Alternative Control Techniques Document— Nitric And Adipic Acid

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The NO is stripped from the reaction product using air in a x bleaching column, and NO and NO are subsequently recovered as 2 nitric acid in an absorption tower. The N and N O are released 2 2 to the atmosphere. The absorption tower functions in the same manner as the absorption tower used in the nitric acid production process. Nitrogen oxides, entering the lower portion of the absorber, flow countercurrent to a water stream, which enters near the top of the absorber. Unabsorbed NO is vented from the x top while diluted nitric acid is withdrawn from the bottom of the absorber and recycled to the adipic acid process. 4.2.2 Factors Affecting NO Emission Levels x The absorption tower used in adipic acid production functions in the same manner as the NO absorber used in nitric x acid production. Consequently, factors affecting uncontrolled NO emissions from both absorbers are expected to be similar. x These factors are described in detail in Section 4.1.2 and include the following: high absorber pressure, low temperature in the absorber, long residence time, and low throughput. 4.2.3 Uncontrolled NO x Emission Levels The main source of atmospheric NO x emissions from adipic 10,11 acid manufacturing is the tail gas from the absorption tower. Other sources of NO emissions include nitric acid storage tanks x and off-gas from the adipic acid refining process. However, NO x emissions from these two sources are minor in comparison. All four adipic acid manufacturing plants were contacted in order to obtain uncontrolled NO emissions data. The data received did x not contain any uncontrolled NO emissions factors. However, one x plant did report uncontrolled NO concentrations of 7,000 parts x per million by volume (ppmv) in the tail gas of the KA oxidation 13 absorber. The 1976 screening study reported uncontrolled NOx emission rates for two plants (capacities of 150,000 and 175,000 tons/yr of adipic acid) as 1,080 and 1,400 pounds per hour. 5 The AP-42 cites an emission factor of 27 kg per metric ton of adipic acid produced (53 lb/ton) for uncontrolled NOx 14 emissions in the absorption tower tail gas. This emission 4-6
factor represents NO in the form of NO and NO only. Large x 2 quantities of nitrous oxide (N O) are also formed during the 2 oxidation process. The effect of N O on the ozone layer is 2 currently under investigation by the Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory. However, one plant reports that the N O 2 produced at that facility is recovered by a private company to be used in dental offices. 15 The adipic acid refining process, which includes chilling, crystallizing, and centrifuging, is a minor source of NO x emissions. The AP-42 cites an uncontrolled NO emission factor x of 0.3 kg per metric ton (0.6 lb/ton) of adipic acid produced for 9 the refining process. No emissions factor for the nitric acid storage tanks was reported; however, one plant cited an 13 uncontrolled NO x concentration of 9,000 ppmv. 4.3 REFERENCES 1. Control Techniques for Nitrogen Oxides Emissions From Stationary Sources: Revised 2nd Edition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. EPA-450/3-83-002. January 1983. Chapter 6: pp. 1, 10-11. 2. Blackwood, T. R., and B. B. Crocker. Source Control—Chemical. In: Handbook of Air Pollution Control Technology, S. Calvert and H. M. Englund (eds.). New York, John Wiley and Sons. 1984. p. 654. 3. Ohsol, E. O., Nitric Acid. In: Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, J. J. McKetta and W. A. Cunningham (eds.). New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1990. pp. 150-155. 4. Telecon. Vick, K., Farmland Industries, with Lazzo, D., Midwest Research Institute. February 27, 1991. NO x controls for nitric acid plants. 5. Screening Study to Determine Need for Standards of Performance for New Adipic Acid Plants: Final Report. GCA/Technology Division. Bedford, MA. Publication No. GCA-TR-76-16-G. July 1976. p. 34 6. Nitric Acid Plant Inspection Guide. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. EPA-340/1-84-013. August 1984. 7. Letter from Boyd, D. E., Weatherly, Inc., to Neuffer, B., EPA/ISB. October 9, 1991. Comments on draft ACT. 4-7
Page 1 and 2: Alternative Control Techniques Docu
