieldwork and herbarium checks, and has also abetted the compilation
of the List by his encouragement and pertinent observations. A special word of
thanks too is due to the writer’s wife Eileen for her percipient advice and for putting
up with so many diverse distractions over so many years. Finally, grateful
acknowledgement is made to Fife Council’s Planning and Building Control Service
for funding, without which this publication would not have been possible.
The photographs are reproduced from slides taken by Mary Benstead, Fred Womack
and the author along with some borrowed from Fife Nature’s collection, to all of
whom acknowledgement is made.
Photograph credits
Individual photographs are as follows;
George H. Ballantyne - back cover, 1, 10, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 33
Mary Benstead - back cover, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 21, 24, 30, 32
Fred Womack - front cover, backcover, 7, 9, 12, 17, 20, 25, 26, 29, 31
Ian Buchan (for Fife Nature), 3, 13, 14, 19

Bibliography
Ballantyne, G.H. (1970). The flowering plants of Kirkcaldy and district. Kirkcaldy,
Kirkcaldy Naturalists’ Society.
Ballantyne, G.H. (1971). Ballast aliens in South Fife, 1820-1919. Transactions
B.S.E., 41, 125-137.
Ballantyne, G.H. (1977). The flowering plants of Kinross. Kirkcaldy, Scottish
Wildlife Trust. 2nd edition, 1985.
Ballantyne, G.H. (1982). Wild flowers. In Ballantyne, G.H., ed. The wildlife and
antiquities of Kirkcaldy District. Kirkcaldy, Kirkcaldy Naturalists’ Society.
Ballantyne, G.H. (1990). Flowers of West Fife: a select annotated list. Forth
Naturalist & Historian, 12, 67-98.
Ballantyne, G.H. (1991). The wild flowers of Balmerino Parish, Fife: 150 years of
change. Forth Naturalist & Historian, 14, 65-83.
Ballantyne, G.H. (1998). Vascular plants. In Corbet, G.B., ed. The Nature of Fife,
150-168. Edinburgh, Scottish Cultural Press.
Beattie, E.P. (1962). Esparto grass aliens in Fife (v.c. 85). Proceedings B.S.B.I., 4,
404-406.
Clement, E.J. and Foster, M.C. (1994). Alien plants of the British Isles. London,
BSBI.
Corbet, G.B. (1998). The Nature of Fife. Edinburgh, Scottish Cultural Press.
Kent, D.H. (1992). List of the vascular plants of the British Isles. Supplement 1,
1997; Supplement 2, 2000. London, BSBI.
Ryves, J.B., Clement, E.C. and Foster, M.C. (1996). Alien grasses of the British
Isles. London, BSBI.
Stace, C.A. (1997). New flora of the British Isles. 2nd edition. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press.
Young, W. (1936). A list of the flowering plants and ferns recorded from Fife and
Kinross (V.C.85). Transactions Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 32, 1-173.

LYCOPODIOPSIDA/EQUISETOPSIDA
Huperzia selago Fir Clubmoss
Rare, now only on Bishop Hill and in Glen Queich.
(Lycopodiella inundata Marsh Clubmoss)
Long extinct (c.1880).
Lycopodium clavatum Stagshorn Clubmoss
Becoming uncommon, tending to be somewhat transient.
(Diphasiastrum alpinum Alpine Clubmoss)
Long extinct (1884).
Selaginella selaginoides Lesser Clubmoss
Very local, mainly on Lomonds and Bishop Hill and by L. Leven.
Isoetes lacustris Quillwort
Rare, only in the Cleish Hills lochans and Loch Glow.
Equisetum hyemale Rough Horsetail
Very rare, now only near Ceres.
Equisetum variegatum Variegated Horsetail
Rare on sand dunes, restricted to Dumbarnie Links.
Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail
Common by and in lochs and pools.
Equisetum arvense x fluviatile (E. x litorale) Shore Horsetail
Uncommon, edges of ponds and waysides; Angle Park near Ladybank.
Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail
Very common, including damp areas, where it is often taken for E. palustre.
Equisetum pratense Shady Horsetail
Uncommon, hillsides and shady places, including Fleecefaulds.
Equisetum sylvaticum Wood Horsetail
Locally common, sometimes extensive as above R. Leven west of Walkerton, near
Leslie.
Equisetum palustre Marsh Horsetail
Local, much less common than E. arvense.
Equisetum telmateia Great Horsetail
Very rare, coastal: West Wemyss and Caiplie.

PTEROPSIDA
Ophioglossum vulgatum Adder’s Tongue
Very local, declining; Lomonds.
Botrychium lunaria Moonwort
Widespread but very local, rather transient; Lomonds.
(Osmunda regalis Royal Fern)
Extinct as a native (1870); very rarely planted.
Cryptogramma crispa Parsley Fern
Rare in two sites: Glen Queich, and recently rediscovered on Lomonds.
Pilularia globulifera Pillwort
Very rare, only in Moor Loch near Kincardine but not seen since 1982 (VC87)
[Hymenophyllum tunbridgense Tunbridge Filmy Fern]
Error.
Hymenophyllum wilsonii Wilson’s Filmy Fern
Extinct on Lomonds (1872), still in Glen Queich.
Polypodium vulgare Polypody
Common on walls and rocks.
Polypodium interjectum Intermediate Polypody
Widespread but probably somewhat scarce.
(Polypodium cambricum Southern Polypody)
Near Aberdour, 1859: extinct, or error?
Pteridium aquilinum Bracken
Very common, unfortunately increasing.
Phegopteris connectilis Beech Fern
Uncommon, mainly in Kinross and on Lomonds.
Oreopteris limbosperma Lemon-scented Fern
Local in or beside moory grassland and open woodland.
Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart’s Tongue
Local in dens and on walls, doubtfully native; abundant at Cambo.
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Black Spleenwort
Widespread but local on walls and rocks, never in quantity.

Asplenium marinum Sea Spleenwort
Uncommon on rocks by the sea, including at Crail.
Asplenium trichomanes Maidenhair Spleenwort
Common on walls and shady rocks; mostly ssp. quadrivalens.
(Asplenium x alternifolium Forked Spleenwort)
Extinct (1850).
Asplenium viride Green Spleenwort
Rare on upland rocks: Bishop Hill and Glen Queich only.
Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue
Very common on walls.
[Asplenium septentrionale Forked Spleenwort)
Error.
[Asplenium fontanum]
Error.
Ceterach officinarum Rustyback
A very rare introduction on town walls, not long-lasting.
Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich Fern
Occasional in old estates, long-persisting and spreading, e.g. Fordell.
Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern
Common in woodland and damp spots, variable.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris Oak Fern
Scarce in Fife, occasional in Kinross.
Cystopteris fragilis Brittle Bladder Fern
Local on shady walls and rocks, ocasionally introduced.
(Cystopteris dickieana Dickie’s Bladder Fern)
Kinkell Cave, St Andrews, 1859/72; long extinct.
Polystichum setiferum Soft Shield Fern
Very rare, probably only in East Neuk, not seen definitely for many years.
Polystichum aculeatum Hard Shield Fern
Widespread in dens, but local, especially in the drier east.
[Dryopteris oreades Mountain Male Fern]
One unlikely record (1881).

Dryopteris filix-mas Common Male Fern
Very common.
Dryopteris affinis Scaly Male Fern
Local in open woods and on old moors; most seem to be ssp. borreri.
[Dryopteris aemula Hay-scented Buckler
Fern]
Error.
Dryopteris carthusiana Narrow Buckler Fern
Local in damp shady woods, ?declining.
Dryopteris carthusiana x dilatata (D. x deweveri) Hybrid Buckler Fern
Infrequent, not always with both parents; fine at Lochmuir.
Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler Fern
Very common, sometimes the dominant understorey in woods.
[Dryopteris expansa Northern Buckler Fern]
One record, a probable error (1888).
Blechnum spicant Hard Fern
Somewhat local, usually in moory or acid woodland.
Azolla filiculoides Water Fern
A rare, short-lived introduction on small ponds.

PINOPSIDA
Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair Tree
Rare.
Abies alba Silver Fir
Rare.
Abies grandis Grand Fir
An occasional mature tree, and sometimes in forestry plantings.
Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir
An occasional mature tree, also small scale plantings.
Abies procera Noble Fir
Occasional.
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir
Common as individuals and in forestry, occasionally self-sowing.
Tsuga heterophylla Western Hemlock
Occasional as individuals, increasingly planted, sometimes self-sowing.
Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce
Very common especially in forestry, self-sowing.
Picea omorika Serbian Spruce
Rare.
Picea abies Norway Spruce
Very common especially in forestry, self-sowing.
Picea breweriana Brewer’s Spruce
Rare.
Picea smithiana Morinda Spruce
Rare.
Larix decidua European Larch
Common as individuals and in forestry, self-sowing.
Larix decidua x kaempferi (L. x marschlinsii) Hybrid Larch
Common, increasingly planted.

Larix kaempferi Japanese Larch
Common in forestry.
Cedrus deodara Deodar
The commonest true cedar.
Cedrus libani Cedar of Lebanon
Quite common.
Cedrus atlantica Atlas Cedar
Quite common.
Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine
Common as individuals, very commonly planted, self-sowing widely.
Pinus nigra ssp. nigra Austrian Pine
Quite common.
Pinus nigra ssp. laricio Corsican Pine
Occasional in forestry.
Pinus contorta Lodgepole Pine
Occasional in forestry.
Pinus radiata Monterey Pine
Rare.
Pinus strobus Weymouth Pine
Rare.
Pinus wallichiana Bhutan Pine
Rare.
Sequoia sempervirens Coast Redwood
Quite common.
Sequoiadendron giganteum Giant Sequoia
Occasional.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides Dawn Redwood
Very rare.
Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Red Cedar
Occasional.
Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress
Very rare.

Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey Cypress
Rare.
x Cupressocyparis leylandii Leyland Cypress
Increasingly planted.
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson’s Cypress
Common, several varieties; frequent in forestry.
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Nootka Cypress
Occasional.
Chamaecyparis pisifera Sawara Cypress
Rare.
Chamaecyparis obtusa Hinoki Cypress
Rare.
Thuja plicata Western Red Cedar
Occasional.
Juniperus communis Common Juniper
Occurred in the distant past as a native; one bush established on Tentsmuir.
Juniperus chinensis Chinese Juniper
Rare.
Araucaria araucana Monkey Puzzle
Fairly frequent.
Taxus baccata Yew
Widespread and common, self-sowing in some woods.

NYMPHACEAE TO RANUNCULACEAE
Nymphaea alba White Water-lily
Uncommon, decreasing as a native; Black Loch (Hillhead), with the next; also
introduced here and there.
Nuphar lutea Yellow Water-lily
Local, including Black Loch (Abdie), with the last.
Nuphar lutea x pumila (N. x spenneriana) Hybrid Water-lily
Very rare: Black Loch (Cleish Hills).
[Ceratophyllum submersum Soft Hornwort]
Error.
Ceratophyllum demersum Rigid Hornwort
Rare in ponds and lochs; Otterston Loch.
Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold
Common by all types of fresh water-bodies.
Trollius europaeus Globe Flower
Very local, decreasing; showy at Lethan’s Den, near Saline.
Helleborus foetidus Stinking Hellebore
Formerly established, now probably only at Cambo and near Charlestown.
(Helleborus viridis Green Hellebore)
Rarely established in 19th century; in old garden at Balmuto, 1960/70s.
Eranthis hyemalis Winter Aconite
Naturalised here and there in woodland; a lot at Monimail and Balmerino.
Aconitum x cammarum Hybrid Monkshood
Very rarely introduced, seldom long persistent; well established near Methilhill.
Aconitum napellus Monkshood
Infrequent in old estate woodland; long found at Ravenscraig Park, Kirkcaldy.
(Actaea spicata Baneberry)
A rare introduction, long extinct (1857).
Anemone nemorosa Wood Anemone
Common in woodland, sometimes on hillsides.
Anemone apennina Blue Anemone
Planted or relic, rarely semi-naturalised (may include A. blanda).

Clematis vitalba Traveller’s Joy
A very rare introduction, long established east of Burntisland.
Ranunculus acris Meadow Buttercup
Common in grassy places.
Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup
Very common in all sorts of habitats, including damp spots.
Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous Buttercup
Locally common in dry grassland.
Ranunculus arvensis Corn Buttercup
A 19th century cornfield weed, now an occasional casual (1994).
Ranunculus auricomus Goldilocks Buttercup
Rather local in or near old woods, e.g. Craighall Den.
Ranunculus sceleratus Celery-leaved Buttercup
Local, often on mud both inland and near the sea.
Ranunculus lingua Greater Spearwort
Infrequent, sometimes introduced; Otterston and Kilconquhar Lochs.
Ranunculus flammula Lesser Spearwort
Common, variable; some forms mimic the next.
Ranunculus flammula x reptans (R. x levenensis) Loch Leven Spearwort
Very rare, probably only at Loch Leven and uncommon there.
(Ranunculus reptans Creeping Spearwort)
First recorded at Loch Leven in 1764 but replaced by R. x levenensis; perhaps
re-introduced by wild-fowl but not persisting.
Ranunculus aconitifolius Bachelor’s Buttons
Rarely established, mainly near Otterston Loch 1913 —> (var. flore pleno).
Ranunculus ficaria Lesser Celandine
Very common, both sspp. ficaria and bulbifer present.
Ranunculus hederaceus Ivy-leaved Crowfoot
Somewhat local, usually on mud.

(Ranunculus baudotii Brackish Watercrowfoot)
Extinct (1909).
Ranunculus trichophyllus Thread-leaved Watercrowfoot
Infrequent in and by pools, including Dumbarnie Links.
Ranunculus aquatilis (s.s.) Common Watercrowfoot
Very rare, much confused with the next: by Cassindonald Bog.
Ranunculus peltatus Pond Water-crowfoot
Common on lochs and ponds and in burns, much more likely than the last.
Ranunculus penicillatus Stream Water-crowfoot
Ssp. pseudofluitans is abundant in the R. Eden and Auchtermuchty Burn.
[Ranunculus fluitans River Water-crowfoot]
Records almost certainly refer to the last, or are in error.
Ranunculus circinatus Fan-leaved Watercrowfoot
Rather local, occasionally abundant in some NE Fife lochs.
Aquilegia vulgaris Columbine
A rare escape or throw-out.
Thalictrum minus Lesser Meadow-rue
Local by sea, variable but mostly ssp. arenarium; the N. Queensferry population is
different: it was considered to be T. flavum at first.
(Epimedium alpinum Barrenwort)
A relic in 1830s.
BERBERIDACEAE / PAPAVERACEAE / FUMARIACEAE
Berberis vulgaris Barberry
Occasional in hedges, as a relic or bird-sown; along with congeners, also
increasingly planted in amenity areas, etc.
Berberis darwinii Darwin’s Barberry
A rare relic, or bird-sown; increasingly planted, along with last.
Berberis wilsonae Mrs Wilson’s Barberry
A rare relic.

Mahonia aquifolium Oregon Grape
Occasional bushes or clumps in old estates, some long established.
Papaver pseudoorientale Oriental Poppy
A rare established escape or throw-out, e.g. at Lundin Links.
Papaver somniferum Opium Poppy
An occasional escape or casual, sometimes persisting.
Papaver rhoeas Corn Poppy
Local, less so in NE Fife; still an occasional scarlet field-full seen.
Papaver dubium Long-headed Poppy
Ssp. dubium is very common; ssp. lecoqii in 1870s was presumably casual.
Papaver argemone Prickly Poppy
Now very local and decreasing; occasional plants mainly in NE Fife.
Meconopsis cambrica Welsh Poppy
Widely naturalised.
Glaucium flavum Yellow Horned Poppy
Very rare, only at Kincraig, Elie.
Chelidonium majus Greater Celandine
A rare escape, occasionally persisting; also casual.
Dicentra formosa Bleeding-heart
Very rare, semi-naturalised near Luthrie.
Pseudofumaria lutea Yellow Corydalis
Common on walls.
Ceratocapnos claviculata Climbing Corydalis
Very local in heathy woodland, e.g. Heatherhall Wood Giffordtown.
Fumaria capreolata White Rampingfumitory
Rare, near the sea in the East Neuk.

(Fumaria bastardii Tall Ramping-fumitory)
A rare weed, recorded in the 1860/70s only.
Fumaria muralis Common Rampingfumitory
A widespread and common weed.
Fumaria purpurea Purple Rampingfumitory
Very rare, perhaps overlooked; west of Kinghorn.
Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory
A very common weed.
Fumaria densiflora Dense-flowered
Fumitory
Very local away from NE Fife, where it may now be declining.
PLATANACEAE
Platanus x hybrida London Plane
Rarely planted.
ULMACEAE/ URTICACEAE/ ETC.
Ulmus glabra Wych Elm
Both native and widely planted, freely self-sowing; in some areas affected by
disease, some dead trees still standing.
Ulmus procera English Elm
Infrequent, a tree or group planted by roads, tracks and rivers.
Zelkova serrata Japanese Zelkova
Planted at Lade Braes St Andrews.
Humulus lupulus Hop
Occasionally planted or relic, established in former Valleyfield House garden.
Ficus carica Fig
Single bushes have persisted on cliff faces at Ravenscraig Kirkcaldy and the Isle of
May since c. 1950 (perhaps a good deal before).
Urtica dioica Common Nettle
Very common.
Urtica urens Small Nettle
A common weed, although only occasional in Kinross.

Parietaria judaica Pellitory-of-the-Wall
Locally common on old walls and buildings.
Soleirolia soleirolii Mind-your-ownbusiness
Rarely more or less established on damp shady walls and lawns.
JUGLANDACEAE / MYRICACEAE
Juglans regia Walnut
Occasional trees here and there, but rare.
Myrica gale Bog Myrtle
Now very rare, probably in only two sites.
FAGACEAE
Fagus sylvatica Beech
Very commonly introduced, self-sowing.
Nothofagus spp. Silver Beeches
Very occasionally planted.
Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut
Here and there in old policy woodland, not often fruiting.
Quercus cerris Turkey Oak
Occasional in old plantations.
Quercus cerris x suber (Q. x crenata) Lucombe Oak
Rare in old plantations.
Quercus ilex Evergreen Oak
Here and there in woods and public gardens.
Quercus petraea Sessile Oak
Probably originally native, much less common than Q. ruber.
Quercus petraea x robur (Q. x rosacea) Hybrid Oak
Probably commonly planted (N.B. Many oaks are difficult to tell apart).
Quercus robur Common Oak
Probably originally native, widely planted and very common.
Quercus rubra Red Oak
Rare in old estates.

BETULACEAE
Betula pendula Silver Birch
Native, very common.
Betula pendula x pubescens (B. x aurata) Hybrid Birch
Intermediate forms frequently occur, and bushes are often difficult to assign to a
species, presumably hybrids.
Betula pubescens Downy Birch
Native, very common.
Alnus viridis Green Alder
Rarely planted.
Alnus glutinosa Common Alder
Native, very common, increasingly planted.
Alnus glutinosa x incana (A. x hybrida) Hybrid Alder
Long known at Tentsmuir, now appearing elsewhere.
Alnus incana Grey Alder
Long established at Tentsmuir, now increasingly planted in amenity sites, etc.
Alnus cordata Italian Alder
Occasionally planted, self-sowing in Methil.
Carpinus betulus Hornbeam
Infrequent in hedges and old estates.
Corylus avellana Hazel
As a native, common in the west, infrequent in the east; now widely planted in
hedges, parks and young woods.
CHENOPODIACEAE / PORTULACEAE
Chenopodium bonus-henricus Good King Henry
Infrequent, often near old buildings.

Chenopodium glaucum Oak-leaved Goosefoot
Very rare on north Eden shore; also a former casual (1880).
Chenopodium rubrum Red Goosefoot
Local, on mud by pools or as a weed.
Chenopodium album Fat-hen
A very common weed.
Chenopodium suecicum Swedish Goosefoot
On Isle of May, “abundant” in 1950s, still present in 1985.
Chenopodium murale Nettle-leaved Goosefoot
As last species; also casual elsewhere in 19th century, and 1960.
Atriplex prostrata Spear-leaved Orache
Common on shore, difficult to tell from next.
Atriplex glabriuscula Babington’s Orache
Common on shore, difficult to tell from last.
Atriplex littoralis Grass-leaved Orache
Common on shore.
Atriplex patula Common Orache
A very common weed.
Atriplex laciniata Frosted Orache
Local on shore, the least frequent species.
[Atriplex portulacoides Sea Purslane]
Error.
Beta vulgaris Sea Beet
Ssp. maritima was formerly sporadic on shores, now probably extinct; ssp. vulgaris
is a rare casual.
Salicornia europaea agg. Glasswort
Rather local in bays; investigative identification is required!

Salicornia procumbens agg. Glasswort
As last species; S. dolistachya has been recorded.
[Suaeda vera Shrubby Sea Blite]
Error.
Suaeda maritima Annual Sea Blite
Occasional in saltmarshes as on Eden Estuary.
Salsola kali Saltwort
Ssp. kali is rather local by sea; ssp. ruthenica is a rare casual (1969).
Claytonia perfoliata Spring Beauty
A somewhat scarce weed, but can be locally common, e.g. in St Andrews.
Claytonia sibirica Pink Purslane
Well naturalised in woods, both pink and white vars.
Montia fontana Blinks
Common in damp spots; sspp. fontana and chondrosperma confirmed.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort
Common in dry bare places and on walls.
Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados Small Thyme-leaved Sandwort
Very similar to the last; almost certainly much less common.
Arenaria balearica Mossy Sandwort
Ocasionally naturalised on tree roots, as at Limekilns.
Moehringia trinervia Three-nerved Sandwort
Common in woods.
Honckenya peploides Sea Sandwort
Common on sand and shingle.
(Minuartia verna Spring Sandwort)
Long extinct (1872).
[Minuartia hybrida Fine-leaved Sandwort]
Reported from Isle of May in 1871, probably in error.
Stellaria nemorum Wood Stitchwort
Rather local in east, as at Windygates; commoner in the west and Kinross.

Stellaria media Common Chickweed
A very common weed, sometimes luxuriant.
Stellaria pallida Lesser Chickweed
Rare on sand dunes, including West Sands St Andrews.
[Stellaria neglecta Greater Chickweed]
Requires verification.
Stellaria holostea Greater Stitchwort
Common on dry grassy banks and roadsides, also in open woods.
Stellaria palustris Marsh Stitchwort
Rare, e.g. Tentsmuir; where refound in 2003, a few plants.
Stellaria graminea Lesser Stitchwort
Very common in grassy places.
Stellaria uliginosa Bog Stitchwort
Common in damp places.
[Cerastium cerastoides Starwort Mouse-ear]
Error.
Cerastium arvense Field Mouse-ear
Frequent, but scarce in the west and Kinross.
Cerastium arvense x tomentosum
Very rare: Kilwhiss west of Ladybank.
Cerastium tomentosum Snow-in-summer
Frequently naturalised.
Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear
Very common.
Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear
Very common.
Cerastium diffusum Dark-green Mouse-ear
Rather local, mainly coastal.
Cerastium semidecandrum Little Mouse-ear
Common in bare places although not so in Kinross.
[Myosoton aquaticum Water Chickweed]
Error.

Sagina nodosa Knotted Pearlwort
Widespread but rather local.
Sagina subulata Heath Pearlwort
Infrequent, less so in NE Fife, including Balmullo area.
Sagina procumbens Procumbent Pearlwort
Very common in all sorts of places.
Sagina apetala ssp. apetala Annual Pearlwort
Common on bare ground, in paving cracks, etc.; and see next.
Sagina apetala ssp. erecta Fringed Pearlwort
As last, often difficult to tell apart.
Sagina maritima Sea Pearlwort
Local by sea, absent from some stretches of coast.
Scleranthus annuus Annual Knawel
Rather local on bare sandy ground.
Spergula arvensis Corn Spurrey
A common arable weed.
[Spergularia rupicola Rock Sea Spurrey]
Reported from time to time, in error.
Spergularia media Greater Sea Spurrey
Local in salt marshes and rocky spots near the sea.
Spergularia marina Lesser Sea Spurrey
As last; also, from mid-1990s, increasingly found by inland roadsides, including
Kinross.
Spergularia rubra Sand Spurrey
Widespread but local on light soils.
Lychnis flos-cuculi Ragged Robin
Common in marshes.
Lychnis viscaria Sticky Catchfly
Very rare in remaining sites, in very small quantity.
(Agrostemma githago Corncockle)
A former common arable weed, now a rare casual (1964).

(Silene nutans Nottingham Catchfly)
Long extinct; Ferry Hills, 1796-1826, otherwise casual? (1878).
Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion
Common, less so in Kinross.
Silene uniflora Sea Campion
Common, although absent from some shores.
Silene noctiflora Night-flowering
Catchfly
Probably a frequent 19th century weed, still in the East Neuk until c.1980; casual
elsewhere in 1960/70s.
Silene latifolia White Campion
Common, although rather local in Kinross.
Silene dioica x latifolia (S. x hampeana) Hybrid Campion
Occurs widely.
Silene dioica Red Campion
Very common.
Saponaria officinalis Soapwort
Rarely naturalised, as on railway banks at Inverkeithing.
Dianthus deltoides Maiden Pink
Rare, possibly declining; Largo Law.
POLYGONACEAE
Persicaria campanulata Lesser Knotweed
Rarely established in estate woodland: Birkhill.
Persicaria wallichii Himalayan Knotweed
Uncommon, established in policy woodland, as at Dunnikier Kirkcaldy.
Persicaria bistorta Common Bistort
A locally common introduction or escape; sometimes in graveyards.
Persicaria amplexicaulis Red Bistort
A very rare introduction in old estates.
Persicaria vivipara Alpine Bistort
Frequent on the Lomonds and Kinross hills.
Persicaria amphibia Amphibious Bistort
Common on ponds and as a weed.

Persicaria maculosa Redshank
A very common weed.
Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Persicaria
A local weed, much less common than the last.
(Persicaria minor Small Water Pepper)
One definite record = Kirkcaldy 1893.
Persicaria hydropiper Water Pepper
Uncommon in damp places, rarely as a weed.
[Polygonum maritimum Sea Knotgrass]
Error.
Polygonum oxyspermum Ray’s Knotgrass
Very rare by sea, transient; at Pathhead Kirkcaldy in quantity in late 1960s.
Polygonum arenastrum Equal-leaved Knotgrass
Local, usually on tracks.
Polygonum aviculare Knotgrass
Very common.
Polygonum boreale Northern Knotgrass
Formerly an infrequent weed; Carr Craig, by Inchcolm, 1995.
(Polygonum rurivagum Cornfield Knotgrass)
Probably casual only (1955).
Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed
Commonly naturalised, occasionally in large, spreading clumps.
F.japonica x F.sachalibensis (F. x bohemia). Invertiel, Kirkcaldy, with parents,
2002.
Fallopia sachalinensis Giant Knotweed
A rare introduction or relic as at Lade Braes St Andrews.
Fallopia baldschuanica Russian Vine
Sometimes planted, festooning fences, walls and old buildings; Tayport.
Fallopia convolvulus Black Bindweed
A common weed.
Rheum x hybridum (R. palmatum x rhaponticum) Rhubarb
An occasional throw-out, persisting by waysides, burns, waste ground, etc.

Rumex acetosella Sheep’s Sorrel
Very common on bare ground.
(Rumex scutatus French Sorrel)
Established on Aberdour Castle From 1855 to at least 1938.
Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel
Very common.
Rumex pseudoalpinus Monk’s Rhubarb
Locally naturalised, especially in Kinross.
Rumex longifolius Northern Dock
Generally quite common, but not found in some areas.
Rumex crispus x longifolius (R. x propinquus)
Uncommon.
Rumex longifolius x obtusifolius (R. x hybridus)
Usually found where the parents grow together.
Rumex hydrolapathum Water Dock
Rare, the main site being the Kinshaldy area of Tentsmuir.
Rumex crispus Curled Dock
Very common; some, but by no means all, coastal plants are ssp. littoreus.
Rumex crispus x obtusifolius (R. x pratensis)
Often found when the parents grow together.
Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock
Rather local, only in marshy or damp areas; Barnyards Kilconquhar.
Rumex conglomeratus x obtusifolius (R. x abortivus) Very rare.
Rumex sanguineus Wood Dock
Common in open woods and shady places, occasionally in damp spots, nearly
always var. viridis; var. sanguineus rare in old estates as at Balcaskie.
Rumex obtusifolius x sanguineus (R. x dufftii)
Infrequent.
Rumex obtusifolius Broad-leaved Dock
Very common.
[Rumex palustris Marsh Dock]
Probable error for R. maritimus (a casual).

