PIYAWAN%20CHANTACHAI.pdf
PIYAWAN%20CHANTACHAI.pdf
PIYAWAN%20CHANTACHAI.pdf
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2D SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION OF CHONNABOT PROSPECT,<br />
PERMIAN I BASIN, CHANGWAT KHON KAEN, THAILAND.<br />
MISS PIYAWAN CHANTACHAI<br />
A REPORT SUBMITTED IN PERTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE<br />
REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHILOR OF SCIENCE<br />
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY<br />
CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY<br />
ACADEMIC TEAR 2008<br />
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2D SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION OF CHONNABOT PROSPECT,<br />
PERMIAN I BASIN, CHANGWAT KHON KAEN, THAILAND.<br />
Piyawan Chantachai<br />
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University;<br />
Tel: 0-4040-4308, e- mail: dekyingyim@hotmail.com<br />
Abstact: The Permian l Basin is attributed to the result of tectonic collision between Shan<br />
Thai sub-plate and Indochina sub-plate in Late Permian to Early Triassic. This study area<br />
is Chonnabot prospect in the south-western part of the Permian l basin. The basin is<br />
located in Changwat Khon-Kaen, 450 kilometers in the north-east of Bangkok. The<br />
primary objective of this study is to understand the structural evolution of the Chonnabot<br />
prospect by the sequential restoration of cross-sections based on 2D seismic and<br />
geological data.<br />
The evolution of structures in this study area can be divided into 6 stages. These<br />
are unconformity 1, Intra Triassic horizon, Unconformity 2, Top Huai Hin Lat, Top Nam<br />
Phong and Top Phu Kradung. North-east and south-west faults oriented by the<br />
compression and dip direction is north-east and south-west. The first deposition center<br />
come from south, after that, move to west and at last move to north-west. So tectonic<br />
movement cause the structural changings. The time is estimated to 220 Ma, Late Triassic.<br />
Keyword: Permian Basin, Chonnabot Prospect, Changwat Khon Kaen<br />
ก<br />
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: 084-0404308, dekyingyim@hotmail.com<br />
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6 <br />
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2 4. 5.<br />
6.<br />
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i<br />
Abstract ii<br />
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1<br />
iii<br />
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2<br />
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ก 14<br />
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3<br />
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ก 24<br />
Time-structure Map 30<br />
Isochron Map 33<br />
ก<br />
4<br />
36<br />
ก 37<br />
ก 39<br />
40<br />
ก 41<br />
ก<br />
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ก 6
1.1 l<br />
<br />
2<br />
1.2 <br />
ก 7<br />
1.3 ก<br />
8<br />
1.4 ก<br />
Play Type 11 ก<br />
10<br />
1.5 ก<br />
ก<br />
12<br />
1.6 กก<br />
13<br />
2.1 <br />
21<br />
2.2 ก<br />
22<br />
3.1 ก<br />
Line 04 24<br />
3.2 ก Seismic Line 04 25<br />
3.3 ก<br />
line 03 26<br />
3.4 ก Seismic Line 03 27<br />
3.5 ก<br />
line 02 28<br />
3.6 ก Seismic Line 02 28<br />
3.7 ก<br />
line 01 29<br />
3.8 ก Seismic Line 01 29<br />
3.9 Seismic line ก<br />
30<br />
3.10 Time-structure Map horizon Unconformity 1 30<br />
3.11 Time-structure Map horizon Intra Triassic 31<br />
3.12 Time-structure Map horizon Unconformity 2 31<br />
3.13 Time-structure Map horizon Top Huai Hin Lat 32<br />
3.14 Time-structure Map horizon Top Nam Phong 32<br />