Page 3 and 4: ALTERNATIVE CONTROL TECHNIQUES DOCU
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS iii Page 5.0 CONT
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES v Page TABLE 2-1. NO
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES vii Page Figure 3-1
Page 11 and 12: discussion of NO emission levels is
Page 13 and 14: TABLE 2-1. NO EMISSIONS AND COST CO
Page 15 and 16: 2-4
Page 17 and 18: Four plants in the United States pr
Page 19 and 20: 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF NITRIC/ADIPIC AC
Page 21 and 22: Figure 3-1. Basic nitric acid produ
Page 23 and 24: plants operating at 0.8 megaPascals
Page 25 and 26: 3.1.3 Plant Design Corrosive effect
Page 27 and 28: . 3.1.3.2 Dual-Pressure Process. Th
Page 29 and 30: . In the dual-pressure process, amm
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3-4. Nitric acid concentrati
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3-5. Nitric acid concentrati
Page 35 and 36: Two methods of producing adipic aci
Page 37 and 38: . Ninety-eight percent of adipic ac
Page 39 and 40: and transported to the adipic acid
Page 41 and 42: 4.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF NO EMIS x 4
Page 43 and 44: 3 expensive to control. The difficu
Page 45: typical for steady-state, continuou
Page 49 and 50: 5.0 CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR NITROGEN
Page 51 and 52: Figure 5-1. Extended absorption sys
Page 53 and 54: Figure 5-2. Extended absorption sys
Page 55 and 56: 5.1.1.3 Performance of Extended Abs
Page 57 and 58: illustrates the levels to which ext
Page 59 and 60: Figure 5-3. Nonselective catalytic
Page 61 and 62: than 140 percent of stoichiometry).
Page 63 and 64: Poor control of the fuel/oxygen rat
Page 65 and 66: illustrates the level of control th
Page 67 and 68: 5.1.3.1 Description of SCR Systems.
Page 69 and 70: is a flow diagram for a typical nit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 5-5. SCR catalyst performing
Page 73 and 74: Figure 5-6. SCR catalyst performanc
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 5-3. NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION
Page 77 and 78: European plants using SCR. The data
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 5-5. SUMMARY OF NO CONTROL TE
Page 81 and 82: Figure 5-7. Process flow diagram fo
Page 83 and 84: 6.8 to 13.0 kPa (1-2 psi), which al
Page 85 and 86: . The process control device consis
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5-9. Schematic diagram of th
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5-10. Molecular sieve system
Page 91 and 92: level of achievable NO control. Sec
Page 93 and 94: is a flow diagram for the nitric ac
Page 95 and 96: 0.41 to 1.23 kg per metric ton (0.8
Page 97 and 98:
is a simplified flow diagram of an
Page 99 and 100:
TABLE 5-6. NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION
Page 101 and 102:
Instead, the major sources of NO em
Page 103 and 104:
5.3 REFERENCES 1. Review of New Sou
Page 105 and 106:
30. Screening Study to Determine Ne
Page 107 and 108:
maintenance materials, replacement
Page 109 and 110:
TABLE 6-1. CAPITAL COST SUMMARY FOR
Page 111 and 112:
TABLE 6-2. ANNUAL COST SUMMARY FOR
Page 113 and 114:
than the direct and indirect operat
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 5. For costing purposes, it
Page 117 and 118:
TABLE 6-4. ANNUAL COST SUMMARY FOR
Page 119 and 120:
Estimates of indirect operating cos
Page 121 and 122:
TABLE 6-6. CAPITAL COST SUMMARY FOR
Page 123 and 124:
for blowers can be eliminated if pr
Page 125 and 126:
shows the annual costs for an SCR s
Page 127 and 128:
TABLE 6-8. COST EFFECTIVENESS FOR N
Page 129 and 130:
system is described in detail in Ch
Page 131 and 132:
presents the estimated annual costs
Page 133 and 134:
6.2.2.2 Annual Costs. Table 6-10 6-
Page 135 and 136:
shows the annual costs for a therma
Page 137 and 138:
shows the cost presents the cost ef
Page 139 and 140:
7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY IMPACT
Page 141 and 142:
. For each of the three model plant
Page 143 and 144:
TABLE 7-2. ANNUAL ELECTRICITY REQUI
Page 145 and 146:
TABLE 7-3. NO EMISSIONS FROM ADIPIC
Page 147:
a significant amount of heat, which
show all

Alternative Control Techniques Document— Nitric And Adipic Acid

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?