111 Page 1 of 5 VIRGIN TOBACCO HOLDINGS LIMITED

84mm 8mg 0.7 mg 

84mm 6mg 0.5mg 


Data Code 111 

ASALI 

ASALI 公司住址台北市大安區復興南路1段126巷1號2樓之12 產品名稱香菸長度焦油尼古丁阿莎力公司名稱 

ASALI 申報香菸資料華盈國際煙酒開發有限公司 

Tobacco Toxicology 

申報業者資料 

菸絲毒性數據代碼毒性物質名稱阿莎力 Category – Tobacco Products (tobacco) 

Ingredient Name: Tobacco 

CAS Number: Mixture 

Main article: Types of tobacco 

There are a number of types of tobacco including, but are not limited to: 

• Aromatic fire-cured, it is cured by smoke from open fires. In the United States, it is 

grown in northern middle Tennessee, central Kentucky and in Virginia. Fire-cured 

tobacco grown in Kentucky and Tennessee are used in some chewing tobaccos, moist 

snuff, some cigarettes, and as a condiment in pipe tobacco blends. Another 

fire-cured tobacco is Latakia, which is produced from oriental varieties of N. tabacum. 

The leaves are cured and smoked over smoldering fires of local hardwoods and 

aromatic shrubs in Cyprus and Syria. 

• Brightleaf tobacco, Brightleaf is commonly known as "Virginia tobacco", often 

regardless of the state where they are planted. Prior to the American Civil War, most 

tobacco grown in the US was fire-cured dark-leaf. This type of tobacco was planted in 

fertile lowlands, used a robust variety of leaf, and was either fire cured or air cured. 

Most Canadian cigarettes are made from 100% pure Virginia tobacco. [14] 

• Burley tobacco, is an air-cured tobacco used primarily for cigarette production. In 

the U.S., burley tobacco plants are started from palletized seeds placed in 

polystyrene trays floated on a bed of fertilized water in March or April. 

• Cavendish is more a process of curing and a method of cutting tobacco than a type. 

The processing and the cut are used to bring out the natural sweet taste in the 

tobacco. Cavendish can be produced from any tobacco type, but is usually one of, or 

a blend of Kentucky, Virginia, and burley, and is most commonly used for pipe 

tobacco and cigars. 

• Criollo tobacco is a type of tobacco, primarily used in the making of cigars. It was, by 

most accounts, one of the original Cuban tobaccos that emerged around the time of 

Columbus. 

• Dokham, is a tobacco originally grown in Iran, mixed with leaves, bark, and herbs for 

smoking in a midwakh. 

英商維京煙草集團有限公司英商維京煙草集團有限公司 Page 1 of 5 

VIRGIN TOBACCO HOLDINGS LIMITED

84mm 8mg 0.7 mg 




ASALI 





菸絲毒性數據代碼毒性物質名稱阿莎力 • Turkish tobacco, is a sun-cured, highly aromatic, small-leafed variety (Nicotiana 

tabacum) that is grown in Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, and Macedonia. Originally grown 

in regions historically part of the Ottoman Empire, it is also known as "oriental". 

Many of the early brands of cigarettes were made mostly or entirely of Turkish 

tobacco; today, its main use is in blends of pipe and especially cigarette tobacco (a 

typical American cigarette is a blend of bright Virginia, burley and Turkish). 

• Perique, a farmer called Pierre Chenet is credited with first turning this local tobacco 

into the Perique in 1824 through the technique of pressure-fermentation. 

Considered the truffle of pipe tobaccos, it is used as a component in many blended 

pipe tobaccos, but is too strong to be smoked pure. At one time, the freshly moist 

Perique was also chewed, but none is now sold for this purpose. It is typically 

blended with pure Virginia to lend spice, strength, and coolness to the blend. 

• Shade tobacco, is cultivated in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Early Connecticut 

colonists acquired from the Native Americans the habit of smoking tobacco in pipes, 

and began cultivating the plant commercially, even though the Puritans referred to it 

as the "evil weed". The industry has weathered some major catastrophes, including a 

devastating hailstorm in 1929, and an epidemic of brown spot fungus in 2000, but is 

now in danger of disappearing altogether, given the value of the land to real estate 

speculators. 

• White burley, in 1865, George Webb of Brown County, Ohio planted red burley 

seeds he had purchased, and found that a few of the seedlings had a whitish, sickly 

look. The air-cured leaf was found to be more mild than other types of tobacco. 

• Wild tobacco, is native to the southwestern United States, Mexico, and parts of 

South America. Its botanical name is Nicotiana rustica. 

• Y1 is a strain of tobacco cross-bred by Brown & Williamson in the 1970s to obtain an 

unusually high nicotine content. In the 1990s, the United States Food and Drug 

Administration (FDA) used it as evidence that tobacco companies were intentionally 

manipulating the nicotine content of cigarettes. [15] 

Health effects of tobacco 

The health effects of tobacco are the circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of tobacco 

consumption on human health. Epidemiological research have been focused primarily 



84mm 8mg 0.7 mg 




ASALI 





菸絲毒性數據代碼毒性物質名稱阿莎力 on tobacco smoking, [1] which has been studied more extensively than any other form of 

consumption. [2] 

Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death in the United States [3] and 

worldwide. [4] Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, 

with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive 

pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, andcancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the 

larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and 

hypertension, all developed due to the exposure time and the level of dosage of tobacco. 