3.15 Time-structure Map horizon Top Phu Kradung 33<br />
3.16 Isochron Map Unconformity 1-Intra Triassic 33<br />
3.17 Isochron Map Intra Triassic-Unconformity 2 34<br />
3.18 Isochron Map Unconformity 2-Top Huai Hin Lat 34<br />
3.19 Isochron Map Top Huai Hin Lat-Top Nam Phong 35<br />
ก<br />
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ก 7
()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
3.20 Isochron Map Top Nam Phong-Top Phu Kradung<br />
<br />
35<br />
4.1 Time structure Map <br />
6 Horizon 37<br />
4.2 Isochron Map Formation 38<br />
ก<br />
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ก 8
1<br />
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I ก<br />
100 ก ก<br />
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14°-19° <br />
101°-106° ก <br />
200,000<br />
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900 <br />
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ก ก- กก<br />
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ก ก <br />
กก<br />
กกกก <br />
ก <br />
ก ก<br />
กก<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
(Khorat Group) ก<br />
ก <br />
ก 4,000 ก<br />
- กกก<br />
<br />
กกกกก<br />
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ก กก<br />
ก<br />
กก <br />
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(กก,<br />
2530)<br />
ก<br />
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ก 9
1.1 l (, 2549)<br />
กก<br />
1.ก<br />
1.1.ก<br />
(Na Mo Group) กก<br />
<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
<br />
กก<br />
upper greenschist facies<br />
ก <br />
1.2.กก<br />
(Pak Chom Group) ก<br />
ก กก ก ก<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 10
ก กกก<br />
ก<br />
กก<br />
1.3.ก (Wang Saphung Group) ก<br />
กก ก<br />
<br />
กก (siliclastics) ก<br />
ก กกก<br />
กก<br />
กก<br />
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1.4.ก<br />
(Saraburi Group) <br />
ก-- ก<br />
กก<br />
กก<br />
ก<br />
ก <br />
ก กกก<br />
ก<br />
กก ก<br />
4 ก<br />
1.4.1. (Si That Formation) Lower clastic <br />
ก ก <br />
ก<br />
1.4.2.ก<br />
(Nam Duk Formation) <br />
ก ก <br />
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ก<br />
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กก<br />
1.4.3.ก (Pha Nok Koa Formation) Permian<br />
carbonate ก <br />
ก ก<br />
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ก กกก <br />
<br />
ก กก<br />
ก กก<br />
ก<br />
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ก 11
1.4.4. (Hua Na Kham Formation) Upper<br />
clastics <br />
ก <br />
ก ก-ก<br />
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กก<br />
กก<br />
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2.ก<br />
2.1.ก () กก ก<br />
กก<br />
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(Euestheria mansuyi) Phytosaur ก<br />
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2.2.<br />
ก<br />
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ก ก<br />
ก<br />
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1,465 <br />
2.3.ก <br />
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ก <br />
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กก<br />
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1,001 <br />
2.4. ก<br />
กก<br />
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ก กก<br />
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56-136 <br />
2.5. ก ก<br />
<br />
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512 กก<br />
ก<br />
(gastropod) ก Naticiod กก<br />
Trigonioides sp. Plicatounio sp.<br />
กก กกก<br />
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2.6. กก ก<br />
กก กกก<br />
กก<br />
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114 <br />
