Untitled - Teknik Kelautan / ITB

The Second International Conference on
Port, Coastal, and Offshore Engineering
(2 nd ICPCO)
1. Ocean Environmental and Coastal
Process Modeling
2. Material in Marine Environment
3. Offshore Engineering Technology
4. Subsea Pipeline
5. Marine Geotechnics
6. Port Engineering & Management
November 12-13, 2012
ITB Campus
Bandung, Indonesia
7. Coastal Engineering
8. Tsunami and Mitigation
9. Ocean Renewable Energy
10. Floating Structure
11. Sea Defense Technology
12. Coastal Management

CONTENTS
Simultaneous Coupling Method: A New Approach in Wave Modeling .............. 1
Recent Development of The Empirical Basis for Prediction of Vortex Induced
Vibrations ............................................................................................................ 2
Learning from Yi Sun-Sin Suspension Bridge and Other Modern Great Bridges
for the Construction of the Sunda Strait Bridge ................................................... 3
Near- and Far-Field Characteristics of The 2011 East Japan Tsunami and Their
Impacts ................................................................................................................ 4
Theoretical Wave Spectrum in Indonesia ............................................................ 5
Application Study of Finite Volume Model for Tsunami .................................... 6
Simulation of Waves with Highly Inaccurate Input ............................................. 7
Tsunami Hazard Assessment and Mapping for the Southwest Coast of Sri Lanka
............................................................................................................................. 8
Mentawai Tsunami Wave Simulation Using Non-Orthogonal Curvilinear
Coordinate Technique .......................................................................................... 9
Design & Installation Requirements for an Ultra Deepwater High Pressure Gas
Pipeline .............................................................................................................. 10
Concept Selection of Lampung Floating Storage and Regasification Unit ........ 11
Santos Maleo Producer MOPU, In Situ Substructure Modification .................. 12
Dented Member Modelling Using Finite Element Method for Push-Over
Analysis of Offshore Platform ........................................................................... 13
Subsea Pipeline Stress Analysis In Operating Condition Using Strain Based
Design: A Finite Element Analysis Application ................................................ 14
The Mapping Environmental Sensitivity Index to The Oil Spill in Coastal Areas
of Cilacap........................................................................................................... 15
Cooling Water Recirculation Modeling of Cilacap Power Plant ....................... 16
Numerical Modeling of Cooling Water Recirculation ....................................... 17
Application of Two Iterative Methods for Solving System of Linear Equations
In a Tidally Generated Flow Model ................................................................... 18
Oil Spill Modeling Study of Montara WHP Blowout using Software MoTuM 19
Application of Large Scale 3D Non-Orthogonal Boundary Fitted Sediment
Transport Model and Small Scale Approach for Offshore Structure in Cimanuk
Delta North Java Sea ......................................................................................... 20
Design Optimization and Performance Evaluation of a Floating Breakwater ... 21
Development of The BPPT-lock Breakwater Armour Unit ............................... 22
Physical Modelling of Tanjung Adikarta Fishery Port Breakwaters ................. 23
Assessment of Navigation Channel Reliability of Tanjung Adikarta Port using
Hydraulics Modeling ......................................................................................... 24
Pipe Coating and Concrete Mattress for Weighting Offshore Gas Pipes Using
Nickel Slag as Concrete Aggregate ................................................................... 25
Reliability Assessment of Offshore Pipeline Subjected Corrosion .................... 26
Retrofit of Corroded Offshore Platform by Grouting ........................................ 27
Chloride Induced Corrosion of Concrete Cracked in Flexure ............................ 28
The Study on Hydrodynamic Performances of IHL Mini-Submarine ............... 29
i

Preliminary Study of the Flow Noise Measurement in the Cavitation Tunnel .. 30
The Sustainability of Wooden Ships in Indonesia ............................................. 31
Application of Pile Driving Analyzer on Offshore Piles ................................... 32
Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential in Mersing, Johor ............................. 33
Field and Model Studies of the Dynamics of Mud Shoreline Changes ............. 34
Coastal Oceanographic Modelling Studies of Coastal Erosion Problem Along
The Coast of Indramayu-Cirebon ...................................................................... 35
Keywords : erosion, current, wave, sediment transpor, monsoon. ..................... 35
Application of the Finite Volume Method to Cohesive Sediment Bed
Fluidisation due to Water Waves ....................................................................... 36
Application of Finite Volume Cell Center Method with Wet and Dry Treatment
in Hydrodynamic Flow Modeling ...................................................................... 37
Sedimentation Process Study at Entrance Channel Study Case: Pulau Baai Port
........................................................................................................................... 38
Oil & Gas Project Delivery Incorporating The EPCIC and PSC Procurement
Approach: The Malaysian Experience ............................................................... 39
Coastal Management Modeling Based on Equilibrium Shoreline Method ........ 40
Videography Technology Utilization for Rip Current , Sandbar and Shoreline
Position Identification to Safety Management of Coastal Tourism ................... 41
The Contribution of Oceanographic Numerical Model In Supporting Integrated
Coastal Management Around Komodo Island, Indonesia ................................. 42
Sediment Classification for Geotechnics Using Sonar Technology .................. 43
Simulation of the Single Hydrophone Source Localization Using Chirp Signal 44
Application of Cascade Matrix Method on Reflection Coefficient Prediction of
UnderwaterAcoustic for Inclined Seabed .......................................................... 45
Diver Detection Experiment Using Single Hydrophone .................................... 46
Coastal Ecosystem: Reducing or Amplifying The Tsunami Impact ~ A Lesson
Learn from The Recent Events .......................................................................... 47
Bukit Terbuka Hijau (Green Open Hills) as Green Solution of Urban Spatial
Engineering in Tsunami-Prone Coastal City (Case Study: Cilacap Selatan
District) .............................................................................................................. 48
Building a Sustainable Local Community Preparedness Towards Tsunami ...... 49
Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Education for Kid’s With Animation In Gambar
To’ong ............................................................................................................... 50
Investigation of Coastal Vegetation Characteristics and Field Experiment on
Strength of Casuarina in Indonesia .................................................................... 51
Potential of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) in Indonesia Seas ..... 52
ii

Simultaneous Coupling Method: A New Approach in Wave
Modeling
Hitoshi Tanaka 1 & Mohammad Bagus Adityawan 2,1
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aoba, Sendai Japan
2 Water Resources Engineering Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan
Ganesha 10,Bandung, Indonesia
Email: bagus@kasen1.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
Abstract. This study presents the simultaneous coupling method (SCM) that
enhances the shallow water equation (SWE) by replacing the conventional Manning
approach with a direct assessment of the bed stress from the boundary layer. The
SCM couples the SWE model with the k-ω model. The SWE calculates the depth
average velocity that is used to assess the bed stress from the boundary layer using
the k-ω model. The developed method has the advantage from the simplicity and
efficiency of the SWE while providing an accurate estimation of the bed stress. The
k-ω model was verified with experimental cases and showed good performance in
estimating the bed stress. The SCM was verified and used to simulate three cases of
the solitary wave run up on a sloping beach. The SCM successfully assessed the
boundary layer beneath the solitary wave run up. The SCM is able to provide a more
accurate bed stress as compared to the conventional Manning approach. The SCM is
able to explain the known bed stress behaviors under unsteady wave motion. The
accurate bed stress estimation leads to a higher accuracy of the wave profile and run
up height prediction. The SCM is a valuable tool for understanding the boundary
layer characteristic under the wave motion in practical application.
Keywords: wave modeling; bed stress; boundary layer; shallow water equation, k-ω.
1

Recent Development of The Empirical Basis for Prediction of
Vortex Induced Vibrations
Carl M. Larsen 1 , Elizabeth Passano 2 , Halvor Lie 2
1 CeSOS, Dep. Of Marine Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
2 MARINTEK, Trondheim, Norway
Email: carl.m.larsen@ntnu.no
Abstract. This paper describes the research activity related to VIV that has taken
place at NTNU and MARINTEK in Trondheim during the last years. The overall
aim of the work has been increased understanding of the VIV phenomena and to
improve the empirical basis for prediction of VIV. The work has included
experiments with flexible beams in sheared and uniform flow and forced motions of
short, rigid cylinders. Key results in terms of hydrodynamic coefficients and analysis
procedures have been implemented in the computer program VIVANA, which has
resulted in new analysis options and improved hydrodynamic coefficients. Some
examples of results are presented, but the main focus of the paper is to give an
overview of the work and point out how the new results can be used in order to
improve VIV analyses. Finally some ideas for further work and improvements of
empirical methods for prediction of VIV are presented.
Keywords:Marine technology; Risers; Pipelines; Vortex induced vibrations;
Analysis; Experiments; Empirical models
2

Learning from Yi Sun-Sin Suspension Bridge and Other Modern
Great Bridges for the Construction of the Sunda Strait Bridge
Ben Usagani
PT. SWI Jetty Nusantara, KompleksPerkantoran Vila Delima No. 6,
Jl. Karang Tengah Raya No. 9, LebakBulus, Jakarta 12440, Indonesia
Email: ben@swijetty.co.id
Abstract.Yi Sun-Sin is the 4th longest suspension bridge in terms of center span.
Comparing its foundation along with other world’s longest suspension bridges can
be used to conceptualize the possible foundation for the upcoming Sunda Strait
Bridge.
Keywords:suspension bridge foundation in the deep sea
3

Near- and Far-Field Characteristics of The 2011 East Japan
Tsunami and Their Impacts
Abdul MUHARI 1 , Fumihiko IMAMURA1 & Anawat SUPPASRI 2
1 Tsunami Engineering Laboratory, International Research Institute of Disaster
Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, JAPAN
2 Endowed Research Division, International Research Institute of Disaster Science
(IRIDeS), Tohoku University, JAPAN
Email: aam@tsunami2.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
Abstract. We present analyses of the 2011 East Japan tsunami in the near- and farfield
cases. First, the tsunami source model is developed to reproduce observational
data in the near-field case which consists of tsunami heights and arrival time from
GPS buoys, tide gauges, run-up heights and flow depths, co-seismic subsidence and
the inland arrival time from the stopped clocks found along the tsunami affected
areas. Next, the well validated source model is then used to reveal the characteristic
of the tsunami in the east coast of Japan, and to model the cross-ocean propagation to
the south until it reaches Papua region, Indonesia. Finally, the resulting damages on
human and infrastructures in the North-East Japan and in Papua region, Indonesia
are visualized to extract lessons from the catastrophe.
Keywords: the 2011 Japan tsunami; tsunami source model; near- and far-field
tsunami.
4

