AUSTRALIAN BIODIVERSITY RECORD - Calodema

AUSTRALIAN BIODIVERSITY RECORD 

______________________________________________________________ 

2007 (No 9) ISSN 1325-2992 August, 2007 

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Environmental Assessment and Application of Section 5A EPA Act (1979) 8-Point Tests 

of Significance for Lot 5, DP 843548, Ourimbah Creek Road, Ourimbah, New South 

Wales, in relation to Proposed Construction of a Residential Dwelling and Shed 

by 

Richard W. Wells 

P.O. Box 826, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, 2480 

Summary 

A flora and fauna assessment was undertaken from January to March 2003 over a portion of 

Lot 5 Ourimbah Creek Rd., Ourimbah NSW to assess the potential impact of the construction 

of a single residential dwelling and associated shed. This report was originally compiled in 

December, 2003 and is reprinted here without amendment or update, although the original 

figures and plates have not been included for privacy reasons. The report was accepted by 

Council, and the proposed DA for the property approved. Researchers should consult current 

legislation for additional threatened species issues that may be relevant to the area and/or 

species in question as some additional threatened entities have been added to the TSC Act 

since this report was compiled. Some changes to the EP&A Act (1979) have also occurred 

since 2003. 

The site of the proposed development was found to be relatively depauperate in native flora 

and fauna at the time of the field inspections, but habitat considerations of both the site of the 

proposed development and that of adjacent areas, as well as known historical records 

suggests the immediate environs of the site has a potentially high biodiversity. 

However, no threatened fauna or flora species were actually detected on the site of the 

proposed development, and none are expected to suffer impact as a result of the proposal. 

A thorough survey of the site’s flora was undertaken through quadratic sampling and this 

revealed that the property has experienced past disturbance through fire and logging. The 

disturbed nature of the site of the proposed construction is reflected in the disclimatic 

structure of the communities now present and the relatively low plant diversity detected. In 

effect the site is largely in a state of extensive regeneration as a consequence of this past 

disturbance history. 

All plant species that have been recorded from the vicinity of the site and the surrounding 

region were considered in this assessment. No plant species were detected on the site that is 

regarded as being of regional significance. 

All terrestrial vertebrate fauna species (frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals) known from a 10 

km radius of Ourimbah have been considered herein. Additionally, all threatened species 

known to have habitat attributes that occur within, or in the immediate proximity to, the subject 

site have had an 8-part test of significance applied to them as a precautionary measure. 

Given that the development activities would be restricted and confined to an area previously 

cleared or degraded by past logging, and loss of natural vegetation on the site will be 

extremely small, it is concluded that the proposed development would not have an adverse 

impact on the existing flora and fauna either on or adjacent to the subject site. 

The Section 5A EPA Act (1979) 8-Point Tests of Significance in this report all conclude that 

no threatened species would be affected by the proposed development.

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (9): 1-220 

Environmental Assessment and Application of Section 5A EPA Act (1979) 8-Point Tests 

of Significance for Lot 5, DP 843548, Ourimbah Creek Road, Ourimbah, New South 

Wales, in relation to Proposed Construction of a Residential Dwelling and Shed 

1.0 - Introduction 

The site of the proposed development herein under consideration is part of a larger (40 

hectare) parcel located in the Ourimbah area of the Central Coast of New South Wales. The 

subject land is identified as Lot 5, DP 843548 Ourimbah Creek Road, Ourimbah and is part of 

the County of Northumberland, within the Local Government Area of Wyong. It is positioned 

at GR 426108 on the Wyong 1: 25000 topographic map (9131-2N 3rd Edition). 

The study site location is depicted in Figure 1. The boundaries of the subject property are 

identified in Figure 2. The position of the proposed development is indicated in Figure 3. 

The geology of the property is largely dominated by Triassic sandstones of the Narrabeen 

Formation. The topography of the site varies from steep escarpment areas and ridges, deeply 

incised gully systems to the more level lower areas where the proposed dwelling would be 

sited. Although extensive sandstone outcropping is a dominant feature of the whole property, 

no significant rock outcroppings actually occur at the site of the proposed construction. The 

site chosen for the proposed construction appears as a natural level bench area in the terrain 

and was assessed by a geomorphologic inspection as the best available position for the 

development, thus negating any need for any significant cut and fill earthworks being 

required. It appears however, that the level nature of the site for the proposed dwelling may 

also be the result of past bulldozing by timber workers as well. 

As the proposed development is not of a scale that could be regarded as significant, and 

coupled with the fact that the owners do not intend developing the remainder of their land, it 

was felt unnecessary to survey the entire 40 hectares of the subject property. Additionally, 

given the difficult, largely inaccessible nature of much of the property and the complexity of 

the habitats present, it would conceivably take a huge effort over several years to compile a 

complete or comprehensive inventory of the fauna and flora of the entire 40 hectare parcel. 

Thus survey effort was largely restricted to that part of the property to be directly affected by 

the proposed dwelling house construction. 

As previous fauna and flora surveys in the general region have established that the area is 

among the most biodiverse in the Sydney Basin, a large database of fauna and flora records 

for the Ourimbah area already exists. In the process of assessing the site in a broader local 

context, it became necessary to acquire the relevant fauna records known from a 10 km 

radius of the site that are held by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Taken at face 

value, this list resulted in a potentially large number of threatened species to consider for the 

site. However, given the restricted habitat conditions prevailing at the site proposed for 

development, certain of these species would not, and probably have never been present at or 

even near the site in historical times. Accordingly our assessment mainly concentrated on 

those threatened species that in our opinion could potentially occur on or near the site of the 

proposed development. However, 8-part tests were applied to all threatened species known 

from the district, even though most would not utilize the subject site. 

This information revealed a total of 414 fauna species from the designated area. Of this total 

34 are frogs, 46 are reptiles, 269 are birds (includes exotics/ferals) and 65 are mammals 

(includes exotics/ferals). Fifty of these species, are currently listed as threatened under the 

TSC Act (1995) and were accordingly subjected to separate evaluation using the Section 5A 

EPA Act (1979) 8-Point Test of Significance as a precautionary measure. 

As each of these threatened species is part of a specific faunal community structure, an 

evaluation of the likelihood of the Ourimbah Site being utilised by such species depended 

upon fully evaluating its entire faunal values - i.e. the habitat attributes of the site were 

evaluated for all species of terrestrial fauna that occur within the designated area. 

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2.0 - Results of Field Inspections 

Materials and Methods 

Methods for assessing and documenting the flora and fauna were essentially opportunistic as 

the proposed development of the site is of a relatively minor nature. Various zigzag, and 

longitudinal transects were undertaken over the area of the property that is proposed as the 

site for the proposed construction of a residential dwelling (see Figure 3). Additionally, 3 large 

(50mX50m) quadrats were used to assess the community structure of the site’s vegetation 

and determine its value as fauna habitat. A detailed assessment of the site’s tree cover was 

undertaken within these quadrats. 

Plants actually detected were listed in a note book as transects and quadrats were searched 

and any unidentified or problem species were collected for further study and identification. 

Standard opportunistic searches for reptiles and frogs were undertaken on and surrounding 

the site. Reptiles were observed by carefully inspecting prospective basking areas such as 

amongst vegetation, rock outcrops, or in clearings along the verges of access tracks and 

creek lines. Typical refuge sites for herpetofauna, such as under bark or rocks, inside 

crevices, beneath fallen branches or litter, inside and under logs, were also searched by 

experienced herpetologists. 

Hand searches of potential frog microhabitats were undertaken during both daylight and 

evening hours. This involved searching through the vegetation alongside any area of water 

retention, lifting large rocks, logs, fallen branches or mats of vegetation and checking under 

any piece of ground cover which could serve as a frog refuge area. In addition, a small 

intermittent watercourse is present down slope from the proposed site and this was closely 

examined also; all other water-containing sites detected were examined for tadpoles and 

spawn following rainfall as well. Additionally nocturnal frog searches were undertaken for 

active individuals. The main searches were undertaken during and/or following periods of 

rainfall to maximize the opportunity of detecting any threatened frog species which are all 

known to prefer such weather for activity and/or breeding. The calls of the Red-crowned 

Toadlet (Pseudophryne australis), Giant Burrowing Frog (Heleioporus australiacus), Green 

and Golden Bell Frog (Litoria aurea), Green-thighed Frog (Litoria brevipalmata) and Heath 

Frog (Litoria littlejohni) were played on a Sony Walkman Tape Recorder and amplified 

through a 9v megaphone. Each species’ call was played for 3 minutes, followed by a 2 minute 

period of silence to detect any responses. All frog calls detected on the site were identified to 

species, but none of the threatened species targeted responded to the call play-backs. 

