International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research - Agricultural ...

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Furlan et al.: Fetotoxicity of locoweed in Spanish goats Seitz, A.L., E.M. Colodel, M. Schmitz, et al. 2005. Use of lectin histochemistry to diagnose Sida carpinifolia toxidosis: an induced mannosidosis in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 35(5):434-438. Stegelmeier, B.L., L.F. James, K.E. Panter, and R.J. Molyneux. 1995. Serum swainsonine concentration and alpha-mannosidase activity in cattle and sheep ingesting Oxytropis sericea and Astragalus lentiginosus (locoweeds). American Journal of Veterinary Research 56:149-154. 40 Van Kampen, K.R., and L.F. James. 1971. Ovarian and placental lesions in sheep from ingesting locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). Veterinary Pathology 8:193- 199. Submitted: January 12, 2011 Accepted: April 18, 2011
Locoweed Poisoning in the Native Grasslands of China Zhao Meng-Li 1 , Gao Xinlei 1,2 , and Han Bing 2 1College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China 2 College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China Corresponding author: Zhao Meng-Li, menglizhao@yahoo.com Abstract Locoweeds, including certain species of Oxytropis and Astragalus that contain swainsonine, are important poisonous plants throughout the world and especially in the vast native grasslands of China. Livestock sustainability and health on the Chinese rangelands are seriously threatened by desertification and locoweed invasion. Enormous economic losses occur every year threatening the local advancement of animal husbandry and endangering the sustainability of the livestock producers in these regions. The purpose of this paper is to review and describe the distribution of locoweed species in China, review information where toxicoses are prevalent, and report current research data on plant–endophyte relationships with locoweed species, poisonings, and relevant management practices, where they exist. Keywords: Poisonous plants, China, grasslands, locoweed, Oxytropis, Astragalus, swainsonine, endophyte, Embellisia oxytropis, Undifilum oxytropis Introduction The native grasslands of China are the second largest in the world, comprising more than 400 million hectares (about 40 percent of the land mass of China). The grassland ecosystem in China is massive and ecologically and environmentally important, and it has supported the livestock-based livelihood and survivability of ethnic minorities for centuries. It is currently estimated that about 90 percent of the native grasslands in China has been degraded, with 30 percent in very poor condition (Zhao et al. 2005). Associated with the degradation of grasslands are a loss in productivity; reduced ability to support livestock; a concomitant increase in poisonous plants, rodent, and other pest infestations; and accelerated desertification. The spread of poisonous plants is considered the secondmost serious problem after desertification for China’s northern grassland region (Zhao et al. 2005). According to previous surveys, the area of native grasslands in northern China where toxic weeds occur at a harmful level is 333 million hectares, with the major threat being locoweed, accounting for about 33 percent of the affected area (figure 1) (Zhao et al. 2005). More recently, the locoweedinfested areas have been expanding (Zhao et al. 2005), and sustainability of livestock production in these critical grassland regions is in peril. The primary toxic compound in locoweed is the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine (Molyneux et al. 1989), which is now believed to be produced by the endophyte Undifilum oxytropis (Pryor et al. 2009) and which was previously referred to as Embellisia oxytropis (Braun et al. 2003, Ralphs et al. 2008, Lu et al. 2009). Interestingly, Broquist et al. (1985) reported production of swainsonine and slaframine (both indolizidine alkaloids with similar biosynthetic 41
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