Theoretical Wave Spectrum in Indonesia
Setiyawan 1 , Hang Tuah Salim 2 , Safwan Hadi 3 & Iwan K Hadihardaja 4
1,4 Department of Civil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology
2 Department of Ocean Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology
3 Department of Oceanography Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology
Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
Email: setiyawanvip@yahoo.co.id
Abstract. Approach to selecting the design wave environment considers the wave
spectrum. In this case Indonesian coastal area (Sabang, Meulaboh, Pacitan, Jepara,
Jeneponto and Muarawahau) a suitable wave spectrum model is chosen representing
an appropriate density distribution of the sea waves at the site under consideration.
The most suitable spectrum is a measured design wave spectrum at the site, although
such a spectrum is seldom available. As an alternative, one chooses one of the
theoretical spectrum models available based on the fetch, wind and other
meteorological conditions of the site. The chosen wave spectrum, of course describes
a short term wave condition. A combination of theoritical wave spectrum, short term
wave measurement, and wave forecasting developed by Joing North Sea Wave
Project (JONSWAP) ware applied in order to determine the design wave height and
period. Theoritical wave spectrum were calibrated with the observations wave
spectrum using fast fourier transform developed by Cooley and Tukey.
Keywords: Design wave environment, fast fourier transform, JONSWAP spectrum,
theoritical wave spectrum, wave measurement.
5

Application Study of Finite Volume Model for Tsunami
Aditia Rojali 1 , Muhammad Syahril Badri Kusuma 2 & Dhemi Harlan 3
1 Institute Technology of Bandung
2,3 Water Resources Engineering Research Group, Institute Technology of Bandung
Email: 1 aditiarojali@yahoo.com, 2 msbadrik@yahoo.com
3 dhemi@si.itb.ac.id,
Abstract. FVCOM model with unstructured triangle grid on barotropic mode has
been used and has been adapted for the application of tsunami case. All cases were
run without parallelization. The results of the FVCOM model verification with
published laboratory test case and the canonical plane beach island which is are a
standard benchmark tests for long wave run up model demonstrated the agreement
between laboratory data and model in term of water profile and run up height; it
means that the shallow-water wave phenomena can be simulated well by the
FVCOM model.
Keywords: canonical island, Flores, run up, tsunami, unstructured grid
6

Simulation of Waves with Highly Inaccurate Input
Andreas Parama Wijaya 1,2 , E. van Groesen 1,2
1 LabMath-Indonesia, Bandung
2 Department of Applied Mathematics
University of Twente, Netherlands
Email : a.parama@labmath-indonesia.org,
E.W.C.vanGroesen@utwente.nl
Abstract. This paper deals with wave simulations for which the input data are highly
inaccurate. Inaccuracies can consistent of high levels of noise or strongly mutilated
wave forms. Such inaccuracies can occur in various applications, one of which is in
coastal wave prediction using remotely observed waves upstream. Wave data from
radar images obtained at a ship or at the coast is already used to determine statistical
properties of the approaching wave field, properties such as significant wave height,
period and wavelength. For various modern coastal engineering applications it is
desired to obtain time accurate information of incoming waves. To predict the
incoming waves, we propose new methods to improve the inaccurate input in a
dynamic simulation model that calculates the evolution of the waves towards the
vessel. For the dynamic evolution we use a linear spectral code with exact
dispersion. This model calculates the elevation from input that consists of the
elevation at one or more specified positions upstream. The input is processed in an
embedded way, i.e. by a source in the governing dynamic equation. We will show
effects of inaccuracies at the input positions and show that averaging of multiple
inputs will increase the prediction at the position of the vessel. Using synthetic data,
the improvement is shown for inaccuracies caused by noise and caused by
mutilations that remove partly or completely the waveform below the still water
level.
Keywords: wave prediction, fully dispersive linear evolution model, inaccurate
input, averaged multiple input.
7

Tsunami Hazard Assessment and Mapping for the Southwest
Coast of Sri Lanka
Janaka J. Wijetunge
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya,
Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
Email: janakaw@pdn.ac.lk
Abstract. This paper is concerned with a deterministic analysis carried out to
evaluate the tsunami hazard for the southwest coast of Sri Lanka. The hazard
assessment is based on numerical simulation of tsunami inundation caused by the
seismogenic ‘worstcase’ scenario for the coastline concerned, i.e., an event similar to
the mega-tsunami in December 2004. The computed extent of inundation on the
whole shows good agreement with the points of maximum penetration of inundation
from field measurements in the aftermath of the December 2004 tsunami. It can also
be seen that the inundation distribution is strongly influenced by onshore
topography. Furthermore, numerical simulations of tsunami propagation indicate
that formation of edge waves trapped by the primary waves diffracting around the
southwest of the country significantly influences the nearshore tsunami wave field
and is largely responsible for relatively higher tsunami amplitudes in certain
stretches of the southwest coast of Sri Lanka.
Keywords: coastal hazards, disaster mitigation, numerical modeling, tsunami
inundation.
8

Mentawai Tsunami Wave Simulation Using Non-Orthogonal
Curvilinear Coordinate Technique
1 Muslim Muin, 1 Hendra Achiari
1 Ocean Engineering Research Group
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Email: m_muin@ocean.itb.ac.id
Abstract. Non-Orthogonal curvilinear coordinate ocean hydrodynamics model
(Muin, 1997) was applied to simulate tsunami wave in Mentawai, in which occurred
in 25 October 2010, 21:42:22 (GMT +7). The model was integrated in Geographic
Information System, named as MuTsunami. The time step of the model was not
limited by gravity wave speed. The results of simulation were compared with
observational data. The field data was collected by group of researcher from Institut
Teknologi Bandung, Waseda University, and Yokohama National University
(Hendra, 2010). The studies present the results of simulation using various fault
models. It was found that the agreement between the model and observations are
very good for selected fault model
Keywords: Tsunami, Modeling, Hydrodynamics
9

Design & Installation Requirements for an Ultra Deepwater
High Pressure Gas Pipeline
David Lawson
PT. Wood Group Indonesia
Staco, 6 th Floor, Jl. Casablanca Kav.18
Jakarta, 12870, Indonesia
Email: david.lawson@jpkenny.com
Abstract. This paper presents a case study to illustrate key aspects in the design and
installation of an ultra deepwater high pressure gas pipeline with reference to the
Medgaz transmission system. An overview of technical considerations particular to
water is provided covering route selection, risk assessment, hazard analysis, the
environmental challenge, flow assurance, pipeline design, facilities requirements,
construction and pre-commissioning. The paper also discusses requirements for
implementation of the pipeline operations simulator.The Medgaz pipeline system
was delivered to a world class standard and put in to commercial operation during
May 2011. It has been an important strategic project to secure European natural gas
supply providing a direct link with the Algerian gas fields. Construction entailed
laying the first pipeline at a depth greater than 2,000 metres in the Mediterranean Sea
and is considered to be one of the most challenging deepwater installations of its
type
Keywords: Construction, Deepwater, Flow Assurance, Marine Survey, Pipeline,
Subsea
10

Concept Selection of Lampung Floating Storage and
Regasification Unit
Djoko Saputro 1 ., Jobi Triananda Hasjim 1 ., Tatit Sri Jayendr 1 , Rikrik Gantina
1 , Herman Pals 2 .,Carlo Pellegrino 3 , Krisnaldi Idris 4
1 PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero) Tbk
2 PT Haskoning Indonesia a company of Royal Haskoning DHV
3 Registro Italiano Navale, RINA Service
4 Institut Teknologi Bandung
Abstract. PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero) Tbk (PGN) is supplying natural gas to several
costumers such as power plants, chemical industries and other consumers in Indonesia. In order
to enhance availability and reliability of natural gas supply in the region of South Sumatra and
West Java, PGN plans to establish an LNG Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU) in
Labuhan Maringgai, Lampung (Site). The FSRU is a floating unit, which is permanently
present at the offshore berth, in which LNG can be stored. The FSRU consists of a modified
LNG carrier, equipped with a regasification module. After regasification, the gas is transported
via a pipeline to the shore into the gas grid. The FSRU is intended to be permanently moored at
the offshore berth during service life period for about 20 (twenty) years. The operative scheme
of the FSRU is required to be continuous and it includes the below services that can be operated
simultaneously:Unloading LNG from a LNG Carrier via the mooring island LNG transfer
system (loading arms and piping),Storing of 170.000 m3 of LNG,Regasification of LNG to
high pressure NG,NG Send out capacity up to 500MMscfd,BOG handling and utilization for
producing electric power to feed the FSRU and the mooring island.The project scope is a
floating unit designed to be operated as an FSRU in the initial part of its operative life and to be
subsequently operated as an LNG carrier requiring only minor modifications.As The FSRU
shall be permanently berth via a safely designed Mooring System for a foreseen service life
period of about 20 (twenty) years. The FSRU and the Mooring System shall be designed in an
integrated manner in order to provide an overall 97% operating uptime (only about 3% of
downtime is allowed).The selection of the FSRU and Mooring System was based on available
data and assumption which considering various options that have been built worldwide for
decades as well as several new concepts that has been recently developed, such as:FSRU
(floating storage and regasification unit) with:moored at quays or jetty type structures,with STL
(Submerged Turret Loading),permanently moored with turret;GBS (Gravity Based Structure)
storage and regassification;Storage and Regasification pontoon;Storage and Regasification
platform;Regasification shuttle vessel; andHiload module.One of the main objectives of the
initial concept selection is to find the optimum mooring system in line with the selected size of
the FSRU and the foreseen range of LNG Carriers. The concept selection under this discussion
shall use a methodology for comparison which is based on Qualitative Analysis (QA) using the
weighing factor of some primary parameters and the selected Mooring type will be assessed
using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) as the initial assessment of the study. The
three highest options from the AHP will be then further be analyzed in three steps: Assessment
mooring layouts (dynamic mooring analyses);Combine above in multi criteria analysis (MCA);
andSelect preferred option based on results of MCA.This paper presents the applicable and best
solution to the FSRU – Mooring arrangement at Site in Lampung in accordance with the
available data and assumption.
Keywords: Concept Selection, Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU), LNG carrier,
Mooring arrangement, Availability, Downtime, Qualitative Analysis (QA)
11