Birds were observed opportunistically, mostly through binoculars or identified from calls both 

during the day and night. However, a full assessment of a particular area for bird species 

usually requires a concerted effort over a long period – usually years – that also takes into 

account seasonality and migration patterns of the various species. As this extent of effort was 

clearly beyond the resources of the proponents, and really unnecessary given the small scale 

of the proposed development no such intensive ornithological survey of the site was 

considered necessary. Additionally, there is already a large database on bird observations 

available for the area that has been the result of decades of observations by local 

ornithologists. This database – along with the consideration of available habitat and our own 

knowledge of the birds in question - was utilized to derive a predicted species list for the site. 

Consequently, quite a large list of bird species that were considered likely to visit the site is 

included in Appendix 1, but it is likely that most of these species would only occasionally be 

observed on the site given their ecological requirements and behaviour patterns. A targeted 

search was also undertaken for evidence of owl-nesting or roosting trees, and this of course 

included an inspection for food pellets beneath trees considered suitable for owls. 

Spotlighting also included a period of stag-watching in an endeavour to detect owl use of 

large hollow-bearing trees just off-site and call playback for the threatened owl species 

already known from the region. No responses to the owl call play-backs were elicited. 

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Mammals were mainly detected by checking for claw marks on smooth-barked trees, by 

searching for droppings on the ground, and careful searching by day and by spotlighting at 

night. Two persons spotlighted (over 3 separate evenings) for arboreal mammals using 2 

spotlights and the standard practice of verifying sightings by the use of binoculars. 

Additionally, retreat sites for small mammals, such as beneath logs, rocks and dense piles of 

ground cover were also examined. Any mammal-like burrows or excavations were noted, and 

searches for scats and tracks were also undertaken. No Elliott or other cage trapping was 

undertaken on the site, as mammals can be easily detected by experienced personnel simply 

by carefully searching the habitats on the site, and identifying individuals found, their scats, 

tracks, nests and other indicators of their presence. Predator and herbivore scats were 

searched for throughout the site and identified to species, although it was not possible to 

undertake an analysis of the contents of the predator scats that were found (Fox and Cat). 

A Bat Habitat Assessment was also undertaken. Due to the availability of data from extensive 

bat surveys of the same habitat in the near vicinity by previous NSW National Parks and 

Wildlife Service and NSW State Forests Surveys, a prediction of possible bat species 

diversity in the general area of the proposed development was possible, to reduce the need 

for a potentially costly bat-trapping program. Additionally, we believe that physically trapping 

bats with standard harp-traps that are currently in use may cause severe stress on these 

animals and such trapping has been implicated in high post-trapping mortality of some 

species. Churchill (1998) and Duncan, Baker, and Montgomery, (1999) provide excellent 

background for consideration of bat ecology and behavioural sensitivity that just cannot be 

ignored. Additionally, when one considers that some species of bats known from the 

Ourimbah area are Threatened Species, non-discriminatory trapping with nets and harp-traps 

may have potentially resulted in exposing such species to stress, injury or even death simply 

due to such a survey technique being employed. This potential problem has been recognized 

by other naturalists and where possible a low-impact survey for assessing bats has relied 

more on habitat assessment than actual capture of the animals. Another low-impact 

technique that is frequently utilized is ultrasonic detection, usually as an adjunct to trapping, 

due to the traps mainly selecting for low-flying species. Many biologists are trying to arrive at 

a satisfactory methodology for detecting bat species both accurately and with minimum 

impact see for example Helman and Churchill (1986); Kunz (1988); Kutt (1993); Schulz and 

de Oliviera (1995); Barclay and Bell (1988); Dobson, Lumsden and Nelson (2000); Fullard, 

Koehler, Surlykke and McKenzie (1991); Woodside and Taylor (1985); Jones and Corben 

(1993). Ultrasonic detection has been widely praised for its value in detecting a range of highflying 

or canopy species that may be only rarely detected by netting. However, there is some 

concern about the reliability of such a technique as well [see for example NPWS (1998); Law, 

Anderson and Chidel (1998); Tibbels (1999)]. In a recent test of its accuracy as a detection 

tool, the NSW NPWS had identical sets of signals sent to a number of different recognized 

experts in ultrasonic detection and in some cases different identifications of the same calls 

resulted. No doubt the overlapping frequency ranges of some threatened species with those 

of common species may be a basis of such differences, but such contradictory results do not 

engender confidence in ultrasonic detection as a reliable tool for bat assessments at this time. 

On another occasion one well-known expert on Australian mammals actually misidentified 

moth ultrasonics with those of threatened bats! (personal observation). Other potential 

limitations with ultrasonic detection would also include the paucity of reliable reference signals 

for comparison, the unstable or inadequate taxonomy of some species, and of course even 

intra- and interspecific variations in ultrasonic frequencies. Observer competence in using 

such equipment may also influence the value of results from such a method as well. See for 

instance Caddle and Lumsden (1997); Corben and O'Farrell (1999); and de Oliveira (1998). 

No doubt matters will improve, and indeed recent compilations of ultrasonic call reference 

sets for many Australian bats are now becoming available – See for example Pennay (2000); 

Reinhold, Law and Pennay (2001a,b); Reinhold, Law, Ford and Pennay (2001); Reinhold and 

Prevett (2001); and Reinhold, Pennay and Law (2001a,b) and de Oliveira (1998). 

Consequently, we consider that previous bat surveys of the area that are accepted as being 

of the highest standard in regards to reliability of the results are a much better basis for our 

assessment of this particular site. Such previous surveys have extended over many fieldperson-hours 

and were undertaken by some of Australia’s foremost authorities on bats who 

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personally identified captured specimens. As it would have been impossible for us to have 

exceeded or even approached the extent and reliability of such past investigations in the 

region, given the restrictions of time and the tiny area that applied for our study, we had no 

hesitation is extrapolating this regional data for the site. 

The site was surveyed opportunistically during the period January to March 2003, during 

which inspections occurred on 12 separate days and 3 nights by two personnel. The weather 

conditions at the time of the survey included periods where the daily temperature maxima 

reached at times over 40C, and were among the highest temperatures on record for the area. 

However, the site inspection also coincided with what appeared to be the end of a prolonged 

period of below average rainfall. Periods of rainfall – mainly as afternoon thunderstorms – 

became a regular feature and this weather was considered ideal for the detection of 

threatened frogs. Although the effects of this long drought were apparent in the generally poor 

condition of the ground vegetation, and low numbers of fauna observed, such storms during 

the survey rapidly transformed the site with new vegetation growth and promoted a level of 

faunal activity that was considered sufficient for the survey to be undertaken. 

2.1 - Flora Survey 

We have compiled a thorough species list of the plants on the site. Due mainly to the highly 

disturbed nature of the site, our quantitative measurement of the vegetation structure or 

floristic associations was confined to the upper strata. 

Additionally, all flora records known from the Gosford-Wyong area were also acquired from 

the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife database and all relevant published records 

from the region were also used in this assessment. 

A total of 69 flora species have now been recorded from the site of the proposal, comprising 

64 natives and 5 exotic or introduced species (Tables 1, 2). This relatively low diversity of 

native plant species present and low incidence of exotics supports our contention that the site 

is in a degraded state, but regenerating state and consequently represents relatively poor 

habitat for most terrestrial and arboreal native fauna species. Despite this, we are able to 

determine the habitats present and in so doing derive a range of predictions for the likely flora 

and fauna that could be expected on this site. 

We consider that the proposal as described in the application would have no significant 

impact on the flora of the site. 

Survey of the Proposed Site for the House and Shed 

The flora of the proposed site for the construction of the dwelling house and shed was 

surveyed both qualitatively and quantitatively (upper strata) just in case these areas 

harboured rare or threatened species of flora and fauna, or represented habitats where 

rare/threatened species could potentially occur. It was considered necessary to thoroughly 

examine the vegetation here as this is where any possible impacts would occur during any 

construction work. Consequently the site was repeatedly examined opportunistically by 

random walks over the area by two persons on 12 separate days during the survey period. 

Additional to this effort, three separate 50mX50m quadrats were also searched for plant 

species possibly missed during the opportunistic assessment. Within each of these quadrats, 

all trees above 15cm dbh were counted, identified to species, approximately measured, and 

closely examined for any signs of arboreal mammals and hollows. A total of 267 trees were 

examined in the quadrats. Within this area, the dominant tree species were Cryptocarya 

microneura (28%), Syncarpia glomulifera (27%), and Eucalyptus saligna (23%). Less 

significant in overall numbers were Guioa semiglauca (6%), Allocasuarina torulosa (5%), 

Endiandra seeberi (4%), and Acacia maidenii (3.5%). The three quadrats completely covered 

the proposed building or construction area and associated asset protection zones and are 

denoted with dotted lines in Figure 3. 