[Oxyria digyna Mountain Sorrel]
Error.
PLUMBAGINACEAE TO CISTACEAE
[Limonium vulgare Sea Lavender]
Reported from Limekilns 1956, almost certainly in error (and see Casuals list).
Armeria maritima Thrift
Common on rocks and grassy places by shore.
Paeonia officinalis Garden Paeony
A rare relic or throw-out.
Hypericum calycinum Rose of Sharon
Formerly planted here and there; most shrubs now in amenity, etc. areas are H. x
inodorum/H. ‘Hidcote’.
Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan
Occasionally naturalised or a relic.
Hypericum perforatum Common St John’s-wort
Common, often by railways.
Hypericum x desetangsii Des Etangs St John’swort
Most recently found colonies appear to be this hybrid rather than the next species,
including in the Leslie/Glenrothes area and by the River Devon.
Hypericum maculatum Imperforate St John’swort
There a few older records; more recent reports may refer to the last, q.v.
Hypericum tetrapterum Square-stalked St
John’s-wort
Local in damp ground.
Hypericum humifusum Trailing St John’s-wort
Widespread but very local, normally only a few plants.
Hypericum pulchrum Slender St John’s-wort
Fairly frequent on heathy banks and wooded edges.
Hypericum hirsutum Hairy St John’s-wort
Common, often in wooded parts; rare in Kinross.
Hypericum montanum Pale St John’s-wort
Very rare; near Kirkcaldy, known since 1969 (the sole Scottish station); in 2001

threatened by building and may well disappear. However in 2002, c.50 plants were
prsent.
Tilia platyphyllos Large-leaved Lime
Occasional in old estates and plantations .
Tilia cordata x platyphyllos (T. x vulgaris) Common Lime
Common, not self-sowing.
Tilia cordata Small-leaved Lime
Infrequent, often as comparatively young trees.
Malva moschata Musk Mallow
Occasionally naturalised by roads and railways, as in Fernie area.
Malva sylvestris Common Mallow
Widespread but rather local, not in Kinross.
Malva neglecta Dwarf Mallow
Infrequent; Leuchars.
Lavatera arborea Tree Mallow
Introduced, perhaps now only at Elie (since 1837) and on Inchcolm, 1993 - ;on
Inchkeith in 1970s.
Drosera rotundifolia Round-leaved Sundew
Now very local in bogs, e.g. Cassindonald Bog.
(Drosera anglica Great Sundew)
Long extinct (1919).
[Drosera intermedia Oblong-leaved Sundew]
Error.
Helianthemum nummularium Common Rock-rose
Fairly common on banks and cliffs, e.g. Kincraig Elie.
VIOLACEAE
Viola odorata Sweet Violet
Infrequently naturalised, usually in woods.
Viola hirta Hairy Violet
Very local, often not far from the sea, e.g. Dumbarnie Links.
[Viola reichenbachiana Early Dog Violet]
Records are errors for next.

Viola riviniana Common Dog Violet
Very common.
Viola canina Heath Dog Violet
Rather local, on moors and dunes, including Tentsmuir.
Viola palustris Marsh Violet
Local in damp spots.
Viola lutea Mountain Pansy
Local but widespread on grassy knowes and hills, often at low levels.
Viola tricolor Wild Pansy
Ssp. tricolor is very local, probably declining; occasionally an escape; (N.B. records
of ssp. curtisii are errors).
Viola x contempta (V. tricolor x arvensis)
Occurs, but frequency unknown.
Viola arvensis Field Pansy
Very common.
SALICACEAE
Populus alba White Poplar
Commonly planted, freely suckering and spreading.
Populus alba x tremula (P. x canescens) Grey Poplar
Rare, old trees or groups in old estates, e.g. Valleyfield.
Populus tremula Aspen
A very rare native, increasingly planted in amenity areas, etc, and also near to its
native site in Glenvale in 2003.
Populus nigra, ssp. Betulifolia Black Poplar
One decrepit tree was found by the R. Eden east of Springfield in 2002.
Populus x canadensis Black Italian Poplar
Commonly planted, several varieties present.
Populus trichocarpa Western Balsam Poplar
Occasional, increasingly planted.
Populus x jackii Balm of Gilead
Occasional in old estates; recent plantings may be P. ‘Balsam Spire’.
Salix pentandra Bay Willow

Widespread but infrequent, usually near water.
Salix fragilis Crack Willow
Common by water: all four varieties occur (introduced): fragilis (common),
decipiens (frequent), furcata, russelliana (both rather local).
Salix fragilis x alba (S. x rubens)
Fairly frequent by rivers and the broader burns.
Salix alba White Willow
Common by rivers and the broader burns; sometimes as an ornamental.
Salix alba x babylonica (S. x sepulcralis) Weeping Willow
Occasional in parks and old estates.
Salix triandra Almond Willow
Very rare, planted = var. hoffmanniana; only recently recorded.
Salix triandra x viminalis (S. x mollissima)
An uncommon introduction, near water.
Salix purpurea Purple Willow
Locally common by water, possibly planted in some sites.
Salix purpurea x viminalis (S. x rubra)
Infrequent, probably planted in most instances.
Salix daphnoides Violet Willow
Occasional scattered older bushes, now increasingly planted; var. pomeranica is
established on dunes at St Andrews; and see next.
Salix acutifolia Violet Willow
Once recorded; very closely related to the last; both introduced.
Salix viminalis Osier
Common and widespread, probably mostly originally introduced, self-sowing,
tending to be variable.
Salix viminalis x caprea (S. x sericans)
Common; this, and the next three taxa occur, often by water and nearly always
planted; they are not easy to tell apart. Other, new willow hybrids and varieties are
also now to be found in a variety of situations.
Salix x calodendron
Scarce, until recent plantings by tracks, in parks, etc.; see also last entry.
Salix x stipularis
Probably infrequent; see also last but one entry.

Salix viminalis x cinerea (S. x smithiana)
Common; see last but two entry.
Salix caprea Pussy Willow
Native, very common, usually in drier sites.
Salix caprea x cinerea (S. x reichardtii)
Common, often but by no means always, with the parents.
Salix caprea x aurita (S. x capreola)
Probably infrequent, difficult to be sure of.
Salix caprea x myrsinifolia (S.x latifolia)
Rare, Tentsmuir 1940s, perhaps elsewhere.
Salix cinerea Sallow or Saugh
Ssp. oleifolia is native, very common, usually in damp places and very variable.
Ssp. cinerea has been reported, and occasional old groves may be close to this taxon.
Salix cinerea x aurita (S. x multinervis)
Widespread and not infrequent.
Salix cinerea x myrsinifolia (S. x strepida)
Rare, Tentsmuir 1940s; also in Kinross 1970s.
Salix cinerea x phylicifolia (S.x laurina)
Very rare:Tayport golf course 1946.
Salix cinerea x repens (S. x subsericea)
Rare: Tentsmuir 1958; Swinkie Muir (Kippo) 1998.
Salix aurita Eared-willow
Native, pure forms rather local in or by old moorland, declining.
Salix aurita x myrsinifolia (S. x coriacea)
Rare: Tentsmuir 1940s, and Kinross 1970s.
Salix aurita x repens (S. x ambigua)
Occasional.
Salix myrsinifolia Dark-leaved Willow
Native, somewhat local, commoner in the west and Kinross.
Salix myrsinifolia x phylicifolia (S. x tetrapla)
Rare: Tentsmuir 1940s, and Loch Leven 1970s. (N.B. The grubbing-out of willows
at Tentsmuir by SNH during the 1990s in a control programme has probably resulted
in the disappearance of most hybrids).

Salix phylicifolia Tea-leaved Willow
Native, rare, merges with S. myrsinifolia.
Salix repens Creeping-Willow
Native on moory ground and dunes, rather local although common on Tentsmuir;
both vars. repens and argentea occur.
[Salix lapponum Downy Willow]
Reported from Glen Dey in late 19th century, but the site may have been outwith the
Kinross boundary.
[Salix herbacea Least Willow
Reported from “Kinross-shire” in mid 19th century, but the site may actually have
been in the Clackmannan Ochils].
BRASSICACEAE
Sisymbrium altissimum Tall Rocket
Long established at several sites, including Pettycur 1906 —>.
Sisymbrium orientale Eastern Rocket
Increasing and persistent on waste ground, e.g. in Kirkcaldy harbour area.
Sisymbrium officinale Jack-by-the-Hedge
Common, except in Kinross.
Descurainia sophia Flixweed
Rare on waste ground; persisting at St Andrews, and Tayport 1886 —>.
Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard
Common, except in Kinross.
Arabidopsis thaliana Thale Cress
Common, but somewhat local in Kinross.
Bunias orientalis Warty Cabbage
Occasional, usually near railways, e.g. at Lochgelly.
Erysimum cheiri Wallflower
Locally naturalised on or near old buildings.
Hesperis matronalis Dame’s Violet
Locally naturalised, often by water; Ballingry.
Matthiola incana Hoary Stock
Cliffs east of Pittenweem, well naturalised.

Barbarea vulgaris Winter-cress
Common in waste and grassy places.
Barbarea intermedia Early Winter-cress
Not yet common, increasing on waste ground.
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Water-cress
Somewhat local by or in wet places.
Rorippa microphylla x nasturtium-aquaticum (R. x sterilis) Hybrid Water-cress
The commonest water-cress.
Rorippa microphylla Narrow-fruited Watercress
The least frequent water-cress.
Rorippa palustris Marsh Yellow-cress
Local in wet spots.
Rorippa sylvestris Creeping Yellow-cress
An occasional weed, sometimes persisting for a spell.
[Rorippa amphibia Great Yellow-cress]
Error.
Armoracia rusticana Horse Radish
Uncommon escape or cast-out.
Cardamine amara Large Bitter-cress
Locally common by burns, especially in the west.
Cardamine raphanifolia Greater Cuckoo Flower
Very rare, naturalised in Dunfermline Glen.
Cardamine pratensis Cuckoo Flower
Common in damp grassland in a variety of situations.
[Cardamine impatiens Narrow-leaved Bittercress]
Established in the abandoned garden of Balmuto in 1960/70s.
Cardamine flexuosa Wavy Bitter-cress
Common by shady burns.
Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bitter-cress
A very common weed.
(Arabis turrita Tower Cress)

Introduced at Cleish Castle, c.1800-50.
Arabis caucasica Garden Arabis
Rarely naturalised on old walls.
Arabis hirsuta Hairy Rock-cress
Local on dry banks and cliffs.
Aubrieta deltoidea Aubretia
Rarely naturalised on old walls.
Lunaria annua Honesty
An occasional escape, sometimes persisting for a time.
(Ayssum alyssoides Small Alison)
Former casual; established near Burntisland between at least 1853-1906.
Alyssum saxatile Golden Alison
Rarely established on old walls, as in Falkland.
Draba muralis Wall Whitlow-grass
Occasionally established on old walls, and as a weed.
Erophila verna Common Whitlow-grass
Common on bare ground in the spring.
Erophila glabrescens Glabrous Whitlow-grass
Recently determined from 19th century herbarium specimens; see next.
Erophila majuscula Hairy Whitlow-grass
As last: present status of both unknown.
[Cochlearia anglica Narrow-leaved
Scurvygrass]
Error.
Cochlearia officinalis Common Scurvygrass
Common by the sea.
Cochlearia danica Danish Scurvygrass
Local on bare gound near sea; also by roadsides, including the central
reservation of the A90 off the Forth Road Bridge 1995 —>.
Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s Purse
A very common weed.
Teesdalia nudicaulis Shepherd’s Cress
Uncommon in NE Fife, mainly at Tentsmuir.

Thlaspi arvense Field Penny-cress
Common in arable fields and a few gardens, except in Kinross.
Thlaspi macrophyllum Caucasian Penny-cress
Naturalised near St Andrews, well before 2003, when first found.
Iberis umbellata Garden Candytuft
Occasional casual, persistent on Blairhall bing 1978 -->.
Lepidium campestre Field Pepperwort
Sometimes recorded in error for the next; probably merely a rare casual (1978).
Lepidium heterophyllum Smith’s Pepperwort
Local in open grassland and on banks, as on Craigie Hill (St Michaels).
(Lepidium latifolium Dittander)
Formerly established here and there, last seen in 1889.
Lepidium draba Hoary Cress
Locally common and invasive, increasing.
Coronopus squamatus Swine Cress
A 19th century casual, infrequently established, now only in East Neuk.
Coronopus didymus Lesser Swine Cress
Rarely established on the coast during 19th C., as at Charlestown 1872-94 and
Burntisland 1839-80; also a casual (1982).
(Subularia aquatica Awlwort)
The sole reliable record is Loch Leven in 1839; long extinct.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia Perennial Wall Rocket
A 19th century ballast alien, established since 1821 in the Inverkeithing area,
recently threatened by building at St Davids.
Diplotaxis muralis Annual Wall Rocket
An occasional weed; more or less established at Pettycur, Kinghorn.
Brassica oleracea Wild Cabbage
Very rare, established on cliffs at Crail since 1845; otherwise a casual.
Brassica napus Rape
Ssp. oleifera is increasingly common in all sorts of places.
Brassica nigra Black Mustard
Formerly infrequently established, as on Inchkeith between at least 1794-1885; now
an occasional casual (2001).

Sinapis arvensis Charlock
Very common.
Sinapis alba White Mustard
A fairly frequent casual, sometimes planted as a crop, as in 1993.
Cakile maritima Sea Rocket
Common on sandy shores.
Crambe maritima Sea-kale
Very rare, only at Kincraig, Elie, apart from an odd plant elsewhere.
Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish
Ssp. raphanistrum is local in arable ground; records of ssp. maritimus are errors.
RESEDACEAE TO MONOTROPACEAE
Reseda luteola Weld
Common on waste ground, old bings, etc.
Reseda lutea Wild Mignonette
Infrequent, well scattered; Pettycur (Kinghorn).
Empetrum nigrum Crowberry
Local, on moors and hills; Bankhead Moss.
[Loiseleuria procumbens Trailing Azalea]
Error.
Rhododendron ponticum Rhododendron
Common, in some places a woodland pest; other species are present in old estates,
e.g. Raith and Balbirnie, but do not self-sow.
Gaultheria shallon Shallon
Rarely planted in woods, not yet spreading.
Calluna vulgaris Heather
Still common, but suitable habitat is disappearing.
Erica tetralix Cross-leaved Heath
Common on moory ground.
Erica cinerea Bell Heather
Local on dry rocks and moors.

Vaccinium oxycoccos Cranberry
Rather local in bogs, e.g. Lockshaw Moss.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cowberry
Uncommon, usually upland; Lomonds, Ochils and Cleish Hills.
Vaccinium myrtillus Blaeberry
Common on heathy ground, sometimes in open woods.
Pyrola minor Common Wintergreen
Local in woods, sometimes abundant, as at Lochore Meadows.
(Pyrola media Intermediate
Wintergreen)
Extinct (1862).
(Pyrola rotundifolia Round-leaved
Wintergreen)
Extinct (1872).
[Orthilia secunda Serrated Wintergreen]
Recorded from “Kinross-shire” in 1837 but this may have been a mistake.
Monotropa hypopitys Yellow Birdsnest
Very rare on Tentsmuir; the ssp. is probably hypothegea (see Stace p.294).
PRIMULACEAE
Primula vulgaris Primrose
Common in woods, dens and on shady banks.
Primula veris x vulgaris (P. x polyantha) False Oxlip
Occasionally spontaneous with its parents; cultivated varieties occur as relics or
cast-outs.
Primula veris Cowslip
Locally common, especially near the sea; not seen in Kinross. In 2003 , appeared in
quantity on a few old coups which had been landscape.
Lysimachia nemorum Yellow Pimpernel
Widespread but local in woodland, e.g. Maspie Den (Falkland).
Lysimachia nummularia Creeping Jenny
A very infrequent escape or throw-out.
Lysimachia vulgaris Yellow Loosestrife
Very local, probably an escape; most records may in fact relate to the next.

Lysimachia punctata Dotted Loosestrife
An increasing escape or throw-out, moreso than the last.
(Lysimachia thyrsiflora Tufted Loosestrife)
Collected in 1881, probably from Loch Leven, but no further record.
Trientalis europaea Chickweed Wintergreen
Widespread, locally common, e.g. on Lucklaw Hill.
Anagallis tenella Bog Pimpernel
Rare on dune slacks: Dumbarnie Links and Tentsmuir.
Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel
Ssp. arvensis was formerly a common weed, now much diminished; ssp. foemina is
a very scarce casual (1980).
(Anagallis minima Chaffweed)
Formerly on some links around the coast and at Loch Leven, but not certainly seen
for a century.
Glaux maritima Sea Milkwort
Common in salt-marshes.
(Samolus valerandi Brookweed)
Extinct (1800).
HYDRANGEACEAE TO GROSSULARIACEAE
Philadelphus coronarius Mock Orange
A rare relic or introduction in woods.
Escallonia macrantha Escallonia
Occasional as a relic, in new hedges and amenity areas, and may well self-sow in
time.
Ribes rubrum Red Currant
A not infrequent cast-out or escape, especially in damp places.
Ribes nigrum Black Currant
A not infrequent cast-out or escape, especially in damp places.
Ribes sanguineum Flowering Currant
Long frequently planted and self-sowing, sometimes in quite wild spots.
Ribes alpinum Mountain Currant
Fairly frequently established in old woodland, sometimes quite a lot.

Ribes uva-crispa Gooseberry
A common native and/or escape in hedges and woods.
CRASSULACEAE TO SAXIFRAGACEAE
Crassula helmsii New Zealand
Pigmyweed
Found in a pool on Tentsmuir in 1996; no further report as yet.
Umbilicus rupestris Navelwort
Rarely naturalised in two sites in the Aytounhill area.
Sempervivum tectorum House Leek
Occasionally established in the 19th century, now a very rare relic.
[Sedum rosea Roseroot]
Error (1867).
Sedum telephium Orpine
Rather local, most frequent in NE Fife, including Newburgh area.
Sedum spurium Caucasian Stonecrop
Uncommon escape, naturalised as at Pettycur (Kinghorn).
Sedum rupestre Reflexed Stonecrop
Locally naturalised on walls in the 19th century, although some records may refer to
the next. Still occasionally found, as at Cairneyhill.
Sedum forsterianum Rock Stonecrop
A rare escape or relic, sometimes persisting; see also last entry.
Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop
Common on walls and bare ground.
Sedum album White Stonecrop
A fairly frequent escape, naturalised here and there.
Sedum anglicum English Stonecrop
Infrequent; in a few places on rocks by the sea, from Aberdour to Tayport.
Sedum villosum Hairy Stonecrop
Still reasonably common on the Lomonds, Ochils and Cleish Hills.
[Sedum dasyphyllum Thick-leaved Stonecrop]
Error.
Darmera peltata Indian Rhubarb

Very rarely planted in damp spots, not spreading.
Saxifraga cymbalaria Celandine Saxifrage
A very rare weed at Naughton Castle, near Balmerino.
[Saxifraga stellaris Starry Saxifrage]
Error.
Saxifraga spathularis x umbrosa (S. x urbium) London Pride
Fairly frequently naturalised in woodland and by burns.
Saxifraga hirsuta x umbrosa (S. x geum) Scarce London Pride
A rare escape, not seen since 1970.
Saxifraga hirsuta x spathularis (S. x polita) False London Pride
An infrequent escape, established in
small quantity in old estates.
Saxifraga hirsuta Kidney Saxifrage
Rarely naturalised at Valleyfield and near Saline .
Saxifraga granulata Meadow Saxifrage
Local on dry banks and knowes, and in woods.
Saxifraga hypnoides Mossy Saxifrage
Uncommon, on the Lomonds, Bishop Hill and the Ochils.
Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved Saxifrage
Uncommon, St Andrews; rather transient in some places.
Tolmiea menziesii Pick-a-back Plant
Locally naturalised by burns, often a lot, increasing.
Tellima grandiflora Fringe-cups
An uncommon escape or throw-out,
established in a few places.
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium Opposite-leaved
Common in damp spots, sometimes Golden Saxifrage
carpeting the gound.
Chrysosplenium alternifolium Alternate-leaved
Very local by some burns, mainly Golden Saxifrage
in the west and Kinross.
Parnassia palustris Grass of Parnassus
Uncommon, but sometimes extensive, as at Tentsmuir.

ROSACEAE
Physocarpus opulifolius Ninebark
Very well established east of Ladybank.
Spiraea salicifolia x alba (S. x rosalba)
A rare relic or escape
Spiraea douglasii x salicifolia (S. x pseudosalicifolia) False Bridewort
A fairly frequent relic or escape, suckering well.
Spiraea douglasii Steeplebush
Rarely planted.
Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort
Rare: the N. Queensferry-Aberdour colonies are under threat from building.
Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet
Very common.
Rubus chamaemorus Cloudberry
Very rare, only on Mellock Hill in the Kinross Ochils.
Rubus tricolor Chinese Bramble
Planted for ground cover in recent years, infrequently escaping.
Rubus saxatilis Stone Bramble
Uncommon, in Lethan’s Den near Saline and some Kinross dens.
Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry
Rarely established in old estates: Balcarres and Kinross House.
Rubus idaeus Raspberry
Native, very common; also a well established escape.
Rubus phoenicolasius Japanese Wineberry
Very rare in old estates.
Rubus spectabilis Salmonberry
Very well established in a few old estates, spreading; assuming pest proportions and
will need to be controlled.
Rubus cockburnianus White-stemmed
Bramble
A rare relic; now sometimes planted for ornament, and may escape.
Rubus loganobaccus Loganberry

A rare relic, or very infrequently bird-sown.
Rubus fruticosus agg. Bramble
Very common; the following micro-species have been recognised, determined by
G.H.Ballantyne and/or A.Newton or D.E.Allen:-.
Rubus fissus
Very local.
Rubus nessensis
Rare.
Rubus plicatus
Widespread but local.
Rubus scissus
Widespread, the commonest of the Suberect section.
Rubus errabundus
Rather local.
Rubus laciniatus
A garden ornamental, occasionally bird-sown in wild spots.
Rubus leptothyrsos
Widespread and common, especially in or near woods.
Rubus robiae
Very rare.
Rubus elegantispinosus
A long-established escape, increasingly found, especially in south Fife.
Rubus lindebergii
Rather local.
Rubus nemoralis
Widespread and common.
Rubus polyanthemus
Occasional.
Rubus septentrionalis
Fairly frequent.
Rubus armeniacus
Increasingly found as a garden escape, a very robust plant with large berries, known
as the ‘Himalayan Giant’; a rapid coloniser.

Rubus ulmifolius
Infrequent by railway lines.
Rubus vestitus
Widespread but infrequent, commonest in Kirkcaldy.
Rubus furvicolor
Very rare.
Rubus mucronulatus
Widespread and common, likes woodland.
Rubus raduloides
Very rare.
Rubus anisacanthos
Very rare.
Rubus dentatifolius
Very rare, in Culross (VC87).
Rubus drejeri
Fairly frequent.
Rubus infestus
Fairly frequent.
Rubus echinatoides
Rare.
Rubus radula
Widespread and very common.
Rubus rudis
Very rare.
Rubus rufescens
Rare.
Rubus scoticus
Very rare.
Rubus atrebatum
Very local, only in west Fife and Kinross .
Rubus dasyphyllus
Widespread but rather local.

Rubus naldretti
Very rare.
Rubus eboracensis
Infrequent.
Rubus latifolius
Widespread, very common, rather variable; some colonies have
almost rose-size flowers; in bloom from end of May to November .
Rubus pictorum
Locally common.
Rubus tuberculatus
Locally common, increasing.
Rubus caesius Dewberry
Much mis-recorded, usually for forms of R. latifolius; a large colony akin to the true
species was found covering a sea brae at Kincraig (Elie) in 2003, but it is likely to be
a hybrid between R. caesius and a member of the Corylifolii.
(Potentilla fruticosa Shrubby Cinquefoil)
Introduced; in Raith, Kirkcaldy 1854-82 and old garden at Cleish in 1837.
Potentilla palustris Marsh Cinquefoil
Common in marshy spots.
Potentilla anserina Silverweed
Common by waysides, shores and in damp places.
Potentilla argentea Hoary Cinquefoil
Now very rare, possibly only at Balmerino, where it was found in 2001.
Potentilla norvegica Ternate-leaved
Cinquefoil
Very rare, established at Newmills, Valleyfield; former rare casual (1919).
Potentilla neumanniana Spring Cinquefoil
Rare, declining, lost in several sites in recent years; Balwearie near Kirkcaldy.
Potentilla erecta Tormentil
Very common in old grassland and on moors.
Potentilla anglica Trailing Tormentil
Infrequent, often by railway lines and forest tracks; and see next.
Potentilla x mixta Hybrid Cinquefoil

Rare, perhaps overlapping with the last.
Potentilla reptans Creeping Cinquefoil
Locally common, but absent from large areas, including Kinross.
Potentilla sterilis Barren Strawberry
Common, most obvious in spring.
Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry
Common in grassy places, by tracks and railways, etc.
Fragaria moschata Hautbois Strawberry
A very rare escape: near Auchtertool, 1959 —>.
Fragaria x ananassa Garden Strawberry
An infrequent escape or throw-out, sometimes persisting for a time.
Geum rivale Water Avens
Common in damp places.
Geum rivale x urbanum (G. x intermedium) Hybrid Avens
Local, not always with the parents.
Geum urbanum Wood Avens
Very common.
[Geum aleppicum]
Described as “thoroughly naturalised” in Blairadam grounds in 1891, but no further
mention.
Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony
Locally common, less so away fom the coast, and not in Kinross.
Agrimonia procera Fragrant Agrimony
Very rare, although perhaps overlooked to a degree.
(Aremonia agrimonioides Bastard Agrimony)
Naturalised in Raith, Kirkcaldy, from well before 1956 to c.1975.
Sanguisorba minor Salad Burnet
Ssp. minor has long been established near Ladybank; ssp. muricata was a former
rare casual, now appearing in seed mixes in grassy places.
Acaena ovalifolia Two-spined Acaena
Glenduckie Hill, naturalised by track, 2003.
Alchemilla conjuncta Silver Lady’s-mantle
A rare escape, established at Kincardine; (records of A. alpina belong here).

Alchemilla xanthochlora Lady’s-mantle
Common in grassy places.
Alchemilla filicaulis ssp. vestita Lady’s-mantle
Very local in dry grassland.
Alchemilla glabra Lady’s-mantle
The commonest Lady’s-mantle.
[Alchemilla wichurae Lady’s-mantle]
Balmuto 1870, Bishop Hill c.1955: status uncertain.
Alchemilla mollis Garden Lady’s-mantle
A rare throw-out, showing signs of becoming established.
Aphanes arvensis Parsley-piert
Widespread but sparse.
Aphanes australis Slender Parsley-piert
Very common, usually on poor soils.
(Rosa sempervirens Evergreen Rose)
Two records: West of Burntisland, 1848 and Dunnikier, Kirkcaldy 1992: the latter
may have been an error, but the bush was bulldozed in 2001.
(Rosa multiflora Many-flowered Rose)
This, or an ally, was recorded as a rare relic in the 1960s.
Rosa Wild Roses
Most of the following were determined by G.H.Ballantyne, with initial assistance
and guidance from G.G.Graham.
Rosa arvensis Field Rose
Infrequently planted or a relic, usually a single bush or two.
Rosa pimpinellifolia Burnet Rose
As a native, locally common, especially on dunes; more robust forms are now being
increasingly planted and will probably self-sow.
Rosa pimpinellifolia x mollis (R. x sabinii)
Rare.
Rosa pimpinellifolia x rubiginosa (R. x biturgensis)
Rare.
Rosa rugosa Japanese Rose
Rarely long established on dunes, e.g. near Lower Largo; for some time now

increasingly planted in many types of place and self-sowing.
Rosa ferruginea Red-leaved Rose
Now being planted in amenity areas, and self-sowing on waste ground.
Rosa canina s.s. Dog Rose
Widespread and common.
Rosa canina x caesia (R. x dumalis)
Not infrequent.
Rosa canina x sherardii (R. x rothschildii)
Occasional.
Rosa canina x mollis (R. x molletorum)
Quite common.
Rosa canina x rubiginosa (R. x nitidula)
Rare.
Rosa caesia Glaucous Dog Rose
Of the two sspp., vosagiaca (R. afzeliana) is common, whereas caesia (R.coriifolia)
is more local, and absent from a few areas.
Rosa caesia x sherardii
Rather local.
Rosa caesia x mollis (R. x glaucoides)
Infrequent.
Rosa caesia x rubiginosa
Very rare.
Rosa mollis Soft Downy Rose
Widespread and common.
Rosa mollis x rubiginosa (R. x molliformis)
Occasional.
Rosa sherardii Sherard’s Downy Rose
Widespread and common.
Rosa sherardii x mollis (R. x shoolbredii)
Infrequent.
Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar
As a native, rather infrequent; now being planted in hedges, etc.

Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum
Rarely planted, moreso in recent years, seldom fruiting.
Prunus spinosa Blackthorn
Native; common and widespread in hedges and on the shore.
Prunus domestica, ssp. domestica Plum
An occasional relic; recent plantings may also be P. cerasus (q.v.).
Prunus domestica ssp. insititia Bullace
Introduced; long established extensive thickets here and there.
Prunus avium Gean
A rare native, commonly planted and self-sowing; and see next.
Prunus cerasus Dwarf Cherry
Status unknown; occasionally recorded, mostly probably in error for the last;
possibly planted of late in amenity sites and by tracks.
[Prunus serrulata Cherry]
A common ornamental in parks and streets.
Prunus padus Bird Cherry
Local, a likely native in dens in the west; increasingly planted, probably self-sowing.
Prunus lusitanica Portugal Laurel
Quite common in estates and woods, occasionally self-sowing.
Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel
Common, self-sowing, sometimes in quantity where long established.
Pyrus communis s.s. Pear
Rare; odd trees here and there, self-sown or as a relic.
Malus sylvestris Crab Apple
The true wild apple is very scarce, only very occasional long extant trees having its
characters; most grade into the next.
Malus domestica Apple
Common and widespread, sprung from discarded cores.
[Malus spp. Ornamental Crabs]
Sometimes seen in hedges or by roads.
Sorbus aucuparia Rowan
Very common, both native, e.g. in dens and glens, and planted.
Sorbus aria x aucuparia (S. x thuringiaca) Hybrid Service Tree

Very rare planted or an escape, as at N. Queensferry, 1970.
Sorbus intermedia s.s. Swedish Whitebeam
Common in a variety of places, readily self-sowing .
Sorbus aria s.s.. Common Whitebeam
Fairly frequent, self-sowing, but a good deal less common than the last.
[Sorbus rupicola]
Reported from N. Queensferry about 1960, confirmation required.
Sorbus latifolia s.s.. Broad-leaved
Whitebeam
Rarely planted .
[Amelanchier ssp. June-berries]
Increasingly planted by roadsides and in amenity areas, and will almost certainly
become self-sown.
Cotoneaster frigidus Tree Cotoneaster
Occasional old trees occur in old estates, seldom self-sowing.
Cotoneaster frigidus x salicifolius (C. x watereri) Waterer’s Cotoneaster
Occasionally self-sown, increasing in waste ground, by tracks, etc.
Cotoneaster salicifolius Willow-leaved
Cotoneaster
Not infrequent in waste ground, by roadsides, etc.
Cotoneaster conspicuus x dammeri (C. x suecicus) Swedish Cotoneaster
Widely planted as ground cover, occasionally spreading and found well away from
its source.
Cotoneaster integrifolius Rockspray
Occasional on rocks, long established in places, some quite wild, e.g. Kincraig cliffs,
Elie.
Cotoneaster horizontalis s.s. Wallspray
Occasionally long established on rocks, especially near the sea.
Cotoneaster simonsii Khasia-berry
Widespread and frequent, increasingly bird-sown.
Cotoneaster bullatus Hollyberry Cotoneaster
Bird-sown here and there.
Cotoneaster rehderi Bullate Cotoneaster
Occasionally bird-sown, more frequent than the last.

