Volume One: Xlib Programming Manual - Niksula

More documents

Recommendations

Info

XTerm*Foreground: maroon #else ! resources for monochrome screens here XTerm*reverseVideo: true #endif 13.2.4 The Low Level Xrm Routines The basic routines that every application that processes resources this way will include: XrmInitialize() Initializes the resource manager database. Must be called before any other routines. XrmParseCommand() Parses command line options into a data structure compatible with other resource manager routines. Various styles of command line options (with or without arguments and with various styles of arguments) are supported. XrmGetFileDatabase() Reads a resource file and stores the data in a resource manager database structure. This routine can be used to read the .Xdefaults file, the app−defaults/* file, and the file (if any) pointed to by the XENVIRONMENT environment variable. XrmGetStringDatabase() Reads preferences from a string. This routine can be used to read resource specifications from the copy of the XA_RESOURCE_MANAGER property stored in the Display structure. XrmMergeDatabases() Merges databases created with other routines into a single combined database. This routine is used to combine the separate resource databases created with the functions described immediately above. The order in which the various databases are merged determines which databases take precedence. XrmGetResource() Extract a resource definition from the database so that it can be used to set program variables. Several new functions were added to Xlib in R5 to support changes in the Xt Intrinsics. Some Xlib applications may find these useful: XrmSetDatabase() Associates a resource database with a display. This function is useful in applications that manipulate multiple displays or multiple databases. New in R5. XrmGetDatabase() Queries the database of a display. This function is useful in applications that manipulate multiple displays or multiple databases. New in R5. XrmLocaleOfDatabase() Returns the locale of a resource database (for internationalization). New in R5. XrmCombineDatabase() Merge the contents of two resource databases stored in memory. New in R5. This is more flexible than XrmMergeDatabases(). XrmCombineFileDatabase() Merge the contents of two databases read from files. New in R5. This is more flexible than XrmMergeDatabases(). XrmEnumerateDatabase() Calls a user−supplied procedure once for each entry in a resource database that matches any completion of a specified partial name and class list. The enumeration can be performed a single level below these name and class prefixes, or for all levels below. New in R5. The sequence of operations for a typical R4 application is shown in Figure 13−2. For the R5 order of merging resource files and properties, see Volume Four, X Toolkit Intrinsics Programming Manual.
Figure 13−2. R4 Procedure for processing resource specifications with resource manager functions Routines that use these functions are shown and described in Chapter 14, "A Complete Application." 13.3 Standard Geometry One of the preferences that must be handled by clients is the preferred size and placement of a window or icon. By convention, rather than having the user specify various elements of the size and placement with separate options, clients accept a single standard geometry string, which has the following format: x{+−}{+−} Items enclosed in are integers, and items enclosed in {} are a set from which one item is allowed. The xoffset and yoffset values are optional. They determine the position of the window or icon−−for the top−level window, they are, by convention, interpreted relative to the origin of the root window. The convention is that if the sign of xoffset or yoffset is positive, they specify that the offset is measured from the top or left edge of the application