COCOA FARMING AND BIODIVERSITY IN GHANA Annual ... - NCRC

COCOA FARMING AND BIODIVERSITY IN GHANA
Annual Report 2007

Institutional Coordination
John J. Mason, Executive Director, NCRC.
Nana Kofi Adu-Nsiah, Executive Director, Wildlife Division, FC
Report authors
Dr. Kwasi Ofori Frimpong, CRIG, Tafo
Dr. Alex Asase, University of Ghana, Accra.
Martin A. Yelibora, NCRC, Accra.

Executive Summary
1. Project Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Project Objectives
Contents
2. Research Programme (Objective 1)
2.1 Methods
2.2 Results and discussions
2.2.1 Cocoa farming practices and standing crops
2.2.2 Biodiversity
2.2.3 Nutrient Cycling
2.3 Research plan for 2008
3. Ecotourism Development (Objective 2)
3.1 Tourism Management Team and Capacity Building
3.2 Infrastructure development
3.3 Marketing
3.4 Community Fund
4. Dissemination of results and awareness raising (Objective 3)
4.1 Dissemination of Results
4.2 Field schools
4.3 Educational Opportunities
4.4 Local community involvement
APPENDICES
REFERENCES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Ghana is among the leading producers of cocoa in the world. It is currently estimated
that are around 1,600,000 hectares of land is cultivated with cocoa in Ghana, with
about 800,000 families in rural communities dependent on cocoa farming for their
livelihoods. Ghanaian cocoa exports account for about 40% of total exports, and in
2004 cocoa was the major export earner for the country. The government of Ghana
has therefore prioritized cocoa as a commodity crop and aims to increase cocoa
production in the future. Current cocoa farming practices have been found to be
increasingly unsustainable since the farms are established in areas of felled forest that
provide very poor shade for cocoa trees and degraded habitat for the associated
biodiversity, including birds, small mammals and insects. Under such conditions, the
cocoa trees are stressed and become more susceptible to pests and diseases. In
addition, the soil becomes depleted and requires intensive use of agro-chemicals.
These practices pose threats to farmers’ livelihoods, as well as the long-term supply of
cocoa to the markets.
The application of the sustainable cocoa farming concept, which allows the use of
agricultural methods that integrate sound ecological and economic farm practices,
could have low impact on the forest environment, while also increasing the farmer’s
standard of living through the introduction of new revenue generation streams.
This project investigates the feasibility and potential of cocoa production in a
biologically diverse environment and establishes a cocoa farm tourism initiative in the
project community. The project is expected to conserve and increase biodiversity on
selected farms through the management of a sustainable cocoa ecosystem, and
improve farmer’s incomes through increased productivity and farm tourism. An
important long term output of the project will be increased awareness and
understanding amongst project participants and stakeholders of key issues
surrounding sustainable cocoa production and farm livelihoods in the cocoa sector of
Ghana.
The project represents a partnership between Cadbury Schweppes, Nature
Conservation Research Centre, the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana and Reading
University. Since 2006 Cadbury Schweppes and employees and Ghanaian
undergraduates have joined the Ghanaian research staff on Earthwatch teams in the
field to assist with the data collection.
In the third year of the project (2007) the focus was on data collection, infrastructure
development (visitor centre) and building capacity of ecotourism staff.
Preliminary results for three years of data collection have shown that cocoa farmers
significantly increased the density of cocoa trees in order to increase their yield. In
contrast, a significant reduction in the density of canopy trees was found in the unshaded
cocoa farms compared to that in the shaded cocoa farms. Our results also
showed that there were significantly more medium healthy pods (1.98 times more) and
large healthy pods - potential yield - (1.5 times more) per tree in the unshaded cocoa
farms compared to that of the shaded cocoa farms. Thus, in the short-term at least, the
intensive un-shaded cocoa farms are more productive when compared to shaded
cocoa farms due to significantly more cocoa trees, medium healthy and large healthy
pods, and reduction of shade by reducing the density of canopy trees.

The result also show that litter from cocoa trees was significantly higher on intensive
un-shaded cocoa farms compared to shaded cocoa farms. The results on litter
decomposition show that the litter from the shaded cocoa farms decomposed more
rapidly than the litter from the intensive un-shaded farms. Our result also show that
increasing cocoa yield was associated with increased soil pH. We found that soil
organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus content decreased with
increasing cocoa yield. Therefore the nutrient cycling process is more efficient on
shaded cocoa farms compared to the intensive un-shaded cocoa farms due to a faster
rate of litter decomposition and significantly higher nutrients, particularly soil organic
carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Increasing cocoa yield was also found to be associated with significantly higher loss in
forest species loss subsequent recruitment of non-forest species on intensive cocoa
farms. Our result also show contrasting patterns of population density change of
different biodiversity groups with increasing cocoa yield. Therefore, cocoa farming was
found to result in the loss of species, and changes in the composition of forest
communities. However, this impact varies between different biodiversity groups.
Retaining shade on cocoa farms is therefore considered to enhance biodiversity.
Overall, the study suggests that in the short-term the intensive un-shaded cocoa farms
are more productive when compared to shaded cocoa farms but intensive farming
reduced biodiversity and results in less efficient nutrient cycling.

1. PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1 Introduction
The project aims to enhance the rural livelihoods of cocoa farmers through improved
and sustained cocoa production, and cocoa farm tourism initiatives. In particular, it
aims to re-establish cocoa in once used cocoa lands in the traditional cocoa growing
areas of the country. The research will inform biologically diverse farming systems,
biological and cultural pest control methods and soil fertility maintenance. The project
will investigate the links between increased cocoa production, farm biodiversity levels
and sustainable tourism activities - the floral and faunal opportunities provided by a
biologically diverse system could also be exploited for farm tourism considering that
tourism in the country is growing at 15% per annum. The project will also examine the
productivity of cocoa trees and, in particular, measure carbon sequestration as a
potential contribution to operating a carbon neutral balance. It is envisaged that
increased family incomes from increased cocoa production and tourism will encourage
increased environmentally sound cocoa farming in the project communities.
The project is situated in the Fanteakwa District of the Eastern Region of Ghana
between latitudes 6 and 6 30’ North and longitudes 0 and 0 30’ West. The site lies
at the heart of the traditional cocoa growing area of Ghana.
The research is conducted in three different agricultural land-use types within the
project area, namely, (1) cocoa monoculture farms, (2) traditional cocoa agroforestry
farms and (3) remnant native forest. The cocoa monoculture farms and traditional
cocoa agroforestry farms are both owned by local farmers who have the primary
management responsibility of the area. The remnant native forest is located within the
Atewa Forest Reserve, which is designated as a Globally Significant Biodiversity Area
(GSBA) in Ghana and under the management of the Forestry Services Division of the
Forestry Commission Ghana.
1.2 Project Objectives
Objective 1: Increase the number of cocoa farmers in the project communities
managing their farms to improve conservation of natural resources and biodiversity;
better define sustainable cocoa cultivation.
Objective 2: Develop a cocoa farm tourism initiative centred on the project
communities in East Akim District using the Nature Conservation Research Centre’s
community-based ecotourism approach
Objective 3: Disseminate lessons learnt from the project amongst local farming
communities and engage Cadbury Schweppes and other corporate employees in the
project to educate and raise awareness of sustainable cocoa production issues, rural
livelihoods and biodiversity conservation.

