Triterpenoids - The Mushroom Hunter
Triterpenoids - The Mushroom Hunter
Triterpenoids - The Mushroom Hunter
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<strong>Triterpenoids</strong><br />
Joseph D. Connolly and Robert A. Hill<br />
Department of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK G12 8QQ<br />
Received (in Cambridge, UK) 21st August 2003<br />
First published as an Advance Article on the web 23rd October 2003<br />
Covering: 2001. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2002, 19, 494<br />
This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids including squalene derivatives,<br />
lanostanes, cycloartanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes,<br />
friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, fernanes, sipholanes, isomalabaricanes, serratanes and saponins. <strong>The</strong> literature from<br />
January to December 2001 is reviewed and 242 references are cited.<br />
1 Introduction<br />
2 <strong>The</strong> squalene group<br />
3 <strong>The</strong> lanostane group<br />
4 <strong>The</strong> dammarane group<br />
4.1 Tetranortriterpenoids<br />
4.2 Quassinoids<br />
5 <strong>The</strong> lupane group<br />
6 <strong>The</strong> oleanane group<br />
7 <strong>The</strong> ursane group<br />
8 <strong>The</strong> hopane group<br />
9 Miscellaneous compounds<br />
10 References<br />
1 Introduction<br />
<strong>The</strong> biological activities of triterpenoids continue to be of<br />
interest. Reviews have appeared on the aphrodisiac properties<br />
of the triterpenoids from Panax ginseng, 1 the biological activities<br />
of triterpenoids from liquorice root 2 and antimycobacterial<br />
plant terpenoids. 3 <strong>The</strong> anti-tumourogenic properties<br />
of ursolic acid 4 and the possible use of celastrol for the treatment<br />
of Alzheimer’s disease 5 further emphasise the biological<br />
importance of triterpenoids. <strong>The</strong> use of terpenoids, including<br />
triterpenoids, as chemosystematic markers in conifers has been<br />
discussed. 6<br />
2 <strong>The</strong> squalene group<br />
Armatols A–F 1–6 are brominated squalene derivatives from<br />
the Indian Ocean alga Chondria armata. 7 <strong>The</strong> complete stereochemistry<br />
of the epoxysqualene tritetrahydrofurandiol 7 from<br />
Spathelia glabrescens 8 has been confirmed by synthesis. 9 Concentricol<br />
8 is a squalene hexol from Daldinea concentrica. 10 <strong>The</strong><br />
bis-epoxide auriculol 9 has been isolated from Dolabella auricu-<br />
640 Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659<br />
This journal is © <strong>The</strong> Royal Society of Chemistry 2003<br />
DOI: 10.1039/b204068a
laria. 11 Four new squalene ethers have been found in Laurencia<br />
viridis. 12 <strong>The</strong>se include martiriol 10, pseudodehydrothyrsiferol<br />
11, dioxepandehydrothyrsiferol 12 and 16-epihydroxydehydrothyrsiferol<br />
13. Four irregular triterpenoids 14–17 have been<br />
isolated from the marine diatom Rhizosolenia setigera. 13<br />
Testudinariols A 18 and B 19 from Pleurobrancus testudinarius<br />
have been synthesised. 14 <strong>The</strong> absolute configuration of<br />
longilene peroxide 20, isolated from the wood of Eurycoma<br />
longifolia, has been established by synthesis. 15 Molecular modelling<br />
studies have revealed that the original structure proposed<br />
for glabrescol 21 is not the most thermodynamically stable and<br />
therefore synthetic evidence was very important in the structure<br />
elucidation. 16<br />
<strong>The</strong> squalene cyclase from the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis<br />
demonstrates its lack of specificity by producing a range of<br />