2.7.กก ก <br />
(caliche-siltstone) ก กก ก <br />
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709 <br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 12
2.8. ก <br />
<br />
ก <br />
200 <br />
600 กก<br />
กก<br />
2 กก <br />
กกกก ก<br />
100 <br />
2.9.ก ก<br />
<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
200 <br />
ก<br />
139 <br />
กกกกก<br />
2.10. ก <br />
<br />
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3.ก<br />
ก<br />
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(Tha<br />
Chang Formation) ก<br />
ก ก<br />
ก<br />
กก<br />
20 <br />
Himalayan ก<br />
กกก Gomphotherium sp., Stegolophodon sp., Dinotherium<br />
sp. กกก<br />
(Gandatherium sp.) ก กก<br />
<br />
Middle Miocene<br />
4.ก<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
กก<br />
(gravel bed) ก<br />
(lateritic soil) <br />
กก<br />
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0.7 กก<br />
กกก (loess) <br />
<br />
ก 8,190 ± 120 <br />
<br />
กก 8 ก Zygolophodon<br />
(Sinomastodon) sp. Stegolophodon (Eostegodon) sp. <br />
<br />
ก<br />
5.<br />
ก<br />
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ก 13
ก <br />
ก 3.28 ± 0.48 0.92 ± 0.3 <br />
(-)<br />
ก<br />
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ก 14
1.2 <br />
ก (DMR, 1987)<br />
ก<br />
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ก 15
1.3 ก<br />
(, 2548 Sattayarak, 2005)<br />
<br />
กก<br />
ก 2D seismic data<br />
ก<br />
Atop (2004) กกกก<br />
ก ก กก <br />
ก (source rocks) กกก (reservoir rock) ก<br />
(seal) กก<br />
(petroleum maturation) กกก (play types) ก <br />
กกก 11 (<br />
1.4)<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 16
ก<br />
<br />
ก 17
1.4 ก<br />
Play Type 11 ก<br />
(DMF, 2006)<br />
ก (2548) ก ก <br />
กก 3 ก กกกกก<br />
1.<br />
กกก<br />
2.กก 3.ก<br />
Lovatt Smith Stokes (1997) กกก<br />
ก <br />
<br />
ก dry gas (ก methane 100%) <br />
<br />
กก<br />
ก Permian กกกก<br />
กกกก<br />
-1 Triassic กก<br />
<br />
-1 -1 กกก<br />
Permian<br />
ก (2539) กก ก<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
กก -1 <br />
. .ก ก 11,814 กกก<br />
กก กกก <br />
กกก กก<br />
กกกก<br />
ก<br />
-1 กก<br />
ก<br />
กก<br />
Hayashi (1988) กกก<br />
Landset <br />
ก<br />
กก 1997 gas Permain<br />
<br />
ก 2 ก<br />
processing กก<br />
<br />
4 line <br />
AHT97-02, AHT97-05, AHT97-07, AHT97-08 ก<br />
Amerada Hess LTD. ..2540 <br />
Block 5440/38 <br />
8 line<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 18
1.5 ก<br />
ก<br />
(GMT & SUT,1999)<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 19
1.6 กก<br />
<br />
กกกกกกก<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 20
2<br />
กก ก ก<br />
ก<br />
กก<br />
ก<br />
2 <br />
Time-Structure Map horizon<br />
Isochron Map<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก<br />
<br />
Formation<br />
Lithology<br />
Predicted/Actual<br />
Depth to tops(KB-FT)<br />
Predrill Postdrill<br />
Phu Phan Pbl Cgl, SS/? Surface Surface<br />
Sao Khua Sltst, SS/Sltst,SS 401 401<br />
Phra Wihan SS,Sltst/Sltst,SS 1,968 1,702<br />
Phu Kradung Sltst,Clyst,SS /Sltst,Clyst,SS,Cgl 2,296 2,146<br />
Nam Phong Clyst,SS,Sltst/Clyst,Sltst,SS 7,119 7,143<br />
Upper Huai Hin Lat Sltst,Clyst,SS,Cgl/Sltst,Clyst,SS,Tuff 9,318 9,314<br />
Lower Huai Hin Lat SS,Cgl,Sh/not present 10,794 Not present<br />
Petmo Triassic clastics Notpredicted/Sh,Clyst,SS,Ls,Sltst Not pred. 10,745<br />
Permian Carbonate Ls,Dol/Ls? 11,155 11,810<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 21
Carboniferous Ls,Dol,F gr clastics/not reached 11,975 Not reached<br />
ก<br />
Union Oil Company of California ก<br />
ก <br />
2505 กก<br />
<br />