Cotoneaster franchetii Franchet’s Cotoneaster
Planted, as on Fife Ness Muir, and an occasional relic.
Cotoneaster dielsianus Diel’s Cotoneaster
A rare escape.
Cotoneaster sternianus Stern’s Cotoneaster
A rare escape.
Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn
Native but widely planted and self-sown, very common.
[Crataegus laevigata Midland Hawthorn]
This, or congeners, may be recently planted here and there.
FABACEAE
Robinia pseudoacacia False Acacia
Very rarely planted.
Colutea arborescens Bladder Senna
Rarely planted on waste ground recently, self-sowing.
Astragalus danicus Purple Milk Vetch
Local, in short turf near the sea, as at Kincraig Elie.
Astragalus glycyphyllos Wild Liquorice
Rare, near sea, probably declining except at Burntisland harbour.
(Oxytropis halleri Purple Oxytropis)
Extinct at both Ferry Hills (1860) and Bishop Hill (1879).
Anthyllis vulneraria Kidney Vetch
Common, except in Kinross; the sspp. have not been separated.
(Lotus glaber Narrow-leaved
Rare casual 1835-85; reported from Tentsmuir Birdsfoot Trefoil)
over a long period until c.1980,
in error for a form of the next.
Lotus corniculatus Birdsfoot Trefoil
Common; the robust var. sativus is increasingly introduced in seed mixtures.
Lotus pedunculatus Large Birdsfoot Trefoil
Common in damper places.

Ornithopus perpusillus Birdsfoot
Uncommon on moors and bare ground, confined to NE Fife; Leuchars area.
Securigera varia Crown Vetch
A rare escape, established here and there.
(Vicia orobus Wood Bitter Vetch)
Newburgh area, 1821: either long extinct, or error?
Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch
Common.
Vicia sylvatica Wood Vetch
Very rare; now only at Cauldron Linn, 1821 —> (VC87).
Vicia hirsuta Hairy Tare
Common in grassy places.
Vicia tetrasperma Smooth Tare
In Charlesown area, 2001 —>; also a casual (q.v)
Vicia sepium Bush Vetch
Common.
Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Narrow-leaved Vetch
Common, often near the sea, variable.
Vicia sativa ssp. segetalis Common Vetch
Local, sometimes introduced in seed mixtures.
Vicia lathyroides Spring Vetch
Local in short grass by sea, e.g. Downing Point (Dalgety Bay).
(Vicia lutea Yellow Vetchling)
N. Queensferry site 1802-1902 destroyed by quarrying; and casual (1978).
Lathyrus linifolius Bitter Vetch
Local in more acid grassland, widespread
Lathyrus pratensis Meadow Vetchling
Very common.
Lathyrus tuberosus Tuberous Pea
A rare short-lived escape.
Lathyrus grandiflorus Two-flowered
Infrequent escape or planted, often near old railways; Everlasting-Pea
some records of L. latifolius may belong here.

[Lathyrus sylvestris Narrow-leaved
Error. Everlasting Pea]
(Lathyrus latifolius Broad-leaved
Established here and there in 19th century; Everlasting Pea)
and see last but one entry.
Ononis repens Common Restharrow
Common in grassy places, less so in Kinross.
Melilotus altissimus Tall Melilot
Occasionally established, as at Methil Docks; also casual.
Melilotus albus White Melilot
Occasionally established, as near W Wemyss; also casual.
Melilotus officinalis Ribbed Melilot
Occasionally established in quantity, as at Pathhead, Kirkcaldy; also casual.
Medicago lupulina Black Medick
Common in grassy and waste places.
(Medicago arabica Spotted Medick)
Formerly established in St Davids-Aberdour area 1832-1906; also casual (1932).
Medicago sativa Sickle Medick
Ssp. falcata is an occasional escape, rarely established; sspp. varia and sativa are
short-lived casuals or relics.
Trifolium ornithopodioides Birdsfoot Clover
Very rare; established on Inchkeith from 1872-85 at least; the only recent record is
at Balmerino 1985-89.
Trifolium repens White Clover
Very common.
[Trifolium strictum Upright Clover]
Error for T. striatum.
Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover
Frequent, sometimes as a relic.
Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil
Frequent in grassy places.
Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil

Very common in grassy places.
Trifolium micranthum Slender Trefoil
First seen in 1992, fast spreading on lawns and greens.
Trifolium pratense Red Clover
Very common.
Trifolium medium Zigzag
Clover
Local in grassy places and by tracks.
Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover
Infrequent, often by the sea as on Kinkell Braes St Andrews.
Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover
Rare, by the sea as on Chapel Ness Elie (with the last).
Trifolium arvense Haresfoot Clover
Locally common, often by the sea, a lot on St Andrews Links.
Lupinus arboreus Tree Lupin
Locally naturalised, as on St Andrews Links (although diminished of late).
Lupinus polyphyllus Garden Lupin
A former escape, probably mostly replaced by next.
Lupinus arboreus x polyphyllus (L. x regalis) Russell Lupin
A fairly recent local escape, especially by railways and on waste ground.
Laburnum anagyroides Laburnum
Occasionally planted in hedges or by woods, seldom self-sowing.
Laburnum alpinum Scottish Laburnum
Rarely planted.
Cytisus scoparius Broom
A very common native, also planted and self-sowing, including a red-flowered form.
Genista anglica Petty Whin
Now rare on moory ground; still at Annsmuir Ladybank.
(Genista tinctoria Dyer’s Greenweed)
An error or casual (q.v.).
Ulex europaeus Whin
Native, very common, adorning many banks and slopes.

Ulex gallii Western Gorse
One or two bushes of this, and the next, were unintentionally introduced at Birnie
Loch in the late 1990s; they may spread.
Ulex minor Dwarf Gorse
See last species; also seen in two other spots in 1980s, and on at least two east Fife
golf courses in early 2000s.
ELAEAGNACEAE TO ONAGRACEAE
Hippophae rhamnoides Sea Buckthorn
Common at Tentsmuir, increasingly planted by the sea elsewhere and self-sowing
occasionally.
Myriophyllum spicatum Spiked Water Milfoil
Locally abundant in ponds and reservoirs.
Myriophyllum alterniflorum Alternate Water Milfoil
Infrequent in more acid waters.
Gunnera sp. Giant Rhubarb
Rarely planted by lakes or lochs (probably G. tinctoria).
Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife
Uncommon by freshwater, probably introduced.
Lythrum portula Water Purslane
Infrequent on mud by pools and reservoirs.
Daphne laureola Spurge Laurel
Long established here and there, e.g. at Cambo.
[Daphne mezereon Mezereon]
Error for last.
Epilobium Willowherbs
Several hybrids were initially determined by T.D.Pennington, and others
subsequently by the author.
Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb
Common, mostly in damp places but also as a weed.
[Epilobium hirsutum x parviflorum (E. x subhirsutum)]
Probable error (1889).
Epilobium hirsutum x montanum (E. x erroneum)
Uncommon.

Epilobium ciliatum x hirsutum (E. x novae-civitatis)
Occasional.
Epilobium parviflorum Hoary Willowherb
Rather local, never in quantity; Claybriggs area (Burnturk).
Epilobium parviflorum x ciliatum (E. x floridulum)
Rare.
Epilobium palustre x parviflorum (E. x rivulare)
Rare.
Epilobium montanum Broad-leaved
Willowherb
Very common.
Epilobium montanum x obscurum (E. x aggregatum)
Occasional.
Epilobium montanum x roseum (E. x mutabile)
Rare.
Epilobium ciliatum x montanum (E. x interjectum)
Local.
[Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked
Willowherb]
Not infrequently recorded in error for next.
Epilobium obscurum Short-fruited
Willowherb
Common in damp spots and as a weed.
Epilobium ciliatum x obscurum (E. x vicinum)
Occasional.
Epilobium obscurum x palustre (E. x schmidtianum)
Occasional.
Epilobium roseum Pale Willowherb
Rather local, perhaps declining.
Epilobium ciliatum x roseum (E. x nutandiflorum)
Occasional.
Epilobium ciliatum American Willowherb
First seen in Fife in 1955, now very common as a weed and in damp places.

Epilobium ciliatum x palustre (E. x fossicola)
Local in marshes, increasing.
Epilobium palustre Marsh Willowherb
Common in marshes.
Epilobium anagallidifolium Alpine Willowherb
Very rare, only in upper Glen Queich.
Epilobium alsinifolium Chickweed Willowherb
Rare, on the Lomonds and Ochils.
Epilobium brunnescens New Zealand
Willowherb
Locally naturalised, occasionally in quite wild sites, e.g. Glenvale.
Chamerion angustifolium Rosebay Willowherb
Very common.
Oenothera glaziovana Large-flowered
The Evening Primroses occur as escapes or Evening Primrose
casuals on waste ground and dunes,
sometimes persisting for a number of years.
Oenothera x fallax Intermediate
See above. Evening Primrose
Oenothera biennis Common
See above. Evening Primrose
Oenothera cambrica Small-flowered
See above. Evening Primrose
Fuschia magellanica Fuschia
An occasional relic or cast out.
Circaea lutetiana Enchanter’s Nightshade
Locally common in open woodland.
Circaea alpina x lutetiana (C. x intermedia) Upland
Rare on Lomonds and in Kinross; Enchanter’s
Nightshade
(records of C. alpina belong here).
CORNACEAE TO OXALIDACEAE
Cornus sanguinea Dogwood

Planted in the past, but most records refer to the next.
Cornus sericea Red-Osier Dogwood
Not infrequent, often near water, suckering freely.
[Cornus suecica Dwarf Cornel]
Error.
Aucuba japonica Spotted Laurel
Frequent in shrubberies, occasional as a relic in old woodland.
Euonymus europaeus Spindle Tree
Rarely planted in hedges.
Ilex aquifolium Holly
Perhaps originally native, very commonly planted and self-sowing.
Ilex aquifolium x perado (I. x altaclerensis) Highclere Holly
A rare escape, probably bird-sown.
Buxus sempervirens Box
Occasional in old shrubberies and estates, not self-sowing.
Mercurialis perennis Dog’s Mercury
Very common in woodland, not necessarily very old.
(Mercurialis annua Annual Mercury
Formerly long established at three Forth ports, including Burntisland 1777-1907;
also a very rare casual (1961)).
Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge
A common weed.
(Euphorbia exigua Dwarf Spurge)
Formerly an infrequent cornfield weed (c.1890).
Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge
A common weed.
Euphorbia esula agg. Leafy Spurge
Rarely established here and there, for periods between 1837 and 1990.
[Rhamnus cathartica Buckthorn]
Error for Hippophae rhamnoides.
Linum catharticum Fairy Flax
Fairly frequent on moorland and dry grassland.

(Radiola linoides Allseed)
Very rare, probably extinct; last reported on Tentsmuir in 1977.
Polygala vulgaris Common Milkwort
Very local, often taken for the next.
Polygala serpyllifolia Heath Milkwort
Local on heaths and hillsides, much more frequent than the last.
Aesculus hippocastanum Horse Chestnut
Common, only very occasionally self-sowing.
Aesculus carnea Red Horse Chestnut
Rare in old estate woodland.
Acer platanoides Norway Maple
A few scattered old trees; increasingly planted and widely self-sowing.
Acer cappadocicum Cappadocian Maple
Rarely planted, suckering.
Acer campestre Field Maple
Occasionally long established, as in Craighall Den Ceres; recently
planted in woodland, by paths, etc., and now much more frequent.
Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore
Very common, self-sowing very readily and thus often a bad weed.
Acer saccharinum Silver Maple
Fairly recently introduced into amenity woodland.
Oxalis corniculata Procumbent Yellow
Sorrel
A rare garden or greenhouse weed.
Oxalis exilis Least Yellow Sorrel
Now occasional as a garden weed and in paving cracks, etc.,
especially in Kirkcaldy and NE Fife; often taken for the last.
Oxalis acetosella Wood Sorrel
Common, often prominent in more acid woods, as on Cullaloe Hills.
Oxalis stricta Upright Yellow Sorrel
A rare throw-out or casual.
Oxalis incarnata Pale Pink Sorrel
A greenhouse weed at Hill of Tarvit, 1997.

GERANIACEAE TO ARALIACEAE
Geranium endressii French Cranesbill
A rarely established throw-out.
Geranium x oxonianum (G. endressii x versicolor) Druce’s Cranesbill
Occasionally established from gardens, more likely to be found than the last.
Geranium sylvaticum Wood Cranesbill
Frequent in Kinross, some west Fife dens and the Lomonds; much less
common elsewhere and absent from the east.
Geranium pratense Meadow Cranesbill
Common and widespread, but much more local in Kinross.
Geranium sanguineum Bloody Cranesbill
Local in calcareous rocky places; occasionally in abundance, as on Burntisland Binn
top.
Geranium columbinum Long-stalked Cranesbill
Rare on calcareous banks, including at Orrock Hill; perhaps declining.
Geranium dissectum Cut-leaved Cranesbill
A common weed of grassy and waste places.
Geranium ibericum x platypetalum (G. x magnificum) Purple Cranesbill
A rare throw-out, or planted; established on dunes at Lundin Links.
Geranium pyrenaicum Hedgerow Cranesbill
Locally naturalised by roadsides, e.g. near Burntisland; increasing.
Geranium pusillum Small-flowered
Cranesbill
Local in short grass and arable ground in NE Fife, elsewhere only casual.
Geranium molle Dovesfoot Cranesbill
A very common weed.
Geranium lucidum Shining Cranesbill
Infrequent on dry bare ground, and as a garden weed.
[Geranium macrorrhizum Rock Cranesbill]
A rampant spreader in policy gardens and open woodland, as at Balcarres
House, but scarcely naturalised yet.

Geranium robertianum Herb Robert
Very common in all sorts of places.
Geranium phaeum Dusky Cranesbill
Rarely semi-naturalised in estates, e.g. Birkhill.
[Erodium moschatum Musk Storksbill]
Collected in 1885 at Fife Ness, but identity unable to be confirmed.
[Erodium maritimum Sea Storksbill]
Error for last.
Erodium cicutarium Common Storksbill
A variable weed of lighter soils and the seaside, especially in NE Fife; scarcer
elsewhere, uncommon in the west and very rare in Kinross.
Impatiens parviflora Small Balsam
A rare weed, persisting at St Andrews.
Impatiens glandulifera Indian Balsam
Locally abundant by running water and, as seedlings, in damp woods.
Hedera helix Common Ivy
Ssp. helix is much too common in woodland and on banks and walls; a pest in some
parts, e.g. the railway bank between Aberdour and Starleyburn.
Hedera ‘Hibernica’ Irish Ivy
A large-leaved cultivar in a few old estates, e.g. Valleyfield.
APIACEAE
Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh Pennywort
Locally common in a variety of damp ground.
Sanicula europaea Sanicle
Widespread and frequent in some, but by no means all, woods.
(Eryngium maritimum Sea Holly)
Formerly on the Fife islands and Forth coast, particularly in the Largo area 1684-
1875; very occasional stray plants reported since, but effectively extinct.
Chaerophyllum temulum Rough Chervil
Locally frequent in hedgerows; widespread but absent from some parts, including
most of Kinross.

Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley
Abundant by roadsides, in grassy places and in some open woods.
Anthriscus caucalis Bur Parsley
Rather local, nearly always by the sea, e.g. at Pettycur and Crail.
(Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd’s Needle)
A former weed, occasionally established; now casual only (1964).
Myrrhis odorata Sweet Cicely
Common by roads, tracks and burns, often in quantity, as west of Auchtertool.
Smyrnium olusatrum Alexanders
Locally abundant near the sea, e.g. at Pittenweem.
Conopodium majus Pignut
Widespread and common in grassland and woods, sometimes abundant.
[Pimpinella major Greater Burnet
Saxifrage]
Error.
Pimpinella saxifraga Burnet Saxifrage
Local in dry grassy or rocky spots.
Aegopodium podagraria Bishopweed
Very common, an ineradicable weed.
[Sium latifolium Greater Water Parsnip]
Error.
Berula erecta Lesser Water Parsnip
Rather rare in coastal marshes in NE Fife; also in quantity inland at Kinghorn Loch.
[Crithmum maritimum Rock Samphire]
Reported many years ago but unlikely ever to have occurred.
Oenanthe fistulosa Tubular Water Dropwort
Very rare, just hanging on in the Newburgh area.
Oenanthe crocata Hemlock Water
Dropwort
Locally common near the sea, and upstream from river/burn mouths.
(Oenanthe aquatica Fine-leaved Water
Dropwort)
Extinct (1876).

Aethusa cynapium Fool’s Parsley
A rather local weed of arable and waste ground.
(Silaum silaus Pepper Saxifrage)
Formerly rare, in the East Neuk in 1870-90s.
Meum athamanticum Spignel
Still in the more remote parts of Kinross, very rare elsewhere.
Conium maculatum Hemlock
Common in waste and damp ground, increasing; very rare in Kinross.
Apium graveolens Wild Celery
Formerly rarely established by the sea, e.g. on Isle of May 1879 to at least 1958;
now probably casual only.
(Apium nodiflorum x repens Creeping Marshwort)
Recorded from Kinghorn Loch between 1870-1953, but current identity and status
are unknown; recent reports refer to Berula erecta.
Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort
Rather local on mud or sheltered margins of freshwater pools.
Petroselinum crispum Garden Parsley
A rare escape, occasionally persisting, as on rocks above Kinghorn Loch.
Cicuta virosa Cowbane
Very rare, now only at Otterston Loch.
Ligusticum scoticum Scots Lovage
Local on rocks and stony shores, mainly round the East Neuk.
Angelica sylvestris Wild Angelica
Common in damp spots.
Levisticum officinale Lovage
Rarely established here and there over several years.
Peucedanum ostruthium Masterwort
Rarely naturalised, chiefly in Kinross, as at Tillyrie.
Pastinaca sativa Wild Parsnip
Rarely naturalised: in Inverkeithing area and at Crail.
Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed
Very common in all sorts of places.

Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant Hogweed
Locally abundant by some burns, e.g. Lyne Burn outside Dunfermline; stray plants
are also found on waste ground, etc.
Heracleum sphondylium x mantegazzianum
Found twice, by Lyne Burn near Crossgates in 1979, and on waste ground at
Invertiel, Kirkcaldy in 2002.
Torilis japonica Upright Hedge Parsley
Common by waysides and in grassy places.
(Torilis nodosa Knotted Hedge Parsley)
Rarely recorded during 19th century; 1970s reports were in error.
Daucus carota Wild Carrot
Ssp. carota is rather local on a few sea braes, being absent from several shores; the
cultivated ssp. sativus is an odd relic or casual.
GENTIANACEAE TO HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury
Local, usually near the sea, chiefly between Kincardine - Methil.
Centaurium littorale Seaside Centaury
Very rare, Tentsmuir.
[Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury]
Error for last.
Gentianella campestris Field Gentian
Rare; on Earlshall Moor and the Lomonds.
Gentianella amarella Autumn Gentian
Very rare on dunes: Dumbarnie Links and area.
Vinca minor Lesser Periwinkle
Locally naturalised, often carpeting woods.
Vinca major Greater Periwinkle
Rarely established here and there, as a relic or throw-out.
Lycium barbarum Duke of Argyll’s
Teaplant
Rare escape, long established, coastal; L. chinense may be involved.

(Atropa belladonna Deadly Nightshade)
Infrequently established in 19th century; casual in recent years (1977).
Hyoscyamus niger Henbane
Rather rare; a stronghold is the Isle of May, since before 1871 —>.
Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet
Frequent in hedges and by burns and shores; rare in Kinross.
Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed
Common, favouring banks of various kinds.
Calystegia soldanella Sea Bindweed
Very rare: Dumbarnie Links.
Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed
The commonest species.
C. sepium x C. pulchra (C. x scanica).
St Andrews, under old railway viaduct.
Calystegia pulchra Hairy Bindweed
Infrequent escape in hedgerows, e.g. N of Freuchie.
Calystegia silvatica Large Bindweed
Somewhat local, in hedgerows, on fences, etc.; ssp. disjuncta seems to be the
commoner form.
Menyanthes trifoliata Bogbean
Local in marshes, as on the Kinkell shore, St Andrews.
[Nymphoides peltata Fringed Water Lily]
Planted at north edge of Kilconquhar Loch in 1990s; a previous record of 1872 from
here is an error.
Polemonium caeruleum Jacob’s Ladder
A sporadic relic or escape, sometimes persisting for several years.
Phacelia tanacetifolia Phacelia
Planted as a crop 1995 —> , and occurring as a short-lived relic or casual.
BORAGINACEAE
(Lithospermum arvense Field Gromwell)
A 19th century cornfield weed; and an occasional casual (1960s).

(Lithospermum officinale Common Gromwell)
Near Culross from at least 1821-66; otherwise a rare casual (1880).
Echium vulgare Viper’s Bugloss
Local, on sandy soils, cliffs and old bings.
Pulmonaria officinalis Lungwort
A rare escape or relic.
Pulmonaria ‘Mawson’s Blue’ Narrow-leaved
Lungwort
A rare introduction, as at Balbirnie and Cambo.
Symphytum officinale Common Comfrey
Very local, centred on Inverkeithing area; one site in Kinross; and see next.
Symphytum asperum x officinale (S. x uplandicum) Russian Comfrey
Very common in waste ground, by tracks, burns, etc.; often taken for the last.
Symphytum tuberosum Tuberous Comfrey
Common in or by woodland.
Symphytum grandiflorum Creeping Comfrey
Very rare, well established in Leslie House grounds.
Symphytum orientale White Comfrey
Rarely naturalised, as in Raith and Ravenscraig (both Kirkcaldy).
Anchusa arvensis Bugloss
A common arable weed.
Pentaglottis sempervirens Green Alkanet
Common, naturalised in woods and by tracks.
Trachystemon orientalis Abraham-Isaac-Jacob
A very rare escape, in upper Kenly Den.
(Mertensia maritima Oysterplant)
Formerly occasional around the coast, last seen in 1912.
Amsinckia micrantha Fiddleneck
An increasing weed, first noticed in 1977.
Myosotis scorpioides Water Forget-me-not
Common, by rivers and burns.
Myosotis secunda Creeping Forget-me-not
Rather local in more acidic wet places.

Myosotis laxa Tufted Forget-me-not
Common in marshes.
Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget-me-not
Locally naturalised in woods, on banks, by tracks, etc.
Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not
A very common weed.
Myosotis ramosissima Early Forget-me-not
Local in short turf and bare ground in spring, as on Largo Law.
Myosotis discolor Changing Forget-me-not
Common in both dry and damp grassland, later than the last.
Omphalodes verna Blue-eyed Mary
A very rare escape, in Valleyfield Woods, and near St Andrews.
Cynoglossum officinale Hound’s-tongue
Now very local, near the sea.
(Verbena officinalis Vervain)
Rarely established in the 18th &19th centuries, also a rare casual (1909).
LAMIACEAE
Stachys officinalis Betony
Very rare, only near Thornton.
Stachys byzantinum Lambs’s Lugs
Pettycur, below cliff with caravans, 2003, a small climb.
Stachys sylvatica Hedge Woundwort
Common in waste ground, by waysides, etc.
Stachys palustris x sylvatica (S. x ambigua) Hybrid Woundwort
Local, often not with the parents, variable.
Stachys palustris Marsh Woundwort
Common, both by water and by tracks.
Stachys arvensis Field Woundwort
Now a much diminished arable weed.
Ballota nigra Black Horehound
Rare, near the sea, now only on the Forth coast.
Lamiastrum galeobdolon Yellow Archangel

Ssp. argentatum is an increasing throw-out in woods and shady places, fast
spreading; ssp. galeobdolon was a rare 19th century escape.
Lamium album White Dead-nettle
Common in a variety of habitats.
Lamium maculatum Spotted Dead-nettle
A rare escape or throw-out, rarely established, as at Denmuir (Parbroath).
Lamium purpureum Red Dead-nettle
A very common weed.
Lamium hybridum Cut-leaved Dead-nettle
Local on dry banks, and as an occasional weed, rare in Kinross.
Lamium confertum Northern Dead-nettle
An uncommon arable weed, only in East Neuk, decreasing.
Lamium amplexicaule Henbit Dead-nettle
A common weed, less so in Kinross.
(Galeopsis angustifolia Red Hemp Nettle)
A mid 19th century weed, sometimes abundant, then casual only (1914).
Galeopsis speciosa Large-flowered Hempnettle
A local weed, widespread but absent from some parts.
Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hemp-nettle
A common weed, very like the next.
Galeopsis bifida Bifid Hemp-nettle
A local weed, very like the last.
Phlomis russeliana Turkish Sage
A very rare escape (planted?) in the Balmerino area.
Marrubium vulgare White Horehound
Now very rare: on Inchcolm since 1821-->; Inchkeith 1710-1847 (at least);
Burntisland 1777-c.1890.
Scutellaria galericulata Skullcap
Locally common in damp ground, e.g. Rossie Bog.
Teucrium scorodonia Wood Sage
Common and widespread, often in rocky places and on banks.

(Nepeta cataria Cat Mint)
Rarely established in West Fife in late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Ajuga reptans Bugle
Common in dampish woods and shady places.
Glechoma hederacea Ground Ivy
Common in woods and hedgerows, occasionally on dunes.
Prunella vulgaris Selfheal
Common in grassy places, on tracks, etc.
Clinopodium vulgare Wild Basil
Uncommon in dry, grassy places; Birkhill.
(Clinopodium acinos Basil Thyme)
Always rare, not recorded since 1884.
Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram
Uncommon, scattered; probably an escape in some parts.
Thymus polytrichus Wild Thyme
Common in short turf and rocky places.
Lycopus europaeus Gipsywort
Uncommon by water, in NE Fife only.
Mentha arvensis Corn Mint
Now an infrequent arable weed, decreasing.
Mentha aquatica x arvensis (M. x verticillata) Whorled Mint
Local by freshwater, usually away from its parents.
Mentha aquatica Water Mint
Common by burns and in wet spots.
Mentha aquatica x spicata (M. x piperita) Peppermint
Local, established in ditches and by burns.
Mentha spicata Spear Mint
Rather local, on waste ground; includes the infrequent variety M. scotica.
Mentha spicata x suaveolens (M. x villosa) Apple Mint
Local, established on waste ground from throw-outs.
Mentha longifolia x spicata (M. x villosonervata) Sharp-toothed Mint
Uncommon, on waste ground.

[Mentha taxa Mints]
There are several mints recorded, notably in W. Young’s List (1936), that are difficult to
reconcile with modern names; these have been ignored.
Salvia verbenaca Wild Clary
Now only at Kinghorn and Pettycur, in quantity at both, since 1820 —>.
Salvia verticillata Whorled Clary
Very rarely established, now only near Elie.
HIPPURIDACEAE TO OLEACAE
Hippuris vulgaris Marestail
Local by and in lochs and reservoirs, e.g. Kilconquhar Loch.
Callitriche hermaphroditica Annual Water-starwort
Local in lochs and reservoirs, as in Carriston Reservoir.
Callitriche stagnalis Common Water-starwort
Very common.
Callitriche platycarpa Various-leaved Water-starwort
Common.
[Callitriche obtusangula Blunt-fruited Water-starwort]
Reported from River Eden in 1981, requires confirmation.
Callitriche hamulata Intermediate Water-starwort
Local in pools, e.g. at Clatto Reservoir.
Plantago coronopus Buck’s-horn Plantain
Common, by the sea.
Plantago maritima Sea Plantain
Common, by the sea.
Plantago major Greater Plantain
Very common.
Plantago media Hoary Plantain
Occasionally established in lawns for a time; also a rare casual.
Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain
Very common.
Littorella uniflora Shoreweed
Locally dominant on the shores of lochs and reservoirs.

