Bio-intrusion barrier made of plants p with allelopathic effects to ...

Bio‐intrusion barrier made of plants p
with allelopathic effects to improve
long term performance of cover with
capillary barrier effects
Evgeniya Smirnova
Bruno Bussière, Yves Bergeron, Francine Tremblay,
Nelson Thiffault, Gilles Joanisse, Abdelkabir Maqsoud,
Réal Marcotte

CCBE
Objective : to limit the oxigen
migration, hence Acid mine
drainage (ADM ) generation
How? by maintaining one of the
layers at high water saturation
level by using the effects of
capillary barrier (Aubertin et al.
1995; Dagenais et al. 2005)
Concern : good performance in
short-term, but not clear long-term g
performance (Bussiere et al. 2009)
Bio-intrusion Bio intrusion (Trépanier et al.
2006 ; Smirnova et al. 2009-CLRA)
Configuration of the CCBE
Surface layer
Protection layer
Drainage layer
Moisture retaining layer
Support layer
Tailings
2FeS
4
2+
2−
+
2 + 7O2
+ 2H2O
→ 2Fe
+ 4SO4
+ H
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

Example : CCBE of the Lorraine mine site
‐Cu‐Zn mine, operating since 1964 to 1968
‐ 600 000 t of residuals on the area of 15.5 ha
‐ AMD‐generating tailings
‐CCBE constructed in 1998 by the MRNF
‐CCBE CCBE of three layers: 30 cm /50 cm / 30 cm
‐ AMD monitoring
‐Vegetation survey: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008

0
‐20
‐40
‐60
‐80
‐100 100
‐120
‐140 140
‐160
‐180 180
Depth of tree roots
Willow
Bals Bals.
Bl Bl.
sp. Alder J. Pine Poplar Aspen Larch P.Birch Spruce
Root depth, cm

PROBLEMATIC
Main riscks associated to bio-intrusion on the CCBE
Development of roots may cause :
1. Water saturation reduction
2. Macroporozity
3. Physical deterioration:
a) ) up-rooting g( (ex. spruces) )
b) stem break-up (ex. aspen)
(DOE 1990; Handel et al. 1997;
Hutchings et al. 2001)
PPotential t ti l bi bio-barriers b i
(Cooke and Johnson 2002)
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

Allelopathic Effects
Allelopathic effects : inhibition of germination and growth of a certain
species of plant, by the use of another
Competitive
depletion
Allelopathic
interference
Space
Litter
Light
Pluviolessivates
Wt Water
Nutrients
RRoot texudation dti
Indirect sources of
interference
Soil microorganisms
Harboring b i of f herbivores h bi
Etc.
(Fuerst and Punam, 1983; Siciliano and Germida 1998; Vivanco et al. 2004)
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

Impact of the allelopathic compounds on the roots
Many Many allelopchemicals inhibit root growth ex. monotrepents
Stress effects are dose-dependent: depend on the duration and
intensity intensity, in which the stressing agents act act, on the species species, variety and
plant individual status and environmental conditions
A A linear relationship between the level of root contact of inhibitory
concentrations of phytotoxin and plant inhibition and very poor to no
relationship betweeen phytotoxin uptake and plant inhibition
Eu-stress and dis-stress
(Lichtenthaler, 1996; Pedrol, N., 2006)
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

OBJECTIVES
1) To introduce bio‐barrier species with known
allelopathic effects to an existing CCBE
2) To evaluate two factors: the production of phyto‐toxins
and resource limitation of bio‐barrier species on the
target tree species
‐ TTo assess the h impact i of f the h AE species i on the h root
system characteristics of target tree species [trembling
aspen aspen, balsam poplar, poplar black spruce, spruce willows, willows and
speckled alder]
4) To evaluate the effect of AE species on CCBE water
balance
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

HYPOTHESIS
11. Direct resource competition and allelopathic
interference of potential bio‐barrier species
inhibit target tree species’ growth
Roots of target trees
a. Phytotoxins decrease fine root biomass
b. Phytotoxins optimise coarse root ramification
bb. Allelopthic effects inhibit coarse root growth
&
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

Boreal plants with allelopathic effects
Sheep laurel
Labrador tea
Bluejoint reedgrass
black spruce, balsam fir, red pine
(Titus and English 1996; Mallik and Inderjit 2001;
Thiffault et al. 2004; Thiffault and Jobidon 2006; etc.)
black spruce p
(Nilsen et al. 1999 ; Mallik and Bloom 2005;
Fenton et al. al 2005; 2005 Lavoie La oie et al. al 2006; 2006 etc. etc )
ttrembling bli aspen, white hit spruce
(L (Landhäusser dhä and d Li Lieffers ff 1998 1998;
Landhäusser et al. 1996; Collet et al. 2006; etc.)
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

THE LTA MINE SITE
Territory of 60 ha, contains 12 m
of sulphide tailings placed over
5 m of non acid-generating
material (Bussière et al., 2006)
In 1995-1996, the LTA site was
rehabilitated using a CCBE
Hydroseeding on the slopes
Vegetation succession
Mechanical eradication
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

WET
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
DRY
Experimental Block
Pop Asp Wil Spr Ald
lar en low uce er
Laurel+trees
Labrador tea+trees
RReedgrass d + trees
Experimental Plot 200 m between Ecotops
50 m between Blocks
3x3 m Experimental Plot size
5 5 m between Experimental Plots
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

Recolt and planting of Laurel and Labrador tea
( (2008, 2009) )
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

Bl Balsam poplar l
Willow
Planting of trees
Speckled Alder
Black spruce +Sheep laurel Willow+Sheep laurel
Black spruce
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

Plant survival
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

Sampling p gand
measurements
1. Soil
temperature p
44. Soil and plant tissue
6. Water budget
7. Biochemical analyses
8. Ecophysiological measurements
2. Pluviolessivates
3. Root exudates
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011

Tree root study
• Tree root architecture and topology
• Coarse root volume and biomass
• Fi Fine root biomass bi
E. Smirnova et al., Amos, 2011