2. RESEARCH PROGRAMME (Objective 1)
2.1 Methods
During the first year of the project, sites within the project area were grouped into three
broad cocoa agricultural land-use types, namely, intensive unshaded cocoa farms
almost devoid of shade, shaded cocoa farms cultivated under mainly native shade
trees and remnant native forest, in order to obtain an index of biodiversity that will be
expected in different land-use types in the project area. Permanent transects were
then established in the different cocoa agricultural land-use types and a baseline study
of cocoa farming practices and cocoa standing crops, and biodiversity and nutrient
cycling was conducted for three years.
Cocoa farming practices and standing crops were studied by counting the number of
healthy small cocoa pods (less than 4 cm), medium pods (greater than 4 cm and less
than 10 cm) and larger pods (greater than 10 cm) and measuring the diameter-breastheight
(dbh) of the cocoa trees.
Rapid ecological census techniques such as quadrats for plants, point count for birds,
aerial baited fruit traps for fruit-feeding butterflies and mammals transect walks were
used to sample the different biodiversity groups. Birds, fruit-feeding butterflies and
mammal’s data were collected over different teams each. However, plant data was
collected once during the first year of the three year study period. In the subsequent
years cocoa standing crops and biodiversity were monitored using the same methods.
Cocoa litter fall, litter decomposition and soil were studied in order to estimate nutrient
cycling in the different cocoa agricultural land-use types. Litter and soil samples
collected were used for chemical analysis of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium
(K), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) following standard methods.
2.2 Results and discussion
2.2.1 Cocoa farming practices and standing crops
The study shows that the density of canopy trees per plot was significantly (p

a subsequent reduction in the density of canopy trees which in turn affects light
intensity and quality received by cocoa trees. However, reduction of shade in cocoa
farms is known to be associated with significant ecological stress on cocoa trees
leading to pest attacks. The higher yield in unshaded cocoa farms may also be related
to the type of parent cocoa planting materials used, farm maintenance level and
application of fertilizers and pesticides.
Table 1: Summary of preliminary result on cocoa standing crops in two broad cocoa farming
systems in Ghana
Parameters
Cocoa farming system
Shaded cocoa Unshaded cocoa
farm ± S.E farm ± S.E
Mean number of trees per plot 7.82 ± 0.067 10.95 ± 0.079
Small pods Healthy 29.03 ± 0.16 48.07± 0.18
Wilted 35.38 ± 0.20 52.83 ± 0.18
Pod Medium pods Healthy 23.22 ± 0.19 46.03 ± 0.18
counts per
Wilted 26.08 ± 0.30 51.06 ± 0.28
plot Larger pods Healthy 35.22 ± 0.28 53.74 ± 0.25
Diseased 12.57 ±0.20 18.15 ± 0.19
Damaged 9.34 ± 0.18 9.94 ± 0.19
2.2.2 Biodiversity
The result of our study show that plants and fruit-feeding butterflies species richness
were higher in the remnant native forest followed by shaded cocoa farms and least in
the unshaded cocoa farms at 95% confidence interval However, birds’ species
richness was higher in shaded cocoa farms compared to that in the remnant native
forest. We had few data for mammal but species richness was comparable between
remnant native forests and shaded cocoa farms. Summary of the preliminary result on
species richness in the different biodiversity groups in across the three cocoa
agricultural land-use types is presented in Table 2. The preliminary list of species of
the different biodiversity groups identified in the different land-use types are presented
in the Appendices.
We found that increasing cocoa yield leads to a drastic loss of forest species in shaded
and unshaded cocoa farms with subsequent recruitment of non-forest species. For
example, we found that the shaded and unshaded cocoa farms retained only 59.6%
and 7.90% respectively of forest plants, and recorded recruitment of non-forest plants
mainly food crops such as Citrus sinensis, Elaeis guineense and Persea americana in
the cocoa farms. The greatest recruitment of non-forest species was found with birds.
We however did not record any recruitment of non-forest mammals in cocoa farms.
Preliminary result of forest species population changes across genera in the three
cocoa agricultural land use types shows that cocoa farming results in a dramatic loss
of species and widespread population declines across plant genera. The result of birds
and fruit-feeding butterflies showed that patterns of population change across genera
are variable. Data on population change across genera in the different biodiversity
groups are still being analysed.

Our preliminary conclusion are that; (1) retaining shade on cocoa farms is good for
biodiversity; and (2) cocoa farming results in the loss of species, and changes in the
composition of forest communities, but this impact varies between biodiversity groups.
Table 2: Summary of preliminary results on biodiversity in a cocoa production landscape in
Ghana
Biodiversity
Land-use types
groups Remnant native Shaded cocoa Unshaded cocoa
forest
farmlands
farmlands
Plants 167 41 12
Birds 86 122 55
Butterflies 82 68 50
Mammals 22 20 9
2.2.3 Nutrient Cycling
Our result shows that litter from cocoa trees ranged from 3.0 to 5.1 tonnes/ha with the
unshaded cocoa farms recording significantly (p

