Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) Introduction ...
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) Introduction ...
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) Introduction ...
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Eucryptorrhynchus brandti<br />
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a<br />
potential biological control agent<br />
<strong>of</strong> tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong><br />
Tom McAvoy tmcavoy@vt.edu*,<br />
Amy Snyder*, Nathan Herrick, and Scott Salom*<br />
*Department <strong>of</strong> Entomology<br />
College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Life Sciences<br />
Virginia Tech<br />
Blacksburg, VA<br />
Biological Control <strong>of</strong> Northeastern Weeds – 2013 Cooperators<br />
Meeting,<br />
Feb. 19, 2013, Trenton, NJ<br />
Known distribution <strong>of</strong> tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> in the US.<br />
<strong>Tree</strong>‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> <strong>Ailanthus</strong> <strong>altissima</strong><br />
(<strong>Simaroubaceae</strong>)<br />
Native distribution<br />
Non‐native distribution<br />
Worldwide distribution <strong>of</strong> A. <strong>altissima</strong> (Kowarik and Sӓumel 2007).<br />
<strong>Introduction</strong> into United States<br />
Two introductions from England as an<br />
ornamental:<br />
o 1784 Philadelphia, PA<br />
o 1820 New York City<br />
California Gold Rush mid‐1800’s direct<br />
from China, used as medicinal<br />
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Beneficial Uses<br />
City landscapes, tolerant to air pollution and poor soils<br />
Planted in arid climates, strip mines<br />
Developing countries:<br />
o Firewood<br />
o Pulpwood<br />
o Reforestation<br />
Quassinoids, highly oxygenated triterpenes:<br />
o Medicinal anti‐HIV, antitumor, antimalarial properties<br />
o Insecticidal properties, anti‐feedant, growth<br />
regulation<br />
42 nd most abundant species <strong>of</strong> 128 species<br />
0.2 % <strong>of</strong> live volume in Virginia<br />
Negative Impacts<br />
Invasive in forests and along roadways<br />
Very competitive in newly disturbed areas due to :<br />
o Allelopathic properties<br />
o High seed production and suckering<br />
Displaces native plant species<br />
Roots can damage buildings, sidewalks<br />
Costly to control<br />
5,175 km (3,105 mi) surveyed in Virginia<br />
58% <strong>of</strong> every mile surveyed had at least 1 tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> stem<br />
39 tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> stems / km (62 stems / mi) (McAvoy et al. 2012)<br />
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Management <strong>of</strong> tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong><br />
Physical – pulling, girdling, digging,<br />
cutting<br />
Chemical ‐ herbicides: glyphosate<br />
(Roundup), triclopyer ester (Garlon)<br />
Biological ‐ fungi and insects<br />
Locations <strong>of</strong> naturally infected and artificially inoculated tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<br />
<strong>heaven</strong> stands by V. nonalfalfae (Kasson 2012).<br />
Verticillium nonalfalfae Inderb. et al. (formerly V. albo‐<br />
atrum Reinke and Berthold)<br />
Native, soil‐borne, vascular wilt fungus<br />
Resting mycelium can remain dormant<br />
in soil for up to 4 yrs<br />
Long‐range dissemination is limited:<br />
o Wind‐blown leaflets, seeds and insects<br />
Prefers cooler temperatures<br />
Verticillium subspecies or host‐adapted<br />
isolates may attack only certain hosts<br />
Pegg GF, Brady BL. 2002. Verticillium Wilts. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.<br />
Fusarium oxysporum has also been<br />
found to weaken and kill tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<br />
<strong>heaven</strong><br />
Verticillium nonalfalfae Inderb. et al. (formerly V. albo‐atrum Reinke and Berthold)<br />
Six V. nonalfalfae sites found in Virginia<br />
V. nonalfalfae<br />
Verticillium nonalfalfae<br />
Uninfected<br />
Infected<br />
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3
<strong>Tree</strong>‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> in China is<br />
attacked by:<br />
46 phytophagous arthropods<br />
16 fungi<br />
1 potyvirus<br />
Zheng, H., Wu, Y., Ding, J., Binion, D., Fu, W. and<br />
Reardon, R. (2004), ‘Invasive Plants <strong>of</strong> Asian<br />
Origin Established in the United States and their<br />
Natural Enemies’, Vol 2. Forest Health<br />
Technology Enterprise Team. USDA<br />