polycyclic metabolites including α- and γ-polypodatetraenes 22<br />
and 23, dammara-20,24-diene 24, 17-isodammara-12,24-diene<br />
25, eupha-7,24-diene 26, hop-17(21)-ene 27, neohop-13(18)-ene<br />
28, 17-isodammara-20,24-diene 29, neohop-12-ene 30, fern-8ene<br />
31, diploptene 32, and hop-21-ene 33. 17<br />
3 <strong>The</strong> lanostane group<br />
Alisol F 24-acetate 34 is a new protostane from Alisma orientalis.<br />
18 New metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum include<br />
lucidenic acid N 35 (lucidenic acid LM1) and methyl lucidenate<br />
F 36. 19 Three new pentanorlanostane derivatives, cladosporides<br />
B 37, C 38 and D 39, have been isolated from a Cladosporium<br />
sp. 20 Cladosporides A and B show antifungal activity against<br />
Aspergillus fumigatus. A new 21,24-cyclolanostane derivative 40<br />
has been reported from the wood rotting fungus Inonotus<br />
obliquus. 21 Fuscoporianol A, which is the 25-O-methyl ether of<br />
40, occurs in Fuscoporia obliqua together with B 41 and C 42. 22<br />
<strong>The</strong> structure of fuscoporianol A was confirmed by X-ray<br />
analysis. <strong>The</strong> structure of ananosic acid A 43, an unusual<br />
rearranged lanostane from the stem bark of Kadsura ananosa,<br />
has been confirmed by X-ray analysis. 23 Other new lanostanes<br />
include the trienes 44 and 45 from Guarea rhophalocarpa, 24 sublateriols<br />
A 46, B 47 and C 48 from the edible mushroom<br />
Naematoloma sublateritium 25 and 3β,24-dihydroxy-24-methyllanost-8-en-30-oic<br />
acid 49, together with the lanostane saponin<br />
formoside B, from the Caribbean sponge Erylus formosus. 26<br />
Feroxosides A 50 and B 51 are nor-lanostane saponins from<br />
Ectyoplasia ferox. 27 Erylosides G–J, lanostane saponins from<br />
the sponge Erylus nobilis, have new genins 52 and 53. 28 Colossolactones<br />
A–G 54–60 form an interesting series of lanostanes<br />
and modified cycloartanes from the mushroom Ganoderma<br />
colossum. 29 It should be noted that colossolactone A 54 is not<br />
actually a lactone. Schiprolactone A 61, from Schisandra<br />
propinqua, has a novel side chain. 30<br />
Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659 641
642 Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659<br />
Two unusual cleaved cycloartanes, pseudolarolides E 62 and<br />
F 63, have been reported from Pseudolarix kaempferi. 31 <strong>The</strong>ir<br />
structures were established by X-ray crystallographic analysis.<br />
Five 29-nor-3,4-seco-cycloartanes 64–68 have been isolated<br />
from Antirhea acutata. 32 <strong>The</strong> aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa<br />
contain the 27-nor-derivative 69 and the 25,26,27-trinorderivative<br />
70. 33 Compound 71 and cycloabyssinone 72 are<br />
nor-cycloartanes from Artemisia caruifolia 34 and Harrisonia<br />
abyssinica, 35 respectively. Other new cycloartanes include<br />
tillandsinone 73 and cyclolaudenyl formate 74 from Tillandsia<br />
fasciculata, 36 the acetate 75 from Dysoxylum malabaricum, 37<br />
and compounds 76 and 77, together with many triterpenoid
esters, from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium. 38<br />
Thalictoside F is a new saponin from Thalictrum thunbergii<br />
with the new genin 78, the 21,24-diepimer of thalictoside E. 39<br />
<strong>The</strong> full details of the structure elucidation of thalictosides D<br />
and E are included in this paper.<br />
<strong>The</strong> constituents of Cimifuga species have been reviewed. 40<br />
Four new saponins, bugbanosides C 79, D 80, E 81 and F 82<br />
have been isolated from Cimifuga simplex. 41 A new cimigenol<br />
glycoside 83 and two trinor-derivatives 84 and 85, with new<br />