4. Research plans for 2008
The overall aim is to work with Earthwatch volunteers and Ghanaian institutions to
collect additional data on cocoa yield and standing crops. The research teams will
also develop a systematic record of local knowledge about biodiversity associated with
cocoa farms and its value to the community in Adjeikrom. There will be an emphasis
on capacity building and further engagement of Cadbury Schweppes employees in the
field research activities.
The specific objectives are to:
Quantify canopy cover on traditionally grown cocoa farms to make it possible to
define shade grown cocoa on the traditional cocoa farms that have been studied
since the start of the project.
Collect additional crop yield and standing crop data to gain a greater understanding
of the links between the two.
Build local capacity by engaging and training four Ghanaian students in systematic
methods of knowledge acquisition so that they are then able to train others.
Acquire local knowledge from people in Adjeikrom about biodiversity associated
with cocoa farms and its value to the local community, through the Ghanaian
students and eight Cadbury Schweppes employee volunteers.
3. ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENTS (Objective 2)
3.1 Tourism Management Team and Capacity Building
A community Tourism Management Team (TMT) was established through a
consultative forum of chiefs, opinion leaders, youth groups, women groups and other
identified bodies from the project communities. The TMT will ensure that the initiative
has the communities’ support, that benefits accruing stay in the communities and that
ownership is retained locally.
The Tourism Development Plan (TDP) drafted by NCRC in Year 1 was refined during
Year 2 in consultation with key community members from Adjeikrom and this led to the
establishment of a TMT. The TMT have recruited members amongst the project
community toward implementation of the plan, including training local guides to help
run the tourism activities.
NCRC has led a process of preparing a tourism hub plan for Adjeikrom and two nearby
tourism sites (Abompe and Bunso), which outlines the attractions, current status, and
medium term development activities in implementing this activity (see Appendix 1).
As tourism in the project area is a new initiative, NCRC and the TMT have identified
local people for training. This training will include organize site visits for guides and
other personnel, which will allow them to learn from their colleagues at such sites. In
addition, workshops will be organized to train these personnel on financial
management and book-keeping, guiding skills and customer service. NCRC has
secured additional funds from USAID to carry out this activity.
NCRC held four capacity-building events on tourism issues in which Adjeikrom
community members were involved. These included special trainings on the following:
tour guiding,

customer service orientation,
1 st Aid and emergency response,
HIV/AIDS training and awareness in the tourism industry.
A total of 16 persons from the community completed these training programs
successfully. All of the training programs were supported by funding from USAID-
Ghana.
In addition, NCRC and our partner Peace Corps-Ghana worked with the community in
concluding the membership of the local Tourism Management Team and the
development of specific farm tours and other local activities for tourists.
3.2 Infrastructure development
The research base camp was constructed at Adjeikrom to provide accommodation for
the research teams. The base camp will be converted to be used as visitors’
accommodation in 2007. Rooms are large enough to accommodate two people.
NCRC and the TMT have acquired the adjacent piece of land for the construction of a
visitor’s centre which will be completed in early 2007 (see drawings of base camp and
visitors centre).
The project has also constructed an eight bedroom visitor lodge in the project
community. In the long-term this facility, which was originally established for the
volunteer research teams, will be handed over to the TMT. The visitor lodge will be
available for visiting tourists with all revenue generated being managed by the TMT for
the benefit of the community. Signboards have also been completed for the site and
will be erected in early 2007.
NCRC led the process of completing the construction of the visitor centre in Adjeikrom
during 2007. This building was completed and will be formally launched on March 20,
2008. The building provides an reception hall with displays, visitor processing counter,
office, bar area and toilets.
The Visitor Centre has been equipped with information boards displaying up-to-date
information on the research project, emerging results and expected impact for the
cocoa industry in Ghana. This will be an important tool in providing relevant information
to individuals visiting the site. Volunteers with each team will be asked to assist in
improving design and effectiveness of these displays.
3.3 Marketing
NCRC included Adjeikrom into the national level marketing efforts of the Ghana Tourist
Board, the latest Ghana Tour Guide Book and web sites marketing the country. All of
these activities were supported by USAID-Ghana funding.
In addition, NCRC was able to get several international universities and researchers to
make use of the base camp for special course programs or targeted research
activities. This has proven a new and valuable source of revenue for the site.
3.4 Community Fund

NCRC established an investment fund in the name of Adjeikrom to fund scholarships
for children in the community to continue their education to senior secondary level.
The fund has been established under the legal auspices of NCRC’s Trust Fund and is
managed by Databank Financial Services Group in Accra. Contributions to the fund
are made by visitors to the site.
4. DISSEMINATION AND AWARENESS RAISING (Objective 3)
4.1 Dissemination of Results
The result from this research project will assist at the local level to promote sustainable
cocoa farming and environmentally sound development. Summary reports written at
the end of each team hav been compiled to produce this report and shared with the
project communities. At the end of each team a final debriefing has been held with
local community farmers which allowed all the volunteers to present their observations
and make recommendations for environmentally sound cocoa farm management.
At the national level the project has important links to agricultural and rural
development policy in Ghana. Cocoa farming is extremely important economically, and
is Ghana’s major export. Sustainable cocoa farming and improved productivity are key
parts of the Government’s existing policy. This project will provide important scientific
basis for current and future policy development.
The results of this project on sustainability of cocoa farming will be of a wider interest
in the West Africa sub-region where about 60% of the World’s cocoa is produced.
Lessons learnt from this project could be shared with other West African cocoa
producing countries such as Cameroon, Ivory Coast and Nigeria.
Data from this project are being disseminated through the following means:
A video was produced on the project by Cadbury-Schweppes in the first year is
available on their website.
Information on this project could also be obtained from the NCRC website.
The data obtained from this project was also used to prepare a Tourism
Development Plan towards the development of the first ever Farm Tourism in
Ghana in the project site. This will also result in the production of checklist of
plants, birds, butterflies, mammals. This information will be used by both NCRC
and Ghana Tourist Board.
Dr Kwasi Ofori-Frimpong the lead PI on the project has presented two papers
on the project at Cocoa Research conferences held in Cost Rica.
A workshop to disseminate the project result is planned for 17-18 th March 2008.
A farmer field school was held in March 2008 (see section 4.2 and appendix 2)
4.2 Field schools
A famer school was held in March 2008 an involved 92 participants from Adjeikrom
and Kwabeng areas. A summary of the event from CRIG is included in Appendix 2.

4.3 Educational Opportunities
The community members who have been recruited by the research team as guides over
the last three years have gained very good understanding of the issues concerning
cocoa farming and biodiversity in Ghana, and are contributing to raising awareness on
conservation and sustainable environment among other community members.
The project has trained 48 Ghanaian university students during the past three years in
practical field experience. This opportunity allowed these students to gain practical
field experience that will result in a positive impact on their future interests and
professional careers.
The project has also provided a unique opportunity for some research staff, Kweku
Aduse-Poku and Exorm Ametordo who intends to use data collected on the project for
their master’s thesis.
Staff of Cadbury-Schweppes employees and other corporate organisations such as
Barclays Bank and British America Tobacco who participated in the project has gained
new insights into biodiversity conservation issues that will enhance their work and care
for a sustainable environment.
Dr Alex Asase also spent three months with Prof. Ken Norris at the Centre for Agri-
Environmental Research, University of Reading analysing and writing-up data
collected during the past three years of the project.
4.4 Local community involvement
Every team made it a routine to pay courtesy calls to the chief and his elders. During
this occasion, the chief asserted his commitment of supporting the team throughout its
stay.
Assistance was also drawn from the local community, serving thus, our labour needs.
They included:
Three guides from the Adjeikrom village
Two assistant cooks
One housekeeper
Three water carriers
Local labour was also employed in the construction of the reception facility.
Many purchases like drinks and provisions, were also done within Adjeikrom; a boost
to the local economy. Beads were often brought to the camp and patronized by
volunteers.
Interactions with families and schools through community visits have explained the
project message much better to local community members. This opportunity also
afforded Volunteers first hand knowledge of the culture of the people.
The volunteers have also made a very good impact among local communities on the
activities of Cadbury–Schweppes and Earthwatch Institute. Local community members

have gained a better understanding about the activities of Cadbury–Schweppes
especially in the Cocoa industry and about their development projects.