ก<br />
2512 67 ก <br />
Kuchinarai-1 <br />
ก ก<br />
2514 กกก<br />
<br />
กก<br />
13 ก 2514 Meridian Oil<br />
Corporation กก 1 <br />
<br />
10,000 ก ก<br />
<br />
48<br />
ก <br />
1 ก <br />
16<br />
ก 2522<br />
<br />
6 กก<br />
ก<br />
6 <br />
24 ก 2521 ก<br />
ก<br />
(Esso Exploration and Production Khorat Inc.) <br />
16 2522 E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 <br />
49,150 ก <br />
ก ก<br />
<br />
ก magnetic <br />
2522 <br />
<br />
2523<br />
6 2 7 กก<br />
กก<br />
ก<br />
2534 กกก<br />
<br />
15 ก<br />
() ก<br />
(Amerada Hess Exploration (Thailand) Co. Ltd.) <br />
11 ก 2539 <br />
5340/38 () 5440/38 () <br />
2,960 ก <br />
ก Phu Wiang-1 <br />
ก <br />
ก<br />
กกก<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 22
กกก<br />
กกก ก<br />
<br />
(2549) <br />
ก <br />
1. Seismic กก<br />
seismic <br />
<br />
16,096.20 line km ก 34 <br />
2. ก ก<br />
<br />
2505 กก ก<br />
-1 ก กก ก<br />
<br />
34 ก กกก<br />
ก<br />
ก 2 <br />
320-250 ก<br />
<br />
กก<br />
ก <br />
ก กก<br />
<br />
3. กกกกก<br />
geochemical property <br />
quality, thickness, and maturation of the potential source rocks กก<br />
organic<br />
matter ก กกก<br />
<br />
กกก<br />
<br />
(seal rocks) กกกก<br />
กก กก<br />
(Petroleum System)<br />
ก<br />
กกก<br />
ก<br />
(source rocks) กกก (reservoir rock) ก<br />
(seal) ก<br />
กกกกก<br />
(petroleum maturation) กกก (play<br />
types) กกกก<br />
<br />
กกก<br />
Petroleum System ก<br />
<br />
<br />
1.ก (source rocks) กกก กก<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
1.1.- (Permo-Carboniferous rocks) กก<br />
ก TOC 0.29-1.59 <br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 23
TOC <br />
0.2-1.0 กก<br />
1.2.กกก<br />
(Triassic Pre-Khorat sediments) ก<br />
กก กก<br />
กก total organic contant<br />
(TOC) 0.2-5.76 ก 0.9-20.52 กก<br />
กก 1 กก<br />
Permiam Carbonate<br />
1.3.ก<br />
(Khorat group) ก<br />
กกก<br />
กก<br />
กกกก<br />
ก กกก<br />
2.กกก (reservoir rocks) ก<br />
<br />
<br />
ก<br />
<br />
กกกก<br />
กก<br />
<br />
Permian Upper Clastics (Hua Na Kham<br />
Formation) fluvio-lacustrine กก<br />
(Hua Hin Lat Formation) <br />
กก<br />
(fractured basement) ก<br />
<br />
ก กกก<br />
2.1.กกก (Permian resevoirs) กกกก<br />
<br />
กก<br />
platform ก<br />
ก fossiliferous packstone grainstone wackestone mudstone <br />
ก <br />
porosity permeability <br />
porosity <br />
0 18%<br />
matrix porosity <br />
4% <br />
กกก<br />
karstification กกก<br />
<br />
mud ก mudstone<br />
wackestone porosity ก<br />
<br />
grain ก packstone, grainstone<br />
boundstone porosity ก permeability <br />
ก<br />
microfractures กกกกก<br />
open<br />
microfractures <br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 24
2.2.กกกก (Triassic reservoirs) กก <br />
ก<br />
กก<br />
กกกก <br />
sheet shoe-string กก<br />
<br />
porosity 3 8% <br />
basal<br />
conglomerates กกกกกกก<br />
2.3.กกกก (Post-Triassic reservoirs) <br />
ก<br />
กกกกก <br />
-<br />
grain กก<br />
model porosity <br />
4.9% (<br />
0 16.5%)<br />
-ก grain ก<br />
ก model porosity <br />
1.5-21.0% <br />
6.4%<br />
- grain ก<br />
model<br />
porosity <br />
0-15.5% <br />
5.9%<br />
- grain ก<br />
<br />
model porosity <br />
4.0 19.0% <br />
11.5%<br />
- <br />
grain ก<br />
ก model porosity <br />
7.5-14.0% <br />
10.8%<br />
-กก grain ก<br />
model porosity <br />
7.5 14.5% <br />
11.0%<br />
3.ก<br />
(seal) กกก<br />
<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
กกก<br />
<br />
กก<br />
กก<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก ก Volcaniclastic<br />
sandstone conglomerate ก<br />
argillaceous cement ก permeability<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