window to the top or left edge of the screen. If the sign of xoffset or yoffset is negative, they specify that the offset is measured from the bottom or right edge of the application window to the bottom or right edge of the screen. After being read in from the command line or from a preference file, this string can be separated into separate x, y, width, and height values with XParseGeometry(). See Chapter 14, "A Complete Application "for an example that uses XParseGeometry(). In addition, there is a function called XWMGeometry() that can be used to parse a partial geometry specification from the user. XWMGeometry() takes a geometry string specified (presumably) by the user, which might not be complete, and the set of size hints that define the programs desired geometry. If the user−specified string specifies an element of the geometry, that value is used; otherwise, the corresponding value from program’s default geometry string is used. The
Page 1 and 2:
Volume One: Xlib Programming Manual
Page 3 and 4:
Introduction, provides a discussion
Page 5 and 6:
connect ftp.uu.net chdir /published
Page 7 and 8:
Volume Five −− X Toolkit Intrin
Page 9 and 10:
X was developed jointly by MIT’s
Page 11 and 12:
Figure 1−2. Applications can run
Page 13 and 14:
the MIT X Consortium, such as the S
Page 15 and 16:
Server provide information about a
Page 17 and 18:
Actually, although this manual desc
Page 19 and 20:
The fact that Xlib queues both inpu
Page 21 and 22:
Much of the communication between c
Page 23 and 24:
2.2.1 Window Characteristics Do rea
Page 25 and 26:
• A window’s border. It can var
Page 27 and 28:
A child may be positioned partially
Page 29 and 30:
Mapping is done with the XMapWindow
Page 31 and 32:
lot of pixmaps may not work on PC s
Page 33 and 34:
whether this feature is supported o
Page 35 and 36:
2.4.6 Special Characteristics of th
Page 37 and 38:
Window window; int x, y; int width,
Page 39 and 40:
code is written. 2.6.2 Writing an X
Page 41 and 42:
values True or False. As another ex
Page 43 and 44:
2.6.3.2 The XErrorEvent Structure E
Page 45 and 46:
Without further ado, let’s begin
Page 47 and 48:
structure types depending on the ty
Page 49 and 50:
3.2.4 Getting Window Information Mo
Page 51 and 52:
* Open display, determine screen di
Page 53 and 54:
convention for communication betwee
Page 55 and 56:
icon name is not set, the conventio
Page 57 and 58:
The next step in the application is
Page 59 and 60:
default: /* All events selected by
Page 61 and 62:
edraw, then the application should
Page 63 and 64:
3.2.14 When Can I Draw? There is of
Page 65 and 66:
handler function. The client is fre
Page 67 and 68:
x, y, width, height, border_width,
Page 69 and 70:
unsigned int line_width = 6; int li
Page 71 and 72:
} int y_offset, x_offset; y_offset
Page 73 and 74:
If the window already exists, you c
Page 75 and 76:
None (default) Specifies that the w
Page 77 and 78:
larger or smaller window. By instru
Page 79 and 80:
the window is resized smaller than
Page 81 and 82:
will not be generated when that win
Page 83 and 84:
If the client requires its own colo
Page 85 and 86:
* IsViewable */ long all_event_mask
Page 87:
fourth stages in Figure 5−1 use t
Page 90 and 91:
Bool graphics_exposures; /* Should
Page 92 and 93:
. . /* Open display, create window,
Page 94 and 95:
5.3.1.3 Cap Style The cap_style mem
Page 96 and 97:
Figure 5−5. Detail of JoinRound f
Page 98 and 99:
{3, 1}; static unsigned char dot_da
Page 100 and 101:
5.3.2 The Font The font member of a
Page 102 and 103:
5.3.5 Clip Mask Clipping allows you
Page 104 and 105:
5.4.1 Drawing in Foreground Only Ba
Page 106 and 107:
Remember that only the bits that ar
Page 108 and 109:
The source (result of stage 2 of th
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 5−14c. The effect of logic
Page 112 and 113:
e set with XSetGraphicsExposures().