Buddleja davidii Buddleia
Now common in waste ground and on walls, increasing rapidly.
Forsythia x intermedia Forsythia
Widely planted, an occasional relic.
Fotsythia suspensa Golden Bell
Happily self-sown on an old wall near Largo House.
Jasminum nudiflorum Winter Jasmine
A rare relic near old buildings.
Fraxinus excelsior Ash
Both native and widely planted, readily self-sowing, very common.
Syringa vulgaris Lilac
An occasional relic, suckering.
Ligustrum vulgare Wild Privet
Not infrequently established, spreading in woods and by tracks.
Ligustrum ovalifolium Garden Privet
An occasional relic, now also planted by tracks, in plots, etc.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Verbascum phlomoides Orange Mullein
Established at Guardbridge 1995 —>.
Verbascum thapsus Great Mullein
Fairly frequent in waste ground, etc., but seldom long lasting.
Verbascum nigrum Dark Mullein
Rarely established, as outside Kirkcaldy 1985 —> ; otherwise a rare casual.
Verbascum lychnitis White Mullein
Frequent in the Newburgh area since 1836, rare elsewhere.
Scrophularia nodosa Common Figwort
Common.
Scrophularia auriculata Water Figwort
Very rare, in Longannet area (since before 1863) (VC87).

Scrophularia umbrosa Green Figwort
Locally common by burns in NE Fife, rare elsewhere; perhaps spreading.
Scrophularia vernalis Yellow Figwort
Local, mostly in open woods, absent from some areas.
Mimulus moschatus Musk
A very rare escape, established in Lundin Wood near Largo.
Mimulus guttatus Monkeyflower
By burns and rivers, much the most likely species to be found.
Mimulus x robertsii Hybrid Monkeyflower
This and the next three taxa are found sparingly by freshwater in Kinross.
Mimulus x burnetii Coppery Monkeyflower
See last entry.
Mimulus luteus Blood-drop Emlets
See last but one entry.
Mimulus x maculosus Scottish Monkeyflower
See last but two entry.
Limosella aquatica Mudwort
Uncommon but widespread on exposed mud; abundant at Cullaloe Reserve.
Antirrhinum majus Snapdragon
An uncommon escape on old walls.
Chaenorhinum minus Small Toadflax
During 1950-70s common on and by railway lines but now much diminished;
occasional casual elsewhere.
(Asarina procumbens Trailing Snapdragon)
Established at Balcomie, Crail, in 1970/80s.
Cymbalaria muralis Ivy-leaved Toadflax
Common on walls.
Linaria vulgaris Common Toadflax
Common by roadsides and railways although absent from some parts.
Linaria purpurea Purple Toadflax
An increasing escape.
Linaria repens Pale Toadflax

Very rarely established, or casual (1982).
Digitalis purpurea Foxglove
Very common.
Erinus alpinus Fairy Foxglove
Rare escape (or planted), long established on old walls, e.g. Balcaskie.
Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell
Ssp. serpyllifolia is common in grassland, lawns, etc.
Veronica officinalis Heath Speedwell
Common in open heathy woods and moory grassland.
Veronica chamaedrys Germander Speedwell
Very common.
Veronica montana Wood Speedwell
Uncommon, less so in the west; often a lot where it does occur, e.g. Balcarres.
Veronica scutellata Marsh Speedwell
Somewhat local in damp spots.
Veronica beccabunga Brooklime
Very common.
Veronica anagallis-aquatica Blue Water Speedwell
Rather local by burns and in wet places.
Veronica catenata Pink Water Speedwell
Status unknown, likely to be rare.
Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell
Very common.
Veronica peregrina American Speedwell
The only record is in 1997 in Kinross burgh, perhaps merely casual.
Veronica agrestis Green Field Speedwell
A common weed.
Veronica polita Grey Field Speedwell
An uncommon weed, mainly in NE Fife, perhaps declining.
Veronica persica Common Field Speedwell
A common weed, less so in Kinross.

Veronica filiformis Slender Speedwell
First recorded in 1935, for some time now abundant on lawns and playing fields.
Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell
A common early weed, soon disappearing; both sspp. occur.
Hebe elliptica x speciosa (H. x franciscana) Hedge Veronica
A very occasional escape near the sea; now being planted and may spread.
Melampyrum pratense Common Cow-wheat
Very rare, only in Lethan’s Den (near Saline) and Kinross.
Euphrasia arctica Eyebright
Ssp. borealis is the commonest Eyebright.
Euphrasia tetraquetra Eyebright
Rare, in short coastal turf.
Euphrasia nemorosa Eyebright
Status uncertain, probably local.
Euphrasia confusa Eyebright
Uncommon in short grassland.
Euphrasia micrantha Eyebright
Very rare in upland areas.
Euphrasia scottica Eyebright
Uncommon in flushes in the west and Kinross.
Odontites vernus Red Bartsia
Common in grassy areas, on tracks, etc.
Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Bartsia
Appeared on two NE Fife golf courses in 1998, presumably in seed mixtures;
probably transient; (an 1894 record is an error).
(Rhinanthus angustifolius Greater Yellow Rattle)
Formerly on heathy ground in NE Fife but not seen since 1910.
Rhinanthus minor Yellow Rattle
Common; both sspp. minor and stenophyllus seem to be present.
Pedicularis palustris Marsh Lousewort
Local in marshes and in damp places.
Pedicularis sylvatica Lousewort

Widespread but rather local on moors and damp grassland.
OROBANCHACEAE TO CAMPANULACEAE
Lathraea squamaria Toothwort
Very rare, Lethan’s Den (near Saline), seen only in 1978.
Orobanche alba Thyme Broomrape
Very rare, now in only one site near Kirkcaldy.
Pinguicula vulgaris Common Butterwort
Local in wet heathy areas, e.g. in the Lomonds.
(Utricularia vulgaris Greater Bladderwort)
Always rare, the three bladderworts were last recorded (together) in the Leuchars area in the
1880s.
(Utricularia intermedia Intermediate Bladderwort)
See last entry.
(Utricularia minor Lesser Bladderwort)
See last but one entry.
Campanula lactiflora Milky Bellflower
A very rare escape, established in two sites.
Campanula persicifolia Peach-leaved Bellflower
An increasing escape.
Campanula glomerata Clustered Bellflower
Rare, now possibly only at Pettycur (Kinghorn), except for an odd stray plant, here and there.
Campanula poscharskyana Trailing Bellflower
An occasional escape on walls, e.g. in Kirkcaldy.
Campanula latifolia Giant Bellflower
Common in woods, as at Cambo.
Campanula trachelium Nettle-leaved Bellflower
Very rare, naturalised in Lade Braes St Andrews; former casual (1830s).
Campanula rapunculoides Creeping Bellflower
A rare escape, sometimes established for a while.
Campanula rotundifolia Bluebell
Common in dry grassy places and on banks.

[Legousia hybrida Venus’s Looking-glass]
Error.
[Jasione montana Sheepsbit]
Error as native - see also casuals list.
Lobelia dortmanna Water Lobelia
Very rare, only in the Cleish Hills lochans.
RUBIACEAE TO DIPSACACEAE
Sherardia arvensis Field Madder
Local in dry, grassy places, e.g. Largo Law.
Galium boreale Northern Bedstraw
Very rare, only on Bishop Hill.
Galium odoratum Woodruff
Widespread but local in woodland, e.g. Valleyfield Woods.
Galium uliginosum Fen Bedstraw
Local in the more base-rich marshes.
Galium palustre Common Marsh Bedstraw
Common; ssp. elongatum is more frequent than ssp. palustre.
Galium verum Lady’s Bedstraw
Common in grassy places.
Galium mollugo Hedge Bedstraw
Infrequent, well scattered, Strathmiglo; probably mostly ssp. erectum.
Galium sterneri Limestone Bedstraw
Very rare, possibly only in Glen Queich.
Galium saxatile Heath Bedstraw
Very common.
Galium aparine Sticky Willie
Very common.
[Galium cinereum]
Error.

Cruciata laevipes Crosswort
Frequent in grassy places and hedgerows.
Sambucus racemosa Red-berried Elder
Occasional by plantations and roadsides, increasing.
Sambucus nigra Elder
Native, very common, in most woods, hedges, etc.
Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder
A very rare escape, long known at Inverkeithing.
Viburnum opulus Guelder Rose
Occasional in western dens as a native; increasingly planted in amenity areas, by tracks, etc.
Viburnum lantana Wayfaring Tree
Rarely planted in old estates.
Viburnum tinus Laurustinus
Occasional in old estates, and now planted in amenity areas.
Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry
Common, suckering freely in and by woods, tracks, etc.
Symphoricarpos microphyllus x orbiculatus (S. x chenaultii) Pink Snowberry
Rare, recently introduced into amenity areas, plots, etc.
Leycesteria formosa Himalayan Honeysuckle
An occasional bush in old estates.
Lonicera pileata Box-leaved Honeysuckle
Occasionally planted and/or a rare cast-out.
Lonicera nitida Wilson’s Honeysuckle
Increasingly planted, spreading in a few places.
Lonicera xylosteum Fly Honeysuckle
Rare in old estates.

Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle
Native, common in woods and hedgerows.
(Lonicera caprifolium Perfoliate Honeysuckle)
A former rare introduction in woods (1903).
Adoxa moschatellina Moschatel
Rather local in shady places; best by the River Ore.
Valerianella locusta Common Cornsalad
Local in dry, brackish spots including by the sea.
Valerianella carinata Keeled-fruited Cornsalad
Very rare on walls in Newport/Wormit area; perhaps spreading?
(Valerianella dentata Narrow-fruited Cornsalad)
A 19th century cornfield weed, and occasional casual (1906).
Valeriana officinalis Common Valerian
Common in damp grassy ground.
Valeriana pyrenaica Pyrenean Valerian
Locally naturalised, mostly by burns, as at Blairadam (since 1782).
[Valeriana dioica Marsh Valerian]
Error.
Centranthus ruber Red Valerian
Locally naturalised on walls, long lasting, e.g. at Burntisland since 1862.
Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel
Local on waste ground, sometimes in quantity.
Knautia arvensis Field Scabious
Common by roadsides and tracks, except in Kinross.
Succisa pratensis Devilsbit Scabious
Common in grassy places, both dry and damp.

ASTERACEAE
Echinops sp. Globe Thistle
A rare throw-out or relic, assumed to be E. sphaerocephalus.
[Arctium lappa Great Burdock]
Error.
Arctium nemorosum Lesser Burdock
Common, infrequent in Kinross. (N.B. A. minus may also be present).
Carduus tenuiflorus Slender Thistle
Uncommon, coastal, usually in small numbers; perhaps declining.
Carduus crispus Welted Thistle
Common on waste ground and banks, but absent from some areas.
Carduus nutans Musk Thistle
Rare, transient; may be merely casual.
Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle
Very common.
Cirsium heterophyllum Melancholy Thistle
Very local, although often in quantity, as in Lethan’s Den near Saline.
Cirsium palustre Marsh Thistle
Very common; the most likely white thistle to be found.
Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle
Very common, a bad weed.
Onopordum acanthium Cotton Thistle
Infrequently established, as at Limekilns and Burntisland in 19th century,
currently at Balmerino; otherwise a rare casual.
Centaurea scabiosa Greater Knapweed
Infrequent; near Lower Largo; not in the west nor Kinross.
Centaurea montana Perennial Cornflower
An occasional throw-out, established here and there.
Centaurea cyanus Cornflower
A former cornfield weed, now introduced in seed mixtures in some parts.

Centaurea nigra Common Knapweed
Very common.
Cichorium intybus Chicory
Very occasionally established or planted as a crop, but mainly casual (1969).
Lapsana communis Nipplewort
Very common.
Hypochaeris radicata Catsear
Very common.
Hypochaeris glabra x radicata (H. x intermedia) Hybrid Catsear
Very rare on Tentsmuir; a few plants were seen in the late 1990s.
Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Catsear
Very rare on Tentsmuir; first seen in 1930s, refound in 1997.
Leontodon autumnalis Autumnal Hawkbit
Common; prominent by roadsides in late autumn.
Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit
Possibly present in pastures during 19th century, but for many years merely casual (1998).
Leontodon saxatilis Lesser Hawkbit
Rare on sand dunes, probably now only on Dumbarnie Links.
Tragopogon pratensis Goatsbeard
Ssp. minor is frequent by tracks and on rough ground.
Sonchus arvensis Perennial Sow-thistle
Common by roads, shores and sometimes in damp spots; very local in Kinross.
Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-thistle
Very common; sometimes difficult to tell from the next.
Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle
Common; see last species.
Lactuca virosa Greater Lettuce
Rare except in the Newburgh area, known there since before 1836.
Cicerbita macrophylla Common Blue Sow-thistle
Locally naturalised on waste ground and by roadsides.

Mycelis muralis Wall Lettuce
Rather local, usually on or near walls, also in a few woods.
Taraxacum officinale agg. Common Dandelion
Very common. The following micro-species were collected in the 1970s, and determined by
A.J.Richards, but very little field work has been done since; there are certainly considerably
more present.
Sections Erythrosperma/Obliqua
Taraxacum brachyglossum
Taraxacum fulviforme
Taraxacum haworthianum
Taraxacum lacistophyllum
Taraxacum oxoniense
Taraxacum platyglossum
Sections Spectabilia/Naevosa
Taraxacum faeroense
Taraxacum euryphyllum
Taraxacum maculosum
Taraxacum naevosiforme
Taraxacum naevosum
Taraxacum pseudolarssonii
Taraxacum subnaevosum
Section Celtica
Taraxacum duplidentifrons
Taraxacum landmarkii
Taraxacum nordstedtii
Taraxacum unguilobum
Section Hamata
Taraxacum atactum
Taraxacum hamatum
Section Ruderalia
Taraxacum alatum
Taraxacum cordatum

Taraxacum croceiflorum
Taraxacum cyanolepis
Taraxacum dahlstedtii
Taraxacum ekmanii
Taraxacum expallidiforme
Taraxacum exsertum
Taraxacum huelphersianum
Taraxacum insigne
Taraxacum laciniosifrons
Taraxacum longisquameum
Taraxacum obliquilobum
Taraxacum piceatum
Taraxacum polyodon
Taraxacum subcyanolepis
Taraxacum subexpallidum
Taraxacum xanthostigma
Crepis paludosa Marsh Hawksbeard
Widespread, commoner in the west and Kinross.
(Crepis mollis Northern Hawksbeard)
Extinct (1845).
Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawksbeard
Common in grassy and waste places.
Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear Hawkweed
Common in short grassland.
Pilosella flagellaris
Ssp. flagellaris is an occasional escape, on waste ground and banks.
Pilosella aurantiaca Orange Hawkweed
Ssp. carpathicola is a frequent escape in grassy places, sometimes in quantity;
ssp. aurantiaca was a rare 19th century escape.
Hieracium spp. Hawkweeds
The Hawkweed micospecies have been reasonably well investigated, chiefly by D.J.McCosh;
however, the identity of a few has still to be resolved while the
distribution of some of those listed has still to be worked out properly.

Hieracium virgultorum
A widespread and common weedy species.
Hieracium sabaudum
Occasional.
Hieracium salticola
Probably fairly common.
(Hieracium subumbellatiforme)
Crook o’ Devon 1872.
Hieracium reticulatum
Very local.
Hieracium strictiforme
Probably uncommon.
Hieracium subcrocatum
Rumbling Bridge, 1870 (VC87); modern records require confirmation.
(Hieracium latobrigorum)
Rumbling Bridge 1871.
Hieracium prenanthoides
Lomond Hills 1850, and on West Lomond, 2000.
Hieracium dewarii
Very local, British distribution centred on W Fife, Kinross and Clackmannan.
Hieracium vulgatum
Much the commonest hawkweed, in all sorts of places.
Hieracium rubiginosum
Very local.
(Hieracium subramosum)
Extinct, formerly on cliffs at Pettycur in 1870s.
Hieracium maculatum
Not infrequent in NE Fife.
(Hieacium caesiomurorum)
Dunfermline area 1830/40s.

Hieracium piligerum
Glenvale and Bishop Hill.
Hieracium duriceps
Widespread but very local.
Hieracium severiceps
Rare, near Kinghorn.
Hieracium grandidens
Locally common, sometimes on walls.
Hieracium subrude
Widespread, on rocks and cliffs and at both sea level and on hills.
Hieracium caledonicum
Local, on hills in west Fife, the Lomonds and Kinross.
[Hieracium argenteum]
May occur on Bishop Hill; and see H. lasiophyllum.
Hieracium lasiophyllum
Dumglow (Cleish Hills); originally determined as H. argenteum
Hieracium jovimontis
Dumglow (Cleish Hills).
[Hieracium saxorum]
Plants on the Lomonds and Dumglow previously referred to this species seem in fact to be an
undescribed taxon.
Hieracium dicella
Rare, near Burntisland.
(Hieracium amplexicaule)
Introduced on the walls of Cleish Castle from at least 1820-60.
Hieracium flocculosum
Rare, Bishop Hill.
Filago vulgaris Common Cudweed
Uncommon in dry heathy, sandy places; Glenduckie Hill.
Filago minima Small Cudweed
Rather local on barish ground, persisting if allowed to; Glenduckie Hill.
Antennaria dioica Mountain Everlasting

Formerly locally common, now probably only on the Lomonds.
Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting
A rare escape or throw-out, persisting for some time.
Gnaphalium sylvaticum Heath Cudweed
Uncommon on moory grassland; St Fort area.
[Gnaphalium supinum Dwarf Cudweed]
Error.
Gnaphalium uliginosum Marsh Cudweed
Common, especially on tracks and bare, damp ground.
Inula helenium Elecampane
A very rare escape, established on the coast south of St Andrews.
(Pulicaris dysenterica) Fleabane
Possibly a rare native in Elie area in early 19th century and /or casual (1837).
Solidago virgaurea Goldenrod
Local, by the sea and on inland rocks, as in Glenvale.
Solidago canadensis Canadian Goldenrod
A locally established escape or throw-out.
Solidago gigantea Early Goldenrod
A rare escape or throw-out.
Aster laevis x novi-belgii (A. x versicolor) Late Michaelmas Daisy
Occasionally established.
Aster novi-belgii Michaelmas Daisy
Locally established on waste ground, etc., the most frequent species.
Aster lanceolatus x novi-belgii (A. x salignus) Common
Occasionally established. Michaelmas Daisy
Aster tripolium Sea Aster
Local in salt-marshes.
Erigeron glancus Seaside Daisy
Thouroughly naturalised in the Kinghorn Ness area by 1998, as probably present since 1970s.
Erigeron acer Blue Fleabane
On dunes, periodic: Outhead (St Andrews) and Tentsmuir.

[Olearia x haastii Daisy Bush]
Along with the next, now widely planted in built-up areas and may well spread in time.
[Olearia macrodonta New Zealand Holly
See last entry].
Bellis perennis Daisy
Very common.
Tanacetum parthenium Feverfew
Common on waste ground and walls.
Tanacetum macrophyllum Rayed Tansy
Naturalised near Burntisland from before 1919 —> (N.B. Not Achillea tanacetifolia, as
previously thought).
Tanacetum vulgare Tansy
Locally common, except in Kinross.
Seriphidium maritimum Sea Wormwood
Very local on the East Neuk coast; near Crail.
Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort
Common in most parts, but not in Kinross.
Artemisia absinthium Wormwood
Rare, scattered, usually near the sea; at N. Queensferry 1794 —>.
Achillea ptarmica Sneezewort
Local in damp ground.
Achillea millefolium Yarrow
Very common.
(Achillea nobilis)
Established near Burntisland and near Pettycur in the early 20th century.
Anthemis arvensis Corn Chamomile
A rare arable weed, possibly common in the past.
Anthemis tinctoria Yellow Chamomile
Rarely established here and there for a time; also casual.
Chrysanthemum segetum Corn Marigold
Still widespread and reasonably common, sometimes yellowing fields.

Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy
Very common, especially on railway banks.
Leucanthemum x superbum (L. lacustre x maximum) Shasta Daisy
A throw-out, occasionally established.
Matricaria recutita Scented Mayweed
In 19th century, an abundant arable weed; since, an infrequent casual (1997).
Matricaria discoidea Pineapple Weed
Very common, especially on tracks and bare ground.
Tripleurospermum maritimum Mayweed
Uncommon by the sea, intergrading with the next.
Tripleurospermum inodorum Scentless Mayweed
A very common weed (and see last entry).
Senecio cineraria Cineraria
Kinghorn-Pettycur shore, occasional plants planted or escaped.
Senceio cineraria x jacobea (S. x albescens)
Kinghorn Ness aea, 1 plant in 2003 (a natural hybrid).
(Senecio fluviatilis Broad-leaved Ragwort)
Established here and there in 19th century; in abandoned Balmuto garden 1960/70s.
Senecio jacobaea Common Ragwort
Very common, a bad weed.
Senecio aquaticus Marsh Ragwort
Very uncommon in a few marshes, sometimes mistaken for the last.
(Senecio erucifolius Hoary Ragwort)
Apparently long established east of Aberdour in 1870s; also casual (q.v.).
Senecio squalidus Oxford Ragwort
Locally common in built-up areas and on waste ground, spreading.
Senecio vulgaris Groundsel
A very common all-year weed; the rayed version is sometimes seen (and could have been
passed over for S. cambrensis).
Senecio sylvaticus Heath Groundsel
Local on dry, heathy banks; rare in Kinross.
Senecio viscosus Sticky Groundsel

Common by railways and on waste ground; rather local in Kinross.
[Brachyglottis ‘Sunshine’ (S. greyii) Shrub Ragwort]
Increasingly planted and should soon become established on its own.
Sinicalia tangutica Chinese Ragwort
Established near Newburn, east of Largo, and by Kinness Burn, St Andrews.
Doronicum pardalianches Leopardsbane
Locally naturalised, often carpeting woodland.
Doronicum pardalianches x plantagineum (D. x willdenowii) Willdenow’s
Leopardsbane
Occasionally naturalised in old estate woodland.
Doronicum x excelsum Harpur-Crewe’s
Leopardsbane
(D. columnae x pardalianches x plantagineum)
Rarely established.
Doronicum plantagineum Plantain Leopardsbane
Occasionally naturalised in old policy woodland; Ravenscraig Kirkcaldy.
Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot
Very common.
Petasites hybridus Butterbur
Common, often by water, forming extensive stands.
Petasites japonicus Giant Butterbur
A very rare introduction in policy grounds.
Petasites albus White Butterbur
Locally naturalised in woods and by roadsides, often a lot.
Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope
Locally naturalised on banks and by waysides, often in large patches.
Bidens cernua Nodding Bur Marigold
Always rare and not seen for a long time until a thriving colony was
discovered at Vane Farm Reserve by Loch Leven in 2001.
Bidens tripartita Trifid Bur Marigold
Occasionally recorded by loch-sides (with the last) in the 19th century but probably merely
casual for many years (1985).
Eupatorium cannabinum Hemp Agrimony

Uncommon, coastal; fine colonies at Kinghorn, Pettycur and west of Burntisland.
BUTOMACEAE TO JUNCAGINACEAE
Butomus umbellatus Flowering Rush
Very rarely introduced: near Cleish.
Baldellia ranunculoides Lesser Water Plantain
Extinct in Fife; still at Loch Leven, 1821 —>.
[Luronium natans Floating Water Plantain]
Introduced into a pond near Saline in the 1980s, but did not persist.
Alisma plantago-aquatica Water Plantain
Widespread but somewhat local; Town Loch Dunfermline.
Elodea canadensis Canadian Waterweed
Common in most types of freshwater.
Lagarosiphon major Curly Waterweed
A rare introduction into three ponds in 1980/90s; survival rate unknown.
Triglochin palustre Marsh Arrowgrass
Widespread but local in marshes.
Triglochin maritimum Sea Arrowgrass
Local round the coast in saltmarshes.
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potamogeton natans Broad-leaved Pondweed
Common, somtimes almost enveloping pools.
Potamogeton polygonifolius Bog Pondweed
Local in pools and wet places on moory ground.
[Potamogeton coloratus Fen Pondweed]
Error.
(Potamogeton lucens Shining Pondweed)
Formerly in several lochs, the last at Lindores in 1960.
[Potamogeton coloratus x berchtoldii (P. x lanceolatus)]
Error.
Potamogeton gramineus x lucens (P. x zizii) Long-leaved Pondweed

Uncommon: Lochs Fitty, Lindores and Lochmill.
Potamogeton gramineus Various-leaved Pondweed
Rather local, well scattered; Ballo Reservoir.
Potamogeton gramineus x perfoliatus (P. x nitens) Bright-leaved Pondweed
Very rare: Ballo and Cameron Reservoirs.
Potamogeton alpinus Red Pondweed
Very local: Cleish Hills and Craigluscar.
Potamogeton praelongus Long-stalked Pondweed
Rare: Black Loch (Cleish) and Craigluscar (1971).
Potamogeton perfoliatus Perfoliate Pondweed
Locally common.
Potamogeton friesii Flat-stalked Pondweed
Rare, discovered in Carriston Reservoir in 1997, in quantity;
(an 1818 record is an error).
Potamogeton pusillus Lesser Pondweed
Common, difficult to separate from P. berchtoldii.
Potamogeton obtusifolius Blunt-leaved Pondweed
Somewhat local, scattered.
Potamogeton berchtoldii Small Pondweed
Common, difficult to tell from P. pusillus.
[Potamogeton compressus Grass-wrack Pondweed]
Error.
Potamogeton crispus Curled Pondweed
Common in burns and lochs.
Potamogeton filiformis Slender-leaved Pondweed
Locally common in ponds, lochs and rivers; Loch Fitty.
Potamogeton filiformis x pectinatus (P. x suecicus) Swedish Pondweed
Very rare: Loch Fitty and Cameron Reservoir.
Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed
Common, mainly in ponds and lochs.
[Groenlandia densa Opposite-leaved Pondweed]
Error.

RUPPIACEAE TO LEMNACEAE
[Ruppia maritima Tasselweed]
Error.
[Najas flexilis Slender Naiad]
Planted in Lindores Loch in 1879: no further mention.
Zannichellia palustris Horned Pondweed
Local, often in the more polluted ponds, seldom in quantity.
Zostera marina Eelgrass
Although reported from the Eden Estuary, it is not certain that Z. marina s.s. does actually
occur in Fife; see also next entry.
Zostera angustifolia Narrow-leaved Eelgrass
Uncommon; in a few coastal spots including Eden Estuary and Burntisland; a
variable taxon, perhaps the broader-leaved forms being taken for Z. marina?
Zostera noltii Dwarf Eelgrass
Uncommon: Torry Bay (abundant) and neighbouring bays, Eden Estuary and Tayport;
comparatively speaking, the easiest eel-grass to identify.
[Acorus calamus Sweet Flag]
A recent introduction into lake edges, scarcely established.
Arum maculatum Lords and Ladies
Locally naturalised in woods.
Arum italicum Italian Lords and Ladies
Rarely established: Wemyss Castle grounds.
[Lemna gibba Fat Duckweed]
Error.
Lemna minor Common Duckweed
Common on still water, sometimes in sheets.
Lemna trisulca Ivy-leaved Duckweed
Local in pools and small ponds; Loch Fitty.
JUNCACEAE
Juncus squarrosus Heath Rush
Local on moory ground and tracks.
Juncus tenuis Slender Rush

Rare, possibly increasing, only an odd plant.
Juncus gerardii Saltmarsh Rush
Local in suitable places around the coast.
[Juncus compressus Round-fruited Rush]
Error.
Juncus bufonius Toad Rush
Common in dampish ground and on or by tracks.
Juncus ambiguus Frog Rush
Only recently recognised, much less common than the last, mainly coastal.
[Juncus subnodulous Blunt-fruited Rush]
Error.
Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush
Common in a variety of damp places, variable.
[Juncus acutiflorus x articulatus (J. x surrejanus)]
Probably occurs but not yet confirmed.
Juncus acutiflorus Sharp-flowered Rush
Common in marshes and damp ground, sometimes in stands.
Juncus bulbosus Bulbous Rush
Local in or by ponds, very variable.
Juncus triglumis Three-flowered Rush
Very rare, only on Kinross Ochils.
Juncus maritimus Sea Rush
Very rare, only on shore SE of St Andrews.
Juncus balticus Baltic Rush
Rare on dunes: Tentsmuir and St Andrews Links.
Juncus filiformis Thread Rush
Very rare, only by Loch Leven, declining.
Juncus inflexus Hard Rush
Frequent on damp, base-rich ground, except in Kinross.
Juncus effusus x inflexus (J. x diffusus)
Rare.

Juncus effusus Soft Rush
The commonest rush, both loose and tight-headed forms; often in quantity.
Juncus conglomeratus Compact Rush
Common on somewhat heathy ground.
Luzula pilosa Hairy Woodrush
Local on shady banks and among heather.
Luzula sylvatica Great Woodrush
Common in dens, woods and on some moors.
Luzula luzuloides White Woodrush
Rarely naturalised, as in Leslie House grounds.
(Luzula nivea Snow-white Woodrush)
Collected in Broomhall Woods, near Dunfermline, in 1846/8 and 1919, so presumably
present there for at least 75 years.
Luzula campestris Field Woodrush
Common in short grassland, including lawns.
Luzula multiflora Heath Woodrush
Common in grass and moorland; both sspp. multiflora and congesta occur about equally
commonly.
[Luzula pallidula] Fen Woodrush
Planted or error.
Eriophorum angustifolium Common Cottongrass
Common in bogs.
Eriophorum latifolium Broad-leaved
Very rare: Waltonhill near Chance Inn. Cottongrass
Eriophorum vaginatum Harestail Cottongrass
Local on boggy moorland.
Trichophorum cespitosum Deergrass
Very local on upland moors, more frequent in Kinross.
Eleocharis palustris Common Spike-rush
Common in and by freshwater.
Eleocharis uniglumis Slender Spike-rush
Uncommon, on a few Eden and Tay shores.