Appendix 1:
APPENDICES
Preliminary checklist of plants identified in three different agricultural land use
types in a cocoa production landscape in Ghana
Species Remnant native Shaded cocoa
forest
farmland
Aidia genipiflora 1
Albizia adianthifolia 1 1
Albizia zygia 1 1
Alstonia boonei 1 1
Amphimas pterocarpoides 1 1
Anarcardium occidentalis 1
Aningeria robusta 1 1
Anthocleista liebrechtsiana 1 1
Anthocleista vogelii 1
Anthonatha fragrans 1
Anthonotha macrophyllis 1
Anthrocaryon micrantha 1
Antiaris toxicaria 1 1
Antidesmia laciniatum 1
Antrocaryon micraster 1 1
Artocarpus sp 1
Aulacocalyx jasminiflora 1
Baphia nitida 1
Baphia pubescence 1
Beilschmiedia mannii 1
Blighia sapida 1
Blighia unijugata 1
Blighia welwitschii 1 1
Bombax brevicuspe 1 1
Bridelia atroviridis 1
Bridelia grandis 1
Bridelia micrantha 1
Bussea occidentalis 1
Caloncoba ekinata 1
Canarium schweinfurthii 1
Carapa procera 1 1
Cedrella odorata 1
Ceiba pentandra 1 1
Celtis adolfi-friderici 1
Celtis mildbraedii 1 1
Celtis zenkeri 1
Chidlowia sanguinea 1
Chrisophylum purpurea 1
Chrysophyllum spp 1
Unshaded
cocoa farmland

Chrysophyllum subnudum 1
Chrytranthus spp 1
Chytranthus carneus 1
Chytranthus macrobotrys 1
Citrus sinensis 1
Cleidium gabonicum 1
Cleistopholis patens 1
Coffea spp 1
Cola gigantea 1 1
Cola lateritia 1
Cola nitida 1 1
Cordia millenii 1
Corynanthe pachyceras 1
Crudia gabunensis 1
Cussonia bancoensis 1 1
Cuviera nigrescens 1
Cylicodiscus gabunensis 1
Dacryodes klaineana 1 1
Daniella olivieri 1
Denbolia glandifolia 1
Desplatsia chrysoclamys 1
Dialium aubrevillei 1
Diospyros gabunensis 1
Diospyros heudelotii 1
Diospyros kamerunensis. 1
Diospyros mombutensis 1
Discoclaoxylon hexandrum 1
Discoglypremna caloneura 1
Distemonanthus
benthamianus
1
Donbolia grandofolia 1
Dridelia micrantha 1
Drypetes afzelii 1
Drypetes gilgiana 1
Drypetes principum 1
Dussea occidentalis 1
Elaeis guineensis 1 1 1
Enantia polycarpa 1
Entandrophagma angolensis 1 1
Entandrophagma cylindricum 1
Erythrina vogelii 1
Erythrophleum ivorensis 1
Erythroxylon manni 1
Euclinia longiflora 1 1
Ficus exasperata 1
Ficus mucosa 1

Ficus spp 1
Ficus sur 1 1
Fumtumia africana 1 1
Funtumia elastica 1 1 1
Garcinia gnetoides 1
Gilbertiodendron limba 1
Gliricidua sepium 1
Glyphaea brevis 1
Gmelane arhoria 1
Greenwayodendron oliveri 1
Grewia mollis 1
Guarea cedrata 1
Hannoa klaineana 1
Harunguna madagascariensis 1
Heriteira utilis 1
Holarrhena floribunda 1 1
Hunteria eburnea 1
Hymenostegia afzelii 1
Klainedoxa gabunensis 1
Lannea welwitschii 1 1
Lecaniodiscus cupanioides 1 1
Lepisanthes senegalensis 1 1
Lovea trichoides 1
Lychnodiscus reticularis 1
Macaranga barteri 1 1
Macaranga huerifolia 1
Maesobotrya barterii 1
Magnifera indica 1
Mareya micrantha 1 1
Memecylon afzelii 1
Microdesmium puberula 1
Milicia excelsa 1 1
Milletia zechiana 1
Monocyclanthus vignei 1
Monodora myristica 1
Monodora tenuifolia 1
Morinda lucida 1 1
Morus mesozygia 1
Musanga circopenrodis 1
Myrianthus arboreus 1
Myrianthus libericus 1
Napoleonaea vogelii 1 1
Nesogordonia papaverifera 1 1
Newbouldia laevis 1 1
Omphalocarpum spp 1
Pachypodanthium staudtii 1

Pachystela brevipes 1
Parkia bicolor 1
Pentaclethra macrophylla 1
Pericopsa elata 1
Persea americana 1 1
Peterisanthus macrocarpus 1
Piptadeniastrum africanum 1
Placodiscus boya 1
Pseudospondias microcarpa 1
Pterocarpus sericeus 1
Pycnanthus angolensis 1 1 1
Pycnocoma macrophylla 1
Raphia hookeri 1
Rauvolfia vomitoria 1 1
Rhodagnaphalon brevicuspe 1
Ricinodendrum heudelotii 1
Rinorea kibbiensis 1
Rinorea oblongifolia 1
Rinorea prasina 1
Rinorea spp 1
Rothmania hispida 1
Rothmania longiflora 1 1
Rothmania whitfieldii 1
Samanea dinklagei 1
Sapium aubrevillei 1
Scotelia klaineana 1
Seuspongia microcroper 1
Soyauxia velutina 1
Sparthodea campanulata 1
Spondianthus preussii 1
Sterculia oblonga 1
Sterculia rhinopetala 1
Sterculia tragacanta 1 1
Strombosia glaucescens 1 1
Syzygium guineense 1
Tabernaemontana africana 1
Tabernaemontana crassa 1
Tabernaemontana spp 1
Terminalia ivorensis 1 1
Terminalia superba 1
Tetrorchidium didymostemon 1 1
Tieghamela heckeli 1
Treculia africana 1
Trema guineensis 1
Trema orientalis 1 1
Tricalysia discolor 1