Santos Maleo Producer MOPU, In Situ Substructure
Modification
Tigor M. Hutabarat1, Steve Adrianto1, & Sekita Dasbi Sembiring2
1 Santos -Madura Pty, Ltd. Ratu Plaza Office Tower 4th fl. Jl Jend. Sudirman Jakarta
2 PT. Blue Ocean Services, Talavera Building 28th Fl. Jl RA Kartini no 26 Jakarta
Email: tigor.hutabarat@santos.com; steve.adrianto@santos.com;
sekita@blueoceanservice.com
Abstract.Maleo Producer MOPU which originally owned by Global Process System
Dubai was converted from jack up drilling to become Maleo Mobile Production Unit
and rented by Santos (Madura) from PT Radiant Utama Interinsco (PT RUI). Since
2006 GPS and RUI have operated it in Maleo field to produce gas 110 MMscfd feed
into Indonesia Power in Surabaya. While the class certification being approved by
ABS for MOPU for service life 15 years after conversion in 2006 and minimum
fatigue life 22 years at some locations of new gusset added, however subsea
inspection in 2009 reveal crack indication in three location on gusset plate 2D & 2G
top toe. In August 2010 a total of eleven crack indications were found on gusset and
leg. GPS the previous asset owner strongly proposed repair strategy in Singapore dry
dock as the robust technical solution however this would disrupt production and
potential black out in Surabaya.
This paper describe Santos proposal for in situ repair where no welding required for
offshore installation instead by clamping and bolting, no production shutdown, and
X bracing is considered as permanent solution to become a fixed platform. ABS
Structural managing principal engineer agree to pursue X braces solution.
Keyword: cracks; deterministic fatigue; maleo producer; natural period; x bracing
12

Dented Member Modelling Using Finite Element Method for
Push-Over Analysis of Offshore Platform
M. Suarjana 1 , M.F. Ezeddin 2 & S. Margaretta 2
1 Associate Professor, Civil Eng. Dep., Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
2 Former Student, Civil Eng. Dep., Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
Email : msuarjana@si.itb.ac.id; ezeddin.farid@gmail.com;
sylvia.margaretta@gmail.com
Abstract. Dropped objects or vessel collisions may cause damage in form of denting
or bending of offshore platform member(s). Dent or bend damage may significantly
reduce compression and bending capacity of member. Empirical and numerical
method can be used to include dented effects for offshore platform structural
analysis. In this study, nonlinear beam column finite element is used to model an
offshore platform with a dented member. The dented segment of the dented member
is locally discretized by shell element. The global discretization by beam-column
elements and local discretization by shell elements are combined to capture the local
and global responses of the structure. The detailed local shell element discretization
enables to model the dent in the member, including the formation of the dent by
accidental load and the effects of the dent to member strength and stiffness.
Accidental load magnitude is estimated based on API RP 2A-LRFD. Non-linier
analysis weas performed to generate structural response due to accidental load that
caused dented member. After the removal of the accidental load, with all the residual
stress and deformation captured in the model, the nonlinear analysis is continued to
simulate the performance of the structure under extreme load (storm or seismic).
Non-linier analyses were performed for offshore platform in Java Sea with water
depth 37.95 meter for cases with and without dent damage. Effects of dented
member to local and global structural performance were evaluated.
Keywords: accidental load, dent damage member, offshore platform, nonlinear
analysis.
13

Subsea Pipeline Stress Analysis In Operating Condition Using
Strain Based Design: A Finite Element Analysis Application
Eko Charnius Ilman 1 dan Ricky Lukman Tawekal 2
Ocean Engineering Program
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132
Email: 1 ekoci_zn@students.itb.ac.id and 2 ricky@ocean.itb.ac.id
Abstract. Sub-sea pipelines in extreme environmental conditions such as high
pressure and high temperature (HP/TP), the pipeline across the uneven seabed,
sliding or liquefaction, the strain-based design criteria could be taken as design
consideration. In this theses, modelled the buried and partially buried sub-sea
pipeline system and then analyzed the pipeline stress under operating conditions
dominated by high temperature and undulated seabed using strain-based design
criteria with general finite element analysis software. All welded joints are assumed
strong during operation so neglected in the modelling. Material, geometry and
contact nonlinearity are modelled in nonlinear static analysis and compared with the
linear analysis. Pipe self-weight, soil backfill, gas pressure, thermal expansion, static
current forces and pipeline anchor blocks boundary conditions at both ends
considered in the analysis. Pipe is modelled with PIPE31 element, the pipeline-soil
interaction with the PSI element for buried segments and pressure-over-closure
relationship with the rigid element for exposed pipeline segment. From cases studies
analysis results in this thesis, the accumulated plastic strain for 16-inch pipe API 5L
X-60 on maximum load combination is 0.597% for buried pipes corroded condition
and 1.519% for partially buried pipe corroded condition but it does not exceed the
2% allowable strain set by regulation. From linear and nonlinear analysis results for
those cases, the maximum von mises stress values in the nonlinear analysis is
relatively smaller than the maximum von mises stress values in the linear analysis,
the comparison is about 1.5 - 2.5 times larger linear analysis results. So the sub-sea
pipeline in uneven seabed with high temperature condition must consider the
nonlinearity of material, geometry and pipe-soil contact.
Keywords Sub-sea Pipeline, Strain Based Design, Accumulated Plastic Strain,
undulated seabed, nonlinear.
14

The Mapping Environmental Sensitivity Index to The Oil Spill in
Coastal Areas of Cilacap
Mardi Wibowo, Tjahjono Prijambodo, Maulana Tri Wibowo
Coastal Dynamic Research Center
The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPDP-BPPT).
Jl. Grafika 2 Sekip Yogyakarta - Indonesia. Tel: +62-274-586239, Fax: +62-274-
542789
E-mail : mardi.wibowo@bppt.go.id, tjahjono.prijambodo@bppt.go.id,
maulana.triwibowo@bppt.go.id
Abstract. Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) is basically a measure of the
potential loss of economic, social , physical and biological value of the area (land or
water) . The ESI be prepared to determine the level of sensitivity and vulnerability
of natural resources in coastal areas. Now, coastal areas of Cilacap has very fast and
dynamic development and have vary diversity such as geophysic condition, biology,
shoreline type and landuse type. The coastal area of Cilacap also has very important
environmental services (as a recreation, transportation, source of energy, means of
education or research, residential , industry. Besides it has potentials for
development, this area is also had great potential to pollution especially pollution of
the oil. That is caused Cilacap has the rafinary oil plant and the great port of oil,
furthermore it has crowded traffic of ship (both big ship or fishing ships). All of
which have a tremendous potential pollute the sea and the surrounding areas.
Therefore, for protection and management planning in coastal area of Cilacap is
needed assessment and mapping of ESI. Generally, this assessment (mapping) of ESI
is used weight and scored each input parameter. Data input, analysis, edit, and
presentation of information use geographic infromation system technology
(software). Based on this study, in general coastal areas of Cilacap has “sensitive”
and “very sensitive” to the presence of oil spills (about 207 km 2 ), and the area that
has” less sensitive” and “insensitive” only in southern part of P. Nusakambangan.
Therefore, it need the act of prevention as early as possible to minimize the negative
effects which may arise due to the presence of pollution of oil
Keywords: Environmental Sensitivity Index, Oil Spill
15

Cooling Water Recirculation Modeling of Cilacap Power Plant
Dhanus Suryaman 1 , Velly Asvaliantina 1 , Sapto Nugroho 1 , Widjo Kongko 1
1 Coastal Dynamics Research Center - Agency for the Assessment and Application of
Technology (BPDP–BPPT),
Jl. Grafika 2 Sekip Yogyakarta – Indonesia, Tel: +62-274-586239, fax: +62-274-
542789
dhanus.suryaman@bppt.go.id; widjo.kongko@bppt.go.id
Abstract. Cilacap Coal fired steam power plant of 2 x 300 MW has been built and
operated since 2006 to fulfill electric power demand. The plant uses sea water of
Indian Ocean for cooling water unit. After passing the cooling water unit, the water
discharges back to the ocean through an outfall structure. Temperature of the
discharge water is higher than those of the seawater. It is important to make sure
there is no thermal recirculation from the outfall to the intake of the cooling water
system. The modeling-simulation study is performed to assess and evaluate the
possible discharged thermal water circulation pattern in the surrounding coastal
waters. The tide and wind induced flow pattern and the advection-dispersion of
discharged thermal water are established using hydrodynamic and advectiondispersion
models of MIKE-21 Flow Model program, respectively. The simulation
results show that the flow in near-shore zone is persistently in parallel to the coast,
eastward or westward. The discharged thermal water primarily moves along the
western coastal waters. There is no significant recirculation of discharged thermal
waters to the cooling water intake. Critical evaluations of the intake-outfall location
are suggested based on the simulation results
Keywords: Coastal Environment, CW Intake-Outfall, Discharge Water, MIKE-21,
Thermal Dispersion
16

Numerical Modeling of Cooling Water Recirculation
Velly Asvaliantina 1 , M. Alfan Santoso 1 , Dhanus Suryaman 1 , Sapto Nugroho 1
1 Coastal Dynamics Research Center- Agency for Assessment & Application of
Technology (BPDP-BPPT),
Jl. Grafika 2 Sekip Yogyakarta - Indonesia. Tel: +62-274-586239, Fax: +62-274-
542789
Email (first author): velly.asvaliantina@bppt.go.id
Abstract. This paper summarizes a two-dimensional, finite element coastal
circulation numerical model, MIKE21 FM, adapted to examine the possible
recirculation of cooling water in the Bengkayang coal-fired power plant, West
Kalimantan. In general, most of the coal-fired power plants are built near the beach,
with the main reason due to the ease in obtaining water to be used for cooling water
systems and also for boiler feed water, for example PLTU Suralaya in Merak
Banten, PLTU Muara Karang in Muara Karang Jakarta, and others. The main
problem that always arises from the activities of this plant is thermal waste from
cooling water systems, where the temperature is much higher than the surrounding
water temperature.This study aims to model the thermal waste dispersion of cooling
water system and its effect to the surrounding coastal water. The study is carried out
in several scenarios using the models of hydrodynamic and advection-dispersion of
thermal waste from the cooling water system. Some recommendations to the
placement of the intake and outlet cooling water system are suggested in order to
avoid the thermal recirculation and degradation of aquatic environments.
Keywords: Cooling water recirculation, Numerical models
17