Page 114 and 115:
XQueryFont() and it will get inform
Page 116 and 117:
X Version 11 also supports the XDra
Page 118 and 119:
The calling routine gets the window
Page 120 and 121:
In the second method, you create a
Page 122 and 123:
If the width argument is 0, the lef
Page 124 and 125:
XGContextFromGC(DefaultGC(display,
Page 126 and 127:
The attributes member is for font
Page 128 and 129:
(max_char_or_byte2 − min_char_or_
Page 130 and 131:
the string ascent and descent) if y
Page 132 and 133:
} (void) sprintf(cd_width, " Width
Page 134 and 135:
6.2.10 Setting the Font Path XFreeF
Page 136 and 137:
XGetImage() returns data that uses
Page 138 and 139:
the image was created using XCreate
Page 140 and 141:
If your client is operating on a co
Page 142 and 143:
Xlib provides for determining the s
Page 144 and 145:
English Words Red Green Blue aquama
Page 146 and 147:
7.2.4 Hexadecimal Color Specificati
Page 148 and 149:
In high performance screens, having
Page 150 and 151:
7.3.5 Shareability vs. Changeabilit
Page 152 and 153:
colorcells returns False, the clien
Page 154 and 155:
} border_pixel = BlackPixel(display
Page 156 and 157:
foreground = 1111111100000000111111
Page 158 and 159:
int i; XVisualInfo visual_info; int
Page 160 and 161:
7.5.2 Allocating Read/Write Colorce
Page 162 and 163:
#define CAN_OVERLAY 1 int get_color
Page 164 and 165:
The best way to do this is to incre
Page 166 and 167:
color system, this value is typical
Page 168 and 169:
In some cases, the window manager o
Page 170 and 171:
To obtain the pixel value, these RG
Page 172 and 173:
* allocate all cells read/write */
Page 174 and 175:
When a window manager creates a sta
Page 176 and 177:
value of three coordinates (as is t
Page 178 and 179:
Manual. XcmsAllocColor() Allocates
Page 180 and 181:
long *pixels; /* RETURN */ int n; {
Page 182 and 183:
long *pixels; /* RETURN */ int n; {
Page 184 and 185:
7.10.2 The ColormapNotify Event col
Page 186 and 187:
• Something the window manager ne
Page 188 and 189:
XAnyEvent xany; XKeyEvent xkey; XBu
Page 190 and 191:
| ButtonPressMask); XSelectInput(di
Page 192 and 193:
}; "ButtonPress", "ButtonRelease",
Page 194 and 195:
another count. This is identical to
Page 196 and 197:
} } 8.3 Selecting Events case Butto
Page 198 and 199:
LeaveWindowMask LeaveNotify XLeaveW
Page 200 and 201:
The program lets the user draw in t
Page 202 and 203:
8.3.2.1 The Keyboard Focus Window T
Page 204 and 205:
Button1MotionMask, Button2MotionMas
Page 206 and 207:
The handling of Expose events is fu
Page 208 and 209:
• CirculateRequest events report
Page 210 and 211:
The Keyboard and Pointer This chapt
Page 212 and 213:
XEvent event; char buffer[20]; int
Page 214 and 215:
start_x = 2; start_y = font_info−
Page 216 and 217:
mapping. These techniques are not n
Page 218 and 219:
Let’s say a user wanted to use th
Page 220 and 221:
} fprintf(stderr,"Cannot open displ
Page 222 and 223:
• Getting all motion events. The
Page 224 and 225:
mean drawing in black, button 2 cou
Page 226 and 227:
all−motion−events approach for
Page 228 and 229:
ButtonRelease events occur in the s
Page 230 and 231:
Mapping the pointer buttons might b
Page 232 and 233:
performance when operating over a n
Page 234 and 235:
physical pointer or keyboard themse
Page 236 and 237:
Note that the actual forms fill−i
Page 238 and 239:
Figure 9−5. Correct forms fill−
Page 240 and 241:
The led_mask member is not directly
Page 242 and 243:
These and related problems of local
Page 244 and 245:
computer are represented by numbers
Page 246 and 247:
ut strings passed to wcstombs are n
Page 248 and 249:
Before R5, the Xlib drawing routine
Page 250 and 251:
insert or delete a character from a
Page 252 and 253:
} */ (void) XmbTextExtents(fontset,
Page 254 and 255:
XGetFontPath() XParseGeometry() XGe
Page 256 and 257:
any value > 0 current locale (if th
Page 258 and 259:
R5−based internationalization:
Page 260 and 261:
understanding of material presented
Page 262 and 263:
XSetICFocus() causes key events to
Page 264 and 265:
XmbLookupString() or XwcLookupStrin
Page 266 and 267:
* * The error messages in this prog
Page 268 and 269:
Section 11.4.2, "Querying Input Met
Page 270 and 271:
} } t = style2 & status; if (s | t
Page 272 and 273: XNFocusWindow attribute (of type Wi
Page 274 and 275: aseline−to−baseline spacing was
Page 276 and 277: XEvent *event; XIMStyle style; XRec
Page 278 and 279: typedef struct _XIMText { unsigned
Page 280 and 281: • XIMLineStart means move the cur
Page 282 and 283: } The R5 X Toolkit Intrinsics have
Page 284 and 285: • Set the locale with setlocale.