Tricalysia elliotti 1
Tricalysia patens 1
Tricalysia spp 1
Trichilia monadelpha 1 1
Trichilia prieureana 1
Trichilia tenuifolia 1
Trichilia tessmannii 1
Trichlysia discolor 1
Tricoscypha arborea 1
Trilepesium madagascariensis 1
Triplochiton scleroxylon 1
Turraeanthus africanus 1 1
Uvariodendron occidentalis 1
Vernonia colorata 1
Vernonia conferta 1
Vernonia titanophylla 1
Vitex micrantha 1
Voacanga africana 1 1
Warneckea cinnamonoides 1
Xyliae evansii 1
Xylopia aethiopica 1
Xylopia quintasii 1
Xylopia zilosa 1
Zanthoxylum gilletii 1
Note: 1= Species present Blank= Species present

Appendix 2: Preliminary checklist of fruit-feeding butterflies identified in three different
agricultural land use types in a cocoa production landscape in Ghana
Species Remnant native
forest
2007.vii.EW.Bebearia_1 1
Shaded cocoa
farmland
Unshaded cocoa
farmland
Acraea agoulae 1
Acraea alciope 1 1
Acraea circeis 1
Antanartia delius 1 1
Ariadne enotera 1 1
Aterica galene 1 1 1
Bebearia arcadius 1
Bebearia ashantina 1
Bebearia barce 1
Bebearia cocalia 1 1 1
Bebearia cutteri 1
Bebearia laetitia 1
Bebearia mandinga 1
Beberia mardania 1 1 1
Bebearia oxione 1
Bebearia phantasina 1
Bebearia paludicola 1
Bebearia sophus 1 1 1
Bebearia tentyris 1 1 1
Bebearia zonara 1 1
Bicyclus abnormis 1
Bicyclus auricruda 1 1
Bicyclus dorothea 1 1 1
Bicyclus ephorus 1
Bicyclus funebris 1 1
Bicyclus ignobilis 1
Bicyclus istaris 1 1 1
Bicyclus madetes 1 1 1
Bicyclus maesseni 1 1
Bicyclus mandanes 1 1
Bicyclus martius 1 1 1
Bicyclus procora 1 1
Bicyclus saftza 1 1 1
Bicyclus sambulos 1 1
Bicyclus sandace 1 1 1
Bicyclus sangmelinae 1 1
Bicyclus sylvicolus 1
Bicyclus taenias 1 1 1
Bicyclus trilophus 1
Bicyclus uniformis 1
Bicyclus vulgaris 1 1 1

Bicyclus xeneas 1 1 1
Bicyclus zinebi 1 1 1
Byblia anvatara 1 1
Catuna crithea 1
Catacroptera cloanthe 1 1
Charaxes brutus 1 1
Charaxes cedreatis 1
Charaxes cynthnia 1 1
Charaxes etheocles 1 1
Charaxes eupale 1
charaxes fulvescens 1 1
Charaxes lucretius 1 1
Charaxes numenes 1 1
Charaxes pleione 1 1
Charaxes protoclea 1
Charaxes tiridates 1 1
Charaxes varanes 1 1
Charaxes voila 1
Charaxes zingha 1
Cymothoe caenias 1 1
Cymothoe egesta 1
Cymothoe fumana 1
Cymothoe mabillei 1
Cymothoe sangaris 1
Danaus chryssippus 1
Elymniopsis bammakoo 1 1 1
Euphaedra ceres 1 1
Euphaedra crockeri 1
Euphaedra eleus 1
Euphaedra eupalus 1
Euphaedra eusemoides 1
Euphaedra francina 1
Euphaedra gausape 1
Euphaedra harpalyce 1 1 1
Euphaedra hebes 1
Euphaedra ignota 1
Euphaedra inanum 1
Euphaedra janetta 1 1 1
Euphaedra mariaechristinae 1
Euphaedra medon 1 1 1
Euphaedra minuta 1 1
Euphaedra perseis 1
Euphaedra phaethusa 1 1
Euphaedra sarcoptera 1
Euphaedra splendens 1
Euphaedra themis 1 1

Euphaedra xypete 1
Euphaedra zampa 1
Euriphene ampedusa 1
Euriphene aridatha 1
Euriphene atossa 1
Euriphene barombina 1
Euriphene doriclea 1
Euriphene gambiae 1
Euriphene incerta 1
Euriphene simplex 1
Euryphura chalcis 1
Eurytela dryope 1 1
Euxanthe eurinome 1
Gnophodes betsimena 1 1 1
Gnophodes chelys 1 1 1
Hallelesis halyma 1
Harma theobene 1
Hamanumida daedalus 1
Heteropsis peitho 1 1
Hypolimnas anthedon 1 1
Hypolimnas salmacis 1
Junonia chorimene 1 1
Junonia oenone 1 1
Junonia stygia 1
Junonia terea 1 1
Kallimoides rumia 1 1 1
Libythea labdaca 1
Melanitis leda 1 1
Neptidopsis ophione 1
Neptis nemetes 1
Neptis troundi 1
Palla ussheri 1
Pseudoneptis bungandensis 1
Pseudacraea normis 1
Note: 1= Species present Blank= Species present

Appendix 3: Preliminary checklist of birds identified in three different agricultural land use types
in a cocoa production landscape in Ghana
Species Remnant native
forest
African Cuckoo Hawk 1
Shaded cocoa
farmland
African Emerald Cuckoo 1 1
Unshaded cocoa
farmland
African Goshawk 1 1
African Harrier Hawk 1 1
African Pied Hornbill 1 1 1
African Pigmy Kingfisher 1
African Thrush 1
Ahanta Francolin 1 1 1
Ansorges Greenbul 1 1
Bioko Batis 1
Black & White Flycatcher 1 1 1
Black & White Mannikin 1
Black Headed Oriole 1
Black Kite 1 1
Black Sparrowhawk 1
Black- winged Oriole 1
Black-billed Barbet 1
Black-billed Seedcracker 1
Black-capped Illadopsis 1
Black-necked Weaver 1 1
Black-throated Coucal 1
Black-winged Bishop 1 1
Black-winged Oriole 1 1
Blue Cuckoo-Shrike 1
Blue-billed Malimbe 1
Blue-headed Coucal 1
Blue-headed Crested
Flycatcher
1
Blue-headed Wood-Dove 1 1
Bronze Mannikin 1
Brown Illadopsis 1
Blue-headed Wood-Dove 1
Buff-throated Sunbird 1 1
Bush-Shrike 1
Cameroon Samber Greenbul 1 1
Carmelite Sunbird* 1
Cassin's Flycatcher 1
Chestnut Nattle-eye 1
Chestnut Wattle-eye 1 1
Chestnut-breasted Negrofinch 1 1
Chestnut-capped Flycatcher 1 1
Chocholate-backed Kingfisher 1

