ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN Ministry Of Energy October 15-23 ...

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
Ministry Of Energy
October 15-23, 15 23, 2011
TEHRAN, IRAN

Using Traditional Methods In Modern
Water Management Systems
Upgrading Of Fariman Ancient Weir & Qanats In Order
To Meet Urban & Agriculture Requirements
Bijan Farhangi

Persepolis
The Gate of all Nations
Amir
Yeganeh

Amir
Yeganeh
Tomb of Cyrus the great

Iranian Medicine

FERDOSSI
Poem & Poets

Poem & Poets
HAFEZ

Poem & Poets
SADEI

Poem & Poets
NIMA SHAHRIYAR

Amir
Yeganeh

TABRIZ

BAM ARG

SHIRAZ (ERAM)

ISFEHAN (NAQSHE JAHAN)

ALBORZ MOUNTAIN (DAMAVAND SUMMIT)

AIR VENT

DARIUS, THE ACHAEMENID KING DECLARES:
I AM PERSIAN. I CONQUERDED EGYPT. I
ORDERD THIS CANAL TO BE CUT FROM THE
NILE THAT RUNS IN EGYPT TO A SEA IN PERSIA.
THEN THIS CANAL WAS DUG AS I ORDERD, AND
THIS VESSELS SET OUT FROM EGYPT TO
PERSIA AS I WISHED.
SUEZ CANAL

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Fariman Ancient Weir

TECHNICAL DATA
Name of weir dam … Fariman
River … Fariman
Location … Near Fariman
Crest Lenght (m) … 100
Height (m) … 21
Materials … Masonry
Age … 400 year
Location

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General Location

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General Location Map of Fariman Dam

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General Layout Map of Fariman Dam

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Cross Section of Fariman Dam

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Shotcrete Lining with wire mash

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Grout curtain lining in the weir

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Rein forced concrete (RC) lining

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Arrangements of tendons between old and new
structure

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General layout of upgraded project

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Fariman Ancient Weir

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Conclusion
The following data indicate the results after obtained
after upgrading of Fariman ancient weir
Technical data
Type
Height above foundation
Crest length
Volume
Spillway
Surface under cultivation
Before Upgrading
Masonry
30 m
90 m
1 m 3 *10 6
Free
400 ha
After Upgrading
Gravity with concrete surface
35 m
140 m
3.77 m 3 *10 6
Radial Gate
1000 ha

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Qanat
(Subterranean Canal)

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Introduction
Dimensions Dimensions of the horizontal well and vertical shafts
The dimensions of the horizontal well are about 60 to120cm, whereas whereas
the vertical shaft
(wells) have a diameter of about 80 to 90cm. These dimensions were were
chosen to reduce the
amount of the excavation.
Cover Cover of the inner surface of the horizontal tunnel
The Geological structure of Iranian Plateau is such that there was was
no need to take any
special measures for protection of the inner surface of the Qanat. Qanat.
During the course of time,
as the Qanat's inner surface was constantly in contact with water, it became covered covered
with a
layer of lime, which from the presence in the water formed an impermeable impermeable
protection. In
weak and collapsible ground formations.
Qanat Qanat length
The length of a Qanat depended on the natural condition of the ground on its path, i.e, i.e,
the
ground slope and the depth of the main wall. The longest Qanat is known to be excavated
near the town of Gonabad, Gonabad,
in Khorasan province, which has a length of about 120km.

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Method Method of excavation of a Qanat
Aeration Aeration of the well
Introduction
The excavation tools for a Qanat, Qanat,
due to their simplicity, have probably not change much
through the ages .The first step was to excavate some reconnaissance reconnaissance
wells in the selected
region, to make sure of the presence of groundwater. The number of these exploratory wells
could sometimes be as many as three, and then the water flows would would
be measured and
studied. Having been satisfied with the result.
So that the bottom of the deep wells could be aerated, which was a difficult task, the
numbers of the wells were increased, or air would simply by blown blown
into the wells by using
apparatus similar to that of a blacksmith(bellows) blacksmith(bellows)
and a leather trunk. Using lamps in the
wells was inevitable, which would produce carbonic gases and therefore therefore
selection of the type
of lamp fuel was important.
Subterranean Subterranean orientation
People are always faced with the question of how the Qanat artisans could orientate
themselves below the ground and proceed in the right direction.
Nowadays, a compass is used for this purpose. It is worthwhile noting noting
that the ancient
people of Iran were familiar with the magnet. Kharazmi in his book defines the magnet as
:"a store which attracts iron".
Straight Straight alignment underground

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Cross section of a horizontal well of Sabzevar city
Qanat , for connecting to the urban potable water
network

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Cross section of a Qanat , discovered in Germany
(Bayer)

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Dulat-abad Dulat abad Qanat
Build in 16 th century A.D.
Length : 70Km.

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Various use of different types of Qanat in Iran
1- Drainage of surface water
2- Desalination of lands through rehabilitation of Qanats
3- Supplying potable water in hot islands like Persian Gulf island
4- Artificial recharge of aquifers by the controlling Qanat system
5- Reclamation of deserts by Qanats
6- Biological Balance by Qanats
7- Qanat as an influential factor in value of farmlands:
8- Role of traditional cooperatives established by Qanats
9- Qanat system as a means to avoid floods within cities:
10- 10 Fish farming in Qanats: Qanats
11- 11 Functioning of water mills by qanats: qanats:

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Du Sangi watermill – Meibod – Yazd Province
Entrance of Du Sangi watermill at the depth 40 m

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Taft City
(as a case study)
Introduction
Population growth in urban areas has
increased the demand for water. On the other
hand, improvements in technology and the rise
in living standards have intensified this
demand. In the past, municipal water demand
could be supplied by springs and wells. But
nowadays no dam can be found without a
portion of its stored water allocated to
municipal demands. Although this allocation is
small in comparison to those of irrigation,
industry, hydroelectric, environment and etc;
but has a qanat priority due to its importance
specially in arid area. Therefore it is essential
to consider Qanats as a case study for
supplying municipal water, to facilitate a better
vision the role of qanats.
Taft

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water resources and amount of usage in Taft city:
In general, major water resources in Taft city is groundwater, of of
which qanat plays the most
important role. As demonstrated in the following table total annual annual
discharge from water
resources in Taft City is 237.3 mcm.95.7 percent of this, which is 227.12 mcm is used for
agriculture. Proportion of agricultural water usage in this city comparing to total
agricultural water discharge in Yazd Province is 20.47 percent. The only available surface
water resource for agriculture is in form of channel diverted from from
Deh-bala Deh bala seasonal river
which is very little and totally negligible. Entire water yield in this city is supplied from
ground water resources, where 21.45 percent of which is supplied through wells,70.79
percent through qanats and the rest through springs.
Resource
Qanat
Deep well
Spring
Shallow-well
Quantity
1738
133
214
66
Annual Discharge (m.c.m)
168
46/15
14/7
8/1