The prevailing weather conditions during the survey period varied from fine and sunny to 

thunderstorms and heavy rainfall. Generally much of the period experienced exceptionally 

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high temperature conditions during the survey period, and particular attention was focused on 

searching during weather conditions that would favour the detection of any ground orchid 

species possibly present on the site. No ground orchids were detected on the site. 

The total plant species record now known for the Site is presented in Tables 1 and 2. None of 

the plant species detected from this area are listed on any of the Schedules of the New South 

Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995) and none are expected to occur here 

either. 

Table 1. Total list of flora detected on site of proposed dwelling construction, Lot 5 

Ourimbah Creek Rd. Introduced species are indicated with an asterisk (*) 

__________________________________________________________________________ 

Filicopsida 

Adiantaceae 

Adiantum formosum 

Blechnaceae 

Blechnum cartilagineum 

Doodia aspersa 

Dicksoniaceae 

Calochlaenia dubia 

Polypodiaceae 

Platycerium bifurcatum ssp. bifurcatum 

Sinopteridaceae 

Pellaea falcata ssp. falcata 

Dicotyledonae 

Acanthaceae 

Pseuderanthemum veriabile 

Apocynaceae 

Parsonsia straminea 

Asteraceae 

*Sigesbeckia orientalis 

Ozothamnus diosmifolius (?) 

Bignoniaceae 

Pandorea pandorana 

Caesalpiniaceae 

Cassia cotuleoides 

Casuarinaceae 

Allocasuarina torulosa 

Convolvulaceae 

Dichondra repens 

Ebenaceae 

Diospyros australis 

Epacridaceae 

Trochocarpa laurina 

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Eupohorbiaceae 

Eupomatia laurina 

Fabaceae 

Glycine clandesina 

Lauraceae 

Cryptocarya microneura 

*Cinnamomum camphora 

Endiandra sieberi 

Mimosaceae 

Acacia maidenii 

Acacia prominens 

Monimiaceae 

Hedycarya angustifolia 

Wilkiea huegeliana 

Moraceae 

Ficus macrophylla 

Malaisia scandens 

Myrsinaceae 

Rapanea variabilis 

Myrtaceae 

Melaleuca lineariifolia 

Eucalyptus microcrys 

Eucalyptus saligna 

Eucalyptus deanii 

Rhodamnia trinervia 

Syncarpia glomulifera 

Passifloraceae 

*Passiflora edulis 

Pittosporaceae 

Citriobatus pauciflorus 

Pittosporum undulatum 

Plantaginaceae 

*Plantago lanceolata 

Ranunculaceae 

Ranunculus muricatus 

Rhamnaceae 

Rubus hillii 

Rubus rosifolius 

Rubus sp. 

Rutaceae 

Alectryon subcinereus 

Melicope micrococca 

Sapindaceae 

Cupaniopsis anacardioides 

Diploglottis australis 


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Guioa semiglauca 

Scrophulariaceae 

Veronica sp. (possibly V. plebeia) 

Solonaceae 

Solanum stelligerum 

Sterculiaceae 

Brachychiton acerifolius 

Commersonia fraseri 

Ulmaceae 

Trema aspera 

Verbenaceae 

Clerodendrum tomentosum 

*Lantana camara 

Vitaceae 

Cayratia clematidea 

Cissus antarctica 

Cissus hypoglauca 

Monocotyledonae 

Araceae 

Gymnostachys anceps 

Arecacaceae 

Archontophoenix cunninghamiana 

Livistonia australis 

Cyperaceae 

Gahnia erythrocarpa 

Gahnia fadula 

Dioscoreaceae 

Dioscorea transversa 

Liliaceae 

Dianella caerulea ssp. producta 

Lomandraceae 

Lomandra longifolia 

Philesiaceae 

Eustrephus latifolius 

Poaceae 

Entolasia marginata 

Oplismerius aemulus 

Smilacaceae 

Smilax glyciphylla 


__________________________________________________________________________ 

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Table 2: Tree species diversity and numbers detected in each 50mX50m replicate, on 

site of proposed dwelling construction, Lot 5 Ourimbah Creek Rd. The position of each 

Replicate in relation to the proposed site for the dwelling is denoted in Figure 3. 

Replicate No 1 

Species No 

Syncarpia glomulifera 21 

Eucalyptus saligna 18 

Cryptocarya microneura 15 

Allocasuarina torulosa 6 

Endiandra sieberi 3 

Guioa semiglauca 3 

Acacia maidenii 3 

Melaleuca lineariifolia 3 

Eucalyptus microcorys 1 


Species No 









Acacia prominens 1 



Species No 







Livistona australis 1 



Acacia prominens 0 


__________________________________________________________________________ 

2.3 - Discussion of Flora Attributes of Site 

As mentioned previously the site of the proposed dwelling is a largely regenerated 

disclimactic assemblage of both wet sclerophyll forest and subtropical rainforest species. A 

few species usually associated with a dry sclerophyll forest community structure were also 

detected – such as Dianella caerulea producta, Lomandra longifolia and Gahnia spp. – and 

this was not particularly surprising given that the site is downslope from such a community 

and has a past history of fire as well. However, typical rainforest plants mainly occupy the site 

– such as Adiantum formosum, Platycerium bifurcatum, Livistona australis, Parsonsia 

straminea, Pandorea pandorana, Cayratia clematidea, Cissus Antarctica, Cissus hypoglauca, 

Dioscorea transversa, Eustrephus latifolius, Smilax glyciphylla, Endiandra seeberi, 

Cryptocarya microneura, Rapanea variabilis, Ficus macrophylla, Eupomatia laurina, 

Trocharpa laurina, Wilkiea huegeliana, Rhodamnia trinervia, Melicope micrococca, Alectryon 

subcinereus, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Diploglottis australis, Guioa semiglauca, 

Commersonia fraseri, Trema aspersa and Clerodendrum tomentosum. The dominant tree 

species indicate that the site may be regarded as transitional between subtropical rainforest 

9


and wet sclerophyll forest. Ground cover was generally sparse at the time of the survey, but 

in parts a dense mid-story was present and canopy cover varied from 15-40% depending 

upon position. The plant species diversity of the site is listed in Table 1, and trees detected in 

each of the three replicates are listed in Table 2. 

The access track into the property has been well-used over many decades, and possibly 

represents an old logging snig track that may have been initially created by the felling of two 

large Eucalypts along its verges; the stumps of these massive trees were still evident at the 

time of the survey (see photos). Old abandoned logging snig-tracks are to be found over the 

entire property, although most are now heavily overgrown and difficult to see from the existing 

thoroughfares on the property. Some of these old trails had obviously been created by 

bulldozers and major disturbance to sandstone outcroppings occurred in the process of these 

track constructions. Weed growth along access tracks is surprisingly moderate, although the 

owner of the property intends a vigorous replanting of natives to gradually replace some of 

the weeds such as Lantana and Crofton Weed. There is however a considerable amount of 

weed growth along parts of the gully to the immediate north of the proposed building site and 

this would be having an impact on the environs of the remaining subtropical rainforest 

community. Weed growth here was often denser than along the creek line itself and the 

diversity of species here was much lower. The rainforest plants along this area although few 

in number appeared to be in good health though and should be considered very important 

where ever they occur. The proposed development will not damage the rainforest remnants 

on the site, but the eventual control of the existing lantana and Crofton weed following any 

development would undoubtedly be beneficial to the adjacent rainforest. 

The site of the proposed house construction would appear to be a good choice from an 

ecological perspective, as there is a relatively low species diversity of generally common flora 

(and fauna) species. At the time of our inspection the site was in a state of vigorous, but 

simplistic regeneration and this probably followed a period of degradation resulting mainly 

from catastrophic clearing by logging over the past 100 or so years. Although the site has 

been regenerating for several decades, it has also apparently suffered periods of wildfire 

during this interval. There is also historical evidence to suggest that the Ourimbah valley also 

experienced a massive reduction in mature trees through a cyclonic wind storm some 50 

years ago which resulted in many thousands of trees being felled. The rotting remnants of 

some of these trees can still be found throughout the site and surrounding properties (Alf 

Britton NSW State Forests, pers. com.). Additionally, government-directed aerial seeding of 

the area in the latter half of the 20 th century with commercial eucalypt species is known to 

have occurred and this may be responsible for the colonization of parts of the entire area by 

trees that might not otherwise have persisted following the initial wave of extensive logging 

and clearing that occurred in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. 