Application of Two Iterative Methods for Solving System of
Linear Equations In a Tidally Generated Flow Model
Purwanto Bekti Santoso 1 & Nastain 1
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Jl. Mayjen Sungkono Km 5 Blater, Purbalingga, 53371, Indonesia
Email: purwanto@unsoed.ac.id
Abstract. Solution of a system of linear equations involved in the calculations of
three-dimensional flows in estuary, lake, and coastal environments takes a
considerable portion from the overall computation time. Therefore, an efficient
algorithm for solving the linear equations system needs to be applied so that the
overall computation time is reduced. In this study, the linear equations system
solvers to be applied were the conjugate gradient method and the successive overrelaxation
method. The effectiveness of the schemes was tested in a semi-implicit
numerical solution of three-dimensional shallow water hydrodynamics model. The
test results show that the conjugate gradient method is very efficient in terms of the
number of iterations required to achieve convergence of the calculation. However,
this method requires additional loops of calculation so that its efficiency in the
overall computation time is greatly reduced. With appropriate selection of the
relaxation coefficient, the method of successive over-relaxation is preferable to the
conjugate gradient.
Keywords: shallow water flow model; numerical method; linear equation;
convergence.
18

Oil Spill Modeling Study of Montara WHP Blowout using
Software MoTuM
Muslim Muin
Ocean Engineering Research Group
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Email: m_muin@ocean.itb.ac.id
Abstract. The Blowout at the Montara Well Head Platform (WHP) had released
significant amount oil to Timor Gap and adjacent area. The release of oil started on
the 21 st August 2009 and stopped at November 2 nd 2009. The spatial extent of oil
spill, fates, and exposure occurrence were simulated using software MoTuM. The
paper present the methodology and application of integrated three dimensional nonorthogonal
boundary fitted ocean hydrodynamics and oil spill models in Geographic
Information System (GIS). The ocean hydrodynamics model was calibrated and
validated using available observation data. The spatial extents of the oil were
compared with satellites image and flight observation. The agreement between
results of simulation and observation are excellent.
Keywords: Oil Spill, Oil Spill Model, MoTuM, Montara, Timor Gap
19

Application of Large Scale 3D Non-Orthogonal Boundary Fitted
Sediment Transport Model and Small Scale Approach for
Offshore Structure in Cimanuk Delta North Java Sea
1 Muslim Muin, 1 Krisnaldi Idris, 1 Nita Yuanita
1 Ocean Engineering Research Group
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Email: m_muin@ocean.itb.ac.id
Abstract. The morphology in Cimanuk Delta of North Java Sea change rapidly in
the last two decades. The annual sediment deposition is about two million cubic
meter (Yuanita and Tingsanchali, 2008). The location of Offshore Structure is
approximately 30 km from Cimanuk Delta. Large scale ocean hydrodynamics and
sediment transport model MuSed3D (Muin, 1997) was applied in North Java Sea to
simulate suspended sediment at Platform GG in North Java Sea. The result of the
large scale model was calibrated using observation data and Landsat satellite image
interpretation. The agreement between the modeling results and observations are
excellent. It was found that the critical shear stresses for erosion and deposition are
0.1 Pa and 0.05 Pa respectively. Simple empirical formula was further utilized to
assess the sedimentation at offshore structure in small scale domain and extreme
condition.
Keywords: MuSed3D, Non-Orthogonal, Boundary-Fitted, Sediment
20

Design Optimization and Performance Evaluation of a Floating
Breakwater
Faisal Mahmuddin
Department of Naval Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University
Makassar, Indonesia
f.mahmuddin@gmail.com
Abstract. In order to design an optimal floating breakwater with a high performance
in a wide range of frequencies, its characteristics and performance in 2D and 3D
cases are analyzed. For obtaining an optimal 2D model shape, an optimization
method called Genetic Algorithm (GA) combined with Boundary Element Method
(BEM) is employed. The accuracy of BEM analysis is confirmed using numerical
relations such as Haskind-Newman and energy conservation relations. Moreover,
since the investigated model will be an asymmetric shape, an experiment is also
conducted to confirm that the present analysis could treat asymmetric body case
correctly. However, because the performance of the obtained 2D model is expected
to be different for some extent from real application, the performance of the
corresponding model in 3D case is also analyzed using Higher Order Boundary
Element Method (HOBEM). 3D Wave effect and its effect to the floating breakwater
performance are analyzed and discussed. It is shown from this study that the
combination of GA and BEM is effective in obtaining an optimal performance
model. Moreover, it is also shown that the 3D wave effect is small on motion
amplitudes while the wave elevations are found to be in 3D pattern even for a longer
body length.
Keywords: 3D wave effect; boundary element method; floating breakwater; genetic
algorithm; shape optimization.
21

Development of The BPPT-lock Breakwater Armour Unit
Jauzi Zuhdan 1 , Subarkah Aris 1 , Sujoko Sungsang Urip 1 , Hendriyono Wahyu 1
1 Coastal Dynamics Research Center (BPDP)
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)
zuhdan.jauzi@bppt.go.id
Abstract. The first generation of concrete breakwater armour units were classified as
dual layer-random placement, starting from the development of the tetrapod (France-
1950). Some drawbacks of this generation are noted, namely: stability factor due to
its own weight (lack of interlocking), and relatively small stability coefficient (Kd).
The development of the second generation, known as the single layer-random
placement, initiated by the accropode (France 1981), all the way through the
development of BPPT-lock (Indonesia-2011).On the hydraulic benchmarking test,
BPPT-lock was compared to tetrapod, dolos and the Xbloc. The results indicate that
the BPPT-lock has a better performance than tetrapod, Xbloc and the dolos. The test
results for the value of Kd is also good, where the recommended value for the design
of a breakwater is 17 for the trunk, and 13 for the head.The structural of the BPPTlock
was carried out by means of numerical methods (FEM). On the conditions of
BPPT-lock being dropped from a height of 2 m, assuming as deep as 10 cm
destruction at the point of impact, it was found that the structure of BPPT-lock is still
quite safe since the maximum stress that occurred was less than 10% of the
maximum permitted value.
Keywords: Armour units, BPPT-lock, breakwater, Kd (Stability Coefficient),
random, single layer.
22

Physical Modelling of Tanjung Adikarta Fishery Port
Breakwaters
Jauzi Zuhdan 1 , Sujoko Sungsang Urip 1 , Subarkah Aris 1 , Sumanto Bambang 1
1 Coastal Dynamics Research Center (BPDP)
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)
zuhdan.jauzi@bppt.go.id
Abstract. Physical modelling was conducted to find the causes of the failure of
Tanjung Adikarta fishery port breakwaters. Stability of breakwater is considered
good if the maximum level of armour unit damage is less than or equal to 5 percent
of placed armour unit when the breakwater is attacked by design waves. Laboratory
Test was carried out on LLWL, MSL, and HHWL conditions.The test results are: if
Tanjung Adikarta breakwater had been constructed according to it’s design, it would
has a good hydraulic stability, where the armour unit damage is very little about 0.71
% of total placed tetrapod armour units. The failure of breakwater related to the
research has been conducted is caused by less density of tetrapods placement on
breakwater, and Tetrapods placement are mostly one layer only (it should be two
layers). Improvements can be done by adding tetrapod placement density according
to the theoretical calculation or at least equal to density of tetrapod placement on
testing in the laboratory.
Keywords: Armour units, breakwater, damage, Physical Modelling, tetrapod.
23

Assessment of Navigation Channel Reliability of Tanjung
Adikarta Port using Hydraulics Modeling
Aloysius Bagyo Widagdo 1 , Suranto 1 , Muhammad Irfani 1 & Jainindra
Setiawan 1 ,
1 Coastal Dynamics Research Center, Agency for the Assessment and Application of
Technology, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA
Email: bagyowidagdo@yahoo.com
Abstract. Port of Tanjung Adikarta located on the south coast of Yogyakarta is
currently under construction. The navigation channel of the port is facing to the
Indian Ocean that has a high waves. The high wave can penetrate into the port basin
and may disturb the calmness of the water in the basin. Furthermore, the port basin is
located on the banks of the Serang river estuary that carrying sediment from
upstream. It is great potential for sedimentation in the basin as well as along the
navigation channel which is the one with the mouth of the river. Sedimentation
potential can also be caused by longshore sediment transport that comes into the
estuary. One method for understanding the phenomenon of wave penetration and the
potential for sedimentation in the port is by conducting hydraulic modeling. In this
modeling, scaling model is applied based on the principle of similarity. The wave
basin facility with a size 55 m x 30 m x 0.9 m equipped with wave generator is used
for the simulation. Alternatives of navigation channel and alignment of breakwaters
should be proposed in order to obtain an optimal design.
Keywords: hydraulics modeling, navigation channel reliability, potency of
sedimentation, wave penetration
24

Pipe Coating and Concrete Mattress for Weighting Offshore Gas
Pipes Using Nickel Slag as Concrete Aggregate
Saptahari Sugiri 1) , Ivindra Pane 1) , Ediansjah Zulkifli 1)
1 Structure Research Group,
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Technology Bandung
saptahari@si.itb.ac.id
Abstract. Indonesia is one of the producers of nickel in significant amounts, where
one of the nickel industry can be found in Soroako and Pomala, Sulawesi. The waste
from the nickel industry is called nickel slag. Nickel slag has a very heavy weight
thus making it suitable for use as aggregate material in concrete for weighted pipes,
such a concrete layers for steel pipes or in the form of concrete mattresses. The rapid
expansion of offshore gas explorations has given rise to the need for weighted
concrete for gas pipes in the form of concrete layers or mattresses, and therefore
nickel slag is very potential for use as aggregate in concrete for weighted pipes due
to its heavy weight and abundance as by-product. Research studies on concrete for
weighted pipes using nickel slag aggregate using ACI method results in a
compression strength of 50,77 MPa. Furthermore the mixture complies with the
requirement for concrete absorption to be lower then 5 % which is 0,69 %, and the
specific gravity is 3267 kg/m3.
Keywords : Nickel Slag, aggregate, concrete for weighted pipes, concrete mattress.
25