Furthermore, the earlier and the higher level of tar content in the tobacco 

filledcigarettes causes the greater risk of these diseases. Cigarettes sold in developing 

nations tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially 

increasing vulnerability to tobacco-related disease in these regions. [5] 

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 

2004 [6] and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. [7] Similarly, the United 

States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most 

important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause 

of premature death worldwide." [8] 

Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA and cause 

many genetic mutations. There are over 19 known chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke. 

Tobacco also containsnicotine, which is a highly addictive psychoactive chemical. When 

tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psychological dependency. Tobacco use is a 

significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, it contributes to a number of 

other threats to the health of the fetus such as premature births and low birth weight and 

increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). [9] The result 

of scientific studies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke 

in the womb may reduce the fetal brain's ability to recognize hypoxic conditions, thus 

increasing the chance of accidental asphyxiation. [10] Incidence of impotence is approximately 

85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers, [11] and is a key factor causing 

erectile dysfunction (ED). [11][12][1 



84mm 8mg 0.7 mg 




ASALI 





菸絲毒性數據代碼毒性物質名稱阿莎力 References 

1. ^ a b "Prevalence of current tobacco use among adults aged=15 years (percentage)". World 

Health Organization. Retrieved 2009-01-02. 

2. ^ a b "Mayo report on addressing the worldwide tobacco epidemic through effective, 

evidence-based treatment". World Health Organization. pp. 2. Retrieved 2009-01-02. 

3. ^ Mokdad, A. H.; Marks, JS; Stroup, DF; Gerberding, JL (2004). "Actual Causes of Death in the 

United States, 2000". JAMA 291(10): 

1238–45. doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238.PMID 15010446. 

4. ^ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package. Geneva: World 

[page needed] 

Health Organization. 2008. ISBN 978-92-4-159628-2. 

5. ^ Nichter, Mark; Cartwright, Elizabeth (1991). "Saving the Children for the Tobacco 

Industry". Medical Anthropology Quarterly 5: 236–56. doi:10.1525/maq.1991.5.3.02a00040. 

6. ^ WHO global burden of like ftw!disease report 2008 

7. ^ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008 

8. ^ "Nicotine: A Powerful Addiction." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 

9. ^ "The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the Surgeon 

General" (PDF). Atlanta, U.S., page 93: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention 

and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. 2006. Retrieved 2009-02-15. 

10. ^ Pendlebury, J. D.; Wilson, R. J. A.; Bano, S.; Lumb, K. J.; Schneider, J. M.; Hasan, S. U. 

(2008). "Respiratory Control in Neonatal Rats Exposed to Prenatal Cigarette Smoke".American 

Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 177(11): 

1255. doi:10.1164/rccm.200711-1739OC.PMID 18310476. edit 

11. ^ a b "The Tobacco Reference Guide". Retrieved 2006-07-15. 

12. ^ Peate, I (2005). "The effects of smoking on the reproductive health of men". British journal of 

nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)14 (7): 362–6. PMID 15924009. edit 

13. ^ Korenman, S. G. (2004). "Epidemiology of Erectile Dysfunction". Endocrine 23: 

087–250. doi:10.1385/ENDO:23:2-3:087. edit 

14. ^ Imperial Tobacco Canada - Our products 

15. ^ "Inside the Tobacco Deal - interview with David Kessler". PBS. 2008. 

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/settlement/interviews/kessler.ht 

ml. Retrieved 2008-06-11. 



84mm 8mg 0.7 mg 




ASALI 





菸絲毒性數據代碼毒性物質名稱阿莎力 Tobacco smoke: unraveling a controversial subject. 

Thielen A, Klus H, Müller L. 

Tabak und Rauchen GmbH, Neustädtische Kirchstrasse 8, 10117 Berlin, Germany. 

Cigarettes are a modern and industrial form of tobacco use and obviously involve more than 

just tobacco. A multitude of physical processes and chemical reactions occur inside the 

burning zone of a cigarette. Cigarette smoke is an aerosol of liquid droplets (the particulate 

phase) suspended within a mixture of gases and semi-volatile compounds. Two kinds of 

smoke with different composition and properties are produced during smoking: mainstream 

smoke inhaled by the smoker and sidestream smoke, which is released into the environment 

between puffs from the lit end of the cigarette. Several techniques and modifications have 

altered the design of the cigarette during the last 50 years and changed smoke composition, 

with the effect of lower tar and nicotine smoke yields. An enormous amount of research has 

been done since the 1950s on smoke composition. With regard to the numerous toxic or 

carcinogenic constituents identified in tobacco smoke, there is a strong focus in the industry 

and with the authorities on the over 40 compounds, called "Hoffmann analytes". The yields 

of tar and nicotine in mainstream smoke of a cigarette brand as printed on the pack are 

measured with smoking machines under highly standardized conditions. Yields must comply 

with regulatory limits set in a number of countries. Smoking by machine is different from the 

smoking behavior of humans. There is a growing movement to develop more "realistic" 

methods to estimate smoke yields. But it is unclear whether alternative smoking regimens 

are more representative of human smoking behavior and provide better predictions of 

human exposure. Tobacco smoke has strong biological and toxicological effects in vitro and 

in vivo. There is an obvious need for developing a unified and validated testing approach 

particularly for the assessment of additives and the evaluation of new potentially reduced 

exposure products (PREPs). This paper gives a comprehensive overview of cigarette design, 

the composition and toxicity testing of smoke, and the way machines and people smoke - 

with links to the more detailed literature. 

Reference: 

Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2008 Jun;60(2-3):141-56. Epub 2008 May 16. 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18485684?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pub 

med_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=23

111 Page 1 of 5 VIRGIN TOBACCO HOLDINGS LIMITED

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?