Overall, this past disturbance history has resulted in the conversion of much of the original tall 

wet sclerophyll forest and subtropical rainforest to unnatural assemblages of ubiquitous and 

highly adaptable colonising species of a relatively young age. Although the long-term 

ecological consequences from such past disturbances must remain speculative, it is likely 

that major alterations to the area’s biodiversity and natural biomass have likely resulted. It 

would be reasonable to conclude that the present-day biological structure of the site is now 

different from that which would have prevailed before European settlement. 

2.2 - Fauna Survey 

During the site inspections opportunistic observations were undertaken on Frogs, Reptiles, 

Birds and Mammals of the property, and this allowed an assessment of its potential for all 

terrestrial vertebrate fauna, including any species currently listed as threatened. Table 3 lists 

the total species actually detected at the study site. Most are common and widespread in their 

occurrence, and some are species that are usually associated with more open or disturbed 

habitats, reflecting past disturbance of most of the area. Others are rainforest or wet 

sclerophyll forest species that nowadays have very limited distributions on the central coast. 

However, none are listed as Threatened under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation 

Act (1995) or the Commonwealth Environment Protection Biodiversity Conservation Act 

(2000). 

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Additionally, all fauna records known from the Gosford-Wyong area were also acquired from 

the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife database and all relevant published records 

from the area were also used in this assessment. These additional records have been 

incorporated into Appendix 1. 

Table 3. Total List of Native Fauna Species Detected on the Ourimbah Site 

Frogs 

Adelotus brevis (Tusked Frog) 

Ranidella signifera (Common Froglet) 

Limnodynastes peronii (Striped Marsh Frog) 

Uperoleia laevigata (Smooth Toadlet) 

Litoria dentata (Bleating Tree-frog) 

Litoria caerulea (Green Tree-frog) 

Litoria tyleri (Tylers Tree-frog) 

Litoria (cf) verreauxii (Verreaux’s Tree-frog) 

Reptiles 

Egernia major (Land Mullet) 

Eulamprus quoyii (Eastern Water Skink) 

Lampropholis delicata (Delicate Grass Skink) 

Lampropholis guichenoti (Common Grass Skink) 

Saprocincus mustelina (Weasil Skink) 

Physignathus lesueurii (Eastern Water Dragon) 

Hypsilurus spinipes (Rainforest Dragon) 

Varanus varius (Common Tree Goanna) 

Phyllurus platurus (Broad-tailed Gecko) 

Mammals 

Trichosurus vulpecula (Brush-tailed Possum) 

Pseudocheirus peregrinus (Ring-tailed possum) 

Wallabia bicolor (Swamp Wallaby) 

Vulpes vulpes (Fox) 

Felis catus (Feral Cat) 

Birds 

Platycercus elegans (Crimson Rosella) 

Platycercus eximius (Eastern Rosella) 

Dacelo novaeguineae (Kookaburra) 

Psephodes olivaceus (Eastern Whipbird) 

Grallina cyanoleuca (Peewee) 

Gymnorhina tibicen (Australian Magpie) 

Strepera graculina (Pied Currawong) 

Ailuroedus crassirostris (Green Catbird) 

Alectura lathami (Australian Brush-turkey) 

2.3 - Discussion of Fauna Attributes of Site 

A total of 31 species of terrestrial vertebrate fauna have now been recorded from the site of 

the proposal, comprising 8 species of frogs, 9 reptiles, 9 birds and 5 mammals (of which 2 

were Introduced or Exotic species) (Table 3 and see Appendix 1). 

Due to the relatively small size of the area of the property proposed for development and the 

record of past disturbance, as well as the limited scale and potentially low impact of the 

proposal, it was obvious that the project would have no significant effect on native flora and 

fauna. 

11


The proposed development is intended to be sited on a small part of the property that had 

been totally cleared many years ago and is now in incompletely regenerated state. Not only 

will the establishment of the project result in no significant loss of tree cover, it will in fact 

result in the partial regeneration of previously disturbed areas currently overgrown with exotic 

Crofton weed and lantana and so potentially increase the extent of native flora to the site and 

therefore result in a potentially beneficial impact to native fauna. 

We consider that the proposal as described in the application would have no significant 

impact on the fauna. 

As pointed out earlier, the site has very limited values for some species of native fauna due to 

the extent of past habitat alteration, and this is particularly so for threatened species due to 

their highly specialised habitat requirements. The species that do persist on the site are those 

that for the most part, are highly adaptable, widespread in their distributions and common in 

their abundance. 

Nevertheless, it is clear that the site could potentially provide habitat for a number of other 

species, and these are discussed further below. 

Although some species may be regarded as ‘expected’ for the area of the proposal, this is 

really more a consequence of the regional distribution of the particular species, rather than a 

statement about the suitability of the site for particular species. 

Accordingly, when the particular site was surveyed some of the ‘expected’ species were able 

to be ruled out for the site itself once the site’s habitat attributes were examined. This is not to 

say however, that some of these ‘expected’ species have never utilised the site in the past, or 

in fact would not utilise the site in the future under more favourable conditions. 

A major factor to consider in evaluating the possible fauna of this particular site is the extent 

of past disturbance. It is clear that widespread past clearing of vegetation has occurred 

throughout most of the lower elevations of the property and this would have had a drastic 

effect on the original habitats, its fauna and overall ecology. 

The loss of all old growth Eucalypt forest from the site is evident and this has resulted in a 

fairly even age stand of sparse and poorly regenerating forest that probably has now quite a 

different fauna and flora to the original vegetation community that would have once been 

present on the site. The lack of hollow-bearing trees and stags severely limits its habitat value 

for many species of fauna. The mid-storey vegetation structure has almost been totally 

converted to exotic assemblages in parts of the site and these have very low value to native 

species of fauna, although such plants may provide important nesting, foraging and protective 

habitat for some native fauna in the absence of native plant cover. Similarly periodic fires over 

the years would have similarly impacted on the biodiversity of the property as well. 

So, when trying to predict the fauna of this particular site, the surrounding areas of natural 

habitat had to be considered as well. 

Probably one of the site’s main attributes is its position on the Central Coast, long known as 

one of Australia’s richest areas for fauna and flora – in particular its birdlife. It is a major 

corridor for many bird and bat species. Within a relative close proximity of this site there also 

exist extensive areas of relatively undisturbed habitat ranging from relict rainforest and wet 

sclerophyll gullies, areas of heath, sandstone ridges and their various woodland communities. 

Additionally, nearby altered environments such as open grassland and other agricultural 

habitats, and riparian or wetland habitats amongst the farmland also have their own wildlife 

values. 

Numerous species could potentially fly over the area, and not specifically utilise the site, while 

others such as nectar feeding birds could and probably do utilise the extensive planted 

gardens of the surrounding properties along nearby Ourimbah Creek Road as feeding areas, 

yet primarily live in the bushland of the property or elsewhere. Honeyeaters while primarily 

relying on undisturbed bushland for habitat, also regularly move into urban gardens and other 

12


disturbed places during flowering periods. The site is also in the vicinity of extensive areas of 

cleared agricultural areas used for a mixture of grazing, gardens and orchards. Such altered 

landscapes tend to attract their own particular types of fauna - in particular birds and bats 

whose movements may be closely associated with flowering and fruiting seasons. Local 

orchards have long attracted nectar-feeding birds and flying foxes and in our opinion will 

continue to do so following the proposed development of this site. 

Thus, if observations of the wildlife of the site were carried out over a number of different 

seasons or years it is likely that a wider variety of species would be noted than could possibly 

be detected during even an extensive survey over a prolonged period. 

Such habitat diversity within relatively close proximity to this site can also indicate that the 

existence or persistence of some fauna here (such as birds in particular) may be more a 

consequence of the quality or attributes of surrounding areas rather than due to any intrinsic 

features of the site itself. The particular movement patterns and habitat preferences of some 

species can bring them into unsuitable areas temporarily but this should not be taken to mean 

that they can persist for long in such places. 

It is also important to realise that although some species may ‘prefer’ one plant community 

over another, the ecological role of a species in an area may result in its varying utilisation of 

a number of different plant communities over time. 

The avifauna records from the general area that were obtained from the NSW National Parks 

and Wildlife Service have been included for the most part despite the age of some records as 

well as in some cases, the lack of precise details on the exact location of some observations. 