Reliability Assessment of Offshore Pipeline Subjected Corrosion
Ivindra Pane 1 & Andreas Nugroho Jati 1
1 Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: ivpane@si.itb.ac.id
Abstract. As corrosion condition is an essential design consideration, reliability
analysis is performed for offshore pipeline subjected to corrosion. Two design
requirements namely B31G and Shell 92 are applied together with some corrosion
loss models. Prior to performing the reliability analysis some corrosion models are
reviewed and some selection process has been done to narrow down some models
that are to be used further. A notable model is the one by Qin & Cui which can
predict time varying rate of corrosion realistically. FORM reliability analysis is
performed for pipeline having random design paramaters. The result provides
interesting insight on how pipeline reliability index varies with time for different
corrosion loss models. FORM reliability analysis allows to design pipeline subjected
to corrosion for a given service period with known reliability level.
Keywords: corrosion, design, FORM, offshore, pipeline, pressure, reliability.
26

Retrofit of Corroded Offshore Platform by Grouting
M.Suarjana 1 , M.Kurnia 2 & D.Pratomo 3
1 Associate Professor Civil Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung
(ITB), Ganesha No 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
2 Master Program Student of Civil Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi
Bandung (ITB), Ganesha No 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
3 Former Student of Civil Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung
(ITB), Ganesha No 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Email: msuarjana@si.itb.ac.id, mahdiankurnia@gmail.com,
derip123civil@gmail.com
Abstract. Structures of the jacket type offshore platforms are usually made of
tubular steel. Steel structures for offshore platforms are very prone to corrosion
problems. Corrosion will reduce the strength and stiffness of the member and joint to
the extent that the corroded members and joints may be not strong enough to
withstand the load imposed on the platform. An effective method to retrofit the
corroded members and joints is to conduct grouting of the member and joint. The
grouting method is cost effective and do not require shutting down platform
operations during the process. In this study, a finite element analysis complemented
with manual calculations was performed to review the effectiveness of grouting
systems for retrofitting a corroded offshore platform. The full finite element model
of the platform was developed to analyze the internal forces of the members and
joints. Stiffness of the grouted members was modified to include the composite
action of steel tubular members and the grout. The internal forces were used to check
by manual calculation the strength of members and joints based on API RP 2A WSD
and NORSOK codes and other published empirical equations.
Keywords: corrosion, grouted joint, grouted member, offshore platform, retrofit
27

Chloride Induced Corrosion of Concrete Cracked in Flexure
Sri Murti Adiyastuti
Ocean Engineering Program
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ITB
Email: adiyastuti@ocean.itb.ac.id
Abstract. The penetration of chloride ions plays a crucial role in reinforcement
corrosion and affects the durability and service life of marine structures. The
problem is even more acute once cracking occurs in a concrete member. The
presence of cracks is shown to have a significant impact on chloride penetration into
concrete. The experimental study investigated the influence of multiple flexural
cracks on the chloride diffusivity of reinforced concrete beams; to obtain data that
could be considered reliable, reinforced concrete beams, 200 x 250 x 2200 mm in
dimensions with 20 mm concrete cover, were used for the experimentation. The
beams were pre-cracked using a compression test machine and the crack widths
induced varied between 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The chloride profile was determined
after 1 month and 2 years of immersion in 3.0% NaCl solution. The measured
chloride profiles of the beams with multiple cracks are compared to those obtained
from the uncracked (control) beam. An observation was also made on the effect of
cracks on the corrosion development of steel bar after two years of immersion in salt
solution.
Keywords: chloride diffusivity, chloride profile, corrosion of steel, cracked
concrete, durability, flexural cracks
28

The Study on Hydrodynamic Performances of IHL Mini-
Submarine
Erwandi 1 , Taufiq Arief Setyanto 1 & Cahyadi Sugeng J.M. 1 , Endang Widjiati 1
1 Indonesian Hydrodynamic Laboratory (IHL) - Surabaya
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)
Jl. Hidrodinamika BPPT, Kompleks Kampus ITS Sukolilo Surabaya 60112
Email: erwandi@bppt.go.id; erwandi@gmail.com
Abstract. This paper describes the study on hydrodynamic performances of 133-ton
mini submarine (midget) conducted by Indonesian hydrodynamic Laboratory (IHL)
BPPT. To understand the hydrodynamic performances of mini-submarine, two
studies are carried out, i.e. Computation Fluid Dynamic (CFD) and hydrodynamic
model tests. (CFD) analysis is employed to evaluate the hull form design, the
velocity distribution around the hull, the velocity distribution around propeller disk
(the wake), and the pressure distribution. The hydrodynamic model tests are
resistance test, open water test, propulsion test, and maneuver test. The physical
model-scale is made to identify its resistance by towing it in IHL BPPT. Moreover
the 7-blades propeller is designed and manufactured based on resistance test. Finally
the self propulsion test and maneuver test is conducted to check the controllability of
mini-submarine.
Keywords: Hydrodynamic performance, Indonesian Hydrodynamic Laboratory
BPPT, mini-submarine, model test,7-blades propeller.
29

Preliminary Study of the Flow Noise Measurement in the
Cavitation Tunnel
Endang Widjiati 1,2 , Eko Budi Djatmiko 1 , Wisnu Wardhana 1 & Wirawan 1
1 Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya
2 Indonesia Hydrodynamic Laboratory (IHL),
UPT-BPPH, BPPT, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya
Email: ewidjiati@na.its.ac.id, ewidjiati@yahoo.com.au
Abstract. The measurement procedure of flow noise is reported in this paper. A
dummy of the Virginia submarine with the scale of 1:80 is placed in the cavitation
tunnel and flowed with water at different velocities and different pressures. The
acoustic noise caused by this condition is recorded and analyzed. The frequency
spectrum of the acoustic noise produced by the dummy is compared with that of the
system noise measured before the dummy is placed. The system noise of the
cavitation tunnel is caused mainly by the impeller that is positioned at the bottom
part of the tunnel. By defining the characteristics of the system noise, the flow noise
triggered by the dummy submarine in the cavitation tunnel can be identified.
Keywords: flow noise, dummy submarine, cavitation tunnel, frequency spectrum
30

The Sustainability of Wooden Ships in Indonesia
R. Didin Kusdian 1 , Bakhtiar Abu Bakar 2
1 Civil Engineering Graduate Program, University of Sangga Buana YPKP,
Jl. PHH. Mustopha No. 68, Bandung, INDONESIA 40124
2 Civil Engineering Graduate Program, University of Sangga Buana YPKP,
Jl. PHH. Mustopha No. 68, Bandung, INDONESIA 40124
Email: kusdian@yahoo.com
Abstract. Water transportation system has a long history in human civilization,
including in Indonesia. In the beginning ship always made from wood, the material
which more light than water so it can float. Until now there are many remote area in
Indonesia, that can reach only by simple boat or ship. The modern ships which the
modern operation management not service these region. This research done by use
the sample location at Sunda Kalapa port, where the wooden ship still in operation
until the year of 2012, when the research conduct. The methodology of survey is
interview survey to port administration, wooden ship cooperation community and
wooden ship traditional sailor. The focus of this research is about any aspect that
connected which connect or cause the sustainability of wooden ship operating in
Indonesia. Descriptive method used in the analysis of secondary and primary data.
According to the result of interview survey, many of wooden ship is made more than
10 years ago, the save technology age is not more than 20 years. Since the year of
2004, is difficult to have the legacy of wooden ship building permit, and to find raw
material.
Keywords: bold corrosion, building permit, raw material, technology age,
sustainability
31

Application of Pile Driving Analyzer on Offshore Piles
Bigman Hutapea 1 and I Wayan Sengara 1 , Andi Kartawiria 1
1 Research Group on Geotechnical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Email: bigmanhtp@gmail.com; wayansengara@gmail.com;
andikartawiria@yahoo.com
Abstract. The paper presents the result of Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) tests on pile
foundation of an offshore structure located in East Kalimantan. The structure is
supported by 4 (four) steel piles. There are no soil shear strength parameters
available. The length of pile penetration into sea bed and the axial pile capacity is
predicted based on PDA tests results. Only 2 PDA tests are allowed for monitoring
the installation of the four piles. Back analysis, which is conducted based on wave
propagation method, of pile driving based on result of PDA-test is conducted. The
result is applied to recommend final set and refusal criteria for installation of the
three remaining piles. The affect of set-up time on the axial bearing capacity of the
pile is also studied. The results are comparable to those obtained by other
researchers.
Keywords: axial bearing capacity, driven pile, PDA, set-up time
32

Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential in Mersing, Johor
Huzaifa bin Hashim 1 ,Dr.Meldi Suhatril 1 &Prof Dr. Roslan Hashim 1 ,
Hendriyawan 2
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2 Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental
Engineering,
InstitutTeknologi Bandung, 40132 Bandung Indonesia
Email: huzaifaonearth@yahoo.com
Abstract.This paper outlines evaluation of soil liquefaction potential in Mersing,
Johor. Early study of liquefaction assessment is conducted throughout this study in
providing awareness and motivation for the authorities, locals and developers in
liquefaction hazard. Geological and seismological data were gathered from variety of
sources mainly projects conducted along the shoreline area of Mersing.The
estimation acceleration at bedrock was designed for 500 years return period in this
study. A total of 56 boreholes from 13 projects along the shoreline area of
Mersingwere observed. Standard Liquefaction Analysis method originated by Seed
and Idriss in 1971 which based on soil and seismic properties was used to evaluate
liquefaction potential in this study. The method indicated that 35 out of 56 boreholes
are potentially liquefied causedby the earthquake with magnitude 8.0 from Sumatra
Subduction Zone.
Keywords:Liquefaction Potential Hazard, Mersing Johor.
33

Field and Model Studies of the Dynamics of Mud Shoreline
Changes
A. P. Mulia Tarigan 1 , A. K. A. Wahab 2 , and A. J. Mehta 3
1 Civil Engineering Department, University of Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
2 Coastal and Offshore Engineering Institute, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia
3 Civil and Coastal Engineering Department, University of Florida, USA
E-mail: a.perwira@usu.ac.id
Abstract. Field works have been conducted on the muddy coasts of the Malacca
Straits to investigate the seasonal shoreline evolution and accretion. A mud shoreline
evolution model is developed to simulate the shoreline changes. It is observed that
the mud shoreline responses to different nearshore environment have distinct
characteristics in several respects if compared to that of sandy beaches. Of the
noteworthy characters is that the mud shoreline tends to experience longer period of
either erosion with concave profiles or accretion with convex profiles, showing
barely modality to reverse the trend. It is found that the model simulation exhibits a
reasonably good agreement with the measured shoreline changes.
Keywords: shoreline, profile, muddy coasts, erosion, accretion.
34