genins, have been reported from Cimifuga dahurica. 38,42 Actaeaepoxide<br />
3-β-d-xylopyranoside 86 is a new glycoside from<br />
Actaea racemosa (Cimifuga racemosa). 43 Other new compounds<br />
from Cimifuga racemosa include 87–97 44 and 25-O-methylcimigenol<br />
3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside (cimiracemoside B). 45<br />
2-O-acetylactein 92 and 2-O-acetyl-27-deoxyactein 93 are<br />
constituents of Cimifuga foetida 46 while 22R-hydroxycimifugol<br />
94 and the shengmanol derivative 95 are found in Cimifuga<br />
acerina. 47<br />
Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659 643
644 Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659<br />
Askendosides G and A and cycloglobiceposide B are known<br />
cycloartane saponins from Tragacantha stipulosa. 48 Astragalus<br />
prusianus contains two new saponins prusianosides A 96 and<br />
B 97. 49 New cycloartane saponins have also been reported<br />
from Astragalus trojanus (trojanosides I–K) 50 and Astragalus<br />
caprinus. 51<br />
Liouvillosides A and B are sulfated holostane glycosides<br />
from Staurocamis liouvillei. 52 Patagonicoside A, a holostane<br />
glycoside with a new aglycone 98, has been isolated from Psolus<br />
patagonicus. 53 <strong>The</strong> aglycone 99 of frondoside F, a minor<br />
saponin constituent of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa,<br />
contains an unusual 18 22 lactone. 54<br />
Neocucurbitacins A 100 and B 101, from the Brazilian folk<br />
medicine “Buchinha” (Luffa operculata), have an inhibitory<br />
effect on some gene expression in a human osteoblast-like cell<br />
line. 55 Momordica charantia is a rich source of triterpenoid<br />
saponins. <strong>The</strong> new cucurbitacin derivatives, goyaglycosides<br />
A–H 102–109, were accompanied by known cucurbitane
saponins and oleanane saponins (goyasaponins I–III). 56 <strong>The</strong><br />
aldehyde 110 has been obtained from an extract of the whole<br />
plant of Momordica charantia. 57 Two seco-cucurbitane derivatives<br />
111 and 112 have been isolated from Russula lepida. 58<br />
4 <strong>The</strong> dammarane group<br />
<strong>The</strong> structures of 15α-acetoxycleomblynol A 113, from Cleome<br />
amblyocarpa, 59 and cabraleadiol 3-acetate 114, from Aglaia<br />
lawii, 60 have been established by X-ray analysis. <strong>The</strong> 20S,24S<br />
stereochemistry of cabraleadiol is thus established. Other new<br />
dammaranes include 115 and 116 from the fruits of Forsythia<br />
suspensa 61 and semialactone 117, isofouquierone peroxide 118<br />
and fouquierone 119 from Rhus javanica. 62<br />
New dammarane saponins continue to appear. <strong>The</strong> hexanorderivative<br />
notoginsenoside R 10 120 has been found in the roots<br />
of Panax notoginseng. 63 Ginsenosides Rh 5 121, Rh 6 122, Rh 7<br />
123, Rh 8 124 and Rh 9 125, from the leaves of Panax ginseng, all<br />
apart from Rh 7 123 have new genins. 64 Polysciasoside A 126,<br />
from Polyscias fulva, is a saponin of 3β,16β,20S-trihydroxydammar-24-en-12-one.<br />
65 Two new glycosides, notoginsenosides<br />
T 1 127 and T 2 128, have been isolated following mild acidic<br />
hydrolysis of the crude root saponins of Panax notoginseng. 66 A<br />
method for regioselective enzymatic galactosylation and glucosylation<br />
of protopanaxatriol ginsenosides has been published. 67<br />
Papers on new dammarane saponins include bacopasides I and<br />
II from Bacopa monniera, 68 quinquenosides L 1, L 2 and L 9 from<br />
the leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium, 69 notoginsenosides<br />
L, M and N from Panax notoginseng, 70 ginsenosides I and<br />
II from the flower buds of Panax ginseng 71 and ginsenoside Rh 5<br />