This ‘close-enough-is-near-enough’ approach with the birds has resulted in a listing that is 

somewhat larger than present habitat conditions on the site and even the local area might 

now support. Given the varied surrounding habitats it was considered safer to err on the side 

of a larger potential avifauna than that of an lesser one, as it is not inconceivable that some 

species may be eventually observed on the site - even if only as they traverse it to get 

somewhere else. 

The highly mobile nature of most bird species is a good case in point. Falcons and Owls for 

instance, may forage intermittently and dynamically over widely-spaced and diverse habitats. 

Such species may not permanently occupy a particular site or perhaps they may only 

marginally utilise a site attribute - such as rest on a single tree on the site - while moving 

between areas of more important ecological function such as those with habitat used for 

roosting, breeding or foraging. 

For most birds their utilisation of particular areas may also follow strong seasonal patterns as 

they migrate following flowering patterns of vegetation. Some birds such as water birds like 

ducks, ibises and herons for instance may be mere seasonal visitors to areas very close to 

the site but their presence in a particular habitat may be extremely brief and of limited 

utilisation as they migrate to breeding or foraging areas that may be far removed from a 

particular site where they are briefly sighted. 

Even the more sedentary species such as Pigeons, Doves, Treecreepers, Whistlers and 

Flycatchers may move through a number of quite different vegetation communities from dawn 

to dusk and depending upon the variation in weather, a species normally associated with say 

a ‘wet-gully’ vegetation community, may utilise a ‘dry-ridge’ community during rainy weather. 

The higher elevations of the Stimson property are mainly Sydney Sandstone Ridge top 

Woodland vegetation (Dry Sclerophyll Woodland community). This area would include 

numerous species that are essentially restricted to this much drier, rocky environment, but 

some (particularly birds) could, depending on weather or seasonal conditions, move to the 

lower, more lushly vegetated parts of the property as well as the surrounding agricultural 

areas. 

Exactly the same situation, in varying degrees, occurs with mammals, like Kangaroos and 

Wallabies which may take shelter in the dense vegetation of one community, say the rocky 

ridges of Sydney Sandstone Woodland, while using open grassland or sedge lands for 

13


foraging. Many of the carnivorous marsupials similarly forage at night across a range of 

habitat conditions and the seasonality of reproduction may also cause habitat shifts even 

between the sexes. 

In regards to reptiles most are far less mobile and tend to be more habitat-specific, but some 

nevertheless display some variation in habitat preferences. Goannas and larger snakes in 

particular can range over considerable distances and varieties of vegetation communities 

even during a single day, and for months of the year they may be totally absent due to 

weather conditions, fires or other perturbations. 

Most frogs may be even more sedentary than reptiles due to their moisture requirements, but 

conditions like droughts and floods may also cause dramatic changes in activity patterns and 

habitat utilisation. Dispersion of frog larvae along streams for instance may transverse a 

range of vegetation communities at times resulting in the presence of frogs ecologically far 

removed from where they were born. 

So with this broader understanding of faunal requirements, and in recognition of the 

importance of the surrounding habitats for fauna, we have taken on a more generous view of 

the site’s potential faunal attributes than its condition suggests. 

The potential fauna of the site has been derived from a combination of observations on the 

site during this study as well as the closest fauna records of the NSW National Parks and 

Wildlife Service when the known habitats for such species also occur in the general study 

area. 

Of the 414 species of terrestrial vertebrate fauna known from the designated area (includes 

exotics), we conclude that approximately 190 species could potentially utilise the site and 

these are denoted in Appendix 1. The potential vertebrate faunal assemblages for this area 

are nevertheless substantial, as demonstrated by the following summary. 

Frogs – Eight species of amphibians were observed on the site and none are listed as 

Threatened under the NSW TSC Act or the Commonwealth EPBC Act. In our assessment of 

the habitat requirements of central coast frogs, we conclude that a total frog diversity could be 

16 species for the immediate environs of the proposed development. However, in our opinion, 

the subject site only provides primary habitat for 10 species, and one of these is listed as 

threatened under the TSC Act (Litoria brevipalmata). Additionally, habitat considered only 

marginally suitable is present on the site for a further 6 species of frogs and one of these is 

also listed as threatened under the TSC Act (Litoria littlejohni). Targeted searches were 

undertaken for both threatened frog species but neither was detected. Each has been 

subjected to an 8-part Test under Section 5A of the EP&A Act 1979 and it has been 

concluded that there will be no significant impact on either of these species or their habitats 

by the proposed development. 

Reptiles – Nine species of reptiles were observed on the site and none are listed as 


the habitat requirements of central coast reptiles, we conclude that a total reptile diversity 

could be 26 species for the immediate environs of the proposed development. However, in 

our opinion, the subject site only provides primary habitat for 19 species, and one of these is 

listed as threatened under the TSC Act (Hoplocephalus stephensi). Additionally, habitat 

considered only marginally suitable is present on the site for a further 7 species of reptiles 

and one of these is also listed as threatened under the TSC Act (Hoplocephalus bitorquatus). 

Targeted searches were undertaken for both threatened reptile species but neither was 

detected. Each has been subjected to an 8-part Test under Section 5A of the EP&A Act 1979 

and it has been concluded that there will be no significant impact on either of these species or 

their habitats by the proposed development. 

Birds – Nine species of birds were observed on the site and none are listed as Threatened 

under the NSW TSC Act or the Commonwealth EPBC Act. In our assessment of the habitat 

requirements of central coast birds, we conclude that a total bird diversity could be up to 116 

species for the immediate environs of the proposed development. The diversity of birds 

14


present at any one time is strongly influenced by seasonal conditions in this area. A few are 

migratory species that may pass through the area only briefly and so be very difficult to detect 

or missed entirely even during surveys covering months of observations. The proximity of the 

site to freshwater streams, dams and nearby marshes in surrounding areas means that some 

species might be regarded as potentially observable from the site. However, these additional 

species have only marginally suitable habitat conditions on the site if any at all and are 

unlikely to utilise the property as breeding or even foraging habitat. Most of these species are 

known from close to the site in much less disturbed habitats, such as the extensive areas of 

forest elsewhere in the Ourimbah district, and so might be observed flying along the valley 

from time to time. In our opinion, the subject site only provides primary habitat for 52 species, 

and one is listed as threatened under the TSC Act (Calyptorhynchus lathami). Additionally, 

habitat considered only marginally suitable is present on the site for a further 64 species of 

birds and of these four are listed as threatened under the TSC Act (Neophema pulchella, 

Ninox connivens, Ninox strenua, Tyto novaehollandiae). Each of these threatened species 

has been subjected to an 8-part Test under Section 5A of the EP&A Act 1979 and it has been 

concluded that there will be no significant impact on any of these species or their habitats by 

the proposed development. 

Mammals – Five species of mammals were observed on the site and none are listed as 


the habitat requirements of central coast mammals, we conclude that a total mammal 

diversity could be 35 species (30 native, 5 exotics) for the immediate environs of the 

proposed development. Of the potential 30 native mammal species, 15 are bats. In our 

opinion, the subject site only provides primary habitat for 16 native species (9 species are 

bats), and none of these are listed as threatened under the TSC Act. Additionally, habitat 

considered only marginally suitable is present on the site for a further 14 native species of 

mammals and of these six are listed as threatened under the TSC Act (Phascolarctos 

cinereus, Petaurus norfolcensis, Pteropus poliocephalus, Saccolaimus flaviventris, 

Mormopterus norfolcensis, Falsistrellus tasmaniensis). Each has been subjected to an 8-part 

Test under Section 5A of the EP&A Act 1979 and it has been concluded that there will be no 

significant impact on either of these species or their habitats by the proposed development. 

3.0 - Threatened Species Considerations 

3.1 - Threatened Flora 

We chose the broader Wyong LGA as a regional boundary for threatened species 

considerations. This boundary also includes habitats that do not occur on the site, so some of 

the threatened flora recorded from the LGA would not be expected to occur on the subject 

site. Despite this limitation, a total of 19 species that are listed as threatened either have 

already been recorded within this area or have known habitat in the area according to the 

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service ROTAP database. The threatened species 

regarded as relevant to any consideration of development in this part of the Central Coast are 

listed with their TSC and EPBC classifications in Table 5 below. 

Table 5: Threatened Flora Species known from or likely to occur within the Wyong LGA 

and their TSC Act (1995) and EPBC Act (1999) Classifications. 

