inhibited - SCHORESCH

SCHORESCH ® 

Kompetenzzentrum für Neurofeedback 

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Sonntag, 12. Februar 2012 

Neurofeedback - applied neuroscience



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•Neurofeedback is a computer based method 

which enables the brain to organize itself 

•It is based on the fact that a behaviour occurs 

more frequently when it is rewarded 

•the high temporal resolution of the EEG allows 

it to give the brain feedback within 300-500 ms 

•The patient is hooked up with 2 to 19 

electrodes depending on his complained 

symptoms 


Neurofeedback



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•1 to 19 channel EEG with SuSaCap 

at10/20 positions 

•Sintered mushroom electrodes with a 

felt moistured with saturated saline 

solution 

•impedances below 5 kOhm 

•Montage of the full cap takes about 10 

minutes 


Method



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•Neuroamp equipment with 

•BioExplorer software for conventional 

1 or 2 channel Neurofeedback 

•BioExplorer software for 

hemoencephalography 

•Mitsar Equipment with 

•Braintuner software for sLoreta 

Neurofeedback 

Sonntag, 12. Februar 2012



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All patients are investigated with a 19 

channel QEEG before treatment: 

•Eyes closed - 5 min 

•Eyes opened - 5 min 

•Visual continuous performance 

test VCPT - 20 min 400 trials 


QEEG



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Event Related Potentials 

The evoked potentials of the VCPT allow it to 

observe the data processing during task 




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ICA and sLORETA 

Independent component analysis and sLORETA source localisation helps to define 

individual training protocols for sLORETA Neurofeedback 




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Conventional Neurofeedback 

•The therapist chooses a 

trainingdesign according to the 

frequencies that need to be inhibited 

or rewarded 

•In this case: the excessive 10-12 Hz 

activity on C3 and C4 is inhibited and 

12-20 Hz activity is rewarded 

•Mu rhythms are typically not 

synchronous 


Neurofeedback Protocols



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sLoreta Training Protocol 

E.g. Anterior cingulate 

ACC left -5/29/31 

BA 32 

enhanced 

12-20 Hz and 36-40 Hz 

inhibited 

4-8 Hz 

Duration 

2 x 5 minutes training with 1 min 

relaxation between the trainings 

Neurofeedback Protocols



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•Goal of the Neurofeedback therapy: 

to train the brain into the frequency 

range of 12-20 Hz 

•relaxed and focused attention 

•stressed patients need to be 

downtrained from HighBeta range 

•underactivated patients (e.g. ADHD) 

need to be uptrained from delta/theta/ 

alpha range 




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Feedback 

Patients are watching a DVD 

that stops or begins jamming 

when feedback-criteria are not 

matched



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Other feedbackmethods: 

•interactive games such as inner 

tube where a space ship must be 

navigated through a tube 

•all parameters of the game like 

ship speed, visibility, fog, power 

up size, music volume, tunnel 

transparency, ship opacity and 

exhaust size are connected to 

different frequency bands and 

are rewarded separately 




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External real animation: 

•both cars are connected 

with an inhibit and/or 

reward threshold 

•if parameters are 

matched the cars are 

driving 




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Long term potientation and long term depression 

•Neuroplasticity 

•Long term potentiation: development of new neuronal networks and highways 

•Long term depression: breakup of consisting networks 

•Reward enhances the process 

•Frontal cortex is checking for novelties 300 ms before conscious perception takes 

place 

•unexpected or unpredictable events release a dopaminergic reaction and enable 

learning 

•That means: the more often the movie stops the more dopaminergic reactions and 

learning take place 

•What fires together, wires together 




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Different Neurofeedback protocols 

1 or 2 channel monopolar protocols with reward and/or inhibit of 

certain frequency bands



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Bipolar protocols for synchronisation of brain regions 

e.g. F7-T5 for better memory recall



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sLORETA protocols for training in deep structures



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Characteristics of a Neurofeedbacktherapy 

•During the first 5 Neurofeedback-training hours the brain tries to find out 

what the computer is demanding that the movie is going on. 

•It begins to adjust its activity. This often results in greater clarity and 

improvement of the symptoms. 

•The 6. - 10. training hour is needed for the brain to practice the new 

behaviour



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•The reward by the feedback encourages the brain to continue 

with the new behaviour - an effect of the positive 

enhancement 

•After about 20 training hours spread over a year the brain has 

learned to reward itself for the new behaviour so that it can 

do it without the feedback 

•The regulation of the brain activity is mostly visible in EEG



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Protocols 

Monopolar 2 channel training 

enhanced 

12-20 Hz 


4-8 Hz 

Bipolar 

synchronisation of the speech areas 


11 year old boy with dyslexia 

Comparison with the reference database



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Monopolar 2 channel training 