and vina-ginsenoside R 25 from Panax vietnamensis. 72<br />
Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659 645
A new homocyclotirucallane, sinetirucallol 129, has been<br />
isolated from Spiranthes sinensis. 73 Its structure was established<br />
by X-ray analysis. Eight new tirucallanes, dyvariabilins A–H<br />
130–137, have been reported from Dysoxylum variabile 74 while<br />
646 Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659<br />
another, 138, was found in Dysoxylum malabaricum. 37 Other<br />
compounds in this series include the apotirucallane 139 from<br />
Azadirachta indica, 75 the 14,18-cycloapotirucallanes 140 and<br />
141 from Guarea jamaicensis 76 and the nor-derivatives malabanones<br />
A 142 and B 143 from Ailanthus malabarica. 77<br />
4.1 Tetranortriterpenoids<br />
Many new limonoids have appeared this year. <strong>The</strong> three hirtin<br />
derivatives 144–146, from Trichilia pallida, show antifeedant<br />
activity. 78 Meliacinolactol 147, limocin C 148 and limocin D<br />
149 are further constituents of Azadirachta indica. 79 Further<br />
rearranged limonoids from Harrisonia perforata include<br />
haperforins C2 150, F 151 and G 152. 80 <strong>The</strong>ir structures were
determined by X-ray analysis, as were those of 7-isovalerylcycloseverinolide<br />
153 and 7-isovalerylcycloepiatalantin 154<br />
from the root bark of Severinia buxifolia. 81 Pterorhachis zenkeri<br />
contains 9β-amoorstatin 155 and 3-deacetylamoorstatin 156. 82<br />
<strong>The</strong> ring D unsaturated δ-lactone, deoxyobacunone 157, from<br />
the root bark of Harrisonia abyssinica, shows stimulatory activity<br />
against Striga hermonthica seeds. 83 Other new limonoids<br />
include cedrellin 158 from Cedrela sinensis, 84 shihulimonin A<br />
159 (previously isolated in 1965 and named limonexic acid)<br />
from Evodia rutaecarpa, 85 21-O-methyllimonexic acid 160 and<br />
8,14-epoxyfraxinellone 161 from Raulinoa achinata 86 and 1-Omethylichangensin<br />
162 and sudachinoids A 163, B 164 and C<br />
165 from Citrus sudachi. 87 Polygonumins A 166 and B 167<br />
are the E- and Z-feruloyl esters of desacetylnomilin from<br />
Polygonum orientale. 88 1,2-Dihydroamoorinin 168 is a new<br />
limonoid from Aphanamixis polystacha. 89 Three new ring C<br />
cleaved derivatives, melianol 169, desfuranodesacetylnimbin-<br />
17-one 170 and meliatetraone 171, have been reported from the<br />
leaves of Azadirachta indica. 90<br />
Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659 647
<strong>The</strong> full details for the structures of khayanolides A and B,<br />
from Khaya senegalensis, have appeared and a new compound,<br />
khayanolide C 172, has also been obtained. 91 In a separate<br />
paper, three further derivatives, 1-O-acetylkhayanolide 173,<br />
khayanone 174, and 2-hydroxyseneganolide 175, are described<br />
from Khaya senegalensis. 92 <strong>The</strong> structures of two limonoids,<br />
febrifugin 176 and cipadesin 177, from Cipadessa baccifera,<br />
have been confirmed by X-ray analysis. 93<br />
648 Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659<br />
4.2 Quassinoids<br />
New quassinoids include cedronolactone 178 from Simaba<br />
cedron, 94 12-epi-11-dehydroklaineanone 179 from Eurycoma<br />
longifolia, 95 iandonoside A 180, B 181 and iandonone 182 from<br />
Eurycoma harmandiana 96 and 16β-O-methylneoquassin 183<br />
and 16β-O-ethylneoquassin 184 from the wood of Picrasma<br />
crenata. 97<br />
5 <strong>The</strong> lupane group<br />
Sachunoside is a seco-abeo-lupane saponin from Acanthopanaz<br />
divaricatus var. sachunensis. 98 <strong>The</strong> aglycone is sachunogenin<br />
185. <strong>The</strong> acid 186 and hydroperoxide 187 occur in Ficus microcarpa.<br />