Coastal Oceanographic Modelling Studies of Coastal Erosion
Problem Along The Coast of Indramayu-Cirebon
Fitri Suciaty, Titri Yan Rizki
PT. ASR Ltd.
Kantor Taman A9, Lantai 5, Unit D
Jalan Mega Kuningan Lot 8,9/A9, Jakarta Selatan
Email : fitri@asr.co.id
Abstract. Coastal areas of Indramayu and Cirebon are known for the significant
erosion. Based on records in Departement of Fisheries and Marine Resources
(Diskanla) Indramayu, the latest data in 2007 said, the coast had been eroded 42,6
km. Understanding the pattern of sediment distribution and transport due to wave
and current conditions during each seasons are important for coastal erosion
mitigation measures. This study is conducted to understand the sediment circulations
patterns and to determine the coastal erosion and sedimentation pattern along the
coastal areas of Indramayu and Cirebon, especially around the Eretan and Balongan
coast where the Pertamina gas pipelines, port and navigational channel stands. Three
types of hydro-oceanographic modelling are carried out in this study, ie. modeling of
wave propagation and wave generated currents (wave driven current), the
hydrodynamic modeling of ocean tides, and sediment transport modeling. Hydrooceanographic
modelling on this study are simulated by 3DD Suite Model (Black,
1996). Simulations performed for the data in Januari 2011 to represent west
monsoon condition and data in August 2011 to represent east monsoon condition.
WBEND of 3DD Suite Model used to simulate wave propagation in the regional
scale of dominant wave directions. While the currents generated by waves in the
coastal areas and the potential of sediment transport are simulated using 2DBEACH
beach circulation and sediment transport of 3DD Suite Model.Hydrodynamic model
simulation result shows that current circulation are influenced by seasonal
conditions. Dominant currents flow westward/northwestward at ebb tide to lowest
water condition, and then change direction to eastward/southeastward at flood tide to
highest water conditions. West monsoon causes the velocity of current increase at
low tide, while the east monsoon at high tide causes current velocity increase. This
current pattern which are influenced by the monsoonal seasons causes the dynamics
of erosion at Indramayu and Cirebon coastal areas. The dynamics of the erosion
process further can also be seen from the results of wave propagation and sediment
transport simulations.
Keywords : erosion, current, wave, sediment transpor, monsoon.
35

Application of the Finite Volume Method to Cohesive Sediment
Bed Fluidisation due to Water Waves
Aloysius Bagyo Widagdo 1 , Bruce Cathers 2 & William L. Peirson 2
1 Coastal Dynamics Research Center, Agency for the Assessment and Application of
Technology, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Email: bagyowidagdo@yahoo.com
Abstract. Fluidisation of cohesive sediment beds can occur due to the propagation
of water waves over sediment beds. In this study, the computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) software, FLUENT which incorporates the finite volume method, was used to
simulate the fluidisation process of density stratified, kaolin layers due to waves
propagating over a mobile bed. The wave motion was transferred to the fluid flow by
applying a moving frame of reference to the model domain that consisted of only one
wave length and moved with a speed equal and opposite to the wave celerity. As a
result, all the velocity components were rendered steady. A comparison of the
numerical simulation results with experimental data indicates that the numerical
model was appropriate to simulate the fluidisation process, Two alternative
approaches usually adopted for cohesive sediment bed fluidisation, specifically the
viscous fluid model and the visco-elastic fluid model, were also investigated. The
CFD simulations predicted the process of fluidisation of kaolin mud due to water
wave action for all densities of the samples (1194 g/L - 1331.5 g/L) quite well;
predictions using the viscous fluid model were only good for low density samples
(1194 g/L - 1282.7 g/L) while those using the visco-elastic fluid model is good for
high density (1301.9 g/L - 1331.5 g/L).
Keywords: cohesive sediment; fluidization; FLUENT; kaolin; mobile beds;
numerical modeling.
36

Application of Finite Volume Cell Center Method with Wet and
Dry Treatment in Hydrodynamic Flow Modeling
Bobby Minola Ginting 1 , Dantje K. Natakusumah 2 , Dhemi Harlan 2 , Herli
Ginting 3
1 Faculty of Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University
2 Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology
3 Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of North Sumatera
Email: bobbyminola.g@unpar.ac.id, dhemi@si.itb.ac.id
Abstract. Numerical scheme of Finite Volume Cell-Center with Artificial Viscosity
as spatial discretization and Runge Kutta Fourth Order as time stepping is proposed
to solve two dimensional shallow water equations in conservation forms which cover
mass and momentum conservation in both directions. The unstructured curvilinear
mesh is used in domain discretization, while the hybrid formula is applied to Runge
Kutta Fourth Order in time stepping. With this hybrid formula, the artificial term is
only computed once therefore the computational cost can be minimized. The
artificial viscosity is formed by combination of Laplacian and Biharmonic operator
to handle numerical instabilities. The function of Laplacian operator is to stabilize
solution around shock wave phenomenon, and Biharmonic operator is to omit the
wiggle solution. The Biharmonic operator is turned off when hydraulic jump
phenomenon occurred, and conversely, turned on when it disappeared.
Characteristic method is used in boundary condition treatment to determine the
velocity both in x and y directions when water elevation is specified. Wall boundary
condition is treated with normal velocity at the wall is zero condition. Wet and dry
treatment is applied especially for domain with initially dry condition by set a value
limiter for minimum depth. Once the water depth reaches this value, the velocities in
both directions are set to be zero.This program was built and successfully applied for
some hydrodynamic cases. For some initially dry-bed cases, the wet and dry
treatment gives the good results. This method is simple, accurate, efficient and
conservative. It can be concluded that this method shows promise to be applied in
other hydrodynamic cases, especially for complex domain cases.
Keywords: artificial viscosity, finite volume method, hybrid Runge-Kutta, shallow
water equations
37

Sedimentation Process Study at Entrance Channel Study Case:
Pulau Baai Port
Yessi Nirwana Kurniadi & M. Cahyono
Civil Engineering Department, Institute Technology Bandung
Email: yessinirwana@gmail.com
Abstract. Pulau Baai Port is an important port in Bengkulu Province. It is located at
Sumatra Island, facing Indian Ocean. Entrance channel at Pulau Baai Port has a
problem due to severe sedimentation. Dynamical process in tidal inlet or entrance
channel is affected by littoral transport due to wave action and onshore-offshore
transport due to tidal action. The equation to formulate the relationship between
depth and other parameters such as tide velocity, sediment discharge due to tidal and
littoral drift in tidal inlet can be expressed by simple equation. The equation in this
study is defined by applying continuity equation of sediment. It can be used to
predict variation of depth in time as the function of sediment discharge out of the
inlet and sediment discharge into the inlet. Relation between depth and other
parameter explained how to keep inlet depth as requires. Equilibrium depth can be
found when littoral drift balance with sediment discharge at ebb-flood tide. Depth
will be in state of equilibrium when depth channel decreased, value of bed friction
increased, and ebb velocity increased. In this condition the entrance channel
becomes stable. The equation in this study is a simple way to predict equilibrium
depth at the entrance channel.
Keywords: sedimentation; tidal inlet; equilibrium; dredging; port
38

Oil & Gas Project Delivery Incorporating The EPCIC and PSC
Procurement Approach: The Malaysian Experience
Mohammad Fadhil Mohammad, Surya Fareeza Abdul Rahim, Munirah Roslan
& Siti Syariazulfa Kamaruddin
Centre of Studies for Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Architecture, Planning &
Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia
fadhilnavy@yahoo.com/ mfmohammad@salam.uitm.edu.my
Abstract. The oil and gas industry has developed and adopted many project delivery
approaches. Production Sharing Contract (PSC) is one that has been widely used in
the oil and gas industry for decades in developing transitional economies as they are
in line with government aspirations to be more proactive in managing their own oil
and gas resources. PSC generally require the establishment of an organization
partnership between the public which is the government and private sectors to
monitor operations and participate in decisions regarding production levels and
accounting practices. Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Installation and
Commissioning (EPCIC) contract on the other hand is usually a down-line contract
between the Operator and the various contractors and/or subcontractors undertaking
the project delivery works. This paper will attempt to put forward the key ingredients
and structure of the PSC and EPCIC as experienced by the National Oil Company
(NOC) of Malaysia (PETRONAS) highlighting important characteristics in
delivering complex oil and gas projects. The main research methodology incorporate
literature reviews obtained from books, journals and related websites while the
primary data were gathered from case studies of the NOC. Lessons learnt and
comparative results from the data analyzed will also be presented in this paper.
Keywords: EPCIC, Production Sharing Contracts, Procurement, Project Delivery
39

Coastal Management Modeling Based on Equilibrium Shoreline
Method
Mochammad Meddy Danial 1
1 Tanjungpura University, Pontianak
Email: meddydanialstmt@gmail.com
Abstract. Coastal management is very important to overcome the coastal area that
experience erosion problem. The method that is rapidly growing today is the
equilibrium shoreline method. Equilibrium shoreline method is actually to propose
the modeling of coastal managament using hard solution to manage and maintain the
shoreline position in order to achieve equilibrium state in stable condition.This riset
contains the application of computer modeling using MepBay software. MepBay
software is based on the parabolic equation and is made to design the equilibrium
shoreline in combination with the presence of coastal protection, which usually have
the shape like a bay or so called by a crenulate bay shape, or pocket beach. Several
shorelines are tested using MepBay in order to predict the behaviour of shoreline
change as a result of the effect of coastal protection. The results show that for the
safety application in designing the shoreline model combined with hard solution, the
dominant wave direction should be perpendicular to the coastal protection such as
headland breakwater, jetty, T-groin or Y-groin
Keywords: coastal management modeling, equilibrium shoreline, mepbay software
40

