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68 · ROMAN SPORTS AND SPECTACLES women and senators were disgraced in the arena. Plutarch, Moralia 1099a-d Plutarch here uses the behavior of gladiators as an example for other people. Because gladiator fights went on until one of the fighters killed the other, every gladiator had to be prepared to die. What must be said about the exceptionally good? Suppose an ordinary person was about to die, and his master—a god or a king—could give him one more hour, to be spent in some good or profitable pursuit before death. In that hour, who would choose to meet Lais and drink Ariousian wine with her instead of killing Archias to set the Thebans free? 97 No one, I think. For I see gladiators, those who are not entirely savage but Greeks, when they are about to be sent into the arena and all sorts of expensive food is put before them, preferring to entrust their wives to their friends’ protection and free their slaves rather than to gratify their stomachs. Inscriptions Tombstones of gladiators often open a window onto their family lives. Many had wives and children. ILS 5090 = CIL 6.10195, at Rome Sacred to the memory of Marcus Antonius Niger, veteran Thraex, who lived 38 years, fought 18 times. Flavia Diogenis erected this at her own expense for a well-deserving husband. ILS 5095 = CIL 12.3323, at Nemausis Beryllus, essedarius, freed after 20 fights, born a Greek, 25 years old. Nomas his wife erected this for a well-deserving husband. ILS 5104 = CIL 6.10177 and 6.33977, at Rome Sacred to the memory of Marcus Ulpius Felix, veteran murmillo, lived 45 years old, Tungerian by birth. Ulpia Syntyche, freedwoman, for her sweetest and well-deserving husband, and Justus his son erected this. ILS 5107 = CIL 5.2884, at Patavia Sacred to the memory of Purricina Iuvenus, provocator, erected by his wife for a well-deserving husband. He lived 21 years, was in the gladiator ludus 4 years, fought 5 times. ILS 5115 = CIL 5.5933, at Milan Sacred to the memory of Urbicus, secutor, left-handed, Florentine by birth, who fought 13 times and lived 22 years. Olympias, the 5-month-old 97 Archias was one of the oligarchs at Thebes in 379 BC, and Lais was a beautiful woman. The reference is to the coup at the end of 379: supporters of democracy, disguised as courtesans, infiltrated a wild party and killed the oligarchs.
· 69 daughter he left behind, and Fortunesis her nurse, and Lauricia his wife erected this for a well-deserving husband with whom she lived 7 years. I inform you that everyone he conquered died. May the Manes who love him take care of him. ILS 5121 = CIL 5.3466, tombstone at Verona. The advice with which this memorial closes is in the voice of Glaucus himself, not Aurelia. Sacred to the memory of Glaucus, born in Modena, fought 7 times and died in the 8th, lived to be 23 years 5 days old. Aurelia and his friends erected this for a well-deserving husband. I advise you each to find your own guiding star; put no trust in Nemesis: I was deceived that way. Hail and farewell. ILS 5152 = CIL 6.10172, at Rome Eutychus Neronianus, freedman of Augustus, doctor at the morning ludi, erected this for himself and for Irene, freedwoman, dearest and most well-deserving wife, and for their children, free-born and freed. ILS 5153 = CIL 6.10164, at Rome Sacred to the memory of Cornelia Frontina, who lived 16 years 7 months. Marcus Ulpius Callistus, freedman of Augustus, her father, supervisor of arms for the great games, and Flavia Nice his most virtuous wife erected this for themselves and for their children, free-born and freed. Charioteers, as well as gladiators, had families. ILS 5281 = CIL 6.10063, at Rome Sacred to the memory of Musclosus, driver for the Red faction, born a Tuscan, won 682 palms: 3 for the Whites, 5 for the Greens, 2 for the Blues, 672 for the Reds. Apuleia Verecunda his wife erected this in his memory. ILS 5142 a-e.These graffiti from Pompeii indicate that the stereotype of women’s attraction to gladiators can be found in popular culture as well as in literature. The fifth one is fragmentary. a. He makes the girls sigh! Celadus the Thraex, 3 victories, 3 crowns. b. The girls’ glory! Celadus the Thraex c. Celadus the girls’ glory! d. Thraex Celadus, retiarius Crescens, masters of the dolls e. Crescens the retiarius and the girls at night .... WOMEN AND SPORTS ILS 5282 = CIL 6.10062, at Rome. This is one of our few references to the short-lived new colors introduced by Domitian; see also the selection from Cassius Dio in chapter 3. Sacred to the memory of Epaphroditus, driver for the Red faction. He won 178 times and as a freedman won 8 times for the Purple faction. Beia
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