99 Other new lupanes include 6α-hydroxybetulinic acid<br />
188 from Eugenia moraviana, 100 lup-20(29)-ene-1β,2α,3β-triol<br />
189 from Cephalomappa sinensis, 101 21-hydroxylupa-1,12-dien-<br />
3-one 190 from the roots of Hemidesmus indicus, 102 and 2α,6βdihydroxybetulinic<br />
acid 191 (isolated in 1999 as divergioic acid)<br />
and 6β-hydroxyhovenic acid 192, which is the aglycone of<br />
quadranoside II, from Combretum quadrangulare. 103 <strong>The</strong> 3,7dibenzoate<br />
193 and the 7-benzoate 194 of 3α,7β-dihydroxylup-<br />
20(29)-en-28-oic acid have been isolated from the stem bark<br />
of Picramnia teapensis. 104 Ulmicins A–E 195–199 are lupane<br />
esters from Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. 105 Other esters<br />
include 200 from Mimusops elengi, 106 lawsonic acid 201 from
Lawsonia alba, 107 and 202, 203 and a range of 3-O-acyl esters of<br />
lupeol from Parahancornia amapa. 108 <strong>The</strong> twig bark of Pyrus<br />
serotina contains a further five fatty esters of lupeol. 109 Four<br />
lupane saponins, isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis, include one<br />
new genin 3β,20,23-trihydroxylupan-28-oic acid 204. 110 Coccinioside<br />
K is a betulinic acid saponin from Coccinia indica 111 and a<br />
lupane saponin has been isolated from Arenaria filicaulis. 112<br />
6 <strong>The</strong> oleanane group<br />
Trypterygium wilfordii is a rich source of oleanane, friedelane<br />
and ursane triterpenoids. 113 In addition to the nor-oleanane 205<br />
and the seco-oleanane 206, it produces the lactone 207, the<br />
carboxylic acids 208–211, the friedelanes 212 and 213 and the<br />
nor-friedelane 214. Interestingly, compounds 212 and 213 have<br />
Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659 649
an additional two carbon fragment attached to C-6. <strong>The</strong> lactones<br />
melliferone 215, 216 and patrinolide A 217 have been<br />
reported from Brazilian propolis (Myrceugenia euosma), 114<br />
Nigella sativa 115 and Patrinia scabiosaefolia, 116 respectively. <strong>The</strong><br />
range of polyhydroxyoleanenoic acids includes the triol 218<br />
from the fruit of Rosa davidii, 117 the tetrol buergericic acid 219<br />
from Rubus buergeri, 118 6β-hydroxyarjunic acid 220 from<br />
Combretum quadrangulare, 103 the triol 221 from Eriobotrya<br />
deflexa 119 and cucubalugenin A 222 from Cucubalus baccifer. 120<br />
Hemidesmusyl acetate 223, from Hemidesmus indicus,<br />
apparently lacks a C-3 oxygen substituent 102 as does the 27-noraldehyde<br />
224 from the roots of Lavandula stoechas ssp.<br />
stoechas. 121 It is accompanied by the aldehyde 225. 3,21-<br />
650 Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659<br />
Dioxoolean-18-en-28-oic acid 226 is a constituent of Acacia<br />
aulacocarpa. 122 <strong>The</strong> 3,4-seco-derivative 227 has been isolated<br />
from Phoradendron reichenbachianum. 123 <strong>The</strong> 3β,22α-diol,<br />
α-sophoradiol 228, has been reported from the stem of<br />
Erythrina sigmoidea. 124 <strong>The</strong> hydroperoxide 229 has been found<br />
in the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa. 99<br />
Papers have appeared on the triterpenoids of the stem bark<br />
of Albizzia versicolor and A. schimperana, 125 pyrotechnoic acid<br />
230, an ether of oleanolic acid from Leptadenia pyrotechnica, 126<br />
and tetra-, penta- and hexadecanoyl esters of oleanolic acid. 127<br />
Four new esters 231–234 have been reported from Lippia<br />
turbinata 128 and one 235 from Eugenia sandwicensis. 129 <strong>The</strong>
Table 1 New oleanane saponins<br />
Compound(s) Source Ref.<br />
Albiziatrioside A Albizia subdimidiata 142<br />
Anhuienosides A–F Anemone anhuiensis 143<br />