Videography Technology Utilization for Rip Current , Sandbar
and Shoreline Position Identification to Safety Management of
Coastal Tourism
Aprijanto 1 , Hartono 2 , C. Aries Rokhmana 3 ,, Sutanto 2
1 Mahasiswa Prog. Doktoral Fak. Geografi UGM, Yogyakarta dan
Perekayasa Madya di Balai Pengkajian Dinamika Pantai-BPPT
Email : aprijanto@bppt.go.id and titot_bpdp@yahoo.com
2 Fakultas Geografi UGM, Yogyakarta
3 Geodesi Fak. Teknik UGM, Yogyakarta
Abstract.Coastal regions in addition to having a wide range of tourist attraction of
the beauty of a view, in fact have the potential of causing harm and even death for
visitors who move in the region. One cause of the harm that occurs is the presence of
rip currents. Various media are spreading information that the visitor of coastal areas
because of the victims died swept away by a very powerful when bathing or
swimming at the beach. During this monitoring of coastal areas by utilizing remote
sensing technology has been widely used in Indonesia. Utilization of remote sensing
images to monitor the coastal include Landsat imagery, IKONOS, RADARSAT,
IFSAR, Quickbird, Aster, and so forth. However, the use of these images, despite
being shown to have the benefits of each level of spatial resolution, radiometric, but
the best temporal resolution is 12 hours in the repetition of data acquisition for the
same position on NOAA imagery. Whereas in coastal management for the areas are
relatively small area but will need the data of the continuous dynamics of coastal
tourism for safety purposes, such as information on the rip-current flow, it is
indispensable technology that can monitor continuously and surface enrichment of
the physical oceanographic data quickly, easy and efficient acquisition. The use of
videography technology can be used as an alternative system that is efficient, fast
and easy in operation for the purpose of monitoring indicators of coastal dynamics.
Videography systems very rapidly developed in recent times, as one of the factors
driving the rapid development nature of the instruments used are inexpensive and
easy opersaionalnya. The study results obtained prove that the technology can be
used on the observation videography in the coastal area, such as: monitoring of rip
current, the position of the shoreline, sand bar.
Keywords: Safety Management of Coastal Tourism, Videography Technology.
41

The Contribution of Oceanographic Numerical Model In
Supporting Integrated Coastal Management Around Komodo
Island, Indonesia
Titri Yan Rizki 1 , Gegar Prasetya 2 , Fitri Suciaty 3
PT. ASR, Ltd
Kantor Taman A9 Unit D, 5th floor
Jl. Mega Kuningan Lot 8,9 / A9 Jakarta, Indonesia
1 titri@asr.co.id, 2 gegar@asr.co.id, 3 fitri@asr.co.id
Abstract. Komodo National Park (KNP), an international tourism and UNESCO's
World Heritage Sites, is located between Sumbawa Island and Flores Island. The
National Park’s Authority had produced 25 Year Master Plan for Management
supported by The Nature Conservancy, Gajah Mada University, and Manggarai
District Authority (KNP et al., 2000) for the three main islands of KNP (Komodo,
Rinca, and Padar). While there is no coastal management for the surrounding areas
of the KNP even though they share the same body of water, and possibly having a
similar ecosystem and ecology conditions. However, there is no literature on the
dynamic of the ocean and coastal waters surrounding the region had been published.
Therefore, systematic studies need to be carried out to assess the role of the ocean
and coastal water circulations of this region to the biodiversity and sustainable
management of the marine and coastal resources towards sustainable management of
the National Park. ASR Indonesia has initiated the establishment of integrated
coastal zone management plans with local governments on this region which cover
the whole areas between East Sumbawa Island and West Flores Island. At the
beginning, oceanographic numerical modelling using 3DD Suite (Black, 2001) has
been simulated in two dimensions for hydrodynamics parameters such as currents
and sea level considering tidal and wind conditions. The results of these simulations
indicate that there are several locations around the KNP which could potentially
generate non-renewable energy by ocean currents flow with velocity reached 3.5 m/s
in east monsoon and 3.7 m/s in the west monsoon. In addition, conservative particle
dispersals distribution has been simulated and developed into a trajectory model of
certain fish larvae distribution, according to the fisheries potential in the area, such
as grouper, snapper, and pomfret (West Manggarai Regency, 2007). Zonation will be
derived from these modelling results as a basis for sustainable management and
conservation of the coastal and marine resources based on the ecosystem and
ecology boundaries.
Keywords: currents, fisheries, integrated coastal management, Komodo National
Park, ocean model
42

Sediment Classification for Geotechnics Using Sonar Technology
1) Henry M. Manik, 2) Bambang Supartono
1) Department of Marine Science and Technology Bogor Agricultural University
Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia
E-mail : henrymanik@ipb.ac.id
2 Graduate Program of Marine Technology Bogor Agricultural University Kampus
IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia
Abstract. The purpose of this study was to calculate the value of
the bottom backscattering strength (SS) using a single beam sonar. The research
was conducted on 29 January to 3 February 2012 in the surrounding waters of the
Seribu Islands, North Jakarta. Acoustic data acquisition was conducted using
the instrument cruzpro sonar. Acoustic data obtained from 9 stations simultaneously
with sampling of sediment substrate. Processing of acoustic data was conducted
using Matlab software and the numerical model of Manik et al. (2006). Sample of
sediment was classified based on the analysis of sediment texture. Using the grain
size analysis, the seafloor sediments consist of sand and clay. Sand and clay
bottom had different bottom backscattering level. Therefore, classification of the
seafloor type using sonar technology for marine geotechnic was possible.
Keywords : sonar, backscattering, seabed, classification, geotechnic
43

Simulation of the Single Hydrophone Source Localization Using
Chirp Signal
Endang Widjiati 1 , 2 , Annisa Firasanti 1 & Eko Budi Djatmiko 1 , Wisnu
Wardhana1 & Wirawan 1
1 Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya
2 Indonesia Hydrodynamic Laboratory (IHL),
UPT-BPPH, BPPT, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya
Email: ewidjiati@na.its.ac.id, ewidjiati@yahoo.com.au
Abstract. The passive localization process in this research is done by using a single
hydrophone, since it is easy and cheap to set up the measurement system. The aim
here is to estimate the source location of chirp source emitted waveform which
represented the broadband signal. The first step of the localization process is to
estimate the time delay of multipath using Time-Delay Estimation. The delay is then
plunged into the delay equation which is the function of range and depth. The
location range is then estimated at a given correct range and vice versa. The method
using here are Least Squares method, Signal Subspace method and Noise Subspace
method. After the simulation, it is found that the best method among those three is
the signal subspace.For 2 km and 2.5 km range, it can be well-defined the estimate
with the mean source range of 1.99 km and 2.515 km. Meanwhile, the depth
estimation shows bad result with mean source depth 56.82 m and 63.55 m for 92 m
true source depth. Based on the result of the research, we can conclude that by using
the single hydrophone the source localization can still be nicely done.
Keywords: Matched Field Processing, Maximum Likelihood, single hydrophone,
time delay
44

Application of Cascade Matrix Method on Reflection Coefficient
Prediction of UnderwaterAcoustic for Inclined Seabed
Irsan Soemantri Brodjonegoro1 and Danny Friyadi 2
1 Ocean Engineering Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung
(Email: irsansb@ocean.itb.ac.id)
2 Graduate Student of Ocean Engineering Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung
(Email: dannyf1899@gmail.com)
Abstract. The reflection coefficient of underwater acoustic can be predicted by full
matrix method based on the principle of continuity of pressure and particle velocity
in a fluid (or sediment) boundary. However in the case of propagation through thenlayer
(three layers or more), a full matrix method is in efficient because it involves
inverse matrix with large dimension 2n-2 x2n-2. This paper presents an alternative
method i.e.cascade matrix system to predict reflection coefficient of underwater
acoustic propagating through n-layer media. This method is simpler than full matrix
method because it involves multiplication of transfer matrix with dimension (2x2) in
total of n-2. Simulation results showed that the difference of reflection coefficient
obtained by cascade matrix method and full matrix method was less than10 -4 % for
the acoustic propagation at three, six, and ten-layer media. Application of cascade
matrix method for reflection coefficient can be used to calculate transmission loss
due to bottom reflection. Simulation showed that on underwater acoustic source
located at station GeoB10048-1 travelling to Geob10044-1, at depth of 100 m, two
layers of sediment, and the initial angle-5 o to 5 o , the underwater acoustic intensity
level of source is 169.59dBre 1µ Pa and remaining acoustic intensity level after
propagating at distance of 110 km are 70.31, 74.03, 74.46, 73.12, and72.12dBre1µPa
for source angle of ray -5 o ,-2.5 o , 0 o , +2.5 o , and+5 o .
Keywords: Underwater acoustic wave; reflection coefficient; full matrix, cascade
matrix system; n-layer; propagation; sediment;
45

Diver Detection Experiment Using Single Hydrophone
Endang Widjiati 1,2 , Aditya Martha Wijaya 1 , Eko Budi Djatmiko 1 , Wisnu
Wardhana 1 & Wirawan 1
1 Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya
2 Indonesia Hydrodynamic Laboratory (IHL),
UPT-BPPH, BPPT, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya
Email: ewidjiati@na.its.ac.id, ewidjiati@yahoo.com.au
Abstract. A low cost detector for divers using a single hydrophone is presented.
Acoustic detection for this application is an essential research for the defense and
marine security issue. It is known that divers produce a weak acoustic signal from
their exhaling bubbles. Here, its characteristic is derived from experimental data and
matched filter detection theory is applied. An experiment is carried out in a water
tank of dimension (60×35×2.5)m belonging to the Indonesia Hydrodynamic
Laboratory. Two types of diving activities are considered, i.e. scuba and free diving,
with the transmission distance from the diver about 6-12m. The Neyman Pearson
hypothesis, likelihood ratio test and spectrogram are applied to the experimental
data. The results show that a scuba diver respiratory energy is greater than that of a
free diver in the frequency range of 0-10kHz. In the analysis of probability of
detection and probability of false alarm, a threshold frequency of 3935.4Hz is
obtained with a scuba diver being the signal source located in the 6-12m range. The
simulation shows that the matched filter technique is able to increase the value of
signal-to-noise power ratio from 3.19-11.30 dB.
Keywords: acoustic signal; detection; diver; Neyman Pearson hypothesis; likelihood
ratio test; spectrogram.
46