Eucryptorrhynchus brandti (Curculionidae)<br />
E. brandti adult feeding<br />
E. brandti egg E. brandti larvae<br />
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E. brandti is a pest <strong>of</strong><br />
tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> in<br />
China and is actively<br />
controlled<br />
E. brandti larvae E. brandti emergence holes and adult<br />
Eucryptorrhynchus spp. damaged trees in China<br />
Sapindales<br />
Picramniaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
<strong>Simaroubaceae</strong><br />
Leitneriaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Buseraceae<br />
Cladogram showing hypothesized relationships in the Order<br />
Sapindales (Judd et al. 2002).<br />
<strong>Tree</strong>‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> plantation in Wuhan, Hubei Eucryptorrhynchus spp. emergence<br />
holes in Wuhan, Hubei<br />
Centrifugal Phylogenetic Strategy (Wapshere 1977)<br />
Sapindales<br />
Leitneriaceae,<br />
Picramniaceae,<br />
Meliaceae,<br />
Rutaceae<br />
<strong>Simaroubaceae</strong>:<br />
Castella,<br />
Holacantha,<br />
Simarouba,<br />
<strong>Tree</strong>‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong><br />
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Native North American, Mexican, and Caribbean<br />
species currently and formerly in <strong>Simaroubaceae</strong><br />
Family<br />
Genus<br />
<strong>Simaroubaceae</strong><br />
Species Common name Distribution<br />
Castela emoryi crucifixion thorn CA, AZ, & Mex.<br />
erecta goatbush TX<br />
polyandra Mex.<br />
Holacantha stewartii Stewart's crucifixion thorn TX<br />
Picrasma antillana bitter ash Carib.<br />
excelsa bitterwood Carib. & Mesoamer.<br />
Quassia amara Amargo, bitter ash, bitterwood Carib.<br />
Simarouba glauca paradise tree FL<br />
Leitneriaceae<br />
tulae aceitillo tree Carib.<br />
Leitneria<br />
Picramniaceae<br />
floridana corkwood AR, FL, GA, MO, TX.<br />
Alvaradoa amorphoides Mexican alvaradoa FL & Mex.<br />
Picramnia pentandra Florida bitterbush FL & Carib<br />
10 Economically important species and 5 Ecologically associated species.<br />
Family<br />
Economically important<br />
Test species Common name<br />
Aceraceae Acer rubrum red maple<br />
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Mango<br />
Fabaceae Glycine max Soybean<br />
Fagaceae Quercus alba white oak<br />
Quercus rubra red oak<br />
Juglandaceae Carya glabra pignut hickory<br />
Juglans nigra Black walnut<br />
Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera tulip poplar<br />
Pinaceae Pinus taeda loblolly pine<br />
Poaceae<br />
Ecologically associated<br />
Zea mays corn<br />
Anacardiaceae Rhus typhina staghorn sumac<br />
Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana eastern redcedar<br />
Fabaceae Robinia pseudoacacia black locust<br />
Rosaceae Crataegus spp. hawthorne<br />
Prunus serotina black cherry<br />
Adult foliage feeding<br />
Choice Test<br />
1 male and 1 female in each cage, 25oC Allowed to run for 3 days<br />
Newly emerged insects starved for 24 hours<br />
<strong>Tree</strong>‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> and Alvaradoa amorphoides<br />
16 Taxonomically related species tested<br />
Family Test species Common name<br />
<strong>Simaroubaceae</strong> Castela emoryi crucifixion thorn<br />
Simarouba glauca paradise tree<br />
Leitneriaceae Leitneria floridana corkwood<br />
Picramniaceae Alvaradoa amorphoides Mexican alvaradoa<br />
Picramnia pentandra Florida bitterbush<br />
Meliaceae Swietenia mahogoni mahogany<br />
Rutaceae Citrus aurantifolia lime<br />
Citrus aurantium sour orange<br />
Citrus limon lemon<br />
Citrus paradisi grapefruit<br />
Citrus reticulate tangerine<br />
Citrus sinensis sweet orange<br />
Ptelea trifoliata common hoptree<br />
Zanthoxylum americanum northern prickly‐ash<br />
Casimiroa edulis white sapote<br />
Burseraceae Bursera simaruba gumbo limbo<br />
Tests conducted to determine host specificity<br />
• No choice adult foliage feeding<br />
• Choice adult foliage feeding (tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<br />
<strong>heaven</strong> + nontarget sp.)<br />
negative<br />
Not a host<br />
species<br />
positive<br />
• No choice oviposition<br />
• Larval development<br />
negative<br />
positive<br />
Not a host species Host species<br />
Adult foliage feedingt<br />
No Choice Test<br />
1 male and 1 female in each cage, 25oC Allowed to run for 3 days<br />
Newly emerged insects starved for 24 hours<br />
Alvaradoa amorphoides<br />
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Data Collection: Adult Feeding<br />