Collared Sunbird 1 1
Common Bulbul 1 1
Common Fiscal 1
Common Kestrel 1
Common Wattle-eye 1
Compact Weaver 1
Copper Sunbird 1 1
Copper-tailed Glossy Starling 1 1
Didric Cuckoo 1 1
Dusky Blue Flycatcher 1
Emerald Cuckoo 1
Finsch's Flycatcher 1
Finsch's Flycatcher Thrush 1 1
Fire-bellied Woodpecker 1
Forest Chestnut-winged
Starling
Forest Scrub Robin 1
Forest Wood Hoopoe 1
Frazer's Forest Flycatcher 1
Gabon Woodpecker 1
Golden Greenbul 1 1
Green Crombec 1 1
Green Fruit Pigeon 1 1 1
Green Hylia 1 1 1
Green Pigeon 1
Green Turaco 1 1
Green-headed Sunbird 1 1
Green-tailed Bristlebill 1
Grey- backed Camanoptera 1
Grey Crowned Negrofinch 1
Grey Longbill 1 1
Grey Woodpecker 1
Grey-backed Camanoptera 1 1
Grey-crowned Nefrofinch 1 1 1
Grey-headed Bristlebill 1 1
Grey-headed Kingfisher 1
Hairy-breasted Barbet 1 1
Honeyguide Greenbul 1 1
Hooded Vulture 1
Icterine Greenbul 1
Kemp's Longbill 1
Klaas's Cuckoo 1 1 1
Lemon-bellied Crombec 1 1
Levaillants Cuckoo 1
Little Greenbul 1 1 1
Lizard Buzzard 1
1

Naked Faced Barbet 1 1 1
Northern Black Flycatcher 1
Northern Puffback 1
Olive Bellied Sunbird 1
Olive Green Camaroptera 1 1
Olive Sunbird 1 1
Olive-bellied Sunbird 1 1 1
Olive-Green Camaroptera 1
Pale Flycatcher 1 1
Pale-breasted Illadopsis 1
Pied Crow 1 1
Pied Hornbill 1 1 1
Pigmy Kingfisher 1
Purple Glossy Starling 1
Purple-throated Cuckoo-
Shrike
1
Red Ramp Tinker Bird 1
Red-bellied Paradise
Flycatcher
1 1 1
Red-billed Dwarf Hornbill 1
Red-billed Helmet-Shrike 1
Red-chested Cuckoo 1
Red-eyed Dove 1
Red-headed Lovebird 1
Red-headed Malimbe 1 1 1
Red-headed Quelea 1 1
Red-rumped Tinkerbird 1 1
Red-tailed Bristlebill 1
Red-tailed Greenbul 1 1
Red-vented Malimbe 1
Red-Winged Warbler 1
Rufous-crowned Eremomela 2
Rufous-winged Illadopsis 1
Sabine's Puffback 1 1
Senegal Coucal 1
Senegal Parrot 1
Simple Leaflove 1 1
Slender-billed Greenbul 1 1
Snowy-crowned Robin Chat 1
Speckled Tinkerbird 1 1 1
Splendid Glossy Starling 1 1 1
Splendid Sunbird 1 1
Splendid Glossy Starling 1
Square-tailed Drongo 1
Superb Sunbird 1 1
Swamp Palm Bulbul 1 1
Tambourine Dove 1 1 1

Tawny-flanked Prinia 1
Tropical Boubou 1
Ussher's Flycatcher 1
Velvel-mantled Drongo 1 1 1
Vieillot's Barbet 1
Vieillot's Black Weaver 1 1
Village weaver 1
Westerb-bearded Greenbul 1
Western Black-headed Oriole 1 1 1
Western Nicator 1 1 1
Western Olive Sunbird 1 1 1
Western-bearded Greenbul 1 1
Whistling Cisticola 1
Whistling Cisticola 1
White-breasted Negrofinch 1 1
White-crested Hornbill 1 1
White-crowned Robin Chat 1
White-headed Wood-Hoopoe 1
White-Spotted Flattail 1 1
White-tailed Ant Thrush 1 1
White-throated Bee Eater 1
White-throated Greenbul 1
Woodland Kingfisher 1 1
Yellow Whiskered Greenbul 1
Yellowbill 1 1
Yellow-billed Barbet 1
Yellow-billed Turaco 1
Yellow-browed Camaroptera 1 1 1
Yellow-mantled Weaver 1
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 1 1 1
Yellow-spotted Barbet 1 1
Yellow-throated Tinkerbird 1 1
Yellow-Whiskered Greenbul 1 1 1
Yellow-browed Camaroptera 1
Note: 1= Species present Blank= Species present

Appendix 4: Preliminary checklist of mammals identified in three different agricultural land use
types in a cocoa production landscape in Ghana
Species Remnant
native forest
Shaded cocoa Unshaded cocoa
African civet 1 1 1
African giant squirrel 1
Bay duiker 1
Black duiker 1
Black / white colobus
monkey
1
Bossman potto 1 1
Brush tail porcupine 1 1
Bushbuck 1 1
Campbell's mona monkey 1
Cusimance mongoose 1 1
Fire footed squirrel 1 1
Flying squirrel 1
Forest genet 1 1 1
Forest rat 1
Giant forest squirrel 1 1 1
Giant rat 1 1
Grass cutter 1 1
Green squirrel 1 1
Maxwell Duiker 1 1
Mona monkey 1 1
Mongoose 1
Pangolin 1
Royal antelope 1
Slender-tailed squirrel 1 1
Spotted palm civet 1
Tree hyrax 1 1 1
Tree pangolin 1
Note: 1= Species present Blank= Species present
Appendix 1: Preliminary list of species of birds and their presence/absence on
cocoa farms using shaded and un-shaded cultivation practices in
the Eastern Region of Ghana.
Common name Shaded Un-shaded
Scientific name
cocoa cocoa
Tackus fasciatus African pied hornbill + -
Ceyx picta African pigmy kingfisher + -
Turdus pelios African thrush + -
Francolinus ahantensis Ahanta fracolin + -
Andropadus ansorgei Ansorge’s greenbul + -
Bias musicus Black & white flycatcher + -