Coastal Ecosystem: Reducing or Amplifying The Tsunami
Impact ~ A Lesson Learn from The Recent Events
Gegar Prasetya 1, , Xiaoming Wang 2
1 ASR Indonesia , Kantor Taman A9, Unit D5. Lantai 5. Jakarta Selatan. Indonesia
2 GNS Science . P0 Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
Email: gegarprasetya@yahoo.com; X.Wang@gns.cri.nz
Abstract. The great variation of tsunami impact along the coast had been observed
during the recent tsunami events in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These facts arise
questions on why there are great variations of tsunami height and resulting impact
along the stretch of coastline. The importance of the continental shelf slope,
bathymetry and coastal ecosystem in reducing or amplifying the tsunami impact is
examined based on field observations and numerical modeling exercises of the two
recent events: the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 and the Samoa tsunami 2009 with
remarks on recent event in Japan on March 11, 2011. The Samoa 2009 events shows
how important the nearshore bathymetry, reefs and offshore island on top of coastal
landscape and the continental shelf slope to the distributions of tsunami elevation,
inundation and runup height along the east coast of Upolu Island, Samoa, while the
Indian Ocean 2004 tsunami event shows that due to the massive size of tsunamis,
complete devastation occurs in the nearfield along the coast of Banda Aceh
Province, Indonesia, with few exception and localized evidence where the coastal
ecosystem still provide a significant hazards protections such as in Simeulue Island.
Keywords: Tsunami; coastal ecosystem; Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean.
47

Bukit Terbuka Hijau (Green Open Hills) as Green Solution of
Urban Spatial Engineering in Tsunami-Prone Coastal City (Case
Study: Cilacap Selatan District)
Muhammad Irfani 1 , Aprijanto 1 , M. Alfan Santoso 1 , Reno Arief Rachman 1, Kun
Nasython 2
1 Coastal Dynamic Research Center-The Agency for the Assessment and Application of
Technology
Jl. Grafika 2 Sekip Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tel: +62-274-586239, Fax: +62-274-542789
2 Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Cilacap
Jl. Swadaya No. 20 Cilacap 53213, Indonesia. Telp. / Fax: 0282-533520
email: muhammad.irfani@bppt.go.id; aprijanto@bppt.go.id; alfan.santoso@bppt.go.id;
reno.arief@bppt.go.id
email: lakharbpbd@cilacapkab.go.id
Abstract. Tsunami has now become a very frightening term for the Indonesian
people, who is living in tsunami-prone coastal cities. Include Cilacap, as the coastal
cities in south coast of Java, is located on flat topographical terrain and also poses
high population as well as several factories and public facilities. Urban spatial
engineering in tsunami-prone coastal cities is an engineering effort on urban spatial
planning in tsunami-prone coastal cities so as to minimize human casualties and
economic losses arising from the tsunami disaster. In general, urban spatial
engineering is done by making some changes to the pattern of land use, circulation &
parking, open space, and pedestrian area. This study was conducted by description
analysis of existing condition of the urban spatial pattern in tsunami-prone areas. The
next step is analysis urban spatial engineering such as the appropriate land use aspect
and circulation & parking aspect. Then analyze the capacity of open space and
pedestrian area in term to create integrated and green solution for the people and for
the city. Bukit Terbuka Hijau (Green Open Hills) occurs as integrated and green
solution for the urban spatial planning problem and environmentally friendly
solution for tsunami evacuation problem. Bukit Terbuka Hijau can serve as public
open space, playground and central parks also commercial spaces so that can
improve the environmental quality of the city and increase the quality of life the
people physically and spiritually. On the other hand, Bukit Terbuka Hijau can
perform as the evacuation space when the tsunami hazard appears. People can
evacuate them self and gathering after tsunami early warning system appear. The
basic needs of emergency must be provided to support the evacuation period such as
food, medicines and tents. Bukit Terbuka Hijau actually is a part of Tsunami Early
Warning System, as the final part of the evacuation routes. This system should be
supported by socialization and periodical exercise, to ensure the preparedness of the
population who is living in tsunami-prone coastal cities.
Keywords: coastal city, tsunami-prone, urban spatial engineering
48

Building a Sustainable Local Community Preparedness Towards
Tsunami
Karima Nurrahmi Yulia 1 , Lydia Maria Kusnadi 2
Dr. Naomi Haswanto, M.Sn, Alvanof Spalanzani, S.T, M.M , &
Dra. IfaSafiraMustikadara, M.Si
1 Kartika II no 100 G KPAD Gegerkalong
2 Kayu Agung I c/ 67 Bandung
Email: knurrahmi@gmail.com
lydia_mk@yahoo.com
Abstract.Indonesia is located between three active tectonic plates which makes us
prone to natural disaster occurrence such as Tsunami. According to National Institute
of Sciences, Indonesia has been stroked by tsunami for thirty times. The biggest one
is Tsunami Aceh on 26th December 2004 with around 70.000
casualties(http://www.bbc.co.uk, downloaded 0/27/2012 12.08 pm). Indonesia is the
biggest archipelago country, has 95.181 kilometer long coastline, the second highest
in the world (http://indomaritimeinstitute.org, downloaded 9/24/2012 12.40 pm).
Therefore, it’s a must for us-especially the coastal community -to have a good
preparedness strategy toward tsunami. Sadly, coastal community’s knowledge about
tsunami mitigation is still inadequate. Due to their special characteristic, preference
and behavior, certain communication strategy is needed to deliver the complex
mitigation issues so as to beeasily accepted and memorable; social campaign is
believed to be the best answer for this situation. This campaign utilizing
interdisciplinary study, combining mass communication and informational graphic
design. Emphasizing on vernacular (folksy) communication, applied verbally and
visually on the rightmedias.As the result, this campaign is expected to transform the
coastal community’s behavior by degrees to built a good community response
towards tsunami.
Keywords: coastal, informational design, mitigation, preparedness, social campaign,
tsunami, vernacular.
49

Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Education for Kid’s With
Animation In Gambar To’ong
Arnold / Dr. Intan Rizky Mutiaz, M. Ds /Alvanov Zpalanzani,ST.,MM / Dra.
Naomi Haswanto, M.Sn.
Email: Mucuwiguik@yahoo.com
Abstract. Indonesia is an archipelago that prone to Tsunami. It was recorded 5
Tsunami disasters engulfed Indonesia in 2004-2010; Aceh (2004), Nias (2005),
Pangandaran (2006), Bengkulu (2007), and Mentawai (2010). There have been many
facilities and infrastructures for Tsunami early warning relief installed by the
government. However mostly these facilities and infrastructures is broken by the
local community. Consequently the early warning tools are not functioned well when
the Tsunami hit the island. It indicates that the government has failed to educate
coastal community about the importance of Tsunami preparedness. Mostly coastal
communities do not have decent education and even illiterate (mainly for children).
The education about Tsunami preparedness may be conducted with Gambar To’ong
(To’ong Pictures). Gambar To’ongis a kind of forgotten Indonesia culture heritage
from Tasikmalaya, West Java. It is known since 1940-1970s from Bogor City to
Cirebon City. It can be modified into advanced multimedia which includes education
animation about Tsunami preparedness. Animation used is silent animation without
dialogue so it can be understood by various circle and region in Indonesia. The
animation relies on visual language in delivering its message with adequate music
and sound effect support. The target is children from 6-12 years who resides in
Tsunami vulnerable coastal area such as in Pangandaran, Pelabuhan Ratu,
Lhoksumawe, Simeleue, Nias, etc.
Keywords:Animation, Visual communication, Tsunami disaster mitigation, Gambar
To’ong, Coastal community
50

Investigation of Coastal Vegetation Characteristics and Field
Experiment on Strength of Casuarina in Indonesia
Aloysius Bagyo Widagdo 1 , Chaeroni 1 , Jainindra Setiawan 1 , Hideo Matsutomi 2
& Kenji Harada 3
1 Coastal Dynamics Research Center, Agency for the Assessment and Application of
Technology, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA
2 Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Akita University, JAPAN
3 Center for Integrated Research and Education of Natural Hazards, Shizuoka
University, JAPAN
Email: bagyowidagdo@yahoo.com
Abstract. Indonesia’s coast has been recognized as an area that has a risk of tsunami
hazard. Coastal forest is considered as affective countermeasure against tsunami
disaster in Indonesia. One of vegetation that was assessed for the purpose is
casuarina (coastal pine tree). Physical modeling as well as numerical simulation has
been used to assess the effectiveness. In this study, field investigation was preferred
to compliment the previous tool. The field investigation was held not only to
investigate characteristic of the trees, but also to measuring strength of the trees.
Relation of the forces used to pull the tree and bending positions of the tree were
recorded. Uprooting experiments were also conducted Results of the investigation
showed that the diameter is increased linearly by tree age, and the tree height is
increased logarithmically by tree age. For trees with age of 5-7 years old, generally
the tree will be collapse for the force bigger than 10 kN. Meanwhile, for uprooting
the tree, it requires force almost 3 times, i.e. up to 27- 30 kN.
Keywords: coastal vegetation characteristics; field experiment; strength of tree;
tsunami runup.
51

Potential of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) in
Indonesia Seas
Wahyu W. Pandoe & Alfi Rusdiansyah
Balai Teknologi Survei Kelautan, BPP Teknologi, Gd. I BPPT Lt.18, Jln MH
Thamrin 8, Jakarta.
Email: wahyu.pandoe@bppt.go.id, alfi.rusdiansyah@bppt.go.id
Abstract. OTEC or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion is one of an alternative
ocean renewable enrgy using the temperature/thermal difference between wamer sea
surface and cooler deep waters to run the turbine and electric generator. This
technology has been implemented in some first world countries at the prototype scale
to produce up to 1MWe, but considerably less efficient for the small scale prototype.
Through various research cruises, BPPT has collected a lot of vertical/water column
profiles of temperature all around Indonesia seas. Data analyses show that some
areas meet the condition of 20⁰C temperature difference between sea surface and
deep waters down to 700-800m located relatively close less than 10k to the nearest
islands. Considering the available natural resources and steep marine continent
geomorphology, Indonesia seas store a huge potential of natural resources, but the
most recent available technologies limit to estimate viable resources to implement
the OTEC technology at the pra-commercial scale. Implementation OTEC
technology in Indonesia must remain depend on the mature of this technology in the
world.
Keywords: OTEC, BPPT, Indonesia Seas
52