(Eleocharis multicaulis Many-stalked Spike-rush)
Probably always rare, last seen in 1866.
Eleocharis quinqueflora Few-flowered Spike-rush
Uncommon in less acid marshes, both fresh and salt; Dumbarnie Links.
Eleocharis acicularis Needle Spike-rush
Local on the margins of some reservoirs, sometimes in carpets; Cullaloe.
Bolboschoenus maritimus Sea Club-rush
Somewhat local in muddy spots by the sea.
Scirpus sylvaticus Wood Club-rush
Rather local, less so in the west although rare in Kinross; Valleyfield Woods.
Schoenoplectus lacustris Common Club-rush
Local by freshwater pools and lochs; not in Kinross.
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Grey Club-rush
Local, mainly coastal but with a few inland sites, excluding Kinross.
Isolepis setacea Bristle Club-rush
Very local in more or less open wet ground, easily missed.
[Isolepis cernua Slender Club-rush]
Error.
Eleogiton fluitans Floating Club-rush
Very rare, probably now only in Moor Loch near Kincardine (VC87).
[Blysmus compressus Flat-sedge]
Error.
Blysmus rufus Saltmarsh Flat Sedge
Very local, now confined to East and NE Fife; Tayport.
Schoenus nigricans Black Bog-rush
In 1981, disappeared from Dumbarnie Links, its only extant site.
Rhynchospora alba White Beak Sedge
Very rare, discovered on Lockshaw Moss in 1991 (VC87).
[Cladium mariscus Great Fen Sedge]
Error.
Carex paniculata Greater Tussock Sedge
Local in boggy ground, e.g. by Otterston Loch.

[Carex paniculata x remota (C. x boenninghausiana)]
May well occur but has to be confirmed.
Carex diandra Lesser Tussock Sedge
Rare in wet spots, as on West Lomond.
Carex otrubae False Fox Sedge
Local, round the coasts, plus one inland site.
(Carex spicata Spiked Sedge)
Recorded only twice, in 1870 and 1980, and soon gone from both sites.
Carex muricata Prickly Sedge
Ssp. lamprocarpa is infrequent and somewhat transient; there are good colonies here and
there, e.g. at Drumcarrow.
[Carex divulsa Grey Sedge]
Error.
Carex arenaria Sand Sedge
Common on dunes.
Carex disticha Brown Sedge
Common in damp grassland.
Carex maritima Curved Sedge
Very rare, now probably extinct due to improvements on St Andrews Links; not seen in late
1990s nor early 2000s.
Carex remota Remote Sedge
Local in woods and dens, mainly western, sometimes in quantity; Cleish dens.
Carex ovalis Oval Sedge
Common in grassland.
Carex echinata Star Sedge
Common in marshes.
Carex dioica Dioecious Sedge
Infrequent in marshes.
Carex curta White Sedge
Local in boggy ground, as at Steelend Moss.
Carex hirta Hairy Sedge
Common in damp grassy places.

Carex lasiocarpa Slender Sedge
Very rare; a lot at Dunbog Bog, seldom flowering.
Carex acutiformis Lesser Pond Sedge
Local by freshwater, often in good stands, as at Dura Den.
Carex riparia Great Pond Sedge
Uncommon, mainly at Morton Lochs; planted by Birnie and Gaddon Lochs.
Carex rostrata Bottle Sedge
Very common, sometimes encircling ponds and lochs.
Carex vesicaria Bladder Sedge
Rare by freshwater, as at Morton Lochs.
Carex pendula Pendulous Sedge
An occasional introduction, more or less established near Vicar’s Bridge.
Carex sylvatica Wood Sedge
Local, well scattered, including Ravenscraig Park, Kirkcaldy.
[Carex strigosa Thin-spiked Sedge]
Error.
Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge
Very common.
Carex panicea Carnation Sedge
Very common.
Carex laevigata Smooth-stalked Sedge
Rare, probably only in Glen Queich and Upper Warroch area.
Carex binervis Green-ribbed Sedge
Local, on moorland, never in any quantity; Bishop Hill.
Carex distans Distant Sedge
Local in coastal marshes and by damp rocks; Kinkell shore St Andrews.
Carex extensa Long-bracted Sedge
Very local in salt-marshes, e.g. near Crail.
Carex hostiana Tawny Sedge
Rather local in flushes, as in the Cleish Hills dens.
Carex hostiana x C. viridula (C. fulva)

Occasional on hillsides in Upper Warroch area of the Kinross Ochils
Carex viridula ssp. brachyrrhyncha Long-stalked Yellow Sedge
Local in damp, base-rich spots.
Carex viridula ssp. oedocarpa Common Yellow Sedge
Common in damp ground.
Carex viridula ssp. viridula Small-fruited Yellow Sedge
Very rare, only at Tentsmuir.
Carex pallescens Pale Sedge
Infrequent in open woods and meadows, chiefly western; Lielowan.
Carex caryophyllea Spring Sedge
Common in dry grassland.
Carex pilulifera Pill Sedge
Common in poorer grassland.
Carex limosa Bog Sedge
Very rare, on Cleish Hills, with next.
Carex magellanica Tall Bog Sedge
Very rare, on Cleish Hills, with last.
Carex aquatilis Water Sedge
Locally common by lochs, e.g. Loch Fitty.
[Carex acuta Slender Tufted Sedge]
Error.
Carex nigra Common Sedge
Very common.
[Carex elata Tufted Sedge]
Error.
(Carex pauciflora Few-flowered Sedge)
The sole acceptable record was in 1852, by Knock Hill.
Carex pulicaris Flea Sedge
Local in damp spots and flushes; Lomonds.
POACEAE

Pseudosasa japonica Arrow Bamboo
A rare relic in old policy woodland.
Nardus stricta Mat Grass
Local on moors and hills.
Milium effusum Wood Millet
Local but widespread in woods.
Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue
Widespread but rather local; abundant at Fleecefaulds Reserve. Old records usually relate to
the next, with which there is still confusion.
Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue
Local in grassy places, absent from some areas; sometimes confused with last.
Festuca gigantea Giant Fescue
Local in woodland, mainly western.
[Festuca altissima Wood Fescue]
Very rare, 19th century only - or probably an error.
Festuca heterophylla Various-leaved Fescue
Very rare, naturalised north of Pittenweem.
Festuca arenaria Rush-leaved Fescue
Rare on coastal dunes, as near Leven and on Tentsmuir.
Festuca rubra Red Fescue
Very common and very variable: several sspp. occur including
juncea, litoralis (both near the sea) and megastachys (infrequent).
Festuca ovina Sheep’s Fescue
Common and variable.
Festuca filiformis Fine-leaved Sheep’s Fescue
Uncommon, on dry banks.
Festuca pratensis x Lolium perenne Hybrid Fescue
(x Festulolium loliaceum)
Rare: one modern record, at Fleecefaulds Reserve in 2000.
Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass
Very common, both native and sown.
Lolium multiflorum Italian Ryegrass
Local, usually introduced, much less common than the last.

Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue
Local in barish dry places.
Vulpia myuros Ratstail Fescue
Formerly casual (1830); during 1990s, increasing, especially near railways.
Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dogstail
Common in grassy places.
Puccinellia maritima Common Saltmarsh Grass
Locally common on shores, and now occasionally by inland roadsides.
Puccinellia distans ssp. distans Reflexed Saltmarsh Grass
Rather local by the sea, and now occasionally by inland roadsides.
Puccinellia distans ssp. borealis Northern Saltmarsh Grass
Uncommon in rocky and stony places (including piers such as Elie and St Andrews),
and in saltmarshes.
Briza media Quaking Grass
Local in unimproved grassland including by the sea.
Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass
Very common.
Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass
Common in damp grassland and as a weed.
Poa humilis Spreading Meadow-grass
Common, not always readily identifiable; see also P. compressa.
Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass
Very common.
Poa angustifolia Narrow-leaved Meadow-grass
Rare on dry banks (usually railway banks).
Poa chaixii Broad-leaved Meadow-grass
Locally common, well naturalised in woods, e.g. Leslie House grounds.
Poa compressa Flattened Meadow-grass
Casual only (q.v.); much confounded with P. humilis.
[Poa glauca (P. balfouri) Glaucous Meadow-grass]
Error.

Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass
Common in woods and shady places.
[Poa alpina Alpine Meadow-grass]
Error.
Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot
Very common.
Catabrosa aquatica Water Whorl-grass
Locally frequent, possibly increasing; Rossie Bog.
Catapodium rigidum Fern-grass
Very local in dry bare spots, often near sea, as at Dumbarnie Links.
Catapodium marinum Sea Fern-grass
Uncommon in barish spots by the sea; St Andrews Harbour pier.
[Sesleria caerulea Blue Moor-grass]
Error.
Parapholis strigosa Hard-grass
Very rare in saltmarshes: Inverkeithing, 1870s; near Crail 1999-2000, but not since.
Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass
Locally common, sometimes dominant; rare in Kinross.
Glyceria fluitans Floating Sweet-grass
Common in watery places.
Glyceria fluitans x notata (G. x pedicellata) Hybrid Sweet-grass
Rare.
Glyceria declinata Small Sweet-grass
Local by ponds and in wet places.
Glyceria notata Plicate Sweet-grass
Local by ponds and in wet places.
(Melica nutans Mountain Melick)
Rare, 19th century only, last record before 1880.
Melica uniflora Wood Melick
Rather local in dens, chiefly western.
Helictotrichon pubescens Downy Oat-grass
Rather local in base-rich grassland, e.g. Ferry Hills (with next).

Helictotrichon pratense Meadow Oat-grass
Local in grassy places, sometimes with the last.
Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass
Very common.
Avena fatua Wild Oat
Now an uncommon arable weed, formerly more widespread.
Trisetum flavescens Yellow Oat-grass
Somewhat local in grassy places, by waysides and on banks.
Koeleria macrantha Crested Hair-grass
Locally common and widespread, in short more basic grassland.
Deschampsia caespitosa Tufted Hair-grass
Ssp. caespitosa is very common in damp places, including woods; ssp. parviflora is local in
the drier parts of some woods.
[Deschampsia setacea Bog Hair-grass]
Recorded in 1900 from the Cleish Hills, requires confirmation.
Deschampsia flexuosa Wavy Hair-grass
Common on moorland and the drier parts of bogs.
Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog
Very common.
Holcus mollis Creeping Soft-grass
Very common in shadier places.
Aira caryophyllea Silvery Hair-grass
Local by tracks and on dry grassland, variable.
Aira praecox Early Hair-grass
Common on dry and bare ground.
Hierochloe odorata Holy Grass
Very rare, only by the margins of Loch Leven.
Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass
Very common.
Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary-grass
Common in wet places, often dominant by burns and rivers.

Agrostis capillaris Common Bent
Very common.
Agrostis gigantea Black Bent
A rather local arable weed, increasing.
Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent
Very common.
Agrostis canina Velvet Bent
Frequent; see next species.
Agrostis vinealis Brown Bent
Frequency uncertain owing to confusion with the last species.
Calamagrostis epigejos Wood Small Reed
Locally frequent in West Fife coastal areas, becoming more widespread e.g. at Tentsmuir, and
now being found inland, as at Cullaloe Reserve.
[Calamagrostis canescens Purple Small Reed]
Error.
Ammophila arenaria Marram
Common on dunes, often planted; not on the Tay.
Alopecurus pratensis Meadow Foxtail
Common.
Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh Foxtail
Common in damp spots.
[Alopecurus bulbosus Bulbous Foxtail]
Error.
[Alopecurus aequalis Orange Foxtail]
Error.
Phleum pratense Timothy
Very common, difficult to tell from the next, sometimes planted as a crop..
Phleum bertolonii Smaller Catstail
Very common, difficult to tell from the last.
Phleum arenarium Sand Catstail
Rare on sand dunes: St Andrews Links and Tentsmuir.
Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome

Ssp. hordaceus is common in grassy places, and very variable in height;
sspp. ferronii and thominei are small and rare on the coast, notably at Elie.
Bromus hordeaceus x lepidus (B. x pseudothominei) Lesser Soft Brome
Infrequent by roads and tracks.
(Bromus secalinus Rye Brome)
A 19th century cornfield weed, and casual (1919).
Bromopsis ramosa Hairy Brome
Locally common in or by woods.
Bromopsis erecta Upright Brome
Rare, coastal: Lundin Links and Innerleven.
Anisantha sterilis Barren Brome
Common in waste places and by tracks; rare in Kinross.
[Brachypodium pinnatum Tor Grass]
Error.
Brachypodium sylvaticum False Brome
Common in woods and on open banks; very rare in Kinross.
Elymus caninus Bearded Couch
Uncommon in woodland, usually by burns and rivers; near Glenrothes.
Elytrigia repens Common Couch
Very common.
Elytrigia juncea x repens (E. x laxa) Hybrid Couch
Infrequent, coastal.
Elytrigia juncea Sand Couch
Rather local, on southern shores.
Leymus arenarius Lyme Grass
Common round the coasts, often planted; not on the Tay.
Hordeum murinum Wall Barley
Local, well scattered but absent from many areas.
Hordeum jubatum Foxtail Barley
Established in one or two areas, e.g. at Burntisland; persisting for a few years by new main
roadsides, e.g. A92 near Kirkcaldy.
Danthonia decumbens Heath Grass

Somewhat local in heathy grassland.
Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass
One plant is apparently established at Coul Den outside Glenrothes.
Molinia caerulea Purple Moorgrass
Local on moors and hills, sometimes in quantity.
Phragmites australis Common Reed
Common, in large stands in some parts, by both loch and shore.
(Spartina anglica Common Cordgrass)
Planted in Eden Estuary in 1948, removed by 2000.
[Spartina x townsendii Townsend’s Cordgrass]
Planted in 1914 near Kincardine: no further record.
SPARGANIACEAE and TYPHACEAE
Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed
Common by freshwater; sspp. microcarpum and neglectum recognised.
Sparganium emersum Unbranched Bur-reed
Uncommon, except in the R. Ore where it is abundant; non-flowering.
Sparganium angustifolium Floating Bur-reed
Formerly here and there, now only in Loch Glow.
(Sparganium natans Least Bur-reed)
Extinct (1919).
Typha latifolia Bulrush
Common in wet places, much increased during last twenty years.
Typha angustifolia Lesser Bulrush
Very rare, only at Lindores Loch but extensive there.
LILIACEAE
Narthecium ossifragum Bog Asphodel
Very local in bogs, including Cassindonald Bog.
Veratrum album/viride False Helleborine
Rarely established in old estates, as at Balbirnie; it is not clear which is the actual taxon
present.

Kniphofia praecox Red-hot Poker
Well established below the cliff with caravans at Pettycur (Kinghorn); a rare outcast or relic
elsewhere.
Colchicum autumnale Meadow Saffron
Rarely semi-naturalised in old estates, as at Wemyss Estate.
Gagea lutea Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem
Very rare, now only in one den near Logie.
Erythronium dens-canis Dogstooth Violet
Self-sowing and spreading in woodland in Wemyss Estate.
Tulipa sylvestris Wild Tulip
A rare long-lasting introduction in old woodland and neglected gardens.
[Fritillaria meleagris Fritillary]
Occasionally planted in “wild” places but not naturalised.
Lilium martagon Martagon Lily
A rarely naturalised introduction, fine at Balbirnie.
Lilium pyrenaicum Pyrenean Lily
A very rare outcast or relic, seldom persisting.
Convallaria majalis Lily of the Valley
An introduction or outcast, rarely established.
Polygonatum multiflorum Solomon’s Seal
Very rare, well established in Torrie House area.
Polygonatum multiflorum x odoratum (P. x hybridum) Garden Solomon’s Seal
A not infrequent outcast or relic, long persisting.
[Polygonatum verticillatum Whorled Solomon’s Seal]
In abandoned garden at Balmuto, 1960/70s.
(Paris quadrifolia Herb Paris)
Extinct (1901).
Ornithogalum angustifolium Star-of-Bethlehem
A frequent escape in grassy places.
[Scilla verna Spring Squill]
Error.

Scilla siberica Siberian Squill
Planted or a relic, occasionally naturalised in old estates, including Wemyss.
Hyacinthoides non-scripta Wild Hyacinth
Common in woodland, still in abundance here and there.
Hyacinthoides hispanica x non-scripta (H. x massartiana) Garden Hyacinth
Locally naturalised, increasing.
Hyacinthoides hispanica Spanish Bluebell
A rare relic or escape.
[Hyacinthus orientalis Hyacinth]
Very rarely encountered in estate woodland, not established.
Chionodoxa forbesii Glory-of-the-Snow
More or less naturalised in Wemyss Estate, occasional elsewhere.
Muscari armeniacum Garden Grape Hyacinth
A rare outcast or relic, sometimes persisting; old records of M. neglectum/racemosum belong
here.
[Allium schoenoprasum Chives]
Established near Inverkeithing 1849-90; rare casual elsewhere.
Allium triquetrum Three-cornered Garlic
A rare introduction in estate woodland, only recently determined.
Allium paradoxum Few-flowered Garlic
Locally abundant, increasing and spreading quickly in woods and by burns.
Allium ursinum Ramsons
Common in dens and woods, often in carpets.
Allium carinatum Keeled Garlic
Rare in North Fife, probably only casual or short-lived elsewhere.
Allium scorodoprasum Sand Leek
Locally common, well scattered although mostly coastal, including the Tay.
Allium vineale Crow Garlic
Rather local, mostly coastal from N. Queensferry to Tayport, but also inland.
Leucojum vernum Spring Snowflake
A rare introduction, semi-naturalised as at Balbirnie and Balcaskie.
Galanthus nivalis Snowdrop

Commonly naturalised in woods, sometimes in large drifts.
Narcissus sp(p). Garden Daffodil
A common escape or relic, especially in estates, but in many other situations.
Narcissus poeticus Pheasant’s Eye
Fairly frequently planted, or a relic.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus ssp. pseudonarcissus Wild Daffodil
Locally naturalised, sometimes in quantity, in old estates; seemingly merging into other taxa
in some parts.
Ruscus aculeatus Butcher’s Broom
Occasional bushes may hide for many years in old estates.
IRIDACEAE
Iris germanica “agg.” Bearded Iris
Various irises occur as outcasts or relics, sometimes persisting for years.
Iris pseudacorus Yellow Flag
Common by burns, rivers and lochsides.
Iris foetidissima Stinking Iris
Rarely planted, or relic, in woodland which is often very shaded.
Crocus vernus “agg.” Spring Crocus
Occasionally abundant in old estate grassland, and as an odd clump or two elsewhere;
probably more than one taxon is involved.
Crocosmia paniculata Aunt-Eliza
An occasional outcast or relic, including cv. ‘Lucifer’.
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (C. aurea x pottsii) Montbretia
Frequently naturalised in waste ground, on banks, in woods, etc.
ORCHIDACEAE
(Cephalanthera longifolia Narrow-leaved
Extinct (1844). Helleborine)
Epipactis helleborine Broad-leaved Helleborine
Local, well scattered, only in small numbers.
(Epipactis palustris Marsh Helleborine)

Extinct (1872).
Neottia nidus-avis Birdsnest Orchid
Widespread but uncommon under beech trees, not always flowering.
Listera ovata Common Twayblade
Locally common in open woodland, on railway banks, on dunes, etc.
Listera cordata Lesser Twayblade
Very rare, now only on Tentsmuir and at St Michaels.
Goodyera repens Creeping Lady’s Tresses
Rare, although present on several parts of Tentsmuir, its only site.
(Hammarbya paludosa Bog Orchid)
Extinct (1857).
Corallorhiza trifida Coralroot Orchid
Widely scattered in birch woods, rather transient, common only on Tentsmuir.
Platanthera chlorantha Greater Butterfly Orchid
Widespread but local; Fleecefaulds.
Platanthera bifolia Lesser Butterfly Orchid
Very rare: Loch Leven and Cassindonald Bog.
Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal Orchid
Very rare: two coastal sites, one long known, the other recent .
(Pseudorchis albida Small White Orchid)
Extinct (1874).
Gymnadenia conopsea Fragrant Orchid
Widespread but very local; Fleecefaulds; ssp. is borealis.
X Dactylodenia st-quintinii (Dactylorhiza fuchsii x Gymnadenia conopsea)
One plant reported at Fleecefaulds Reserve in 2000, and in 2003, when other plants may have
been the reverse parentage.
Coeloglossum viride Frog Orchid
Now uncommon: Dumbarnie area and Balcomie.
Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common Spotted Orchid
Common; with D. purpurella, the most frequent orchid, later flowering.
Dactylorhiza fuchsii x purpurella (D. x venusta)
Fairly frequent where the parents meet.

Dactylorhiza maculata Heath Spotted Orchid
Rather local on moory grassland.
Dactylorhiza maculata x purpurella (D. x formosa)
Infrequent.
Dactylorhiza incarnata Early Marsh Orchid
Uncommon; in dune slacks and both lowland and upland fens; sspp. recorded are incarnata,
coccinea and pulchella.
Dactylorhiza purpurella Northern Marsh Orchid
Common; along with D. fuchsii, the most frequent orchid, earlier flowering.
Orchis mascula Early Purple Orchid
Widespread but local, declining in some of its stations.
CHARACEAE (Stoneworts)
(Adapted from information kindly supplied by N.F.Stewart)
(Chara aculeolata Hedgehog Stonewort)
Extinct: St Andrews 1855.
Chara aspera Rough Stonewort
Rare; current stations include Lochs Camilla, Kilconquhar and Leven.
Chara contraria Opposite Stonewort
Rare; current stations include Lochs Camilla, Kinghorn and Leven.
[Chara curta Lesser Bearded
Occurrence very doubtful. Stonewort]
Chara globularis Smooth Stonewort
Rare or incorrectly recorded: most recently in Loch Leven and the Gairney Water
(both in Kinross), 1973/4.
(Chara hispida Bristly Stonewort)
Extinct or incorrectly recorded: specimens so far traced have all been errors.
(Chara rudis Rugged Stonewort)
Extinct: Lochmill Loch 1905.
Chara virgata Delicate Stonewort
Occasional; current stations include Ballo, Cameron and Cullaloe Reservoirs.
Chara vulgaris Common Stonewort

Occasional; current stations include Town Loch Dunfermline, Loch Fitty and Cameron
Reservoir.
Nitella flexilis agg. (see below)
Occasional, probably mostly N. opaca; in Lochs Fitty, Glow and Leven; and see next two
entries.
Nitella flexilis s.s. Slender Stonewort
Extinct or incorrectly recorded, although could be present.
Nitella opaca Dark Stonewort
Occasional; current stations include Black Loch (Cleish) and Loch Leven.
(Nitella translucens Translucent Stonewort)
Status unknown: only two early 19th century literature records.
Tolypella glomerata Clustered Stonewort
Rare: Lochs Camilla, Fitty and Leven only.

APPENDIX: CASUALS LIST
The list includes those plants which last for only a season or two and which are not part of the
permanent flora, although some may be frequently re-introduced in the same area and so be
present for quite a long time. The majority come from warmer climes and may be brought in
by a variety of means. During the 19th century many species appeared at harbours following
the dumping of ship’s ballast (and also
esparto grass in the late 1950s at Guardbridge), while the import of grain has been, and still is
(at Kirkcaldy), a source. Other methods of introduction are short-lived garden escapes/castouts,
bird-seed residue throw-outs, occasional grass/
ornamental/agricultural seed mixtures, imported soil and other materials, food refuse, etc. It
should be noted that quite a number of species in the main list may also be of casual
occurrence, a fact mentioned there; these plants are not repeated here. Only the dates of
occurrence are given; interested readers should refer to Ballantyne (1971) for further
information on ballast introductions, including localities, and to Ballantyne (1970) for details
of casual plants in the Kirkcaldy district.

Magnoliaceae to Aizoacea
Asarum europaeum 1856
Consolida ajacis 1876/1961
Ranunculus sardous 1830s-80s/1961/2000
[Ranunculus parviflorus 1871]
Adonis annua 1837/70s
Adonis aestivalis 1906
Aquilegia pubescens 1919
Papaver hybridum 1879
Glaucium corniculatum 1959
Eschscholzia californica 1914/60
Corydalis solida 1960
[Fumaria parviflora 1837/86]
Cannabis sativa 1858/1960s
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 1960
Chenopodiaceae to Caryophyllaceae
Chenopodium capitatum 1955
Chenopodium polyspermum 1894/1906/79/88
Chenopodium vulvaria 1710/1838/63/80/90/1958
Chenopodium hybridum [1894]/1919
Chenopodium urbicum 1835
Chenopodium foliosum 1904/19
Bassia scoparia 1909
Atriplex hortensis 1965
Amaranthus hybridus 1955-60
Amaranthus albus 1955-60
Amaranthus thunbergii 1955
Claytonia virginica 1906
Corrigiola litoralis 1870
Paronychia argentea 1958
Herniaria glabra 1873/1960
Herniaria hirsuta 1958
Loefinglia hispanica 1958
Polycarpon tetraphyllum 1870
Lychnis coronaria 1907/90s
Silene armeria 1886/95
Silene gallica 1794/1830s/80/1960s
Silene conica 1882
Silene dichotoma 1911
Silene portensis 1958
Saponaria ocymoides 1964
Vaccaria hispanica 1968
Dianthus caryophyllus 1830s/1907
Dianthus barbatus 1835/63/1974/92
Polygonaceae to Salicaceae
Fagopyrum esculentum
1835/60s/90/1960s
Rumex maritimus 1809/20/38/70s/(1980s)
Polygonum arenarium 1963 (ssp. pulchellum)
Limonium vulgare 1862
[Hypericum “elatum” 1863]
Malva nicaeensis 1970
Malva parviflora 1960
Viola x wittrockiana 1960s/90s
Alcea rosea 1962
Mentzelia albicaulis 1905
Brassicaeae
Sisymbrium strictissimum 1960s
Sisymbrium irio 1870s/80s/1960
Sisymbrium runcinatum 1960
Sisymbrium loeselii 1950s
Sisymbrium polyceratium 1870s
Myagrum perfoliatum 1960
Isatis tinctoria 1710/1958
Erysimum cheiranthoides 1844/70s/1960s
Erysimum repandum 1912
Mattiola fruticulosa 1955-60
Malcomia maritima 1846/62/72/1960s
Barbarea verna 1830s/87
Berteroa incana 1879/1903-12/1965
Lobularia maritima 1860s/70s/1960s
Camelina sativa frequent, 19th C.+ 1960s
Camelina microcarpa 1870
Camelina alyssum 1860s/70s
Camelina rumelica 1870s
Neslia paniculata 1885-1919/1959-63
Iberis amara 1860s/70s
Biscutella laevigata 1958
Lepidium sativum 1894/1941/58/60s/74
Lepidium virginicum 1910s/68
Lepidium ruderale 1835-94/1964
Lepidium perfoliatum 1919/62
Coronopus didymus 1860s/70s/1969/82
Conringia orientalis 1860s-1900s/1960s
Brassica rapa 1850s-80s/1960s/70s
Brassica tournefortii 1960
Brassica juncea 1907/60s
Brassica elongata 1907/12
Eruca sativa ssp. sativa 1877/1900s/50s/60s
Eruca sativa ssp. vesicaria 1958
Erucastrum gallicum 1960
Hirschfeldia incana 1959-62
Carrichtera annua 1955-60
Erucaria hispanica 1958
Rapistrum rugosum 1960s/78
Rapistrum perenne 1893
Enarthrocarpus lyratus 1860
Raphanus sativus 1960s/90s
Resedaceae to Rosaceae
Reseda alba 1863/86/1992
Rubus odoratus 1848
Potentilla inclinata 1903
Potentilla hirta 1912
Potentilla recta 1958
Potentilla intermedia 1866/1914/70
Sanguisorba canadensis 1834
Fabaceae
Astragalus cicer, aff. cruciatus 1960

Onobrychis viciifolia 1988 (in seed mix)
Coronilla scorpioides 1903
Vicia tenuifolia 1960s
Vicia tetrasperma 1830s/50s/1907
Vicia bithynica 1903
Vicia faba 1960s
Vicia ervilia 1905
Vicia hybrida 1872
Lathyrus odoratus 1909
Lathyrus aphaca 1870s/1962
Pisum sativum 1959
Ononis natrix 1830s
Melilotus indicus 1869/98/1919/60s/75
Melilotus sulcatus 1880s
Medicago tornata 1902
Trifolium tomentosum 1880
Trifolium aureum 1870s/80s/1960s
Trifolium spumosum 1877
Elaeagnaceae to Araliaceae
Euphorbia platyphyllos 1907
Euphorbia lathyris 1830s
Euphorbia portlandica 1834
Euphorbia paralias 1834
Euphorbia cyparissias 1850s-70s/1953
Linum usitatissimum Frequent relic/casual (2001)
Oxalis articulata 1965
Geranium rotundifolium 1880/1960
Geranium purpureum 1912
Erodium laciniatum 1960
Tropaeoleum majus 1960s/70s
Apiaceae
Anthriscus cerefolium 1891/C2932001
Scandix iberica 1905
Coriandrum sativum 1834/67/85/1960
Foeniculum vulgare 1874/80/1902/58/63
Anethum graveolens 1909
Bupleurum rotundifolium 1880
Bupleurum subovatum 1963
Petroselinum segetum 1867
Ammi visagna 1963
Carum carvi 1836-92 (frequent)/1961
Angelica archangelica 1860s/70s
Turgenia latifolia 1871/1910
Torilis arvensis 1842 (ssp.arvensis)
Solanaceae to Cuscutaceae
Nicandra physalodes 1962
Physalis alkekengi 1950s/60s
Lycopersicon esculentum 1960s/73/95
(above tide-lines)
Solanum nigrum 1838/60s/70s/1960s/70s/87
Solanum tuberosum Occasional
Nicotiana longiflora 1960
Cuscuta europaea 1820
Cuscuta epithymum 1870s
Polemoniaceae to Scrophulariaceae
Collomia linearis 1909/19
Cerinthe minor 1911 (VC87)
Nonea rosea 1962
Symphytum asperum 1863/79
Brunnera macrophyllum 1965
Anchusa officinalis 1880s
Borago officinalis 1768/1809/50s-80s/1960s
Amsinckia lycopsioides 1919/36
Asperugo procumbens 1881/1994
Lappula squarrosus 1870s/1910s/1960s
Leonorus cardiaca 1850s/60s
Galeopsis ladanum 1902
Sideritis montana 1890/1909
Nepeta x faassenii 1953
Dracocephalum parviflorum 1919
Clinopodium ascendens 1912
Salvia nemorosa 1890s
Salvia viridis 1960
Plantago lagopus 1958
Plantago loeflingia 1960
Plantago aristata 1919
Verbascum blattaria 1820
Verbascum virgatum 1830s/1997
Misopates orontium 1870/1961
Linaria pelisseriana 1874
Linaria maroccana 1960s
Veronica repens 1980
Orobanchaceae to Dipsacaceae
Orobanche minor 1874/1907/61
Campanula rapunculus1851/96
Campanula medium 1960s
Jasione montana 1870s
Asperula taurina 1860s/70s
Asperula arvensis 1907/62
Valerianella rimosa 1830s/70s
Valerianella eriocarpa 1863
Scabiosa atropurpurea 1958
Dipsacus pilosus 1829
Asteraceae
Cirsium eriophorum 1838/63/72/90
Cirsium oleraceum 1894
Silybum marianum 19th C. frequent/1965/95
Serratula tinctoria 1886/1955
Cyanopsis muricata 1958
Centaurea melitensis 1958
Centaurea diluta 1960s
Centaurea jacea 1886
Scolymus maculatus 1963
Hedypnois cretica 1958
Urospermum picroides 1960
Leontodon salzmanii 1958