Species TSC Act EPBC Act 

Acacia bynoeana ENDANGERED VULNERABLE 

Hibbertia procumbens ENDANGERED 

Persoonia hirsuta hirsuta ENDANGERED ENDANGERED 

Prostanthera askania ENDANGERED ENDANGERED 

Prostanthera junonis ENDANGERED ENDANGERED 

Rulingia prostata ENDANGERED ENDANGERED 

Ancistrachne maidenii VULNERABLE 

Caladenia tessellata VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Callistemon linearifolius VULNERABLE 

Cryptostylis hunteriana VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

15


Diurus praecox VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Eucalyptus camfieldii VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Grevillea shiressi VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Melaleuca biconvexa VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Olearia cordata VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Prostanthera densa VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Syzygium paniculatum VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Tetratheca juncea VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Tetratheca glandulosa VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

3.2 - Threatened Fauna 

We chose an arbitrary 10 km Radius of the Ourimbah site as a regional boundary for 

threatened species considerations. As this boundary also includes littoral and or marine 

species such as sea turtles, whales and various estuarine bird species, such threatened 

fauna was of course excluded from the assessment. Despite this limitation, a total of 50 

species that are listed as threatened either have already been recorded within this area or 

have known habitat in the area according to the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 

database. The threatened species regarded as relevant to any consideration of development 

in this part of the Central Coast are listed with their TSC classification in Table 5 below. 

Table 5: Threatened Fauna known from within a 10 km radius of the Ourimbah site and 

their conservation status. 

Species TSC Act EPBC Act 

AMPHIBIA - FROGS 

Myobatrachidae (Ground Frogs) 

Heleioporus australiacus VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Mixophyes balbus ENDANGERED ENDANGERED 

Mixophyes iteratus ENDANGERED ENDANGERED 

Pseudophryne australis VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Pelodryadidae (Tree Frogs) 

Litoria aurea ENDANGERED ENDANGERED 

Litoria brevipalmata VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Litoria littlejohni VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

REPTILIA - REPTILES 

Varanidae (Goannas) 

Varanus rosenbergi kuringai VULNERABLE 

Elapidae (Venomous Land Snakes) 

Hoplocephalus bitorquatus VULNERABLE 

Hoplocephalus stephensi VULNERABLE 

AVES - BIRDS 

NON-PASSERINES 

Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets and Bitterns) 

Botaurus poiciloptilus VULNERABLE 

Ixobrychus flavicollis VULNERABLE 

Ciconiidae (Storks) 

Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus ENDANGERED 

Anseranatidae (Magpie Geese) 

Anseranas semipalmata VULNERABLE 

16


Anatidae (Swans, Geese and Ducks) 

Stictonetta naevosa VULNERABLE 

Burhinidae (Stone Curlews) 

Burhinus magnirostris VULNERABLE 

Accipitridae (Eagles and Hawks) 

Hamirostra melanosterna VULNERABLE 

Lophoictinia isura VULNERABLE 

Columbidae (Pigeons and Doves) 

Ptilinopus magnificus VULNERABLE 

Ptilinopus regina VULNERABLE 

Ptilinopus superbus VULNERABLE 

Cacatuidae (Cockatoos) 

Calyptorhynchus lathami VULNERABLE 

Platycercidae (Broadtailed Parrots) 

Lathamus discolour ENDANGERED ENDANGERED 

Neophema pulchella VULNERABLE 

Strigidae (Hawk-Owls) 

Ninox connivens VULNERABLE 

Ninox strenua VULNERABLE 

Tytonidae (Masked Owls) 

Tyto capensis VULNERABLE 

Tyto novaehollandiae VULNERABLE 

Tyto tenebricosa VULNERABLE 

PASSERINES 

Climacteridae (Treecreepers) 

Climacteris picumnus victoriae VULNERABLE 

Pardalotidae (Pardalotes, Thornbills etc) 

Chthonicola sagittata VULNERABLE 

Meliphagidae (Honeyeaters) 

Melithreptus gularis gularis VULNERABLE 

Xanthomyza phrygia ENDANGERED ENDANGERED 

Petroicidae (Australian Robins) 

Melanodryas cucullata cucullata VULNERABLE 

Passeridae (Sparrows, Grassfinches etc) 

Stagonopleura guttata VULNERABLE 

MAMMALIA - MAMMALS 

Dasyuridae (Dasyurids) 

Dasyurus maculatus VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Dasyurus viverrinus ENDANGERED 

Phascogale tapoatafa VULNERABLE 

Planigale maculata VULNERABLE 

Phascolarctidae (Koala) 

Phascolarctos cinereus VULNERABLE 

17


Burramyidae (Pygmy-possums) 

Cercartetus nanus VULNERABLE 

Peramelidae (Bandicoots) 

Isoodon obesulus ENDANGERED ENDANGERED 

Petauridae (Gliders) 

Petaurus australis VULNERABLE 

Petaurus norfolcensis VULNERABLE 

Potoroidae (Potoroos) 

Potorous tridactylus VULNERABLE 

Macropodidae (Kangaroos and Wallabies) 

Petrogale penicillata VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Macropus parma VULNERABLE 

Pteropodidae (Fruit-bats) 

Pteropus poliocephalus VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Syconycteris australis VULNERABLE 

Emballonuridae (Sheathtail-bats) 

Saccolaimus flaviventris VULNERABLE 

Molossidae (Freetail-bats) 

Mormopterus norfolcensis VULNERABLE 

Vespertilionidae (Vespertilionid Bats) 

Chalinolobus dwyeri VULNERABLE VULNERABLE 

Falsistrellus tasmaniensis VULNERABLE 

Kerivoula papuensis VULNERABLE 

Miniopterus australis VULNERABLE 

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensiVULNERABLE 

Myotis adversus VULNERABLE 

Scoteanax rueppellii VULNERABLE 

Muridae (Murid Rodents) 

Pseudomys gracilicaudatus VULNERABLE 

__________________________________________________________________________ 

None of these threatened species have been detected on the site of the proposal and it is 

considered unlikely that any might occur on the site judging by the presence of unsuitable 

habitat conditions. However, the subject site does contain habitat that has been previously 

identified as being suitable for some of these species, but Section 5A EPA Act (1979) 8-Part 

Tests of Significance have been prepared for all threatened fauna considered even remotely 

possible for the area: 

18


4.0 - The Section 5A EPA Act (1979) 8-Part Test of Significance for Regional Threatened 

Flora and Fauna 

Under Section 5A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act of 1979 (as amended 

by the Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995), an 8-Point Test of Significance may be 

applied to determine whether a proposed development will have a significant impact on 

threatened species, populations or ecological communities, or their habitats 

The Threatened Species Conservation Act came into force on 1 January 1996 and its 

objectives are to conserve threatened species, populations and ecological communities of 

native fauna and flora. This act amends the National Parks and Wildlife Act of 1974 and the 

Environmental Assessment Act of 1979 and repeals the Endangered Fauna (Interim 

Protection) Act of 1991. 

Specifically, the objectives of the TSC Act are to: 

(a) Conserve biological diversity and to promote ecologically sustainable development; 

(b) Prevent the extinction and to promote the recovery of threatened species, populations and 

ecological communities that are endangered; 

(c) Protect critical habitat of those threatened species, populations and ecological 

communities; 

(d) Eliminate or manage certain processes that threaten the survival or evolutionary 

development of those threatened species, populations and ecological communities; 

(e) Ensure that the impact of threatening actions are properly assessed; and, 

(f) Encourage the conservation of threatened species, populations and ecological 

communities by the adoption of measures involving cooperative management. 

Under Section 5A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act of 1979 (as amended 

by the Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995), an 8-Part Test of Significance may be 

applied to determine whether a development will have a significant impact on threatened 

species, populations or ecological communities, or their habitats. 

Threatened Flora 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Acacia bynoeana under Section 5A of the 

Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 

Acacia bynoeana (Bynoe’s Wattle) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

ENDANGERED and in the EPBC Act (1999) as VULNERABLE. This species was not 

detected on the site, and is not expected to occur here. On the central coast the largest area 

of this species’ habitat mainly occurs in the Rathmines, Wyee and Morriset areas, north of 

Wyong. Regionally, it occurs in the LGA’s of Gosford, Wyong and Lake Macquarie however it 

is widely known from scattered locations in mid-eastern New South Wales, between 

Rathmines and Mittagong. Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely 

confined to dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath communities on loamy-clay or sandy 

soils derived from sandstones. On the central coast, the vegetation types comprising its 

habitat are defined by the following vegetation units Exposed Hawkesbury Woodland, Coastal 

Plains Smooth-barked Apple Woodland, Coastal Plains Scribbly Gum Woodland and Coastal 

Clay Heath. None of these habitats occur on the site of the proposed development. 

Information on the biology of Acacia bynoeana may be found by consulting the following 

selected references and these in turn contain other articles of use: Benson and McDougall 

(1991); Briggs and Leigh (1996); Fairley and Moore (1989); Latham (1995); Morrison and 

Davies (1991); Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002); Tame (1992); Winning (1992). 