<strong>Simaroubaceae</strong><br />
Leitneriaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Measure foliage feeding<br />
with transparent grid<br />
Burseraceae<br />
Aceraceae<br />
Fagaceae<br />
Juglandaceae<br />
Magnoliaceae<br />
Pinaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Two choice (one non‐target + tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong>) adult feeding test (Herrick et al. 2012)<br />
Larval Development Tests<br />
Cupressaceae<br />
Fabaceae<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Poaceae<br />
<strong>Simaroubaceae</strong><br />
Leitneriaceae<br />
Picramniaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Burseraceae<br />
Aceraceae<br />
Fagaceae<br />
Juglandaceae<br />
Magnoliaceae<br />
Pinaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Cupressaceae<br />
Fabaceae<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Poaceae<br />
No choice adult foliage feeding tests vs. tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> (65 mm 2 / day) (Herrick et al. 2012)<br />
Development <strong>of</strong> E. brandti larvae (3, 1 st instars per tree) inoculated<br />
into test species<br />
Family<br />
Species No. <strong>of</strong> trees inoculated<br />
<strong>Simaroubaceae</strong><br />
# trees with larval<br />
development after 4 months<br />
<strong>Ailanthus</strong> <strong>altissima</strong> 10 7<br />
Simarouba glauca<br />
Leitneriaceae<br />
10 0<br />
Leitneria floridana<br />
Rutaceae<br />
10 2<br />
Citrus aurantifolia 10 0<br />
C. aurantium 10 0<br />
C. limon 10 0<br />
C. paradisi 10 0<br />
C. reticulata 10 0<br />
C. sinensis 10 0<br />
E. Brandti shows some acceptance <strong>of</strong> Leitneria floridana, corkwood<br />
Globally ranked G3 (vulnerable;<br />
either very rare and local<br />
throughout its range or found<br />
locally in a restricted range)<br />
In Arkansas and Florida<br />
ranked, S3 (very rare and local or<br />
found locally in a restricted range)<br />
In Missouri ranked, S2<br />
(imperiled because <strong>of</strong> rarity)<br />
In Georgia and Texas, S1<br />
(critically imperiled because <strong>of</strong><br />
extreme rarity)<br />
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Leitneria floridana, corkwood in Florida Oviposition/Survival tests<br />
Oviposition Tests<br />
52 ovipositing females<br />
were caged on corkwood<br />
for 7 days<br />
Results: 47 females were<br />
alive at end <strong>of</strong> test ‐ no<br />
oviposition occurred<br />
Petition for release <strong>of</strong> E. brandti<br />
May 2011 ‐ Submitted petition to APHIS TAG (Technical<br />
Advisory Group)<br />
October 2012 ‐ received response from TAG reviewers:<br />
o 6 approved release<br />
o 6 requested additional information<br />
o 3 recommended no release<br />
o Chairman denied release due to possible impact on<br />
corkwood<br />
Currently we are doing more work on additional test<br />
species and corkwood and will resubmit petition<br />
20 males and 20 females<br />
Newly emerged<br />
Experiments ran until death <strong>of</strong> adults<br />
Results: adults lived a mean <strong>of</strong> 19 days no oviposition<br />
E. brandti has potential for aiding in the spread <strong>of</strong><br />
V. nonalfalfae from tree to tree (Snyder et al. 2012)<br />
Present in feces<br />
Carried externally by adults overwintering<br />
in infected soil<br />
Adults can infect tree‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> seedlings<br />
after ingestion and by tarsal contact with<br />
the pathogen<br />
Conclusions<br />
SEM <strong>of</strong> V. nonalfalfae conidia on<br />
E. brandti tarsal setae.<br />
E. brandti has potential <strong>of</strong> being an effective<br />
biological control agent<br />
<strong>Tree</strong>‐<strong>of</strong>‐<strong>heaven</strong> is the only species that can<br />
support E. brandti development from egg to<br />
adult<br />
E. brandti in combination with Verticillium<br />
nonalfalfae could be an effective control<br />
combination<br />
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Acknowledgments<br />
Scotty Bolling, Jackie Brown, and Ryan Mays at Virginia Tech, Dept.<br />
<strong>of</strong> Entomology<br />
Dr. Du Yu‐Zhou, Hailong Ji, and Yu Bo at Department <strong>of</strong> Plant<br />
Protection, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, PRC<br />
Jennie McAvoy and Shicai Yan.<br />
Richard Reardon, USDA Forest Service ‐ FHTET<br />
These studies were supported by USDA Forest Service Grants<br />
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