FRDA Report: Black Cottonwood and Balsam Poplar Managers ...

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TABLE 23. Comparisons of height growth and yield of black cottonwood and other poplars grown on short rotations in British Columbia, Washington, the Mississippi River valley, and Germany (McLennan and Mamias 1992) Yield (at ages specified in footnotes) Site index (at ages specified in footnotes) Species Source Location Site no data no data no data no data no data 33.5 a 21.3 a 31.0 a 22.3 a 22.3 a Ss - Salmonberry Act - Willow Act - Red-osier dogwood Cw - Foamflower “Gleysolic” McLennan (1991) southwest B.C. Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa floodplain 36.0b 505 d western Washington Murray and Harrington (1983) Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa Mahon (1966) Fraser River floodplain 26.2c 229 e Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa Bunce (1990) Skeena River floodplain 22.2 a 255 f Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa Populus deltoides Bunce (1990) Mississippi River unknown 32.9 a 380 f Populus deltoides Krinard and Johnson (1984) Mississippi River floodplain 32.3 c 240-247 g no data no data no data 33.1a 27.8a 22.8a Populus nigra cited in Smith (1957) Germany Site Class 1 Site Class II Site Class III a Site index, height (m) at age 25 b Site index, height (m) at age 24 c Site index, height (m) at age 20 d Yield, m3 /ha at age 24 e Yield, m3 /ha at age 20 f Yield, m3 /ha at age 25 to 10 cm top g Yield, m3 /ha at age 20 to 10.2 cm top, ranging from merchantable (240 m3 /ha) to total (247 m3 /ha) at 2.44 x 2.74 m spacing
Poplars figure prominently in today’s acronyms related to short rotations, such as SRWC (short-rotation woody crops) and SRIC (short-rotation intensive culture). For example, the 4000 ha of hybrid poplar planted as part of the Lower Columbia River Fiber Farm by James River Corporation produced the first harvestable biomass in 1992. This experience revealed five prerequisites to SRWC: • suitable lands for establishing the desired short-rotation tree crops; • availability of improved genetic materials to justify use of intensified culture techniques and high-quality land; • agricultural production techniques for planting and tending trees; • availability of specialized harvesting and processing systems; and • planting, tending, and harvesting approaches that are compatible with the environment. One possible reason that the James River Corporation poplar hybrid plantations have been so successful in adapting agricultural production methods to tree growing is that the company started with personnel trained in farm management rather than in forest␣ management. MacMillan Bloedel Ltd.’s 1994 creation of a Poplar Farms Division is British Columbia’s latest commitment to short-rotation intensive culture using agricultural methods. After 400 different hybrids were tested between 1987 and 1993, the 25 best ones were selected. These involved various combinations of native black cottonwood, eastern cottonwood, Japanese poplar, and, to a lesser degree, European poplar. Yields must be high for this program to work. The present plan is to plant 1100–1200 stems per hectare with a goal of 20–25 cm diameter and 21 m height by age 10. An attraction is that with a target stocking of 800 stems per hectare on a 25-year pulpwood rotation, yields could be as high as 300–400 m 3 per hectare at age 25. FIGURE 26. Examples of short-rotation hybrid poplar plantations in the eastern Fraser River lowland, British Columbia. 77
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Black Cottonwood and Balsam Poplar
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Funding for this publication was pr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Preparation of thi
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5 MANAGING COTTONWOOD-BALSAM POPLAR
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FIGURES 1 Geographic distribution o
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1 INTRODUCTION This handbook brings
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The one common thread in these alte
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TABLE 2. Some silvical and silvicul
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Begin by basing decisions for silvi
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If the answer to any of these quest
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TABLE 3. Forest land areas in which
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Information Sources: Brayshaw 1965;
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TABLE 5. Biogeoclimatic units and s
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TABLE 7. Biogeoclimatic units and s
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TABLE 8. Continued Biogeoclimatic u
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TABLE 9. Continued Biogeoclimatic u
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In northeastern British Columbia, f
Page 35 and 36: Cottonwood and balsam poplar are di
Page 37 and 38: Root systems of both cottonwood and
Page 39 and 40: TABLE 12. Silvicultural implication
Page 41 and 42: Cottonwoods that are␣ established
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 13. Characteristic vegetation
Page 45 and 46: Large quantities of seed are produc
Page 47 and 48: FIGURE 10. Black cottonwood coppice
Page 49 and 50: The main cottonwood-associated spec
Page 51 and 52: Information Sources: Conard 1984; D
Page 53 and 54: Currently available information for
Page 55 and 56: The remainder of this section consi
Page 57 and 58: Height (m) 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30
Page 59 and 60: Dominant height (m) 40 35 30 25 20
Page 61 and 62: TABLE 16. Common insect, disease, a
Page 63 and 64: TABLE 16. Continued COMMON INSECTS
Page 65 and 66: A B C E D FIGURE 22. Foliar disease
Page 67 and 68: Information Sources: Hiratsuka and
Page 69 and 70: Information Sources: Klinka and Fel
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 17. Black cottonwood free-gro
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 20. Currently suggested stock
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 21. Currently suggested stock
Page 77 and 78: Information Sources: McAuliffe 1989
Page 79 and 80: Highest growth potential of hybrid
Page 81 and 82: Information Sources: Ronald and Ste
Page 83 and 84: Total height (m) 25 20 15 10 5 0 1
Page 85: For Populus trichocarpa - P.␣ del
Page 89 and 90: In northern British Columbia and in
Page 91 and 92: Information Sources: Comeau and Boa
Page 93 and 94: A non-herbicidal method to control
Page 95 and 96: Information Sources: McLennan and K
Page 97 and 98: stands with scattered large cottonw
Page 99 and 100: Cottonwood stands on alluvial flood
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 32. Dead down coarse woody c
Page 103 and 104: TABLE 26. Wildlife species in Briti
Page 105 and 106: Black cottonwood trees are used ext
Page 107 and 108: Low fluvial benches that are subjec
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 33. In many interior valleys
Page 111 and 112: Information Sources: Schiechtl 1980
Page 113 and 114: A major priority for cottonwood res
Page 115 and 116: Information Sources: McLennan and M
Page 117 and 118: .␣ 1995b. Forest Practices Code o
Page 119 and 120: Hiratsuka, Y. 1987. Forest tree dis
Page 121 and 122: Mitchell, C.P., J.B. Ford-Robertson
Page 123 and 124: van Oosten, C. 1991. Poplar trials
Page 125 and 126: mycelium A group or mass of hyphae
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