กกก<br />
<br />
กก<br />
4.กกกก (trap) กกกก<br />
กก<br />
-ก<br />
กก<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 25
-กกกกก<br />
- half-graben กก<br />
- anticlines ก ก<br />
ก<br />
กก<br />
1 line ก<br />
horizon กกก<br />
horizon <br />
6 ก reflector ก<br />
<br />
1 () ก reflector <br />
<br />
reflector กก horizontal<br />
<br />
2 () ก reflector <br />
reflector <br />
reflector กก horizontal<br />
<br />
3 () ก reflector <br />
<br />
reflector กก horizontal<br />
<br />
4 ()<br />
ก reflector <br />
<br />
reflector กก<br />
<br />
5 () ก reflector <br />
reflector ก<br />
ก<br />
<br />
6 () ก reflector <br />
<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 26
2.1 <br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 27
2.2 ก<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 28
Horizons ก seismic <br />
<br />
<br />
reflector <br />
<br />
reflector ก<br />
ก horizontal<br />
reflector <br />
<br />
reflector reflector ก<br />
ก horizontal<br />
reflector <br />
<br />
reflector กก<br />
horizontal<br />
<br />
reflector <br />
<br />
reflector กก<br />
reflector <br />
<br />
reflector กก<br />
reflector <br />
<br />
<br />
Phu Kradung<br />
Fm.<br />
<br />
(Ma)<br />
<br />
(ft.)<br />
90-200 1,301<br />
Nam Phong Fm. 200-210 4,997<br />
Upper Huai Hin<br />
Lat Fm.<br />
Lower Huai Hin<br />
Lat Fm.<br />
Permo Triassic<br />
clastics<br />
Permian<br />
Carbonate<br />
Carboniferous<br />
210-220 2,171<br />
220-240 1,431<br />
240-250 1,065<br />
กก<br />
250<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 24
3<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
กก Horizon <br />
6 กก<br />
<br />
4 line ก <br />
<br />
3.1 ก<br />
Line 04<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 25
3.2 ก Seismic Line 04<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 26
3.3 ก<br />
line 03<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 27
3.4 ก Seismic Line 03<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 28
3.5 ก<br />
line 02<br />
<br />
3.6 ก Seismic Line 02<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 29
3.7 ก<br />
line 01<br />
<br />
3.8 ก Seismic Line 01<br />
ก<br />
Time-structure Map horizon <br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 30
Time-structure Map<br />
<br />
3.9 Seismic line ก<br />
<br />
3.10 Time-structure Map horizon Unconformity 1<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 31
3.11 Time-structure Map horizon Intra Triassic<br />
<br />
3.12 Time-structure Map horizon Unconformity 2<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 32
3.13 Time-structure Map horizon Top Huai Hin Lat<br />
<br />
3.14 Time-structure Map horizon Top Nam Phong<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 33
3.15 Time-structure Map horizon Top Phu Kradung<br />
กก<br />
Isochron Map <br />
horizon <br />
ก<br />
horizon <br />
กก<br />
<br />
กก<br />
<br />
3.16 Isochron Map Unconformity 1-Intra Triassic<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 34
3.17 Isochron Map Intra Triassic-Unconformity 2<br />
<br />
3.18 Isochron Map Unconformity 2-Top Huai Hin Lat<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 35
3.19 Isochron Map Top Huai Hin Lat-Top Nam Phong<br />
<br />
3.20 Isochron Map Top Nam Phong-Top Phu Kradung<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 36
A: ก Permian carbonate Carboniferous<br />
B: กกก<br />
Compassion Tectonic 1 กก uplift 1 กก<br />
กกกก<br />
(Unconformity 1) Normal Fault Permian<br />
carbonate Carboniferous ก<br />
Permo Triassic Clastics<br />
C: กก ก<br />
Basin ก Permo<br />
Triassic Clastics กก uplift ก<br />
(unconformity 2) ก<br />
Compassion Tectonic 2 <br />