Araliasaponins V–IX Aralia elata 144<br />
Arjunetoside Terminalia arjuna 145<br />
Basellasaponins A–D Basella rubra 146<br />
Beesioside Q Beesia calthaefolia 147<br />
Bidentatoside I Achyranthes bidentata 148<br />
Bidentatoside II Achyranthes bidentata 149<br />
Calendsaponins A–D Calendula officinalis 150<br />
Centellasaponin D Centella asiatica 151<br />
Chikusetsusaponin V methyl ester Achyranthes bidentata 149<br />
Clematibetosides A–C Clematis tibetana 152<br />
Colchisides A and B Hedera colchica 153<br />
Conyzasaponins A–G Conyza blinii 154<br />
Congmunosides V, VII, XV, XVI Aralia elata 155<br />
Crataegioside Rubus crataegifolius 156<br />
Eclalbasaponins XI and XII Eclipta prostrata 157<br />
Eclabatin Eclipta alba 158<br />
Escins Ivg, Ivh and Vib Aesculus chinensis 159<br />
Eupteleasaponin VI–XII Euptelea polyandra 160<br />
Glycoside D 2 Fatsia japonica 161<br />
Glycosides L–C2 and L–I 2 Scheffleropsis angkae 162<br />
Glycosides St–C 2, St–D 1, St–D 2 Tetrapanax papyriferum 163<br />
Glycosides St–E 2, St–F 2, St–J 2, St–K 2 Tetrapanax papyriferum 164<br />
Glycosides St–H 2, St–I 2 Tetrapanax papyriferum 165<br />
Junceosides A–C Arenaria juncea 166<br />
Latifolosides I–Q Ilex latifolia 167<br />
Maetenosides A and B Maesa tenera 168<br />
Pisumsaponins I and II Pisum sativum 169<br />
Prostratosides D and E Polycarpon prostratum 170<br />
Prostratosides F–H Polycarpon prostratum 171<br />
Protoprimuloside B Primula elatior 172<br />
Saikosaponin q-1 Bupleurum chinense 173<br />
Saikosaponins V-1 and V-2 Bupleurum chinense 174<br />
Securiosides A and B Securidaca inappendiculata 175<br />
Sinofoside A Sinofranchetia chinesis 176<br />
Subcapitatosides B and C Aralia subcapitata 177<br />
Tanguticosides A and B Clematis tangutica 178<br />
Vitaboliside A 2-methylglucuronate Albizia gummifera 179<br />
Zygoeichwaloside I Zygophyllum eichwaldii 180<br />
complete proton and carbon NMR assignments of several<br />
oleanane and ursane triterpenoids from Mentha villosa have<br />
been published. 130 Crystal structures have been published<br />
for wilforlide A 130 from Trypterygium wilfordii 131 and 3βmethoxyolean-18-ene<br />
(meliacin) from the marine fungus<br />
Chaetomium olivaceum. 132<br />
<strong>The</strong> 24,30-dinor-oleanane derivative 236 has been found in<br />
Paeonia delavayi 133 while the 24,28-dinor-compound remangilone<br />
D 237 occurs in Physena madagascariensis. 134 A 27-nor-<br />
oleanane 238 has been reported from the stem bark of Vitis<br />
vinifera. 135<br />
Camelliosides A–D are oleanane saponins, from Camellia<br />
japonic, with known genins. 136 An X-ray crystal structure analysis<br />
of camellenodiol, the genin of camelliosides A and B,<br />
revealed that it is 239 with a 28β- and not an 18β-hydroxyl<br />
group. <strong>The</strong> structure of the corresponding ketone, camellendionol,<br />
should be revised to 240. Three saponins, one of<br />
which has the new genin gymnemagenol 241, have been isolated<br />
from Gymnema sylvestre. 137 A new saponin anemoside B<br />
together with a new oleanane anemonolide 242 have been<br />
reported from Anemone rivularis. 138 Fargosides A–E are new<br />
saponins from Holboellia fargesii. 139 Fargoside B has a new<br />
genin, the 29-nor-oleanane derivative 243. <strong>The</strong> new saponin<br />
244, from Terminalia arjunis, also has a new genin. 140 Centellasaponin<br />
A, from Centella asiatica, has the new genin 245. 141<br />
New oleanane saponins that have been assigned trivial names<br />
are listed in Table 1.<br />
Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659 651
New oleanane saponins, that have not been assigned trivial<br />
names, have been isolated from: Acanthophyllum squarrosum, 181<br />
