12 reb Rev<strong>is</strong>ed Engl<strong>is</strong>h Bible UBS 3 The Greek New Testament, 3rd ed . United Bible Societies UBS 4 The Greek New Testament, 4th ed . United Bible Societies
1. Authorship <strong>of</strong> Revelati<strong>on</strong> John <strong>the</strong> Apostle Pro C<strong>on</strong> Patr<strong>is</strong>tic testim<strong>on</strong>y: Justin, Papias, Melito, Irenaeus, Origen, Tertullian, and Hippolytus affirm apostolic authorship <strong>of</strong> Rev . Apocryphal Acts <strong>of</strong> John (88–90) portrays apostle as min<strong>is</strong>tering am<strong>on</strong>g seven churches Gnostic Apocryph<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> John identifies Apocalypt<strong>is</strong>t as bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> James and s<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> Zebedee Muratorian Can<strong>on</strong> (late 2nd c .) identifies author <strong>of</strong> Rev . with author <strong>of</strong> fourth gospel Apocalypse and fourth gospel share some comm<strong>on</strong> ideas, <strong>the</strong>ology, and terminology Like <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r apostles Paul (Rom . 1:1; Titus 1:1), James (James 1:1), and Peter (2 Peter 1:1), Apocalypt<strong>is</strong>t calls himself a servant in <strong>the</strong> book’s introducti<strong>on</strong> (1:1; cf . 22:9) Ephesian church tested so-called apostles (2:2) and found <strong>the</strong>m false, so must have judged John to be a true apostle Ep<strong>is</strong>tolary greeting “Grace and peace” (1:4) <strong>is</strong> apostolic and opens all Pauline letters as well as 1 & 2 Peter Ep<strong>is</strong>tolary closing “The grace” in 22:21 <strong>is</strong> apostolic and closes every Pauline letter Rev . to be read publicly (1:3), which <strong>is</strong> similar to Paul’s injuncti<strong>on</strong> to have h<strong>is</strong> letters read publicly (1 Thess . 5:27; Col . 4:16; 1 Tim . 4:13) and suggests apostolic authority and inspirati<strong>on</strong> Marci<strong>on</strong>, Di<strong>on</strong>ysius, and Alogoi testify against apostolic authorship Papias (H<strong>is</strong>t. eccl. 3 .39 .4–6) speaks <strong>of</strong> two Johns whose tombs are in Ephesus Lack <strong>of</strong> apostolic claim: absence <strong>of</strong> explicit identificati<strong>on</strong> as s<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> Zebedee, beloved d<strong>is</strong>ciple, or elder Styl<strong>is</strong>tic differences: grammatical solec<strong>is</strong>ms in Greek text c<strong>on</strong>trast with accurate and clear text <strong>of</strong> fourth gospel Theological differences—<strong>the</strong>ology, Chr<strong>is</strong>tology, and eschatology—are too d<strong>is</strong>tinct between Rev ., fourth gospel, and 1 John Apocalypt<strong>is</strong>t regards himself as a prophet, calling h<strong>is</strong> work a prophecy six times (1:3; 19:10; 22:7, 10, 18, 19) Twelve apostles spoken <strong>of</strong> as past figures in 21:14, so unlikely that Apocalypt<strong>is</strong>t was <strong>the</strong> s<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> Zebedee Aged apostle would be too old to produce virile imaginativeness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Apocalypse John <strong>the</strong> Elder Pro C<strong>on</strong> Papias (H<strong>is</strong>t. eccl. 3 .39 .4–5) speaks <strong>of</strong> two Johns: a Eusebius m<strong>is</strong>understood Papias’s d<strong>is</strong>tincti<strong>on</strong> between d<strong>is</strong>ciple and an elder <strong>the</strong> elder and apostle Di<strong>on</strong>ysius (cf . H<strong>is</strong>t. eccl. 3 .39 .6) states <strong>the</strong>re were two Di<strong>on</strong>ysius’s comment based <strong>on</strong> a traveler’s report, and Johns and two tombs in Ephesus, both tombs called John’s h<strong>is</strong> suggesti<strong>on</strong> <strong>is</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly tentative Papias (H<strong>is</strong>t. eccl. 3 .39 .6–7) says he actually heard <strong>the</strong> elder John, so Eusebius says it <strong>is</strong> probable that it was th<strong>is</strong> John who “saw” Rev . Inc<strong>on</strong>clusive that John <strong>the</strong> elder ever ex<strong>is</strong>ted John <strong>the</strong> elder known to Ephesian community through Early church m<strong>is</strong>taken in belief that apostle lived in h<strong>is</strong> letters Ephesus because presence <strong>of</strong> two Johns would have caused c<strong>on</strong>fusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Charts</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> Revelati<strong>on</strong> 13