กกก normal fault 2 (fault<br />
Huai Hin Lat Formation)<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 37
D: กก Huai Hin Lat Formation Nam Phong Formation<br />
E: กก Phu Kradung Formation, Phra Wihan, Sao Khua Phu Phan<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 38
4<br />
ก ก <br />
ก<br />
กก<br />
2 ก horizon <br />
6<br />
unconformity 1, Intra Triassic, Unconformity 2, Top Huai Hin Lat, Top Nam Phong Top<br />
Phu Kradung กกก fault ก<br />
fault dip ก<br />
NE SW<br />
กกก Time structure Map<br />
Unconformity 1 Intra Triassic Unconformity 2<br />
<br />
Top Huai Hin Lat Top Nam Phong Top Phu Kradung<br />
4.1 Time structure Map <br />
6 Horizon<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 39
unconformity 1 domal structure <br />
5-6 ก Intra<br />
Triassic domal structure <br />
8-9 ก ก<br />
กก<br />
uplift 1 Compassion Tectonic ก Unconformity 1 ก normal fault ก<br />
dip NE<br />
domal structure <br />
ก Intra Triassic unconformity domal structure <br />
8-9 <br />
ก ก<br />
ก unconformity 2 Top Phu Kradung domal structure <br />
8-9<br />
ก ก unconformity 2 domal structure <br />
13-15 ก<br />
กกกก<br />
uplift 2 <br />
กกก Isochron Map<br />
Permo Triassic clastics Lower Huai Hin Lat Fm. Upper Huai Hin Lat Fm.<br />
Nam Phong Fm. Phu Kradung Fm.<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 40
4.2 Isochron Map Formation<br />
กกก Isochron Map ก Permo Triassic clastics ก<br />
ก กก<br />
กก<br />
uplift 1 กก<br />
ก Lower Huai Hin Lat Fm. ก uplift 2 กก<br />
<br />
<br />
ก Upper Huai Hin Lat ก<br />
ก Upper Huai Hin Lat Fm. Phu Kradung Fm. กก<br />
กก ก<br />
กกก<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
ก<br />
ก ก<br />
Permo Triassic clastics, Lower Huai Hin<br />
Lat Fm. Permian Toc 0.2-5.76 (, 2549)<br />
กกก<br />
ก Permo Triassic clastics กก Permian ก<br />
กก<br />
ก<br />
ก <br />
ก<br />
<br />
Lower Huai Hin Lat Fm.<br />
ก<br />
ก Unconformity 2 Intra Triassic Lower Huai Hin Lat<br />
ก<br />
domal structure<br />
กกกก กก<br />
Compassion Tectonic กก Uplift ก fault ก<br />
2 ก <br />
unconformity 1 Permian Carbonate Carboniferous unconformity 2 Lower Huai Hin Lat <br />
ก<br />
220 Ma Late<br />
Triassic<br />
ก<br />
กก<br />
2 ก horizon <br />
6<br />
unconformity 1, Intra Triassic, Unconformity 2, Top Huai Hin Lat, Top Nam Phong Top<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 41
Phu Kradung fault dip ก NE SW <br />
Domal Structure<br />
NE-SW กก<br />
ก<br />
ก ก<br />
กก<br />
ก<br />
220 Ma <br />
Late Triassic กก Permo Triassic clastics, Lower Huai Hin Lat Fm.<br />
Permian กกกก domal structure ก<br />
Permo Triassic clastics<br />
<br />
กกกก<br />
2 4 Line <br />
<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 42
Reference<br />
, 2549, กกก: ก<br />
, 125 <br />
ก, 2548, ก: ก,<br />
55 <br />
กกกกกก, 2539, ก: ก, ก<br />
ก, 29 <br />
DMF, 2006, Petroleum Prospects Map of Northeastern Thailand and Seismic Cross Sections, 12 pages.<br />
DMR, 1987, Geological Map of Thailand, scale 1:1,000,000.<br />
GMT and SUT, 1999, Petroleum Potential Assessment of Northeastern Thailand: MFD, DMR, Fin.<br />
Rpt, vols I, II, III.<br />
Hayashi, M., 1998. The Hydrocarbon Potential and Tectonics of Indochina. Journal of<br />
Petroleum Geology, vol.11 No.2, 219-232.<br />
Lovatt Smith, P.F. and Stokes, P.F.,1997. Geology and Petroleum Potential of the Khorat<br />
Plateau basin in the Vientiane Area of Laos P.D.R. Journal of Petroleum Geology, vol.20<br />
No.1, 27-50.<br />
http://58.137.128.181/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/main.php?filename=korat_geo (10 Aug 08)<br />
ก<br />
<br />
ก 43
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