Tchagra minutus Blackcap (Marsh) tchagra + -
Centropus leucogaster Black-throated coucal + -
Turtur afer Blue-spotted wood-dove + -
Lonchura cucullata Bronze manikin + +
Chalcomitra adelberti Buff-throated sunbird + -
Andropadus curvirostris Cameron somber greenbul + -
Phyllanthus atripennis Capuchin babbler + -
Muscicapa cassini Cassin’s flycatcher + -
Bubulcus ibis Cattle agret - +
Dyaphorophyia castanea Chestnut wattle –eye - -
Erythrocersus mccalli Chestnut-capped flycatcher + -
Hedydipna collaris Collard sunbird + +
Pycnonotus barbatus Common bulbul + +
Cinnyris cuprea Copper sunbird + -
Muscicapa comitata Dusky-blue flycatcher + -
Calyptocichla serina Golden greenbul + -
Sylvietta virens Green crombec - +
Hylia prasina Green hylia - +
Treron calva Green pigeon + +
Anthreptes rectirostris Green sunbird + -
Tauraco persa Green turaco + -
Cyanomitra verticalis Green-headed sunbird + +
Macrosphenus concolor Grey longbill - +
Camaroptera brevicaudata Grey-backed camaroptera - +
Nigrita canicapilla Grey-crowned negrofinch + -
Bleda canicapilla Grey-headed bristlebill + -
Halcyon leococephala Grey-headed kingfisher + -
Trichlaema hirsute Hairy-breasted barbet + -
Baeopogon indicator Honeyguide greenbul + -
Phyllastrephus icterinus Iceterine greenbul + -
Oxylophus jacobinus Jacobin cuckoo + -
Cinnyris johannae Johannas sunbird + -
Chrysococcyx cupreus Klass’ cuckoo + +
Andropadus verens Little greenbul + +
Bymnobucco calvus Naked-faced barbet + +
Melaenornis edolioides Northern black flycatcher + -
Cinnyris chloropygia Olive-bellied sunbird - +
Camaroptera chloronota Olive-green camaroptera + -
Melaenornis pallidus Pale flycatcher + -
Corvus albus Pied crow + +
Vidua macroura Pin-tailed whydah + -
Terpsiphone rufiventer Red-bellied paradise flycatcher + -
Streptopdia decipiens Red-eyed dove +
Malimbus robricollis Red-headed malimbe + +
Quelea erythrops Red-headed quelea + -
Malimbus scutatus Red-vented malimbe + -
Dryoscopus angolensis Sabines puffback + -
Centropus senegalensis Senegal coucal + -

Poicephalus robustus Senegal parrot + -
Chlorrocichla simplex Simple leaflove + -
Andropadus gracilirostris Slender-billed greenbull + -
Pogoniulus coryphaeus Speckled tinkerbird - +
Lomprotornis splendidus Splendid glossy starling - +
Cinnyris coccinigastra Splendid sunbird + -
/ducryrys kydwuguu Square-tailed drongo + -
Ciunnyris superba Superb sunbird + -
Thescelocichla leucopleura Swamp palm bubul + -
Pogoniulus chrysoconus Yellow-fronted tinkerbird + -
Dicrurus modestus Velvet-mantled drongo + -
Oriolus brochyrhynchus Western blackheaded oriole + -
Cisticola lateralis Whistling cisticola + -
Tockus albocristatus White –crested hornbill + -
Motacilla aguimp African pied wagtail + -
Phyllastrephus albigularis White-throated greenbul + +
Halcyon senegalensis Woodland kingfisher + -
Trachylaemus purpuratus Yellow billed barbet + -
Zosterops senegalensis Yellow white-eye + +
Trachyphonus purpuratus Yellow-billed barbet + -
Tchagra senegalia Yellow-crowned tchagra + -
Laniarius barbarus Yellow-crowned gonolek + -
Pogoniulus bilineatus Yellow-rumped tinkerbird + -
Andropadus latirostris Yellow-whiskered greenbul + -
Appendix 2 Preliminary list of trapped fruit-feeding butterflies (Nymphalinae) and
their presence/absence on cocoa farms using shaded and un-shaded
cultivation practices in the Eastern Region of Ghana.
Species Shaded-cocoa Un-shaded
cocoa
Acraea circeis Drury, 1782 + -
Amauris tartarea tartarea Mabille, 1876 + -
Bicyclus dorothea drorothea Cramer, 1779 + -
Bicyclus istaris Plötz, 1880 + +
Bicyclus italus Hewitson, 1865 + -
Bicyclus madetes madetes Hewitson, 1874 + -
Bicyclus maesseni Condamin, 1971 + -

Bicyclus mandanes Hewitson, 1973 + -
Bicyclus martius melas Condamin, 1965 + -
Bicyclus milyas Hiwitson, 1964 + -
Bicyclus sambulos unicolor Condamin, 1971 + +
Bicyclus sandace Hewitson, 1977 + +
Bicyclus sangmelinae condamin, 1963 + -
Bicyclus taenias Hewitson, 1877 - +
Bicyclus vulgaris Butler, 1868 + +
Bicyclus xeneas occidentalis Condamin, 1961 + -
Byblia anvatara crameri Aurivillius, 1894 + -
Catacroptera cloanthe ligata R. & J., 1903 + -
Bicyclus auricrudus Butler, 1868 + -
Charaxes brutus brutus Cramer, 1779 + -
Charaxes Cynthia Cynthia Butler, 1865 + -
Charaxes lucretius lucretius Cramer, 1775 + -
Charaxes numenes numenes Hewitson, 1859 + -
Charaxes tiridates tiridates Cramer, 1777 + -
Cymothoe mabillei Overleat, 1944 + -
Elymniopsis bammakoo bammakoo Westwood, 1851 + -
Euphaedra ceres ceres Fabricius, 1775 + -
Euphaedra medon medon Linné, 1763 + -
Eurytela dryope Cramer, 1775 + -
Euxanthe eurinome eurinome Cramer, 1775 + -
Gnophodes bestsimena parmeno Doubleday, 1849 + +
Gnophodes chelys Fabricius, 1793 + -
Heteropsis peitho Plöz, 1880 + -
Junonia stygia Aurivillius, 1894 + -
Junonia tetea terea Drury, 1773 + -
Junonia oenone oenone Linné, 1758 + -
Kallimoides rumia Doubleday, 1850 - +
Melanitis leda Linné , 1758 + -
Neptis troundi Pierre-Baltus, 1978 + -
Species AAD + -
Species AAE + -
Species AAA + -
Species AB - +
Appendix 3 Preliminary list of mammals species and their presence/absence on
cocoa farms using shaded and un-shaded cultivation practices in the
Eastern Region of Ghana.
Scientific name Common name Shaded Un-shaded
cocoa cocoa
Atherurus africanus Brush-tailed porcupine + -
Atlantoxerus getulus Squirrel + +
Cephalophus maxwellii Maxwell duiker + +
Cephalophus niger Black duiker + +
Civittictis civetta African civet + -
Cricetomys sp. Giant rat + +
Dendrophyrax dorsalis Tree hyrax + -