Arnoseris mimima 1906
Picris echoides 1845/60s/71/90s/1963
Picris hieracoides 1837/1909
Picris altissima 1958
Tragopogon porrifolius 1853/67
Reichardia tingitana 1958
Sonchus tenerrimus 1902/58
Lactuca sativa 1965
Crepis biennis 1880s-1900s
Crepis nicaeensis 1902
Crepis vesicaria 1868/90
Crepis setosa 1845/68/1984/99
Filago gallica c.1800 (or error?)
Filago pyramidata 1960
Astericus aquaticus 1959
Solidago graminifolia 1886
Aster novae-angliae 1975
Aster cordifolius 1903
Conyza canadensis 1858/70s/85/90
Artemisia stelleriana 1919/31
Artemisia abronatum 1961
Artemisia biennis 1964
Artemisia campestris 1860s-1900s/1960
Santolina chamaecyparis 1960s
Tanacetum cinerariifolium 1877
Chamaemelum nobile 1820/89
Chamaemelum mixtum 1880
Anthemis cotula 19th C. frequent
Anthemis maritima 1912
Chrysanthemum coronarium 1919/99
Anacyclus valentinus 1955-60
Cotula coronopifolia 1871
Senecio inaequidens 1836
Senecio erucifolius 1868/1904
Senecio vernalis 1982-83
Calendula officinalis 1872/1960s/90s
Calendula arvensis 1958
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 1871/99/1919
Ambrosia trifida 1919
Helianthus annuus 1919/1960s/2000
Helianthus x laetiflorus 1950s/60s
Galinsoga quadriradiata 1970s/96
Madia glomerata 1909/60
Hemizonia kelloggii 1919
Hemizonia pungens 1919
Poaceae
Lolium temulentum 1820/1960s
Lolium rigidum 1958
Puccinellia fasciculata 1862
Puccinellia rupestris 1835/60s/70s
Briza minor 1878
Briza maxima 1958
Poa compressa 1911/54/88/2000
Cutandia memphitica 1960
Cutandia philistaea 1960
[Cutandia divaricata 1960 = error for next]
Vulpiella tenuis 1960
Parapholis incurva 1830s
Avena strigosa 1836
Avena sativa 1961-2001
Phalaris aquatica 1960
Phalaris canariensis 19th C.frequent/1960s/90s
Phalaris minor 1909/60
Phalaris paradoxa 1882/1960
Apera spica-venti 1837/71/80s/1902/12/2001
Polypogon monspelensis 1830s/70s/80s
Alopecurus myosuroides 1836/60s/70s/1990s
Bromus arvensis 1840s
Bromus commutatus 1836/50s/60s
Bromus racemosus 1840s/71
Anisantha diandra 1871/1960s/99/2001
Anisantha rigida 1834
Anisantha tectorum 1904/92
Anisantha madritensis 1872
Anisantha rubens 1910/58
Bromopsis inermis 1904
Ceratochloa cathartica 1904
Brachypodium distachyon 1960
Elymus canadensis 1900s
Elymus sibiricus 1904
Hordeum vulgare 1961-2001
Hordeum distichon 1909/60s
Hordeum secalinum 1850s-70s
Hordeum marinum 1850s (VC87)
Secale cerale 1903/60s
Triticum aestivum 1858/1961-2001
Aegilops ventricosa 1870s
Schismus barbatus 1960
Panicum miliaceum 1960s
Echinochloa crus-galli 1870/2001
Setaria verticillata 1960
Setaria pumila 1869
Setaria viridis 1830s/70s/1960
Setaria italica 1960s
Liliaceae
Ornithogalum pyrenaicum c.1900
Allium oleraceum 1820s/53/70s
Allium ampeloprasum 1900s

(N.B. The Casuals List does not
include common names.
Common names in parenthesis
are not used in the text but are
included here for reference.)
Abies alba 13
Abies grandis 13
Abies nordmanniana 13
Abies procera 13
Abraham-Isaac-Jacob 68
Acer campestre 61
Acer cappadocicum 61
Acer platanoides 61
Acer pseudoplatanus 61
Acer saccharinum 61
Achillea millefolium 88
Achillea nobilis 88
Achillea ptarmica 88
Achillea tanacetifolia 88
Aconite, Winter 16
Aconitum napellus 16
Aconitum x cammarum 16
Acorus calamus 93
Actaea spicata 16
Adder’s Tongue 10
Adonis aestivalis 114
Adonis annua 114
Adoxa moschatellina 80
Aegilops ventricosa 116
Aegopodium podagraria 64
Aesculus carnea 61
Aesculus hippocastanum 61
Aethusa cynapium 65
Agrimonia eupatoria 48
Agrimonia procera 48
Agrimony 48
Agrimony, Bastard 48
Agrimony, Fragrant 48
Agrimony, Hemp 90
Agrostemma githago 26
Agrostis canina 104
Agrostis capillaris 104
Agrostis gigantea 104
Agrostis stolonifera 104
Agrostis vinealis 104
Aira caryophyllea 103
Aira praecox 103
Ajuga reptans 71
Alcea rosea 114
Alchemilla conjuncta 48
Alchemilla filicaulis 49
Alchemilla glabra 49
Alchemilla mollis 49
Alchemilla wichurae 49
Alchemilla xanthochlora 48
Alders 22
Alexanders 64
Alisma plantago-aquatica 91
Alisons 37
Alkanet, Green 68
Alliaria petiolata 35
Allium ampeloprasum 116
Allium carinatum 108
Allium oleraceum 116
Allium paradoxum 108
Allium schoenoprasum 108
Allium scorodoprasum 109
Allium triquetrum 4, 108
Allium ursinum 108
Allium vineale 109
Allseed 60
Alnus cordata 22
Alnus glutinosa 22
Alnus incana 22
Alnus x hybrida 22
Alnus viridis 22
Alopecurus aequalis 104
Alopecurus bulbosus 104
Alopecurus geniculatus 104
Alopecurus myosuroides 116
Alopecurus pratensis 104
Alsike Clover 55
Alyssum alyssoides 37
Alyssum saxatile 37
Amaranthus albus 114
Amaranthus hybridus 114
Amaranthus thunbergii 114
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 116
Ambrosia trifida 116
Ameliancher 52
American Speedwell 75
American Willowherb 58
Ammi visagna 115
Ammophila arenaria 104
Amphibious Bistort 27
Amsinckia lycopsioides 115
Amsinckia micrantha 68
Anacamptis pyramidalis 110
Anacyclus valentinus 116
Anagallis arvensis 41
Anagallis minima 41
Anagallis tenella 41
Anaphalis margaritacea 87
Anchusa arvensis 68
Anchusa officinalis 115
Anemone apennina 16
Anemone nemorosa 16
Anemone, Blue 16
Anemone, Wood 16
Anethum graveolens 115
Angelica archangelica 115
Angelica sylvestris 65
Angelica, Wild 65
Anisantha diandra 116
Anisantha madritensis 116
Anisantha rigida 116
Anisantha rubens 116
Anisantha sterilis 105
Anisantha tectorum 116
Antennaria dioica 86
Anthemis arvensis 88
Anthemis cotula 116
Anthemis maritima 116
Anthemis tinctoria 88
Anthoxanthum odoratum 104
Anthriscus caucalis 64
Anthriscus cerefolium 115
Anthriscus sylvestris 64
Anthyllis vulneraria 53
Antirrhinum majus 74
Apera spica-venti 116
Aphanes arvensis 49
Aphanes australis 49
Apium graveolens 65
Apium inundatum 65
Apium nodiflorum x repens 65
Apple 51
Apple Mint 71
Aquilegia pubescens 114
Aquilegia vulgaris 18
Arabidopsis thaliana 35
Arabis caucasica 36
Arabis hirsuta 36
Arabis turrita 36
Araucaria araucana 15
Archangel, Yellow 69
Arctium lappa 81
Arctium nemorosum 81
Aremonia agrimonioides 48
Arenaria balearica 24
Arenaria serpyllifolia 24
Armeria maritima 30
Armoracia rusticana 36
Arnoseris mimima 115
Arrhenatherum elatius 103
Arrow Bamboo 100
Arrowgrass, Marsh 91
Arrowgrass, Sea 91
Artemisia abronatum 116
Artemisia absinthium 88
Artemisia biennis 116
Artemisia campestris 116
Artemisia stelleriana 116
Artemisia vulgaris 88
Arum italicum 93
Arum maculatum 93
Asarina procumbens 74
Asarum europaeum 114
Ash 73
Aspen 32
Asperugo procumbens 115
Asperula arvensis 115
Asperula taurina 115
Asphodel, Bog 107
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 10
Asplenium x alternifolium 11
Asplenium fontanum 11
Asplenium marinum 11

Asplenium ruta-muraria 11
Asplenium septentrionale 11
Asplenium trichomanes 11
Asplenium viride 11
Aster cordifolius 116
Aster novae-angliae 116
Aster novi-belgii 87
Aster x salignus 87
Aster tripolium 87
Aster x versicolor 87
Aster, Sea 87
Astericus aquaticus 116
Astragalus cicer 114
Astragalus danicus 53
Astragalus glycyphyllos 53
Athyrium filix-femina 11
Atlas Cedar 14
Atriplex glabriuscula 23
Atriplex hortensis 114
Atriplex laciniata 23
Atriplex littoralis 23
Atriplex patula 23
Atriplex portulacoides 23
Atriplex prostrata 23
Atropa belladonna 67
Aubretia 37
Aubrieta deltoidea 37
Aucuba japonica 60
Aunt-Eliza 109
Austrian Pine 14
Avena fatua 103
Avena sativa 116
Avena strigosa 116
Avens, Hybrid 48
Avens, Water 48
Avens, Wood 48
Awlwort 38
Azalea, Trailing 39
Azolla filiculoides 12
Babington’s Orache 23
Bachelor’s Buttons 17
Baldellia ranunculoides 91
Ballota nigra 69
Balm of Gilead 32
Balsam, Indian 63
Balsam, Small 63
Balsam Poplar, Western 32
Baltic Rush 94
Bamboo, Arrow 100
Baneberry 16
Barbarea intermedia 35
Barbarea verna 114
Barbarea vulgaris 35
Barberry 18
Barley, Foxtail 106
Barley, Wall 106
Barren Brome 105
Barren Strawberry 48
Barrenwort 18
Bartsias 76
Basil Thyme 71
Basil, Wild 71
Bassia scoparia 114
Bastard Agrimony 48
Beak Sedge, White 96
Beauty, Spring 24
Bedstraws 78
Beech 21
Beech Fern 10
Beech, Silver 21
Beet, Sea 23
Bell Heather 39
Bellflowers 77
Bellis perennis 88
Bents 104
Berberis darwinii 18
Berberis vulgaris 18
Berteroa incana 114
Berula erecta 3, 64
Beta vulgaris 23
Betony 69
Betula x aurata 22
Betula pendula 22
Betula pubescens 22
Bhutan Pine 14
Bidens cernua 90
Bidens tripartita 90
Bindweed, Black 28
Bindweeds 67
Birches 22
Bird Cherry 51
Birdsfoot 53
Birdsfoot Clover 55
Birdsfoot Trefoils 53
Birdsnest Orchid 110
Birdsnest, Yellow 4, 40
Biscutella laevigata 114
Bishopweed 64
Bistorts 27
Biting Stonecrop 42
Bitter Vetch 54
Bitter Vetch, Wood 54
Bitter-cresses 36
Bittersweet 67
(Blackberry) 45
Blackthorn 51
Bladder Campion 27
Bladder Ferns 11
Bladder Sedge 98
Bladder Senna 53
Bladderworts 77
Blaeberry 39
Blechnum spicant 12
Bleeding-heart 19
Blinks 24
Blood-drop Emlets 74
Bloody Cranesbill 62
(Bluebell [English]) 108
Bluebell [Scottish] 77
Blue-eyed Mary 69
Blysmus compressus 96
Blysmus rufus 96
Bog Asphodel 107
Bog Hair-grass 103
Bog Myrtle 21
Bog Orchid 110
Bog Pimpernel 41
Bog Pondweed 91
Bog Sedges 99
Bog Stitchwort 25
Bogbean 67
Bog-rush, Black 96
Bolboschoenus maritimus 96
Borago officinalis 115
Botrychium lunaria 10
Bottle Sedge 98
Box 60
Brachyglottis ‘Sunshine’ 89
Brachypodium distachyon 116
Brachypodium pinnatum 105
Brachypodium sylvaticum 105
Bracken 10
Bramble 45
Bramble, Stone 44
Brassica elongata 114
Brassica juncea 114
Brassica napus 38
Brassica nigra 38
Brassica oleracea 38
Brassica rapa 114
Brassica tournefortii 114
Brewer’s Spruce 13
Briza maxima 116
Briza media 101
Briza minor 116
Bromes 105
Bromopsis erecta 105
Bromopsis inermis 116
Bromopsis ramosa 105
Bromus arvensis 116
Bromus commutatus 116
Bromus hordeaceus 105
Bromus x pseudothominei 105
Bromus racemosus 116
Bromus secalinus 105
Brooklime 75
Brookweed 41
Broom 56
Broomrape, Thyme 77
Brunnera macrophyllum 115
Buckler Ferns 12
Buckshorn Plantain 72
Buckthorn 60
Buckthorn, Sea 57
Buddleia 73
Buddleja davidii 73
Bugle 71
Bugloss, Field 68
Bugloss, Viper’s 68

Bulrushes 106
Bunias orientalis 35
Bupleurum rotundifolium 115
Bupleurum subovatum 115
Bur Marigolds 90
Bur Parsley 64
Burdocks 81
Burnet Rose 49
Burnet Saxifrages 64
Bur-reed, Least 106
(Bush-grass) 104
Bush Vetch 54
Butcher’s Broom 109
Butomus umbellatus 91
Butterburs 90
Buttercups 17
Butterfly Orchids 110
Butterwort, Common 77
Buxus sempervirens 60
Cabbage, Wild 38
Cakile maritima 38
Calamagrostis canescens 104
Calamagrostis epigejos 104
Calendula arvensis 116
Calendula officinalis 116
Callitriche hamulata 72
Callitriche hermaphroditica 72
Callitriche obtusangula 72
Callitriche platycarpa 72
Callitriche stagnalis 72
Calluna vulgaris 39
Caltha palustris 16
Calystegia pulchra 67
Calystegia sepium 67
Calystegia silvatica 67
Calystegia soldanella 67
Camelina alyssum 114
Camelina microcarpa 114
Camelina rumelica 114
Camelina sativa 114
Campanula glomerata 77
Campanula lactiflora 77
Campanula latifolia 77
Campanula medium 115
Campanula persicifolia 77
Campanula poscharskyana 77
Campanula rapunculoides 77
Campanula rapunculus 115
Campanula rotundifolia 77
Campanula trachelium 77
Campions 27
Canadian Goldenrod 87
Canadian Waterweed 91
Candytuft 37
Cannabis sativa 114
Cappadocian Maple 61
Capsella bursa-pastoris 37
Cardamine amara 36
Cardamine flexuosa 36
Cardamine hirsuta 36
Cardamine impatiens 36
Cardamine pratensis 36
Cardamine raphanifolia 36
Carduus crispus 81
Carduus nutans 81
Carduus tenuiflorus 81
Carex acuta 99
Carex acutiformis 98
Carex aquatilis 99
Carex arenaria 97
Carex binervis 98
Carex x boenninghausiana 97
Carex caryophyllea 99
Carex curta 97
Carex diandra 97
Carex dioica 97
Carex distans 98
Carex disticha 97
Carex divulsa 97
Carex echinata 97
Carex elata 99
Carex extensa 98
Carex flacca 98
Carex hirta 98
Carex hostiana 99
Carex laevigata 98
Carex lasiocarpa 98
Carex limosa 99
Carex magellanica 99
Carex maritima 97
Carex muricata 97
Carex nigra 99
Carex otrubae 97
Carex ovalis 97
Carex pallescens 99
Carex panicea 98
Carex paniculata 97
Carex pauciflora 99
Carex pendula 98
Carex pilulifera 99
Carex pulicaris 99
Carex remota 97
Carex riparia 98
Carex rostrata 98
Carex spicata 97
Carex strigosa 98
Carex sylvatica 98
Carex vesicaria 98
Carex viridula
ssp. brachyrrhyncha 99
Carex viridula
ssp. oedocarpa 99
Carex viridula
ssp. viridula 99
Carnation Sedge 98
Carpinus betulus 22
Carrichtera annua 114
Carrot, Wild 66
Carum carvi 115
Castanea sativa 21
Cat Mint 70
Catabrosa aquatica 102
Catapodium marinum 102
Catapodium rigidum 102
Catchfly, Night-flowering 27
Catchfly, Nottingham 27
Catchfly, Sticky 4, 26
Catsears 4, 82
Catstails 105
Caucasian Fir 13
Caucasian Stonecrop 4
Cedars 14
Cedars, Red 14,15
Cedrus atlantica 14
Cedrus deodara 14
Cedrus libani 14
Celandine, Greater 19
Celandine, Lesser 17
Celandine Saxifrage 42
Celery, Wild 65
Celery-leaved Buttercup 17
Centaurea cyanus 81
Centaurea diluta 115
Centaurea jacea 115
Centaurea melitensis 115
Centaurea montana 81
Centaurea nigra 82
Centaurea scabiosa 81
Centaurium erythraea 66
Centaurium littorale 66
Centaurium pulchellum 66
Centaury, Common 66
Centaury, Lesser 66
Centranthus ruber 80
Cephalanthera longifolia 110
Cerastium arvense 25
Cerastium arvense
x tomentosum 25
Cerastium cerastoides 25
Cerastium diffusum 25
Cerastium fontanum 25
Cerastium glomeratum 25
Cerastium semidecandrum 25
Cerastium tomentosum 25
Ceratocapnos claviculata 19
Ceratochloa cathartica 116
Ceratophyllum demersum 16
Ceratophyllum submersum 16
Cerinthe minor 115
Ceterach officinarum 11
Chaenorhinum minus 74
Chaerophyllum temulum 63
Chaffweed 41
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 15
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 15
Chamaecyparis obtusa 15
Chamaecyparis pisifera 15
Chamaemelum mixtum 116
Chamaemelum nobile 116

Chamerion angustifolium 59
Chamomiles 88
Chara aculeolata 111
Chara aspera 111
Chara contraria 111
Chara curta 111
Chara globularis 111
Chara hispida 111
Chara rudis 112
Chara virgata 112
Chara vulgaris 112
Charlock 38
Chelidonium majus 19
Chenopodium album 23
Chenopodium
bonus-henricus 22
Chenopodium capitatum 114
Chenopodium foliosum 114
Chenopodium glaucum 23
Chenopodium hybridum 114
Chenopodium murale 23
Chenopodium polyspermum 114
Chenopodium rubrum 23
Chenopodium suecicum 23
Chenopodium urbicum 114
Chenopodium vulvaria 114
Cherries 51
Cherry Laurel 51
Cherry Plum 51
Chervil, Rough 63
Chestnut, Horse 61
Chestnut, Sweet 21
Chickweed Willowherb 59
Chickweed Wintergreen 41
Chickweed, Water 25
Chickweeds 25
Chicory 82
Chinese Bramble 44
Chinese Juniper 15
Chinese Ragwort 89
Chionodoxa forbesii 108
Chives 108
Chrysanthemum coronarium 116
Chrysanthemum segetum 88
Chrysosplenium
alternifolium 43
Chrysosplenium
oppositifolium 43
Cicerbita macrophylla 82
Cichorium intybus 82
Cicuta virosa 65
Cinquefoils 47
Circaea alpina 59
Circaea x intermedia 59
Circaea lutetiana 59
Cirsium arvense 81
Cirsium eriophorum 115
Cirsium heterophyllum 81
Cirsium oleraceum 115
Cirsium palustre 81
Cirsium vulgare 81
Cladium mariscus 96
Clary, Wild 72
Clary, Whorled 72
Claytonia perfoliata 24
Claytonia sibirica 24
Claytonia virginica 114
(Cleavers) 79
Clematis vitalba 17
Climbing Corydalis 19
Clinopodium acinos 71
Clinopodium ascendens 115
Clinopodium vulgare 71
Cloudberry 44
Clovers 55,56
Clubmosses 9
Club-rushes 96
Coast Redwood 14
Cochlearia anglica 37
Cochlearia danica 37
Cochlearia officinalis 37
Cocksfoot 102
(Codlins and Cream) 57
Coeloglossum viride 111
Colchicum autumnale 107
Collomia linearis 115
Coltsfoot 90
Columbine 18
Colutea arborescens 53
Comfreys 68
Conium maculatum 65
Conopodium majus 64
Conringia orientalis 114
Consolida ajacis 114
Convallaria majalis 107
Convolvulus arvensis 67
Conyza canadensis 116
Corallorhiza trifida 4, 110
Coralroot Orchid 4, 110
Cordgrass, Common 106
Coriandrum sativum 115
Corn Buttercup 17
Corn Chamomile 88
Corncockle 26
Cornfield Knotgrass 28
Cornflowers 81
Corn Marigold 88
Corn Mint 71
Corn Poppy 19
Cornsalads 80
Corn Sowthistle 82
Corn Spurrey 26
Cornus sanguinea 59
Cornus sericea 59
Cornus suecica 59
Coronilla scorpioides 114
Coronopus didymus 114
Coronopus didymus 38
Coronopus squamatus 38
Corrigiola litoralis 114
Corsican Pine 14
Cortaderia selloana 106
Corydalis solida 114
Corydalis, Climbing 19
Corydalis, Yellow 19
Corylus avellana 22
Cotoneaster bullatus 52
Cotoneaster dielsianus 53
Cotoneaster frigidus 52
Cotoneaster horizontalis 52
Cotoneaster integrifolius 52
Cotoneaster rehderi 52
Cotoneaster salicifolius 52
Cotoneaster simonsii 52
Cotoneaster sternianus 53
Cotoneaster x suecicus 52
Cotoneaster x watereri 52
Cotoneasters 52
Cotton Thistle 81
Cottongrasses 95
Cotula coronopifolia 116
Couch grasses 105
Cowbane 65
Cowberry 39
Cow Parsley 64
Cowslip 40
Cow Wheat 76
Crab Apple 51
Crack Willow 32
Crambe maritima 3, 39
Cranberry 39
Cranesbills 62
Crassula helmsii 42
Crataegus laevigata 53
Crataegus monogyna 53
Creeping Bellflower 77
Creeping Buttercup 17
Creeping Cinquefoil 48
Creeping Comfrey 68
Creeping Jenny 40
Creeping Lady’s Tresses 4, 110
Creeping Marshwort 65
Creeping Soft-grass 103
Creeping Spearwort 4, 17
Creeping Willow 35
Crepis biennis 116
Crepis capillaris 84
Crepis mollis 84
Crepis nicaeensis 116
Crepis paludosa 84
Crepis setosa 116
Crepis vesicaria 116
Cress, Bitter 36
Cress, Hoary 38
Cress, Penny 37
Cress, Rock 36
Cress, Shepherd’s 37
Cress, Swine 38
Cress, Thale 35
Cress, Tower 36

Cress, Water 36
Cress, Winter 35
Cress, Yellow 36
Crested Dogstail 101
Crested Hair-grass 103
Crithmum maritimum 64
Crocosmia paniculata 109
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora 109
Crocus vernus 109
Crocus, Spring 109
Cross-leaved Heath 39
Crosswort 79
Crowberry 39
Crowfoots, Water 17, 18
Crow Garlic 109
Crown Vetch 54
Cruciata laevipes 79
Cryptogramma crispa 10
Cryptomeria japonica 14
Cuckoo Flowers 36
(Cuckoo Pint) 93
Cudweeds 86, 87
X Cupressocyparis leylandii 15
Cupressus macrocarpa 15
Cupressus sempervirens 14
Curled Dock 29
Curled Pondweed 92
Curly Waterweed 91
Currants 41
Curved Sedge 97
Cuscuta epithymum 115
Cuscuta europaea 115
Cutandia divaricata 116
Cutandia memphitica 116
Cutandia philistaea 116
Cyanopsis muricata 115
Cymbalaria muralis 74
Cynoglossum officinale 69
Cynosurus cristatus 101
Cypresses 14,15
Cystopteris dickieana 11
Cystopteris fragilis 11
Cytisus scoparius 56
Dactylis glomerata 102
X Dactylodenia st-quintinii 110
Dactylorhiza x formosa 111
Dactylorhiza fuchsii x
Gymnadenia conopsea 110
Dactylorhiza fuchsii 111
Dactylorhiza incarnata 111
Dactylorhiza maculata 111
Dactylorhiza purpurella 111
Dactylorhiza x venusta 111
Daffodils 109
Daisy 88
Daisy Bush 87
Daisy, Michaelmas 87
Daisy, Oxeye 88
Daisy, Shasta 89
Dame’s Violet 35
Dandelions 83, 84
Danish Scurvy-grass 37
Danthonia decumbens 106
Daphne laureola 57
Daphne mezereon 57
Darmera peltata 42
Darwin’s Barberry 18
Daucus carota 66
Dawn Redwood 14
Deadly Nightshade 67
Dead-nettles 70
Deergrass 95
Deodar 14
Des Etangs St John’s-wort 30
Deschampsia caespitosa 103
Deschampsia flexuosa 103
Deschampsia setacea 103
Descurainia sophia 35
Devilsbit Scabious 80
Dianthus barbatus 114
Dianthus caryophyllus 114
Dianthus deltoides 27
Dicentra formosa 19
Dickie’s Bladder Fern 11
Digitalis purpurea 74
Diphasiastrum alpinum 9
Diplotaxis muralis 38
Diplotaxis tenuifolia 38
Dipsacus fullonum 80
Dipsacus pilosus 115
Dittander 38
Docks/(Dockens) 29
Dog Rose 50
Dog’s Mercury 60
Dogstooth Violet 107
Dog Violets 31
Dogwood 59
Doronicum pardalianches 4, 90
Doronicum plantagineum 90
Doronicum x excelsum 90
Doronicum x willdenowii 90
Dotted Loosestrife 40
Douglas Fir 13
Dovesfoot Cranesbill 62
Downy Birch 22
Downy Oat-grass 103
Downy Willow 35
Draba muralis 37
Dracocephalum parviflorum 115
Dropwort 44
Drosera anglica 31
Drosera intermedia 31
Drosera rotundifolia 31
Dryopteris aemula 12
Dryopteris affinis 12
Dryopteris carthusiana 12
Dryopteris x deweveri 12
Dryopteris dilatata 12
Dryopteris expansa 12
Dryopteris filix-mas 12
Dryopteris oreades 11
Duckweeds 93
Duke of Argyll’s Teaplant 66
Dwarf Cornel 59
Dwarf Elder 79
Dyer’s Greenweed 56
Eared Willow 34
Early Marsh Orchid 111
Early Purple Orchid 111
Eastern Rocket 35
Echinochloa crus-galli 116
Echinops 81
Echium vulgare 68
Eelgrasses 93
Elders 79
Elecampane 87
Eleocharis acicularis 96
Eleocharis multicaulis 96
Eleocharis palustris 95
Eleocharis quinqueflora 96
Eleocharis uniglumis 95
Eleogiton fluitans 96
Elms 20
Elodea canadensis 91
Elymus canadensis 116
Elymus caninus 105
Elymus sibiricus 116
Elytrigia juncea x repens 105
Elytrigia juncea 105
Elytrigia repens 105
Elytrigia x laxa 105
Empetrum nigrum 39
Enarthrocarpus lyratus 114
Enchanter’s Nightshades 59
English Stonecrop 42
Epilobium alsinifolium 59
Epilobium anagallidifolium 59
Epilobium brunnescens 59
Epilobium ciliatum
x hirsutum 57
Epilobium ciliatum
x montanum 58
Epilobium ciliatum
x obscurum 58
Epilobium ciliatum
x palustre 58
Epilobium ciliatum
x roseum 58
Epilobium ciliatum 58
Epilobium hirsutum
x montanum 57
Epilobium hirsutum
x parviflorum 57
Epilobium hirsutum 57
Epilobium montanum
x obscurum 58
Epilobium montanum
x roseum 58