Astragalus trigonus, 182 Bellis perennis, 183 Chenopodium quinoa, 184<br />
Elattostachys apetala, 185 Fagonia cretica, 186 Fatsia japonica, 187<br />
Glycyrrhiza sp., 188 Isertia pittieri, 189 Ixeris sonchifolia, 190a Koelreueria<br />
paniculata, 190b Phytolacca americana, 191 Sanguisorba<br />
officinalis, 192 Sapindus emarginatus, 193 Schefflera arboricola 194<br />
and Terminalia alata. 195<br />
<strong>The</strong> structure of the multiflorane derivative 246 from<br />
Momordica cochinchinensis has been confirmed by X-ray analysis.<br />
196 Sandorinic acids A 247, B 248 and C 249 are three<br />
multifloranes from Sandoricum indicum. 197<br />
Two seco-friedelanes 250 and 251 have been isolated from the<br />
leaves of Austroplenckia populnea. 198 <strong>The</strong> nor-seco-derivative<br />
252 is accompanied in Tripterygium wilfordii by the known<br />
652 Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659<br />
acetal 3,24-epoxy-24-ethoxy-2-hydroxyfriedelan-29-oic acid,<br />
whose structure was confirmed by X-ray analysis. 199 A dinorfriedelane,<br />
6α-hydroxytriptocalline A 253, has also been isolated<br />
from Tripterygium wilfordii. 200 Other new friedelanes<br />
include calotropfriedelenyl acetate 254 from Calotropis<br />
procera, 201 3-methoxyfriedel-2-en-1-one 255 from Salacia<br />
petenensis 202 and three 27,16α-lactones 256–258 from Mallotus<br />
repandas. 203 <strong>The</strong> structure of lactone 257 was confirmed by<br />
X-ray analysis. <strong>The</strong> bis-friedelane derivative scutionin αB 259<br />
has been reported from Maytenus blepharodes and M. magellanica<br />
together with the corresponding 6,7-dihydro- and<br />
6β-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-derivatives. 204<br />
7 <strong>The</strong> ursane group<br />
Two ursane hydroperoxides 260 and 261 and a cyclic peroxide<br />
262 have been isolated from Ficus microcarpa. 99 <strong>The</strong> structure<br />
of 262 was confirmed by X–ray analysis. <strong>The</strong> aerial roots of<br />
Ficus macrocarpa contain two 13,27-cycloursanes 263 and<br />
264. 33 <strong>The</strong> structure of the former was confirmed by X-ray<br />
analysis. Swinhoeic acid 265 is an unusual 18,19-seco-ursane
from Rubus swinhoei. 205 <strong>The</strong> 16,17-seco-derivatives secohemidesursenyl<br />
acetate 266 and seco-hemideursenol 267, from<br />
Hemidesmus indicus, 102 and the 14,15-seco-compound 268, from<br />
Pluchea lanceolata, 206 have also been reported. Six antiandrogenic<br />
ursanes: cordiaketals A 269 and B 270, cordianone<br />
271 and cordianals A 272, B 273 and C 274, have been isolated<br />
from the leaves of the Brazilian plant Cordia multispicata. 207<br />
<strong>The</strong> highly oxygenated 2α,3α,19α,25-tetrahydroxyursene-23,28dioic<br />
acid 275 is a constituent of Rhaponticum uniflorum. 208<br />
Two ursane methyl ethers 276 and 277 have been found in<br />
Salvia roborowskii. 209 Lawsonia alba contains the feruloyl ester<br />
278. 107 Other ursanes include: the diene 279 from Rubus<br />
chroosepalas, 210 the lactone 280 from the fruit of Rosa davidii, 117<br />
calotropursenyl acetate 281 from Calotropis procera, 201 actinidic<br />
acid 282, a phytoalexin from unripe Kiwi fruit, 211 two 30-<br />
carboxylic acids 283 and 284 from Trypterygium wilfordii, 113 the<br />
keto-triol-acid 285 from Eriobotrya deflexa, 119 and urs-12-ene-<br />
3β,6β,19α,23-tetrol 286 from Mimusops elengi. 106 30-Nor-urs-<br />
12-ene-3β,19α-diol 287 is a constituent of Debregeasia salicifolia<br />
212 while 19α,24-dihydroxy-3-oxo-12-ursen-28-oic acid 288<br />
occurs in Rhododendron simsii. 213 <strong>The</strong> feruloyl ester 289 is found<br />
in Eriobotrya japonica. 214<br />