(a) In the case of a threatened species, whether the life cycle of the species is likely to 

be disrupted such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at 

risk of extinction. 

19


This species has not been detected on the site of the proposed development 

and is not expected to occur there. As the habitat to be used by the proposed development is 

unsuitable, and the level of disturbance of the proposed development is so small, no loss of 

habitat would occur as a result of this proposed development. We therefore consider that any 

population of Acacia bynoeana that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a 

result of any disturbance by the proposed development. 

(b) In the case of an endangered population, whether the life cycle of the species that 

constitutes the endangered population is likely to be disrupted such that the viability 

of the population is likely to be significantly compromised. 

Acacia bynoeana has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 

population in the region of the proposed development. Nevertheless, we believe that the 

viability of any population of Acacia bynoeana that may be in the region would not be 

compromised by the proposed development because the species’ habitat will not be affected 

by the proposal. Additionally, the extent of suitable undisturbed habitat within the region is 

already isolated from the proposed development. 

(c) In relation to the regional distribution of the habitat of a threatened species, 

population or ecological community, whether a significant area of known habitat is to 

be modified or removed. 

No area of habitat for Acacia bynoeana is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known or potential habitat of Acacia bynoeana in the 

region covers only a small part of the central coast. However, it is concluded that no 

significant area of known habitat is to be modified or removed by the proposed development. 

(d) Whether an area of known habitat is likely to become isolated from currently 

interconnecting or proximate areas of habitat for a threatened species, population or 

ecological community. 

The area of habitat to be affected by the proposed development will not result 

in the fragmentation of the total area of preferred habitat of this species in the region. The 

species’ preferred habitat is already totally fragmented throughout the region. The area to be 

affected by the proposed development however is unsuitable for the species. 

(e) Whether critical habitat will be affected. 

Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for this species have been 

identified under the provisions of the Threatened Species Conservation Act of 1995. Under 

this Act, critical habitat means the whole or any part or parts of an area or areas of land 

comprising the habitat of an endangered species, population or ecological community that is 

critical to the survival of the species, population or ecological community. Critical habitat is to 

be identified by the Director-General of the National Parks and Wildlife Service and declared 

by the Minister for the Environment. 

(f) Whether a threatened species, population or ecological community, or their 

habitats, are adequately represented in conservation reserves (or other similarly 

protected areas) in the regional environment of the species, population or community 

Locally, populations of this species are not adequately reserved in any national park or 

reserve, although Lake Macquarie State Recreation Area and Parr National Park contains its 

preferred habitat. Elsewhere, this species is currently protected within Agnes Banks Nature 

Reserve, Blue Mountains National Park, Marramarra National Park, Royal National Park, 

Castlereagh Nature Reserve, and Dharawal Nature Reserve. 

(g) Whether the development or activity proposed is of a class of development or 

activity that is recognized as a threatening process. 

20


This type of development is not classified as a key threatening process under 

the provisions of the Threatened Species Conservation Act of 1995. Key threatening 

processes are regarded as a threatening process which (a) adversely affects 2 or more 

threatened species, populations or ecological communities, and (b) could cause species, 

populations or ecological communities that are not threatened to become threatened. 

(h) Whether any threatened species, population or ecological community is at the limit 

of its known distribution. 

The records of Acacia bynoeana from the central coast are near the northern 

limit of the species’ present-day distribution. The species is known from very scattered 

locations in mid-eastern coastal New South Wales from Rathmines in the north to about 

Mittagong in the south. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Hibbertia (cf) procumbens under Section 5A of the 


Hibbertia (cf) procumbens (No Common Name) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) 

as ENDANGERED. This species was not detected on the site, and is not expected to occur 

here. On the central coast the only areas of this species’ habitat occurs in the Mangrove 

Mountain and Kulnura areas, south-west of Wyong. Regionally, it occurs in the LGA’s of 

Gosford and Wyong however it is widely known over south-eastern Australia. There is some 

concern about its taxonomic status, as Hibbertia procumbens in Victoria appears to be 

morphologically distinct from the northern population herein under consideration. On the 

central coast its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to dry 

sclerophyll woodland and heath communities on skeletal sandy soils derived from the 

Hawkesbury Sandstone formation. The vegetation types comprising its habitat are defined by 

the following vegetation units Hawkesbury Plateau Banksia Scrub, and Exposed Hawkesbury 

Woodland. None of these habitats occur on the site of the proposed development. 

Information on the biology of Hibbertia procumbens may be found by consulting the following 

references: Harden and Everett (1990); and Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002). 





and is not expected to occur there. As the habitat to be used by the proposed development is 


habitat would occur as a result of this proposed development. We therefore consider that any 

population of Hibbertia (cf) procumbens that may utilise the region would not become extinct 

as a result of any disturbance by the proposed development. 




Hibbertia (cf) procumbens has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 

endangered population in the region of the proposed development. Nevertheless, we believe 

that the viability of any population of Hibbertia (cf) procumbens that may be in the region 

would not be compromised by the proposed development because the species’ habitat will 

not be affected by the proposal. Additionally, the extent of suitable undisturbed habitat within 

the region is already isolated from the proposed development. 




21


No area of habitat for Hibbertia (cf) procumbens is to be modified or removed 

by the proposed development. The extent of known or potential habitat of Hibbertia (cf) 

procumbens in the region is presently extremely restricted. However, it is concluded that no 







area to be affected by the proposed development however is unsuitable for the species. 













reserve. 










The records of Hibbertia (cf) procumbens from the central coast are near the 

northern limit of the species’ present-day distribution. The species as presently defined is 

known from scattered locations in south-eastern New South Wales and Victoria, although the 

central coast population is likely to be a distinct species in its own right. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Persoonia hirsuta hirsuta under Section 5A of the 


Persoonia hirsuta hirsuta (Hairy Geebung) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

ENDANGERED and in the EPBC Act (1999) as ENDANGERED. This subspecies was not 

detected on the site, and is not expected to occur here. On the central coast the only area 

where this subspecies has been positively recorded is near Gosford. Regionally, its habitat 

occurs patchily in the LGA’s of Gosford and Wyong however it is known from a restricted area 

of the Sydney Basin from Gosford to Royal National Park. Its distribution pattern indicates 

that its core habitat is largely confined to dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath 

communities on skeletal sandy soils derived from the Hawkesbury Sandstone formation. The 

vegetation types comprising its habitat are defined by the following vegetation units: Exposed 

22


Hawkesbury Woodland, Exposed Yellow Bloodwood Woodland and Scribbly Gum-Dwarf 

Apple Woodland. None of these habitats occur on the site of the proposed development. 

Information on the biology of Persoonia hirsuta hirsuta may be found by consulting the 

following reference: Briggs and Leigh (1996); Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002); Weston (1991). 




This subspecies has not been detected on the site of the proposed 

development and is not expected to occur there. As the habitat to be used by the proposed 

development is unsuitable, and the level of disturbance of the proposed development is so 

small, no loss of habitat would occur as a result of this proposed development. We therefore 

consider that any population of Persoonia hirsuta hirsuta that may utilise the region would not 

become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the proposed development. 




Persoonia hirsuta hirsuta has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Persoonia hirsuta hirsuta that may be in the region would 

not be compromised by the proposed development because the subspecies’ habitat will not 

be affected by the proposal. 




No area of habitat for Persoonia hirsuta hirsuta is to be modified or removed 

by the proposed development. The extent of known or potential habitat of Persoonia hirsuta 

hirsuta in the region is presently extremely restricted. However, it is concluded that no 






in the fragmentation of the total area of preferred habitat of this subspecies in the region. The 

area to be affected by the proposed development however is unsuitable for the subspecies. 


Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for this subspecies have 

been identified under the provisions of the Threatened Species Conservation Act of 1995. 

Under this Act, critical habitat means the whole or any part or parts of an area or areas of 

land comprising the habitat of an endangered species, population or ecological community 

that is critical to the survival of the species, population or ecological community. Critical 

habitat is to be identified by the Director-General of the National Parks and Wildlife Service 

and declared by the Minister for the Environment. 




Locally, populations of this subspecies are not adequately reserved in any national 

park or reserve. However, this subspecies is currently included within Dharug National Park, 

23


Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, Royal National Park, Marramarra National Park and Sydney 

Harbour National Park. 