Genetta sp Forest genet + -
Neotragus pymaeus Royal antelope + -
Perodicticus potto Bossman potto + -
Tryonomys swinderianus Grass cutter + -
Uromanis tetradactyla Long-tailed pangolin + -
Appendix 4 Preliminary list of plant species on cocoa farms using shaded and
un-shaded cultivation practices in the Eastern Region of Ghana.
Scientific name Plant Family Description
Aidia genipiflora Rubiaceae Tree
Albizzia adianthifolia Mimosaceae Tree
Albizia zygia Mimosaceae Tree
Alstonia boonei Apocynaceae Small tree
Amphimas pterocarpoides Caesalpinaceae Tree
Aningeria rubusta Sapotaceae Tree
Anthocleista vogelli Loganiaceae Small tree
Antrocaryon micraster Anacardiaceae Small tree
Artocarpus Communis Moraceae Small tree
Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Grass
Baphia nitida Pwelwitschii Tree
Blighia welwitschii Sapindaceae Tree
Bridellia micrantha Euphorbiaceae Small tree
Carapa procera Meliaceae Small tree
Cedrela odorata Meliaceae Tree
Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae Tree
Celtis milbraedii Ulmaceae Tree
Celtis zenkeri Ulmaceae Tree
Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Small tree
Cola gigantia Sterculiaceae Small tree
Cola millenii Sterculiaceae Tree
Cola nitida Sterculiaceae Small tree
Croton sp. Euphorbiaceae Tree
Dacryodes klaineana Burseraceae Small tree
Bussea occidentalis Caesalpinaceae Tree
Elaeis guineesis Arecaceae Small Tree
Entandrophragma angolensis Meliaceae Tree
Erythrina vogelli Papilionaceae Small tree
Ficus exasperate Moraceae Small tree
Ficus sur (sp 1) Moraceae Tree
Ficus sur (sp 1) Moraceae Tree
Ficus sur (sp 1) Moraceae Tree
Fumtumia elastica Apocynaceae Small tree
Gmelina aborea Verbanaceae Tree
Grewia sp. Tiliaceae Small tree
Holarrhenia floribunda Apocynaceae Small tree
Lecaniodiscus copanioides Sapindaceae Tree
Lepisanthes senegalensis Sapindaceae Tree
Macaranga barteri Euphorbiaceae Small tree

Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree
Milicia excelsa Moraceae Ttee
Milletia zechiana Papilionaceae Small tree
Morinda lucida Rubiaceae Tree
Myrianthus arboreus Moraceae Small tree
Napoleona vogelii Lecythidaceae Small tree
Nesogordonia papaverifra Sterculiaceae Small tree
Newbouldia laevis Bignoniaceae Small tree
Persea Americana Lauraceae Tree
Pseudospondias microcarpa Anacardiaceae Tree
Pterocarpus erinaceus Papilionaceae Tree
Pycnanthus angolensis Myristicaceae Tree
Rauvolfia vomitoria Rubiaceae Small tree / shrub
Spathodia campanulata Bignoniaceae Tree
Sterculia tragacantha Sterculiaceae Tree
Strombosia glaucescens Olacaceae Tree
Terminalia ivorensis Combretaceae Tree
Trichiliamonadelpha Meliaceae Small tree
Triplochiton scleroxylon Sterculiaceae Tree
Turraenthus atfricanus Meliaceae Tree
Tutrochidium didymostemom Euphorbiaceae Tree
Vernonia conferta Asteraceae Small tree / shrub
Vitex micrantha Verbenaceae Small tree
Voacanga Africana Apocynaceae Small tree

Appendix 2
Cocoa Farming and Biodiversity in Ghana project Farmer School summary
Lawson…… CRIG
1. Date: 6 th March, 2008
2. Location: Adjeikrom
3. Venue: Earthwatch Project Camp
4. Targeted Participants: Farmers in general with a focus on cocoa farmers
5. Sources of Participating Farmers:
a) Adjeikrom area
b) Kwabeng Area
6. Time Programme started: 9.30 a.m.
7. Resource Persons:
Mr. Alex Afrifa (Soil Scientist)
Dr. Francis Baah (Extensionist)
Dr. Ofori-Frimpong (Lead Principal Investigator of the project) and
Mr. Lawson Danku (Soil Technician/Extension Officer and project research
staff)
(All the above are with Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG)
8. Package of Recommended Agronomic Practices Taught:
a) Weed control or brushing
b) Removal of undergrowth/chupons
c) Removal of disease and mummified pods e.g. blackpods and proper
disposal of them.
d) Pruning and shade manipulation for good aeration.
e) Reservation of desirable trees between 11 – 20 per hectare evenly
distributed.
f) Carrying out of good drainage practices as a means of controlling
blackpod disease.
g) Regular harvesting and good fermentation practices.
9. Farm Visits:
The 3 farming systems were visited and demonstrated to farmers as follows:
a) Cocoa farm with good overhead shade on transect 4.
b) Cocoa farm with dense overhead shade on transect 9.
c) Cocoa farm with no shade on transect 10.
Also what was taught as a recommended practice at the meeting was discussed
in the field. Resource persons demonstrated some of the recommended
agronomic practices to farmers in the cocoa farms to their understanding e.g.
removal of basal chupons and diseased pods.

9. Question Time: Interesting questions were asked by farmers and the
answers from the resource persons provided the farmers a clearer
understanding of the practices.
10. Lunch and Refreshment: After farm visit lunch was taken at 2.00 p.m.
11. Observations:
a) Most of the farmers are aware of the recommended agronomic practices
but do not put them into practice.
b) The farmers are expecting to have similar exposure in the near future
since this was the first time most of them had benefited from such
programme.
12. Recommendations: For the sake of bio-diversity and eco-tourism the
resource persons advised farmers with these recommendations.
a) No application of chemical fertilizers to their farms.
b) No application of pesticides and fungicides
c) Reduce hunting, avoid bush fires and stop indiscriminate felling of trees.
13. Suggestions: Should the farmers carry out these recommendations, the
stake-holders should think of paying a higher price for their cocoa which is of
organic source but of lower yield.
14. No. of Participants:
Kwabeng Area = 28
Agyeikrom Area = 64
TOTAL = 92
15. Time Out: The meeting came to a close by 3.00 p.m.