Five new ursane saponins have been reported from<br />
Tupidanthus calyptratus, with two new genins 290 and 291. 215<br />
Kudinosides I–P are new ursane saponins from the leaves of<br />
Ilex kudincha. 216 Kudinolic acid 292 is the aglycone of<br />
kudinosides I–K. Zygophyloside N is another ursane saponin<br />
with a new genin 293, from Zygophyllum gaetulum. 217 Urs-12-<br />
Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659 653
ene-3β,21α,28-triol 294 is the new genin of latifoloside I from<br />
Ilex latifolia where it occurs with latifoloside J which has a<br />
known genin. 218 <strong>The</strong> 20S-isomer of the 28-O β-d-glucopyranosyl<br />
ester of rotundioic acid 295 has been claimed as a constituent<br />
of the leaves of Ilex argentina. 219 Two new saponins 296 and<br />
297, with known genins, have been isolated from Centipeda minima.<br />
220 Other ursane saponins with known genins include centellasaponins<br />
B and C from Centella asiatica, 151 latifolosides K<br />
and L from Ilex latifolia bark 221 and constituents of Clematoclethra<br />
scandens 222 and Sanguisorba officinalis. 192<br />
<strong>The</strong> resin of Protium heptaphyllum contains the new ursane<br />
298 together with two taraxastanes 299 and 300. 223 Three<br />
654 Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659<br />
new taraxastanes 301, 302 and 303 have been reported from<br />
Saussurea petrovii. 224 <strong>The</strong> diol 302 has also been found in Picris<br />
evae. 225 22α-Methoxyfaradiol 304 and its 3-palmitate are constituents<br />
of the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium. 38
8 <strong>The</strong> hopane group<br />
Three isomeric series of hopanoids, 17β,21β, 17β,21α and<br />
17α,21β, have been detected in several Frankia species and other<br />
soil bacteria. <strong>The</strong>ir presence raises fundamental questions<br />
concerning the biosynthesis of the bacteriohopanes. 226 32,35-<br />
Anhydrobacteriohopanetetrol 305 has been identified in<br />
Plakortis simplex. 227 Other new hopanes include 306 228 and the<br />
nor-epoxide 307 229 from Adiantum lunulatum and the diol<br />
acetate 308 from Aschersonia tubulata. 230 <strong>The</strong> neohopane<br />
caffeate 309 has been reported from Filicum decipiens. 231 Spergulins<br />
A and B are hopane saponins with known genins. 232<br />
8α-Hydroxyfernan-25,7β-olide 310, 3α-hydroxy-4α-methoxyfilicane<br />
311 and 19α-hydroxyferna-7,9(11)-diene 312 have been<br />
isolated from Adiantum caudatum. 233 <strong>The</strong> complete proton and<br />
carbon NMR assignments of fern-9(11)-en-28-oic acid have<br />
been published. 234<br />
9 Miscellaneous compounds<br />
Hoogianal 313 is a new constituent of Iris hoogiana. 235 A range<br />
of sipholane derivatives has been identified in Siphonochalina<br />
siphonella including sipholenols F 314, G 315 and H 316, sipholenone<br />
D 317, sipholenosides A 318 and B 319, neviotine B<br />
320, siphonellinol B 321 and dahabinone A 322. 236 New isomalabaricane<br />
derivatives include 323–325 from a Jaspis sponge, 237<br />
stelliferin riboside 326 from Geodia globostellifera 238 and the 27nor-derivatives<br />
geoditins A 327 and B 328 from Geodia<br />
japonica. 239<br />
Chirat-16-ene-3β,24-diol 329 has been identified in Swertia<br />
chirata. 240 <strong>The</strong> serratane epoxides 330, 331 and 332 have been<br />
isolated from Picea jezoensis var., jezoensis. 241 <strong>The</strong> structures of<br />
330 and 331 were confirmed by X-ray analysis. Adiantutirucallene<br />
B 333 and adiantulanostene B 334 are strange triterpenoids<br />
from Adiantum venustrum. 242<br />
Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20, 640–659 655
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