Epilobium montanum 58
Epilobium obscurum
x palustre 58
Epilobium obscurum 58
Epilobium palustre
x parviflorum 58
Epilobium palustre 58
Epilobium parviflorum
x ciliatum 58
Epilobium parviflorum 57
Epilobium roseum 58
Epilobium tetragonum 58
Epilobium x aggregatum 58
Epilobium x erroneum 57
Epilobium x floridulum 58
Epilobium x fossicola 58
Epilobium x interjectum 58
Epilobium x mutabile 58
Epilobium x novae-civitatis 57
Epilobium x nutandiflorum 58
Epilobium x rivulare 58
Epilobium x schmidtianum 58
Epilobium x subhirsutum 57
Epilobium x vicinum 58
Epimedium alpinum 18
Epipactis helleborine 110
Epipactis palustris 110
Equisetum arvense 9
Equisetum fluviatile 9
Equisetum hyemale 9
Equisetum x litorale 9
Equisetum palustre 9
Equisetum pratense 9
Equisetum sylvaticum 9
Equisetum telmateia 9
Equisetum variegatum 3, 9
Eranthis hyemalis 16
Erica cinerea 39
Erica tetralix 39
Erigeron acer 87
Erinus alpinus 74
Eriophorum angustifolium 95
Eriophorum latifolium 95
Eriophorum vaginatum 95
Erodium cicutarium 63
Erodium laciniatum 115
Erodium maritimum 63
Erodium moschatum 115
Erodium moschatum 63
Erophila glabrescens 37
Erophila majuscula 37
Erophila verna 37
Eruca sativa 114
Erucaria hispanica 114
Erucastrum gallicum 114
Eryngium maritimum 63
Erysimum cheiranthoides 114
Erysimum cheiri 35
Erysimum repandum 114
Erythronium dens-canis 107
Escallonia macrantha 41
Eschscholzia californica 114
Euonymus europaeus 60
Eupatorium cannabinum 90
Euphorbia cyparissias 115
Euphorbia esula 60
Euphorbia exigua 60
Euphorbia helioscopia 60
Euphorbia lathyris 115
Euphorbia paralias 115
Euphorbia peplus 60
Euphorbia platyphyllos 115
Euphorbia portlandica 115
Euphrasia arctica 76
Euphrasia confusa 76
Euphrasia micrantha 76
Euphrasia nemorosa 76
Euphrasia scottica 76
Euphrasia tetraquetra 76
Evening Primroses 59
Everlasting Peas 54, 55
Eyebrights 76
Fagopyrum esculentum 114
Fagus sylvatica 21
Fairy Flax 60
Fairy Foxglove 74
Fallopia baldschuanica 28
Fallopia convolvulus 28
Fallopia japonica 28
Fallopia sachalinensis 28
False Acacia 53
False Bridewort 44
False Brome 105
False Fox Sedge 97
False Helleborine 107
False London Pride 43
False Oat-grass 103
False Oxlip 40
Fat-hen 23
Fennel Pondweed 92
Fern, Beech 10
Fern, Royal 10
Fern, Water 12
Fern, Wilson’s Filmy 10
Fern-grasses 102
Ferns 10-12
Fescues 100
Festuca altissima 100
Festuca arenaria 100
Festuca arundinacea 100
Festuca filiformis 100
Festuca gigantea 100
Festuca heterophylla 100
Festuca ovina 100
Festuca pratensis
x Lolium perenne 100
Festuca pratensis 100
Festuca rubra 100
X Festulolium loliaceum 100
Feverfew 88
Ficus carica 20
Fiddleneck 68
Fig 20
Figwort, Green 4, 73
Figworts 73
Filago gallica 116
Filago minima 86
Filago pyramidata 116
Filago vulgaris 86
Filipendula ulmaria 44
Filipendula vulgaris 44
Fir Clubmoss 9
Firs 13
Flag, Yellow 109
Flat-sedge 96
Flea Sedge 99
Fleabanes 87
Flixweed 35
Flote-grasses 102
Floating Bur-reed 106
Floating Club-rush 96
Floating Water Plantain 91
Flowering Currant 41
Flowering Rush 91
Fly Honeysuckle 79
Foeniculum vulgare 115
Fool’s Parsley 65
Forget-me-nots 69
Forked Spleenwort 11
Foxglove 74
Foxtail Barley 106
Foxtail grasses 104
Fragaria x ananassa 48
Fragaria moschata 48
Fragaria vesca 48
Fragrant Orchid 110
Fraxinus excelsior 73
French Sorrel 29
Fringe-cups 43
Fritillaria meleagris 107
Fritillary 107
Frog Orchid 111
Frog Rush 94
Frosted Orache 23
Fumaria bastardii 20
Fumaria capreolata 19
Fumaria densiflora 20
Fumaria muralis 20
Fumaria officinalis 20
Fumaria parviflora 114
Fumaria purpurea 20
Fumitories 20
Fuschia 59
Fuschia magellanica 59
Gagea lutea 107
Galanthus nivalis 109
Galeopsis angustifolia 70
Galeopsis bifida 70

Galeopsis ladanum 115
Galeopsis speciosa 70
Galeopsis tetrahit 70
Galinsoga quadriradiata 116
Galium aparine 79
Galium boreale 78
Galium cinereum 79
Galium mollugo 78
Galium odoratum 78
Galium palustre 78
Galium saxatile 78
Galium sterneri 78
Galium uliginosum 78
Galium verum 78
Garden Arabis 36
Garden Candytuft 37
Garlic Mustard 35
Garlics 108, 109
Gaultheria shallon 39
Gean 51
Genista anglica 56
Genista tinctoria 56
Gentian, Autumn 66
Gentian, Field 66
Gentianella amarella 66
Gentianella campestris 66
Geranium columbinum 62
Geranium dissectum 62
Geranium endressii 62
Geranium lucidum 62
Geranium macrorrhizum 62
Geranium x magnificum 62
Geranium molle 62
Geranium x oxonianum 62
Geranium phaeum 63
Geranium pratense 62
Geranium purpureum 115
Geranium pusillum 62
Geranium pyrenaicum 62
Geranium robertianum 63
Geranium rotundifolium 115
Geranium sanguineum 62
Geranium sylvaticum 62
Germander Speedwell 75
Geum aleppicum 48
Geum x intermedium 48
Geum rivale 48
Geum urbanum 48
Giant Hogweed 66
Giant Knotweed 28
Giant Rhubarb 57
Giant Sequoia 14
Ginkgo biloba 13
Gipsywort 71
Glassworts 23
Glaucium corniculatum 114
Glaucium flavum 3, 19
Glaux maritima 41
Glechoma hederacea 71
Globe Flower 16
Globe Thistle 81
Glory-of-the-Snow 108
Glyceria declinata 102
Glyceria fluitans x notata 102
Glyceria fluitans 102
Glyceria maxima 102
Glyceria notata 102
Glyceria x pedicellata 102
Gnaphalium supinum 87
Gnaphalium sylvaticum 87
Gnaphalium uliginosum 87
Goatsbeard 82
Golden Alison 37
Goldenrod 87
Golden Saxifrages 43
Goldilocks Buttercup 17
Good King Henry 22
Goodyera repens 4, 110
Gooseberry 41
Goosefoots 23
Gorses 56
(Gowan) 88
Grand Fir 13
Grape Hyacinth 108
Grass of Parnassus 43
Grasses 100-106
Grass-wrack Pondweed 92
Groenlandia densa 92
Gromwells 67
(Ground Elder) 64
Ground Ivy 71
Groundsels 89
Guelder Rose 79
Gunnera 57
Gymnadenia conopsea 110
Gymnocarpium dryopteris 11
Hair-grasses 103
Hammarbya paludosa 110
Hard Fern 12
Hard Grass 102
(Hardheads) 81
Hard Rush 94
Hard Shield Fern 11
(Harebell) 77
Haresfoot Clover 56
Harestail Cottongrass 95
Hart’s Tongue 10
Hautbois Strawberry 48
Hawkbit, Lesser 3, 82
Hawkbits 82
Hawksbeards 84
Hawkweeds 84-86
Hawthorns 53
Hay-scented Buckler Fern 12
Hazel 22
(Heartsease) 32
Heath, Cross-leaved 39
Heathers 39
Heath-grass 106
Hebe x fransicana 76
Hedera helix 63
Hedera ‘Hibernica’ 63
(Hedge Mustard) 35
Hedge Parsley, Upright 66
Hedgehog Stonewort 111
Hedgerow Cranesbill 62
Hedynois cretica 115
Helianthemum nummularium 31
Helianthus annuus 116
Helianthus x laetiflorus 116
Helictotrichon pratense 103
Helictotrichon pubescens 103
Heliotrope, Winter 90
Hellebore, False 107
Hellebore, Green 16
Hellebore, Stinking 16
Helleborines 110
Helleborus foetidus 16
Helleborus viridis 16
Hemizonia kelloggii 116
Hemizonia pungens 116
Hemlock 65
Hemlock Water Dropwort 64
Hemlock, Western 13
Hemp Agrimony 90
Hemp Nettles 70
Henbane 67
Henbit 70
Heracleum mantegazzianum 66
Heracleum sphondylium
x mantegazzianum 66
Heracleum sphondylium 65
(Herb Bennet) 48
Herb Paris 108
Herb Robert 63
Herniaria glabra 114
Herniaria hirsuta 114
Hesperis matronalis 35
Hieacium caesiomurorum 85
Hieracium amplexicaule 86
Hieracium argenteum 86
Hieracium caledonicum 86
Hieracium dewarii 85
Hieracium dicella 86
Hieracium duriceps 86
Hieracium flocculosum 86
Hieracium grandidens 86
Hieracium jovimontis 86
Hieracium latobrigorum 85
Hieracium maculatum 85
Hieracium piligerum 86
Hieracium prenanthoides 85
Hieracium reticulatum 85
Hieracium rubiginosum 85
Hieracium sabaudum 85
Hieracium salticola 85
Hieracium saxorum 86
Hieracium severiceps 86
Hieracium spp. 84

Hieracium strictiforme 85
Hieracium subcrocatum 85
Hieracium subramosum 85
Hieracium subrude 86
Hieracium subumbellatiforme 85
Hieracium virgultorum 85
Hieracium vulgatum 85
Hierochloe odorata 103
Highclere Holly 60
Himalayan Honeysuckle 79
Himalayan Knotweed 27
Hinoki Cypress 15
Hippophae rhamnoides 57
Hippuris vulgaris 72
Hirschfeldia incana 114
Hoary Cinquefoil 47
Hoary Cress 38
Hoary Plantain 72
Hoary Ragwort 89
Hoary Willowherb 57
Hogweed 65
Holcus lanatus 103
Holcus mollis 103
Holly 60
Holly, New Zealand 88
Holly, Sea 63
Hollyberry Cotoneaster 52
Holy Grass 103
Honckenya peploides 24
Honesty 37
Honeysuckle 80
Honeysuckle, Perfoliate 80
Hop 20
Hop Trefoils 55
Hordeum distichon 116
Hordeum jubatum 106
Hordeum marinum 116
Hordeum murinum 106
Hordeum secalinum 116
Hordeum vulgare 116
Horehound, Black 69
Horehound, White 70
Hornbeam 22
Horned Pondweed 93
Horned Poppy, Yellow 3, 19
Hornworts 16
Horse Chestnuts 61
Horse Radish 36
Horsetail, Variegated 3, 9
Horsetails 9
Hound’s-tongue 69
House Leek 42
Humulus lupulus 20
Huperzia selago 9
Hyacinth, Garden 108
Hyacinth, Wild 108
Hyacinthoides hispanica 108
Hyacinthoides x massartiana 108
Hyacinthoides non-scripta 108
Hyacinthus orientalis 108
Hydrocotyle vulgaris 63
Hymenophyllum tunbridgense 10
Hymenophyllum wilsonii 10
Hyoscyamus niger 67
Hypericum androsaemum 30
Hypericum calycinum 30
Hypericum x desetangsii 30
Hypericum “elatum” 114
Hypericum hirsutum 30
Hypericum humifusum 30
Hypericum maculatum 30
Hypericum montanum 30
Hypericum perforatum 30
Hypericum pulchrum 30
Hypericum tetrapterum 30
Hypochaeris glabra 4, 82
Hypochaeris x intermedia 4, 82
Hypochaeris radicata 82
Iberis amara 114
Iberis umbellata 37
Ilex aquifolium 60
Ilex x altaclerensis 60
Impatiens glandulifera 63
Impatiens parviflora 63
Indian Balsam 63
Indian Rhubarb 42
Inula helenium 87
Iris foetidissima 109
Iris germanica 109
Iris pseudacorus 109
Irises 109
Irish Ivy 63
Isatis tinctoria 114
Isoetes lacustris 9
Isolepis cernua 96
Isolepis setacea 96
Italian Alder 22
Italian Cypress 14
Italian Lords and Ladies 93
Italian Poplar, Black 32
Italian Ryegrass 101
Ivy, Common 63
Ivy, Ground 71
Ivy-leaved Crowfoot 17
Ivy-leaved Duckweed 93
Ivy-leaved Speedwell 75
Ivy-leaved Toadflax 74
Jack-by-the-Hedge 35
Jacob’s Ladder 67
Japanese Knotweed 28
Japanese Red Cedar 14
Japanese Rose 49
Japanese Wineberry 44
Japanese Zelkova 20
Jasione montana 78, 115
Juglans regia 21
Juncus acutiflorus 94
Juncus ambiguus 94
Juncus articulatus 94
Juncus balticus 94
Juncus bufonius 94
Juncus bulbosus 94
Juncus compressus 94
Juncus conglomeratus 95
Juncus x diffusus 94
Juncus effusus 95
Juncus filiformis 94
Juncus gerardii 94
Juncus inflexus 94
Juncus maritimus 94
Juncus squarrosus 93
Juncus subnodulous 94
Juncus x surrejanus 94
Juncus tenuis 94
Juncus triglumis 94
June-berry 52
Junipers 15
Juniperus chinensis 15
Juniperus communis 15
Keeled Garlic 108
Khasia-berry 52
Kidney Saxifrage 43
Kidney Vetch 53
(Kingcup) 16
Knapweeds 82
Knautia arvensis 80
Knawel, Annual 26
Kniphofia praecox 107
Knotgrasses 28
Knotted Clover 56
Knotted Hedge Parsley 66
Knotted Pearlwort 26
Knotweeds 27
Koeleria macrantha 103
Laburnum 56
Laburnum alpinum 56
Laburnum anagyroides 56
Lactuca sativa 116
Lactuca virosa 82
Lady Fern 11
Lady’s Bedstraw 78
Lady’s Mantles 48, 49
(Lady’s Smock) 36
Lady’s Tresses 110
Lagarosiphon major 91
Lamiastrum galeobdolon 69
Lamium album 70
Lamium amplexicaule 70
Lamium confertum 70
Lamium hybridum 70
Lamium maculatum 70
Lamium purpureum 70
Lappula squarrosus 115
Lapsana communis 82
Larches 13
Larix decidua 13

Larix kaempferi 14
Larix x marschlinsii 13
Lathraea squamaria 77
Lathyrus aphaca 115
Lathyrus grandiflorus 54
Lathyrus latifolius 55
Lathyrus linifolius 54
Lathyrus odoratus 115
Lathyrus pratensis 54
Lathyrus sylvestris 54
Lathyrus tuberosus 54
Laurel, Cherry 51
Laurel, Spotted 60
Laurel, Spurge 57
Laurustinus 79
Lavatera arborea 31
Lavender, Sea 30
Lawson’s Cypress 15
Leafy Spurge 60
Leek, Sand 109
Legousia hybrida 78
Lemna gibba 93
Lemna minor 93
Lemna trisulca 93
Lemon-scented Fern 10
Leonorus cardiaca 115
Leontodon autumnalis 82
Leontodon hispidus 82
Leontodon salzmanii 115
Leontodon saxatilis 3, 82
Leopardsbanes 90
Lepidium campestre 38
Lepidium draba 38
Lepidium heterophyllum 38
Lepidium latifolium 38
Lepidium perfoliatum 114
Lepidium ruderale 114
Lepidium sativum 114
Lepidium virginicum 114
Lettuce, Greater 82
Lettuce, Wall 83
Leucanthemum vulgare 88
Leucanthemum x superbum 89
Leucojum vernum 109
Levisticum officinale 65
Leycesteria formosa 79
Leyland Cypress 15
Leymus arenarius 105
Ligusticum scoticum 65
Ligustrum ovalifolium 73
Ligustrum vulgare 73
Lilac 73
Lilies 107
Lilium martagon 107
Lilium pyrenaicum 107
Lily of the Valley 107
Limes 31
Limonium vulgare 30, 114
Limosella aquatica 74
Linaria maroccana 115
Linaria pelisseriana 115
Linaria purpurea 74
Linaria repens 74
Linaria vulgaris 74
Linum catharticum 60
Linum usitatissimum 115
Liquorice, Wild 53
Listera cordata 110
Listera ovata 110
Lithospermum arvense 67
Lithospermum officinale 67
Littorella uniflora 72
Lobelia dortmanna 78
Lobelia, Water 78
Lobularia maritima 114
Loch Leven Spearwort 17
Lodgepole Pine 14
Loefinglia hispanica 114
Loganberry 44
Loiseleuria procumbens 39
Lolium multiflorum 101
Lolium perenne 100
Lolium rigidum 116
Lolium temulentum 116
London Plane 20
London Pride 43
Long-headed Poppy 19
Long-stalked Cranesbill 62
Long-stalked Pondweed 92
Long-stalked Yellow Sedge 99
Lonicera caprifolium 80
Lonicera nitida 79
Lonicera periclymenum 80
Lonicera xylosteum 79
Loosestrife, Dotted 40
Loosestrife, Purple 57
Loosestrife, Tufted 40
Loosestrife, Yellow 40
Lords and Ladies 93
Lotus corniculatus 53
Lotus glaber 53
Lotus pedunculatus 53
Louseworts 76
Lovage 65
Lucombe Oak 21
Lunaria annua 37
Lungworts 68
Lupin, Tree 56
Lupins 56
Lupinus arboreus 56
Lupinus polyphyllus 56
Lupinus x regalis 56
Luronium natans 91
Luzula campestris 95
Luzula luzuloides 95
Luzula multiflora 95
Luzula nivea 95
Luzula pallidula 95
Luzula pilosa 95
Luzula sylvatica 95
Lychnis coronaria 114
Lychnis flos-cuculi 26
Lychnis viscaria 4, 26
Lycium barbarum 66
Lycopersicon esculentum 115
Lycopodiella inundata 9
Lycopodium clavatum 9
Lycopus europaeus 71
Lyme Grass 105
Lysimachia nemorum 40
Lysimachia nummularia 40
Lysimachia punctata 40
Lysimachia thyrsiflora 40
Lysimachia vulgaris 40
Lythrum portula 57
Lythrum salicaria 57
Madder, Field 78
Madia glomerata 116
Mahonia aquifolium 19
Maiden Pink 27
Maidenhair Spleenwort 11
Maidenhair Tree 13
Malcomia maritima 114
Male Ferns 11,12
Mallow, Tree 31
Mallows 31
Malus domestica 51
Malus sylvestris 51
Malva moschata 31
Malva neglecta 31
Malva nicaeensis 114
Malva parviflora 114
Malva sylvestris 31
Maples 61
Marestail 72
Marigold, Bur 90
Marigold, Corn 88
Marigold, Marsh 16
Marjoram, Wild 71
Marram 104
Marrubium vulgare 70
Marsh Mallow 31
Marsh Marigold 16
Marshwort, Lesser 65
Martagon Lily 107
Masterwort 65
Mat Grass 100
Matricaria discoidea 89
Matricaria recutita 89
Matteuccia struthiopteris 11
Mattiola fruticulosa 114
Mayweeds 89
Meadow Cranesbill 62
Meadow-grasses 101, 102
Meadow-rue, Lesser 18
Meadow Saffron 107
Meadowsweet 44
Meconopsis cambrica 19
Medicago arabica 55

Medicago lupulina 55
Medicago sativa 55
Medicago tornata 115
Medicks 55
Melampyrum pratense 76
Melancholy Thistle 81
Melica nutans 102
Melica uniflora 103
Melicks 103
Melilots 55
Melilotus albus 55
Melilotus altissimus 55
Melilotus indicus 115
Melilotus officinalis 55
Melilotus sulcatus 115
Mentha aquatica x arvensis 71
Mentha aquatica x spicata 71
Mentha aquatica 71
Mentha arvensis 71
Mentha longifolia x spicata 71
Mentha scotica 71
Mentha spicata x suaveolens 71
Mentha spicata 71
Mentha x piperita 71
Mentha x verticillata 71
Mentha x villosa 71
Mentha x villosonervata 71
Mentzelia albicaulis 114
Menyanthes trifoliata 67
Mercurialis annua 60
Mercurialis perennis 60
Mercury, Annual 60
Mercury, Dog’s 60
Mertensia maritima 68
Mesembryanthemum
crystallinum 114
Metasequoia glyptostroboides 14
Meum athamanticum 65
Mezereon 57
Michaelmas Daisies 87
Midland Hawthorn 53
Mignonette, Wild 39
Milfoils, Water 57
Milium effusum 100
Milkvetch, Purple 53
Milkwort, Common 60
Milkwort, Heath 61
Milkwort, Sea 41
Milky Bellflower 77
Millet, Wood 100
Mimulus guttatus 74
Mimulus luteus 74
Mimulus moschatus 73
Mimulus x burnetii 74
Mimulus x maculosus 74
Mimulus x robertsii 74
Mind-your-own-business 21
Mint, Cat 70
Mints 71, 72
Minuartia hybrida 24
Minuartia verna 24
Misopates orontium 115
Mock Orange 41
Moehringia trinervia 24
Molinia caerulea 106
Monkeyflowers 74
Monkey Puzzle 15
Monk’s Rhubarb 29
Monkshoods 16
Monotropa hypopitys 4, 40
Montbretia 109
Monterey Cypress 15
Monterey Pine 14
Montia fontana 24
Moonwort 10
Moor-grass, Blue 102
Morinda Spruce 13
Moschatel 80
Mossy Sandwort 24
Mossy Saxifrage 43
Mountain Currant 41
Mountain Everlasting 86
Mountain Male Fern 11
Mountain Melick 102
Mountain Pansy 32
Mountain Sorrel 30
Mouse-ear Hawkweed 84
Mouse-ears 25
Mudwort 74
Mugwort 88
Mulleins 73
Muscari armeniacum 108
Musk 73
Musk Mallow 31
Musk Storksbill 63
Musk Thistle 81
Mustard, Black 38
Mustard, Garlic 35
Mustard, White 38
Myagrum perfoliatum 114
Mycelis muralis 83
Myosotis arvensis 69
Myosotis discolor 69
Myosotis laxa 69
Myosotis ramosissima 69
Myosotis scorpioides 68
Myosotis secunda 68
Myosotis sylvatica 69
Myosoton aquaticum 25
Myrica gale 21
Myriophyllum alterniflorum 57
Myriophyllum spicatum 57
Myrrhis odorata 64
Myrtle, Bog 21
Naiad, Slender 93
Najas flexilis 93
Narcissus 109
Narcissus poeticus 109
Narcissus pseudonarcissus 109
Nardus stricta 100
Narthecium ossifragum 107
Navelwort 42
Needle Spikerush 96
Neottia nidus-avis 110
Nepeta cataria 70
Nepeta x faassenii 115
Neslia paniculata 114
Nettle, Common 20
Nettle, Small 20
Nettles, Dead 70
Nettles, Hemp 70
Nettle-leaved Bellflower 77
Nettle-leaved Goosefoot 23
New Zealand Holly 88
New Zealand Pigmyweed 42
New Zealand Willowherb 59
Nicandra physalodes 115
Nicotiana longiflora 115
Night-flowering Catchfly 27
Nightshade, Deadly 67
Nightshade, Enchanter’s 59
(Nightshade, Woody) 67
Ninebark 44
Nipplewort 82
Nitella flexilis 112
Nitella opaca 112
Nitella translucens 112
Noble Fir 13
Nodding Bur Marigold 90
Nonea rosea 115
Nootka Cypress 15
Northern Bedstraw 78
Northern Buckler Fern 12
Northern Dead-nettle 70
Northern Dock 29
Northern Hawksbeard 84
Northern Knotgrass 28
Northern Marsh Orchid 111
Northern Saltmarsh Grass 101
Norway Maple 61
Norway Spruce 13
Nothofagus 21
Nottingham Catchfly 27
Nuphar lutea 16
Nuphar x spenneriana 16
Nymphaea alba 16
Nymphoides peltata 67
Oak Fern 11
Oak-leaved Goosefoot 23
Oaks 21
Oat 103
Oat-grass, Meadow 103
Oat-grass, Yellow 103
Odontites vernus 76
Oenanthe aquatica 64
Oenanthe crocata 64
Oenanthe fistulosa 64
Oenothera biennis 59
Oenothera cambrica 59
Oenothera x fallax 59
Oenothera glaziovana 59

Olearia x haastii 87
Olearia macrodonta 88
Omphalodes verna 69
Onobrychis viciifolia 114
Ononis natrix 115
Ononis repens 55
Onopordum acanthium 81
Ophioglossum vulgatum 10
Opium Poppy 19
Oraches 23
Orange Foxtail 104
Orange Hawkweed 84
Orange Mullein 73
Orchids 110,111
Orchis mascula 111
Oregon Grape 19
Oreopteris limbosperma 10
Oriental Poppy 19
Origanum vulgare 71
Ornithogalum angustifolium 108
Ornithogalum pyrenaicum 116
Ornithopus perpusillus 53
Orobanche alba 77
Orobanche minor 115
Orpine 42
Orthilia secunda 40
Osier 33
Osmunda regalis 10
Ostrich Fern 11
Oxalis acetosella 61
Oxalis articulata 115
Oxalis corniculata 61
Oxalis exilis 61
Oxalis stricta 61
Oxeye Daisy 88
Oxford Ragwort 89
Oxlip, False 40
Oxyria digyna 30
Oxytropis halleri 53
Oysterplant 68
Paeonia officinalis 30
Paeony, Garden 30
Pampas Grass 106
Panicum miliaceum 116
Pansies 32
Papaver argemone 19
Papaver dubium 19
Papaver hybridum 114
Papaver pseudoorientale 19
Papaver rhoeas 19
Papaver somniferum 19
Parapholis incurva 116
Parapholis strigosa 102
Parentucellia viscosa 76
Parietaria judaica 21
Paris quadrifolia 108
Parnassia palustris 43
Paronychia argentea 114
Parsley Fern 10
Parsley-pierts 49
Parsleys 64-66
Parsnip, Water 64
Parsnip, Wild 65
Pastinaca sativa 65
Peach-leaved Bellflower 77
Pear 51
Pearlworts 26
Pearly Everlasting 87
Peas 54-55
Pedicularis palustris 76
Pedicularis sylvatica 76
Pellitory-of-the-Wall 21
Pendulous Sedge 98
Penny-cress, Field 37
Pennywort, Marsh 63
Pentaglottis sempervirens 68
Pepper Saxifrage 65
(Pepper, Wall) 42
Pepper, Water 28
Peppermint 71
Pepperwort, Field 38
Perfoliate Honeysuckle 80
Perfoliate Pondweed 92
Periwinkle, Greater 66
Periwinkle, Lesser 66
Persicaria amphibia 27
Persicaria amplexicaulis 27
Persicaria bistorta 27
Persicaria campanulata 27
Persicaria hydropiper 28
Persicaria lapathifolia 28
Persicaria maculosa 28
Persicaria minor 28
Persicaria vivipara 27
Persicaria wallichii 27
Persicaria, Pale 28
Petasites albus 90
Petasites fragrans 90
Petasites hybridus 90
Petasites japonicus 90
Petroselinum crispum 65
Petroselinum segetum 115
Petty Spurge 60
Petty Whin 56
Peucedanum ostruthium 65
Phacelia 67
Phacelia tanacetifolia 67
Phalaris aquatica 116
Phalaris arundinacea 104
Phalaris canariensis 116
Phalaris minor 116
Phalaris paradoxa 116
Pheasant’s Eye 109
Phegopteris connectilis 10
Philadelphus coronarius 41
Phleum arenarium 105
Phleum bertolonii 105
Phleum pratense 104
Phlomis russeliana 70
Phragmites australis 106
Phyllitis scolopendrium 10
Physalis alkekengi 115
Physocarpus opulifolius 44
Picea abies 13
Picea breweriana 13
Picea omorika 13
Picea sitchensis 13
Picea smithiana 13
Pick-a-back Plant 43
Picris altissima 115
Picris echoides 115
Picris hieracoides 115
Pigmyweed, New Zealand 42
Pignut 64
Pill Sedge 99
Pillwort 10
Pilosella aurantiaca 84
Pilosella flagellaris 84
Pilosella officinarum 84
Pilularia globulifera 10
Pimpernel, Bog 41
Pimpernel, Scarlet 41
Pimpernel, Yellow 40
Pimpinella major 64
Pimpinella saxifraga 64
Pineapple Weed 89
Pinguicula vulgaris 77
Pink Purslane 24
Pines 14
Pinus contorta 14
Pinus nigra 14
Pinus radiata 14
Pinus strobus 14
Pinus sylvestris 14
Pinus wallichiana 14
Pisum sativum 115
Plane, London 20
Plantago aristata 115
Plantago coronopus 72
Plantago lagopus 115
Plantago lanceolata 72
Plantago loeflingia 115
Plantago major 72
Plantago maritima 72
Plantago media 72
Plantain Leopardsbane 90
Plantains 72
Plantains, Water 91
Platanthera bifolia 110
Platanthera chlorantha 110
Platanus x hybrida 20
Plums 51
Poa alpina 102
Poa angustifolia 101
Poa annua 101
Poa balfouri 102
Poa chaixii 101
Poa compressa 101
Poa compressa 116
Poa glauca 102
Poa humilis 101
Poa nemoralis 102