Uptraining alpha-activity in 

parietal and occipital lobe 


•Significant reduction of slow wave activity in frontal lobe 

•Increased Alpha activity in parietal and occipital regions 

•Increased beta activity in frontal lobe that enables more 

attention 

Difference in EEG patterns



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•improved copying at school 

•less mistakes in writing 

•no more difficulties in finding the correct words 

•improved attention and sustained attention in homework 

•began reading books 

Improvements



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• ADHD 

• 

Sustained attention 

• Hyperactivity 

• 

14-year old boy with increased frontal midline theta 

Complained symptoms Neurofeedbacktrainings 

Impulse control 

• 

• 

36 sessions (1/2 hour) with conventional 

Neurofeedback: 

ACC trainining on Fz 

Hemoencephalography on Fp1/Fpz/Fp2 

8 sessions with sLORETA Neurofeedback 

ACC left on -5/29/31



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40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 


Fp1 

Theta % Database % 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

Fp2 


40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

Pre Post 

F3 


40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

Fz 


40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

F4 


Pre Post 

Theta % Database % Theta % 

Database %




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• 

• 

• 

• 

Improvements 

Much decreased hyperactivity 

Improved concentration 

Improved impulse control 

No more need for treatments at the psychiatrist



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Event related potentials 

Component for frontal inhibition 

Patient Database Difference 

P3 supF pre P3 supF post



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• 

• 

Sensory integration deficit 

Sustained attention 

• Hyperactivity 

• 

14-year-old boy with alpha-excess in central and 

Math problems 

parietal regions 


• 

• 

18 sessions (1/2 hour) with conventional 


4 channel training on C3/C4 and P3/P4 

alpha stop and gamma go 



ACC left on -5/29/31 with alpha stop 

Intraparietal sulcus on 39/-53/47 with alpha 

stop



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IPS right 39/-53/47 

BA 40 45/-52/48 

enhanced 

12-17 Hz and 35-40 Hz 


8-13 Hz 

Duration 




sLORETA Training Protocol for intraparietal sulcus



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50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 


C3 

Alpha % Database % 

50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

Cz 


50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

Alpha % 

Database % 

C4 


Pre Post 

50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

P3 


Alpha % 

Pre Post 

Database % 

50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

Pz 


50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

P4 

Alpha % Database %



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• 

• 

• 

• 

Improved proprioception 

Improvements 

Improved concentration and planning 

Decreased hyperactivity 

Improvements in geometry



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• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

57-year-old male with depression, alpha excess 

Depression since 1986 

Poor self image 

Negative and unhappy 

Low energy level 

over whole cortex and alpha-asymmetry 


Problems with socializing 

Hopeless about the future 

Can‘t see positives in life 

• 

• 

36 sessions (1 hour) with conventional 


ACC trainining on Fz 

Alpha-asymmetry on F3/F4 (Rosenfeld) 



ACC left on -5/29/31 with alpha stop 

BA 6 left on -35/-15/45 with alpha stop



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BA 6 left on -35/-15/45 

enhanced 

14-20 Hz and 36-40 Hz 


8-12 Hz 


Duration 



sLORETA-Training Protocol Brodmann area 6



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50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 


Fp1 


Pre 

Post 

50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

Fp2 


C3 


50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

Cz 


Pre Post 

Alpha % Database % Alpha % 

Database % 

F3 


50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

0!% 

-10!% 

-20!% 

Fz 


C4 


50!% 

40!% 

30!% 

20!% 

10!% 

-0!% 

-10!% 

F4 

Alpha % Database %



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• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Much less depressive 

Feels better about self 

Improvements 

Less problems with socializing 

Energetic and enthusiastic - began with a theatre course and 

traveling 

Much more positive about the future 

Finds pleasure and enjoyment in life



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• Much increased frontal midline theta 

• Hippocampus activity 

• sLORETA localized source in right ACC 


40 year old male with panic attacks



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Protocols 

Monopolar 1 channel training on ACC (Fz) 

enhanced 

12-20 Hz 


4-8 Hz 

Bipolar T3-T4 

synchronisation of left and right hemisphere 

stabilizing basal ganglia 

Monopolar 2 channel training P3-P4 

Alpha-theta training with inhibit of high frequencies 

sLORETA Neurofeedback on 10/40/15 

enhanced 

12,5-18 and 36-40 Hz 


4-8 Hz 




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Basal ganglia questionary 

Daniel Amen 

2006 2009 2011



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Cingulate cortex questionary 

Daniel Amen 

2006 2009 2011



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Prefrontal cortex questionary 

Daniel Amen 

2006 2009 2011



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2006 2009 2011



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Potential of Neurofeedback 

•Enhancing or inhibiting different frequencies 

•Stimulating or inhibiting specific brain areas 

•Improving connectivity between certain 

brain areas 

•enhancing the function of an area with a 

lesion by reducing interhemispheric 

communication 

•Enhancing blood flow in prefrontal lobe 

(Hemoencephalography)

inhibited - SCHORESCH

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