Page 286 and 287: * This is a long procedure for a si
Page 288 and 289: fontset = XCreateFontSet(dpy, "−a
Page 290 and 291: } } Chapter 12 break; case XLookupK
Page 292 and 293: The data associated with a property
Page 294 and 295: XA_WM_ICON_NAME "TEXT" XTextProper
Page 296 and 297: • The max_width and max_height me
Page 298 and 299: application. To remind you, the key
Page 300 and 301: The client must not: • Select Res
Page 302 and 303: Note that session managers are rare
Page 304 and 305: that they can save their state and
Page 306 and 307: unsigned long nitems; /* Number of
Page 308 and 309: 12.4 Selections Selections are the
Page 310 and 311: sends a SelectionNotify event (usin
Page 312 and 313: the ownership of the selection invo
Page 314 and 315: events can assist applications in t
Page 316 and 317: Example 13−1 shows the code for o
Page 318 and 319: PictureFileName = option; } } if (!
Page 320 and 321: 13.2 Using the Low−level Resource
Page 324 and 325: esulting values are used to set the
Page 326 and 327: • Background color • Foreground
Page 328 and 329: app−defaults files written in thi
Page 330 and 331: In addition, a representation type
Page 332 and 333: corresponding quark and compares th
Page 334 and 335: The long horizontal window along th
Page 336 and 337: } /* Get events */ takeEvents (); /
Page 338 and 339: } } screen_num = DefaultScreen(disp
Page 340 and 341: } if (XResourceManagerString(displa
Page 342 and 343: } background = WhitePixel(display,
Page 344 and 345: Example 14−9. basecalc −− dec
Page 346 and 347: } } /* Make the utility pixmaps */
Page 348 and 349: takeEvents () { XEvent Event; regis
Page 350 and 351: } gc = bgGC; attributes.background_
Page 352 and 353: XStoreName (dpy, w, name) register
Page 354 and 355: Normally all resources associated w
Page 356 and 357: Because the window−based coordina
Page 358 and 359: The const keyword is new in ANSI−
Page 360 and 361: Example 15−4. Using the XlibSpeci
Page 362 and 363: XCirculateSubwindowsDown(), XCircul
Page 364 and 365: When the window with the shadow is
Page 366 and 367: The routines XRemoveFromSaveSet() a
Page 368 and 369: If a stack_mode is specified but no
Page 370 and 371: If CirculateDn, CirculateUp, or New
Page 372 and 373:
order_width, BlackPixel(display,scr
Page 374 and 375:
case 4: circup(menuwin); break; cas
Page 376 and 377:
16.7.4 Selecting Input Now that we
Page 378 and 379:
drawn by XDrawImageString() might n
Page 380 and 381:
16.7.11 Raising and Lowering Window
Page 382 and 383:
min_size = True; if (size_hints.fla
Page 384 and 385:
* it doesn’t matter */ /* fprintf
Page 386 and 387:
} Window child; Window root; int wi
Page 388 and 389:
16.7.15 Creating the Icons The make
Page 390 and 391:
} char * getIconName(window) Window
Page 392 and 393:
Window menuwin; { XEvent report; in
Page 394 and 395:
Example 16−16. winman −− the
Page 396 and 397:
This rather verbose line is actuall
Page 398 and 399:
−bitstream−charter−medium−i
Page 400 and 401:
If you have worked with X at a site
Page 402 and 403:
A.2.1 Font Server Naming To the X s
Page 404 and 405:
fonts = XListFonts(dpy, "−*−*
Page 406 and 407:
Example A−8 shows a procedure tha
Page 408 and 409:
The flags member, as defined in Xli
Page 410 and 411:
Writing Extensions to X Extensibili
Page 412 and 413:
XInitExtension()determines if the n
Page 414 and 415:
When XLoadQueryFont() or XQueryFont
Page 416 and 417:
should be copied from the host form
Page 418 and 419:
The XESetFlushGC() procedure is ide
Page 420 and 421:
XDrawPoint()(dpy, d, gc, x, y) regi
Page 422 and 423:
typedef struct _DoSomethingReply {
Page 424 and 425:
meantime, _XReply places them in th
Page 426 and 427:
This routine generally is implement
Page 428 and 429:
#define WTYP_DIG 0x02 /* Digit 0−
Page 430 and 431:
#endif SYSV { CKILL, "CE", 2 }, { C
Page 432 and 433:
}; { 0, "/", 5, 3, OPR_DIV, WTYP_OP
Page 434 and 435:
XrmMergeDatabases(serverDB, &rDB);
Page 436 and 437:
} } else { background = WhitePixel(
Page 438 and 439:
else if (windata[win].type == WTYP_
Page 440 and 441:
} if (Buttons[win].self == Event.xb
Page 442 and 443:
Buttons[i].x, Buttons[i].y, Buttons
Page 444 and 445:
windata[win].color = pressedColor;
Page 446 and 447:
else Accum *= Value; break; case OP
Page 448 and 449:
} case ’\r’: case ’\n’: str
Page 450 and 451:
if (b==2) plmax = 32; else if (b==8
Page 452 and 453:
typedef struct { int type; unsigned
Page 454 and 455:
Notes Unless an active grab already
Page 456 and 457:
Select With There is no event mask
Page 458 and 459:
} XConfigureEvent; Event Structure
Page 460 and 461:
Bool override_redirect; /* creation
Page 462 and 463:
unsignedlong, so it wraps around wh
Page 464 and 465:
EnterNotify and LeaveNotify events
Page 466 and 467:
Event Structure typedef struct { in
Page 468:
common ancestor of A and B. This ta
Page 471 and 472:
Select With These events are not se
Page 473 and 474:
} XEvent; Event Structure typedef s
Page 475 and 476:
SubstructureNotifyMask. XEvent Stru
Page 477 and 478:
Display *display; /* Display the ev
Page 479 and 480:
When Generated A PropertyNotify eve
Page 481 and 482:
} XResizeRequestEvent; Event Struct
Page 483 and 484:
Window requestor; Atom selection; A
Page 485 and 486:
F.3 System Utility Functions XmuGet
Page 487 and 488:
F.11 Compound Text Functions These
Page 489 and 490:
Central USA mordred.cs.purdue.edu 1
Page 491 and 492:
G.2 Netnews The Usenet network news
Page 493 and 494:
G.5 Finding Out for Yourself X is u
Page 495 and 496:
The character ? may now be used in
Page 497 and 498:
XSetWMProtocols() is used by client
Page 499 and 500:
any keycode, Group 1 is used when t
Page 501 and 502:
The abstract graphical symbol for a
Page 503 and 504:
drawables. encoding A set of unambi
Page 505 and 506:
inferiors The inferiors of a window
Page 507 and 508:
occludes Window Aobscures window B
Page 509 and 510:
equest Information requested by a c
Page 511 and 512:
The stipple member of a GC defines
Page 513:
ISO2022: Information processing−
show all

Volume One: Xlib Programming Manual - Niksula

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?