Poa pratensis 101
Poa trivialis 101
Polemonium caeruleum 67
Polycarpon tetraphyllum 114
Polygala serpyllifolia 61
Polygala vulgaris 60
Polygonatum x hybridum 107
Polygonatum multiflorum 4, 107
Polygonatum verticillatum 107
Polygonum arenarium 114
Polygonum arenastrum 28
Polygonum aviculare 28
Polygonum boreale 28
Polygonum maritimum 28
Polygonum oxyspermum 28
Polygonum rurivagum 28
Polypodies 10
Polypodium cambricum 10
Polypodium interjectum 10
Polypodium vulgare 10
Polypogon monspelensis 116
Polystichum aculeatum 11
Polystichum setiferum 11
Pond Sedges 98
Pondweeds 91, 92
Poplars 32
Poppies 19
Poppy, Welsh 19
Populus alba 32
Populus x canadensis 32
Populus x canescens 32
Populus x jackii 32
Populus tremula 32
Populus trichocarpa 32
Portugal Laurel 51
Potamogeton alpinus 92
Potamogeton berchtoldii 92
Potamogeton coloratus
x berchtoldii 91
Potamogeton coloratus 91
Potamogeton compressus 92
Potamogeton crispus 92
Potamogeton filiformis
x pectinatus 92
Potamogeton filiformis 92
Potamogeton friesii 92
Potamogeton gramineus
x lucens 91
Potamogeton gramineus
x perfoliatus 92
Potamogeton gramineus 92
Potamogeton lucens 91
Potamogeton natans 91
Potamogeton obtusifolius 92
Potamogeton pectinatus 92
Potamogeton perfoliatus 92
Potamogeton polygonifolius 91
Potamogeton praelongus 92
Potamogeton pusillus 92
Potamogeton x lanceolatus 91
Potamogeton x nitens 92
Potamogeton x suecicus 92
Potamogeton x zizii 91
Potentilla anglica 47
Potentilla anserina 47
Potentilla argentea 47
Potentilla erecta 47
Potentilla fruticosa 47
Potentilla hirta 114
Potentilla inclinata 114
Potentilla x mixta 47
Potentilla intermedia 114
Potentilla neumanniana 47
Potentilla norvegica 47
Potentilla palustris 47
Potentilla recta 114
Potentilla reptans 48
Potentilla sterilis 48
Prickly Poppy 19
Prickly Sedge 97
Prickly Sow-thistle 82
Primrose 40
Primrose, Evening 59
Primula x polyantha 40
Primula veris 40
Primula vulgaris 40
Privets 73
Prunella vulgaris 71
Prunus avium 51
Prunus cerasifera 51
Prunus cerasus 51
Prunus domestica
ssp. insititia 51
Prunus domestica,
ssp. domestica 51
Prunus laurocerasus 51
Prunus lusitanica 51
Prunus padus 51
Prunus serrulata 51
Prunus spinosa 51
Pseudofumaria lutea 19
Pseudorchis albida 110
Pseudosasa japonica 100
Pseudotsuga menziesii 13
Pteridium aquilinum 10
Puccinellia distans
ssp. borealis 3, 101
Puccinellia distans
ssp. distans 101
Puccinellia fasciculata 116
Puccinellia maritima 101
Puccinellia rupestris 116
Pulicaris dysenterica 87
Pulmonaria ‘Mawson’s Blue’ 68
Pulmonaria officinalis 68
Purple Loosestrife 57
Purple Milk Vetch 53
Purple Moorgrass 106
Purple Oxytropis 53
Purple Ramping-fumitory 20
Purple Small Reed 104
Purple Toadflax 74
Purple Willow 33
Purslane, Pink 24
Purslane, Sea 23
Purslane, Water 57
Pussy Willow 33
Pyramidal Orchid 110
Pyrenean Lily 107
Pyrenean Valerian 80
Pyrola media 40
Pyrola minor 40
Pyrola rotundifolia 40
Pyrus communis 51
Quaking Grass 101
Quercus cerris 21
Quercus x crenata 21
Quercus ilex 21
Quercus petraea 21
Quercus robur 21
Quercus x rosacea 21
Quercus rubra 21
Quillwort 9
Radiola linoides 60
Radish, Wild 39
Ragged Robin 26
Ragworts 89
Ramping-fumitories 20
Ramsons 108
Ranunculus aconitifolius 17
Ranunculus acris 17
Ranunculus aquatilis 18
Ranunculus arvensis 17
Ranunculus auricomus 17
Ranunculus baudotii 18
Ranunculus bulbosus 17
Ranunculus circinatus 18
Ranunculus ficaria 17
Ranunculus flammula 17
Ranunculus fluitans 18
Ranunculus hederaceus 17
Ranunculus x levenensis 17
Ranunculus lingua 17
Ranunculus parviflorus 114
Ranunculus peltatus 18
Ranunculus penicillatus 18
Ranunculus repens 17
Ranunculus reptans 4, 17
Ranunculus sardous 114
Ranunculus sceleratus 17
Ranunculus trichophyllus 18
Rape 38
Raphanus raphanistrum 39
Raphanus sativus 114
Rapistrum perenne 114
Rapistrum rugosum 114
Raspberry 44
Ratstail Fescue 101
(Rattle, Red) 76
Rattles, Yellow 76
Ray’s Knotgrass 28

Red Cedars, 15
Red-berried Elder 79
Red-hot Poker 107
Red-leaved Rose 50
Red-Osier Dogwood 59
Redshank 28
Redwoods 14
Reed Canary-grass 104
Reed, Common 106
(Reedmace) 106
Reichardia tingitana 116
Remote Sedge 97
Reseda alba 114
Reseda lutea 39
Reseda luteola 39
Restharrow, Common 55
Rhamnus cathartica 60
Rheum x hybridum 28
Rhinanthus angustifolius 76
Rhinanthus minor 76
Rhododendron 39
Rhododendron ponticum 39
Rhubarb 28
Rhubarb, Monk’s 29
Rhynchospora alba 96
Ribes alpinum 41
Ribes nigrum 41
Ribes rubrum 41
Ribes sanguineum 41
Ribes uva-crispa 41
Ribwort Plantain 72
Robinia pseudoacacia 53
Rock Cranesbill 62
Rock Cress, Hairy 36
Rock Samphire 64
Rock Sea Spurrey 26
Rock Stonecrop 42
Rocket, Eastern 35
Rocket, Sea 38
Rocket, Tall 35
Rocket, Wall 38
Rock-rose, Common 31
Rockspray 52
Rorippa amphibia 36
Rorippa microphylla 36
Rorippa
nasturtium-aquaticum 36
Rorippa palustris 36
Rorippa x sterilis 36
Rorippa sylvestris 36
Rosa arvensis 49
Rosa caesia 50
Rosa caesia x mollis 50
Rosa caesia x rubiginosa 50
Rosa caesia x sherardii 50
Rosa canina 50
Rosa canina x caesia 50
Rosa canina x mollis 50
Rosa canina x rubiginosa 50
Rosa canina x sherardii 50
Rosa ferruginea 50
Rosa mollis 50
Rosa mollis x rubiginosa 50
Rosa multiflora 49
Rosa pimpinellifolia 49
Rosa pimpinellifolia x mollis 49
Rosa pimpinellifolia
x rubiginosa 49
Rosa rubiginosa 50
Rosa rugosa 49
Rosa sempervirens 49
Rosa sherardii 50
Rosa sherardii x mollis 50
Rosa x biturgensis 49
Rosa x dumalis 50
Rosa x glaucoides 50
Rosa x molletorum 50
Rosa x molliformis 50
Rosa x nitidula 50
Rosa x rothschildii 50
Rosa x sabinii 49
Rosa x shoolbredii 50
Rosebay Willowherb 59
Rose, Guelder 79
Rose of Sharon 30
Roseroot 42
Roses, Wild 49
Rowan 51
Royal Fern 10
Rubus anisacanthos 46
Rubus armeniacus 45
Rubus atrebatum 46
Rubus chamaemorus 44
Rubus cockburnianus 44
Rubus dasyphyllus 47
Rubus dentatifolius 46
Rubus drejeri 46
Rubus eboracensis 47
Rubus echinatoides 46
Rubus elegantispinosus 45
Rubus errabundus 45
Rubus fissus 45
Rubus fruticosus 45
Rubus furvicolor 46
Rubus idaeus 44
Rubus infestus 46
Rubus laciniatus 45
Rubus latifolius 47
Rubus leptothyrsos 45
Rubus lindebergii 45
Rubus loganobaccus 44
Rubus mucronulatus 46
Rubus naldretti 47
Rubus nemoralis 45
Rubus nessensis 45
Rubus odoratus 114
Rubus parviflorus 44
Rubus phoenicolasius 44
Rubus pictorum 47
Rubus plicatus 45
Rubus polyanthemus 45
Rubus radula 46
Rubus raduloides 46
Rubus robiae 45
Rubus rudis 46
Rubus rufescens 46
Rubus saxatilis 44
Rubus scissus 45
Rubus scoticus 46
Rubus septentrionalis 45
Rubus spectabilis 44
Rubus tricolor 44
Rubus tuberculatus 47
Rubus ulmifolius 46
Rubus vestitus 46
Rumex acetosa 29
Rumex acetosella 29
Rumex conglomeratus 29
Rumex conglomeratus
x obtusifolius 29
Rumex crispus 29
Rumex crispus x longifolius 29
Rumex crispus x obtusifolius 29
Rumex hydrolapathum 29
Rumex longifolius 29
Rumex longifolius
x obtusifolius 29
Rumex maritimus 114
Rumex obtusifolius 29
Rumex obtusifolius
x sanguineus 29
Rumex palustris 29
Rumex pseudoalpinus 29
Rumex sanguineus 29
Rumex scutatus 29
Rumex x abortivus 29
Rumex x dufftii 29
Rumex x hybridus 29
Rumex x pratensis 29
Rumex x propinquus 29
Ruppia maritima 93
Ruscus aculeatus 109
Rush, Flowering` 91
Rushes 94
Russell Lupin 56
Russian Comfrey 68
Russian Vine 28
Rustyback 11
Rye Brome 105
Ryegrasses 100, 101
Saffron, Meadow 107
Sage, Wood 70
Sagina apetala 26
Sagina maritima 26
Sagina nodosa 26
Sagina procumbens 26
Sagina subulata 26
Saint John’s Worts 30
Salad Burnet 48
Salicornia europaea 23
Salicornia procumbens 24
Salix acutifolia 33

Salix alba 33
Salix alba x babylonica 33
Salix aurita 34
Salix aurita x myrsinifolia 34
Salix aurita x repens 34
Salix caprea 33
Salix caprea x aurita 34
Salix caprea x cinerea 34
Salix caprea x myrsinifolia 34
Salix cinerea 34
Salix cinerea x aurita 34
Salix cinerea x myrsinifolia 34
Salix cinerea x phylicifolia 34
Salix cinerea x repens 34
Salix daphnoides 33
Salix fragilis 32
Salix fragilis x alba 32
Salix herbacea 35
Salix lapponum 35
Salix myrsinifolia 34
Salix myrsinifolia
x phylicifolia 34
Salix pentandra 32
Salix phylicifolia 34
Salix purpurea 33
Salix purpurea x viminalis 33
Salix repens 35
Salix triandra 33
Salix triandra x viminalis 33
Salix viminalis 33
Salix viminalis x caprea 33
Salix viminalis x cinerea 33
Salix x ambigua 34
Salix x calodendron 33
Salix x capreola 34
Salix x coriacea 34
Salix x latifolia 34
Salix x laurina 34
Salix x mollissima 33
Salix x multinervis 34
Salix x reichardtii 34
Salix x rubens 32
Salix x rubra 33
Salix x sepulcralis 33
Salix x sericans 33
Salix x smithiana 33
Salix x stipularis 33
Salix x strepida 34
Salix x subsericea 34
Salix x tetrapla 34
Sallow 34
Salmonberry 44
Salsola kali 24
Saltmarsh Grasses 3, 101
Saltmarsh Rush 94
Saltwort 24
Salvia nemorosa 115
Salvia verbenaca 3, 72
Salvia verticillata 72
Salvia viridis 115
Sambucus ebulus 79
Sambucus nigra 79
Sambucus racemosa 79
Samolus valerandi 41
Sand Catstail 105
Sand Couch 105
Sand Leek 109
Sand Sedge 97
Sand Spurrey 26
Sandworts 24
Sanguisorba canadensis 114
Sanguisorba minor 48
Sanicle 63
Sanicula europaea 63
Santolina chamaecyparis 116
Saponaria ocymoides 114
Saponaria officinalis 27
Saugh 34
Sawara Cypress 15
Saxifraga cymbalaria 42
Saxifraga granulata 43
Saxifraga hirsuta
x spathularis 43
Saxifraga hirsuta x umbrosa 43
Saxifraga hirsuta 43
Saxifraga hypnoides 43
Saxifraga spathularis
x umbrosa 43
Saxifraga stellaris 43
Saxifraga tridactylites 43
Saxifraga x geum 43
Saxifraga x polita 43
Saxifraga x urbium 43
Saxifrage, Celandine 42
Saxifrages 43
Scabiosa atropurpurea 115
Scabious, Devilsbit 60
Scabious, Field 80
Scaly Male Fern 12
Scandix iberica 115
Scandix pecten-veneris 64
Scarlet Pimpernel 41
Scented Mayweed 89
Scentless Mayweed 89
Schismus barbatus 116
Schoenoplectus lacustris 96
Schoenoplectus
tabernaemontani 96
Schoenus nigricans 96
Scilla siberica 108
Scilla verna 108
Scirpus sylvaticus 96
Scleranthus annuus 26
Scolymus maculatus 115
Scots Lovage 65
Scots Pine 14
Scottish Laburnum 56
Scrophularia auriculata 73
Scrophularia nodosa 73
Scrophularia umbrosa 4, 73
Scrophularia vernalis 73
Scurvy-grasses 37
Scutellaria galericulata 70
Sea Arrowgrass 91
Sea Aster 87
Sea Beet 23
Sea Bindweed 67
Sea Blite 24
Sea Buckthorn 57
Sea Campion 27
Sea Club-rush 96
Sea Fern-grass 102
Sea Holly 63
Sea Kale 3, 39
Sea Knotgrass 28
Sea Lavender 30
Sea Milkwort 41
Sea Pearlwort 26
(Sea Pink) 30
Sea Plantain 72
Sea Purslane 23
Sea Rocket 38
Sea Rush 94
Sea Sandwort 24
Sea Spleenwort 11
Sea Spurreys 26
Sea Storksbill 63
Sea Wormwood 88
Seaside Centaury 66
Secale cerale 116
Securigera varia 54
Sedges 97-99
Sedum acre 42
Sedum album 42
Sedum anglicum 42
Sedum dasyphyllum 42
Sedum forsterianum 42
Sedum rosea 42
Sedum rupestre 42
Sedum spurium 42
Sedum telephium 42
Sedum villosum 42
Selaginella selaginoides 9
Selfheal 71
Sempervivum tectorum 42
Senecio aquaticus 89
Senecio cambrensis 89
Senecio erucifolius 116
Senecio erucifolius 89
Senecio fluviatilis 89
Senecio inaequidens 116
Senecio jacobaea 89
Senecio squalidus 89
Senecio sylvaticus 89
Senecio vernalis 116
Senecio viscosus 89
Senecio vulgaris 89
Sequoia sempervirens 14
Sequoiadendron giganteum 14
Serbian Spruce 13
Seriphidium maritimum 88
Serrated Wintergreen 40
Serratula tinctoria 115

Service Tree, Hybrid 52
Sesleria caerulea 102
Sessile Oak 21
Setaria italica 116
Setaria pumila 116
Setaria verticillata 116
Setaria viridis 116
Shady Horsetail 9
Shallon 39
Sharp-flowered Rush 94
Sharp-toothed Mint 71
Shasta Daisy 89
Sheepsbit 78
Sheep’s Fescue 100
Sheep’s Sorrel 29
Shepherd’s Cress 4, 37
Shepherd’s Needle 64
Shepherd’s Purse 37
Sherardia arvensis 78
Shield Ferns 11
Shining Cranesbill 62
Shining Pondweed 91
Shoreweed 72
Shrub Ragwort 89
Shrubby Cinquefoil 47
Shrubby Sea Blite 24
Siberian Squill 108
Sickle Medick 55
Sideritis montana 115
Silaum silaus 65
Silene armeria 114
Silene conica 114
Silene dichotoma 114
Silene dioica 27
Silene gallica 114
Silene x hampeana 27
Silene latifolia 27
Silene noctiflora 27
Silene nutans 27
Silene portensis 114
Silene uniflora 27
Silene vulgaris 27
Silver Beech 21
Silver Birch 22
Silver Fir 13
Silver Maple 61
Silverweed 47
Silvery Hair-grass 103
Silybum marianum 115
Sinapis alba 38
Sinapis arvensis 38
Sinicalia tangutica 89
Sisymbrium altissimum 35
Sisymbrium irio 114
Sisymbrium loeselii 114
Sisymbrium officinale 35
Sisymbrium orientale 35
Sisymbrium polyceratium 114
Sisymbrium runcinatum 114
Sisymbrium strictissimum 114
Sitka Spruce 13
Sium latifolium 64
Skullcap 70
Slender Trefoil 55
Small Reed, Wood 104
Small White Orchid 110
Smith’s Pepperwort 38
Smooth Catsear 4,82
Smyrnium olusatrum 64
Snapdragons 74
Sneezewort 88
Snowberrys 79
Snowdrop 109
Snowflake, Spring 109
Snow-in-summer 25
Snow-white Woodrush 95
Soapwort 27
Soft Bromes 105
Soft-grass, Creeping 103
Solanum dulcamara 67
Solanum nigrum 115
Solanum tuberosum 115
Soleirolia soleirolii 21
Solidago canadensis 87
Solidago gigantea 87
Solidago graminifolia 116
Solidago virgaurea 87
Solomon’s Seals 4, 107
Sonchus arvensis 82
Sonchus asper 82
Sonchus oleraceus 82
Sonchus tenerrimus 116
Sorbus aria 52
Sorbus aucuparia 51
Sorbus intermedia 52
Sorbus latifolia 52
Sorbus rupicola 52
Sorbus x thuringiaca 52
Sorrel, Common 29
Sorrel, French 29
Sorrel, Sheep’s 29
Sorrel, Wood 61
Sow-thistles 82
Spanish Bluebell 108
Sparganium angustifolium 106
Sparganium emersum 106
Sparganium erectum 106
Sparganium natans 106
Spartina anglica 106
Spartina x townsendii 106
Spear-leaved Orache 23
Spear Mint 71
Spear Thistle 81
Spearworts 17
Speedwells 75
Spergula arvensis 26
Spergularia marina 26
Spergularia media 26
Spergularia rubra 26
Spergularia rupicola 26
Spignel 65
Spike-rushes 95, 96
Spindle Tree 60
Spiraea douglasii 44
Spiraea x pseudosalicifolia 44
Spleenworts 10, 11
Spotted Laurel 60
Spotted Medick 55
Spotted Orchids 111
Spruces 13
Spurges 60
Spurreys 26
Squill, Spring 108
Squirrel-tail Fescue 101
St John’s-worts 30
Stachys x ambigua 69
Stachys arvensis 69
Stachys officinalis 69
Stachys palustris 69
Stachys sylvatica 69
Stagshorn Clubmoss 9
Star-of-Bethlehem 108
Star-of-Bethlehem, Yellow 107
Starwort Mouse-ear 25
Steeplebush 44
Stellaria graminea 25
Stellaria holostea 25
Stellaria media 25
Stellaria neglecta 25
Stellaria nemorum 24
Stellaria pallida 25
Stellaria palustris 25
Stellaria uliginosa 25
Sticky Catchfly 4, 26
Sticky Groundsel 89
Sticky Willie 79
Stinging Nettle 20
Stinking Iris 109
Stitchworts 25
Stone Bramble 44
Stonecrops 42
Stonewort, Bristly 111
Stonewort, Clustered 112
Stonewort, Common 112
Stonewort, Dark 112
Stonewort, Delicate 112
Stonewort, Hedgehog 111
Stonewort, Opposite 111
Stonewort, Lesser Bearded 111
Stonewort, Rough 111
Stonewort, Rugged 112
Stonewort, Slender 112
Stonewort, Smooth 111
Stonewort, Translucent 112
Storksbills 63
Strawberry, Barren 48
Strawberry, Wild 48
Suaeda maritima 24
Suaeda vera 24
Subularia aquatica 38
Succisa pratensis 80
Sundews 31

Sun Spurge 60
Swedish Goosefoot 23
Swedish Pondweed 92
Swedish Whitebeam 52
Sweet Briar 50
Sweet Chestnut 21
Sweet Cicely 64
Sweet Flag 93
(Sweet Gale) 21
Sweet-grasses 102
Sweet Vernal Grass 104
Sweet Violet 31
Swine Cresses 38
Sycamore 61
Symphoricarpos albus 79
Symphoricarpos x chenaultii 79
Symphytum asperum 115
Symphytum asperum
x officinale 68
Symphytum grandiflorum 68
Symphytum officinale 68
Symphytum orientale 68
Symphytum tuberosum 68
Symphytum x uplandicum 68
Syringa vulgaris 73
Tanacetum cinerariifolium 116
Tanacetum macrophyllum 88
Tanacetum parthenium 88
Tanacetum vulgare 88
Tansies 88
Taraxacum alatum 83
Taraxacum atactum 83
Taraxacum brachyglossum 83
Taraxacum cordatum 83
Taraxacum croceiflorum 84
Taraxacum cyanolepis 84
Taraxacum dahlstedtii 84
Taraxacum duplidentifrons 83
Taraxacum ekmanii 84
Taraxacum euryphyllum 83
Taraxacum expallidiforme 84
Taraxacum exsertum 84
Taraxacum faeroense 83
Taraxacum fulviforme 83
Taraxacum hamatum 83
Taraxacum haworthianum 83
Taraxacum huelphersianum 84
Taraxacum insigne 84
Taraxacum laciniosifrons 84
Taraxacum lacistophyllum 83
Taraxacum landmarkii 83
Taraxacum longisquameum 84
Taraxacum maculosum 83
Taraxacum naevosiforme 83
Taraxacum naevosum 83
Taraxacum nordstedtii 83
Taraxacum obliquilobum 84
Taraxacum officinale agg. 83
Taraxacum oxoniense 83
Taraxacum piceatum 84
Taraxacum platyglossum 83
Taraxacum polyodon 84
Taraxacum pseudolarssonii 83
Taraxacum subcyanolepis 84
Taraxacum subexpallidum 84
Taraxacum subnaevosum 83
Taraxacum unguilobum 83
Taraxacum xanthostigma 84
Tare, Hairy 54
Tasselweed 93
Tawny Sedge 99
Taxus baccata 15
Tea-leaved Willow 34
Teaplant, Duke of Argyll’s 66
Teasel, Wild 80
Teesdalia nudicaulis 4, 37
Tellima grandiflora 43
Teucrium scorodonia 70
Thale Cress 35
Thalictrum minus 18
Thimbleberry 44
Thistles 81
Thistles, Sow 82
Thlaspi arvense 37
Thread Rush 94
Three-cornered Garlic 108
Thrift 30
Thuja plicata 15
Thyme, Basil 71
Thyme Broomrape 77
Thyme, Wild 71
Thymus polytrichus 71
Tilia cordata 31
Tilia platyphyllos 31
Tilia x vulgaris 31
Timothy 104
Toad Rush 94
Toadflaxes 74
Tolmiea menziesii 43
Tolypella glomerata 112
Toothwort 77
Tor Grass 105
Torilis arvensis 115
Torilis japonica 66
Torilis nodosa 66
Tormentils 47
Tower Cress 36
Townsend’s Cordgrass 106
Trachystemon orientalis 68
Tragopogon porrifolius 116
Tragopogon pratensis 82
Traveller’s Joy 17
Tree Cotoneaster 52
Tree Lupin 56
Tree Mallow 31
Trefoils 55
Trichophorum cespitosum 95
Trientalis europaea 41
Trifid Bur Marigold 90
Trifolium arvense 56
Trifolium aureum 115
Trifolium campestre 55
Trifolium dubium 55
Trifolium hybridum 55
Trifolium medium 56
Trifolium micranthum 55
Trifolium ornithopodioides 55
Trifolium pratense 56
Trifolium repens 55
Trifolium scabrum 56
Trifolium spumosum 115
Trifolium striatum 56
Trifolium strictum 55
Trifolium tomentosum 115
Triglochin maritimum 91
Triglochin palustre 91
Tripleurospermum inodorum 89
Tripleurospermum
maritimum 89
Trisetum flavescens 103
Triticum aestivum 116
Trollius europaeus 16
Tropaeoleum majus 115
Tsuga heterophylla 13
Tuberous Comfrey 68
Tuberous Pea 54
Tubular Water Dropwort 64
Tulip, Wild 107
Tulipa sylvestris 107
Tunbridge Filmy Fern 10
Turgenia latifolia 115
Turkey Oak 21
Turkish Sage 70
Tussilago farfara 90
Tussock Sedges 97
Tutsan 30
Twayblades 110
Typha angustifolia 106
Typha latifolia 106
Ulex europaeus 56
Ulex gallii 56
Ulex minor 56
Ulmus glabra 20
Ulmus procera 20
Umbilicus rupestris 42
Urospermum picroides 115
Urtica dioica 20
Urtica urens 20
Utricularia intermedia 77
Utricularia minor 77
Utricularia vulgaris 77
Vaccaria hispanica 114
Vaccinium myrtillus 39
Vaccinium oxycoccos 39
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 39
Valerians 80
Valeriana officinalis 80
Valeriana pyrenaica 80
Valerianella carinata 80
Valerianella dentata 80

Valerianella eriocarpa 115
Valerianella locusta 80
Valerianella rimosa 115
Venus’s Looking-glass 78
Veratrum album/viride 107
Verbascum blattaria 115
Verbascum lychnitis 73
Verbascum nigrum 73
Verbascum phlomoides 73
Verbascum thapsus 73
Verbascum virgatum 115
Verbena officinalis 69
Veronica agrestis 75
Veronica anagallis-aquatica 75
Veronica arvensis 75
Veronica beccabunga 75
Veronica catenata 75
Veronica chamaedrys 75
Veronica filiformis 75
Veronica hederifolia 75
Veronica montana 75
Veronica officinalis 75
Veronica peregrina 75
Veronica persica 75
Veronica polita 75
Veronica repens 115
Veronica scutellata 75
Veronica serpyllifolia 75
Veronica, Hedge 76
Vervain 69
Vetches 54
Vetchling, Meadow 54
Vetchling, Yellow 54
Viburnum lantana 79
Viburnum opulus 79
Viburnum tinus 79
Vicia bithynica 115
Vicia cracca 54
Vicia ervilia 115
Vicia faba 115
Vicia hirsuta 54
Vicia hybrida 115
Vicia lathyroides 54
Vicia lutea 54
Vicia orobus 54
Vicia sativa 54
Vicia sepium 54
Vicia sylvatica 54
Vicia tenuifolia 115
Vicia tetrasperma 115
Vinca major 66
Vinca minor 66
Viola arvensis 32
Viola canina 32
Viola hirta 31
Viola lutea 32
Viola odorata 31
Viola palustris 32
Viola reichenbachiana 31
Viola riviniana 31
Viola tricolor 32
Viola tricolor x arvensis 32
Viola x wittrockiana 114
Violet, Dame’s 35
Violets 31
Viper’s Bugloss 68
Vulpia bromoides 101
Vulpia myuros 101
Vulpiella tenuis 116
Wall Barley 106
Wallflower 35
Wall Lettuce 83
Wall Rockets 38
Wall-rue 11
Wallspray 52
Walnut 21
Warty Cabbage 35
Water-cresses 36
Water-crowfoots 18
Water-dropworts 64
Water forget-me-nots 68
Water-lilies 16
Water Milfoils 57
Water Parsnip, Lesser 3, 64
Water Parsnip, Greater 64
Water Peppers 28
Water Plantains 91
Water Speedwells 75
Water-starworts 72
Waterweed, Canadian 91
Waterweed, Curly 91
Wayfaring Tree 79
Weld 39
Welsh Poppy 19
Weymouth Pine 14
Whin 56
Whin, Petty 56
White Beak Sedge 96
White Orchid, Small 110
Whitebeams 52
Whitlow-grasses 37
Whorl-grass, Water 102
Willows 32-33
Willowherbs 57-59
Wilson’s Filmy Fern 10
Wilson’s Honeysuckle 79
(Windflower) 16
Winter Aconite 16
Winter Heliotrope 90
Winter-cresses 35
Wintergreens 40
Wood Anemone 16
Wood Millet 100
Woodruff 78
Woodrushes 95
Wormwoods 88
Woundworts 69
Wych Elm 20
Yarrow 88
Yellow Birdsnest 4,40
Yellow-cresses 36
Yellow Horned Poppy 3,19
Yellow Rattles 76
Yellow Sedges, 99
Yellow Sorrels 61
Yew 15
Yorkshire Fog 103
Zannichellia palustris 93
Zelkova serrata 20
Zigzag Clover 56
Zostera angustifolia 93
Zostera marina 93
Zostera noltii 93