The records of Persoonia hirsuta hirsuta from the central coast are at the 

northern limit of the species’ present-day distribution. This subspecies is known only from 

scattered locations in mid-eastern New South Wales centred on the Sydney Region. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Prostanthera askania under Section 5A of the 


Prostanthera askania (Tranquility Mintbush) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

ENDANGERED and in the EPBC Act (1999) as ENDANGERED. This species was not 

detected on the site, but is expected to occur here. On the central coast the only areas where 

this species has been positively recorded is in the nearby “Forest of Tranquility” in Askania 

Park in Ourimbah Valley (Wyong LGA) and in Strickland State Forest (Gosford LGA). 

Regionally, its habitat occurs fairly widely, although fragmented, within the LGA’s of Gosford 

and Wyong however its precise distribution is still largely unknown as it was only described 

relatively recently. Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to 

soils derived from the Narrabeen Sandstone formation. Common species usually found in 

association with this species are Eucalyptus saligna, Cryptocarya microneura, Acacia irorata, 

Tristaniopsis laurina, Callicoma serratifolia, Acmenia smithii, Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana, and Glochidion ferdinandii. Vegetation units identified for this species are 

Alluvial Tall Moist Forest, Coastal Narrabeen Moist Forest and Sheltered Rough-barked 

Apple Forest. One of these units occurs on the subject site - Coastal Narrabeen Moist Forest 

– and all of the indicator species that are found in association with this species elsewhere are 

found on the subject site. 

Information on the biology of Prostanthera askania may be found by consulting the following 

references: Conn (1992, 1997) and Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002). 





but could possibly occur in close proximity to it. As the habitat to be used by the proposed 

development is largely unsuitable with its lack of exposed sandstone outcropping, and the 

extent of the proposed development is so small, it is considered that no loss of this species’ 

habitat would occur as a result of this proposed development. Although a targeted search for 

this species did not detect it, in our opinion, the best habitat for this species is actually down 

slope from the area proposed for development, and this area is not to be disturbed. We 

therefore consider that any population of Prostanthera askania that may utilise the region 

would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the proposed development. 




24


Prostanthera askania has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Prostanthera askania that may be in the region would not be 

compromised by the proposed development because the species’ habitat will not be 

significantly affected by the proposal. 




The extent of known or potential habitat of Prostanthera askania in the region 

is at present extremely restricted. However, it is concluded that no significant area of known 

habitat is to be modified or removed by the proposed development. 






area to be affected by the proposed development however is considered only marginally 

suitable for the species. 













reserve. However, this species is currently included within Strickland State Forest and a 

private tourist facility – Askania Park in the Ourimbah area. 










The known records of Prostanthera askania from the region are at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. This species is known only from scattered locations centred on the 

Ourimbah-Narara area of the Central Coast of mid-eastern New South Wales. 

25


Eight-part Test Assessment for Prostanthera junonis under Section 5A of the 


Prostanthera junonis (Somersby Mintbush) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


detected on the site, and is not expected to occur here. 

On the central coast the only areas where this species has been positively recorded are all on 

the Somersby Plateau. Regionally, its habitat occurs fairly widely, within the LGA’s of Gosford 

and Wyong however its precise distribution is still largely unknown as it was only described 

relatively recently. Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to 

low woodland on soils derived from the Hawkesbury Sandstone formation. Species usually 

found in association with Prostanthera junonis are Eucalyptus piperata, Eucalyptus punctata, 

Eucalyptus haemastoma, Angophora costata, Corymbia gummifera, Corymbia eximia, 

Banksia ericifolia, Hakea teretifolia, Allocasuarina distyla, Baeckea spp. and Darwinia spp. 

Vegetation units identified for this species are Sandstone Hanging Swamps, Hawkesbury 

Coastal Banksia Scrub, Exposed Hawkesbury Woodland and Sheltered Dry Hawkesbury 

Forest. None of these units occurs on the subject site and the species is not expected to 

occur here either. 

Information on the biology of Prostanthera junonis may be found by consulting the following 

references: Conn (1997); Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002); NPWS (1999). 





and is not expected to occur here. As the habitat to be used by the proposed development is 

unsuitable, and the extent of the proposed development is so small, it is considered that no 

loss of this species’ habitat would occur as a result of this proposed development. We 

therefore consider that any population of Prostanthera junonis that may utilise the region 





Prostanthera junonis has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Prostanthera junonis that may be in the region would not be 






The extent of known or potential habitat of Prostanthera junonis in the region 

is at present extremely restricted. However, it is concluded that no area of known habitat is to 

be modified or removed by the proposed development. 






area to be affected by the proposed development is not considered suitable for the species. 

26













Populations of this species are reserved in Brisbane Water National Park. 










The known records of Prostanthera junonis from the region are at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. This species is known only from scattered locations centred on the 

Somersby Plateau area of the Central Coast of mid-eastern New South Wales. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Rulingia prostata under Section 5A of the 


Rulingia prostata (No Common Name) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


detected on the site, and is not expected to occur here. On the central coast the only areas 

where this species has been positively recorded is Ourimbah State Forest (Gosford and 

Wyong LGA’s) although it has been recorded further north on the Tomago sandbeds (Port 

Stephens LGA). Regionally, its habitat occurs fairly widely, within the LGA’s of Gosford and 

Wyong however its precise distribution is still largely unknown. Its distribution pattern 

indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to low woodlands and dry sclerophyll forest 

on sandy soils in near coastal areas. Another feature of known locations for this species is the 

presence of its habitat in sheltered gullies along parts of the eastern escarpment of the Great 

Dividing Range. Vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species are Coastal 

Sand Apple-Blackbutt Forest and Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath. None of these 

units occurs on the subject site and the species is not expected to occur here either. 

Information on the biology of Rulingia prostata may be found by consulting the following 

references: Bell (1997); Briggs and Leigh (1996); DUAP (1997); Harden (1990) and Murray, 

Bell and Hoye (2002).. 






27


unsuitable, and the extent of the proposed development is so small, it is considered that no 

loss of this species’ habitat would occur as a result of this proposed development. We 

therefore consider that any population of Rulingia prostata that may utilise the region would 

not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the proposed development. 




Rulingia prostata has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Rulingia prostata that may be in the region would not be 






The extent of known or potential habitat of Rulingia prostata in the region is at 

present extremely restricted. However, it is concluded that no area of known habitat is to be 

modified or removed by the proposed development. 


















Populations of this species are not known to occur in any National Park or Reserve on 

the Central Coast. However, its occurrence within Ourimbah State Forest affords it moderate 

protection. Elsewhere within the species’ range a population is protected within Picton Lakes 

National Park within the Sydney Basin. It also occurs within several reserves in Victoria. 








28




The known records of Rulingia prostata from the region are not at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. This species occurs patchily from just north of Newcastle in New 

South Wales, south to northern Victoria. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Ancistrachne maidenii under Section 5A of the 


Ancistrachne maidenii (No Common Name) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. This species was not detected on the site, and is not expected to occur here. 

On the central coast the only area where this species has been positively recorded is Dharug 

National Park although it has been recorded further south in Ku-ring-Gai Chase National 

Park. Regionally, its habitat occurs fairly widely, within the LGA’s of Gosford and Wyong 

however its precise distribution on the central coast is still largely unknown. Its distribution 

pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to dry woodlands and dry sclerophyll 

forest on sandy moist soils along creek lines. All known locations for this species are in 

sheltered sandstone gullies. Vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species 

are Dharug Rough-barked Apple Forest and Sheltered Dry Hawkesbury Woodland.. None of 

these units occurs on the subject site and the species is not expected to occur here either. 

Information on the biology of Ancistrachne maidenii may be found by consulting the following 

references: Jacobs and Wall (1993); Briggs and Leigh (1996); Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002); 

Wheeler, Jacobs and Norton (1990); Harden (1990); Robinson (1991). 






unsuitable, it is considered that no loss of this species’ habitat would occur as a result of this 

proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Ancistrachne maidenii that may utilise 

the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the proposed 

development. 




Ancistrachne maidenii has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Ancistrachne maidenii that may be in the region would not be 


by the proposal. 




The extent of known or potential habitat of Ancistrachne maidenii in the 

region is at present extremely restricted. However, it is concluded that no area of known 





29
















Populations of this species are only known to occur in Dharug National Park 

on the Central Coast. Elsewhere within the species’ range a population is protected within Kuring-Gai 

Chase National Park. 










The known records of Ancistrachne maidenii from the region are at the limit 

of the species’ distribution. This species is only known from a few scattered locations in the 

sandstone ranges of the lower Hawkesbury River drainage on the central coast of mideastern 

New South Wales. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Caladenia tessellata under Section 5A of the 


Caladenia tessellata (Thick-lipped Spider Orchid) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 

(1995) as VULNERABLE and in the EPBC Act (1999) as VULNERABLE. This species was 

not detected on the site, and is not expected to occur here. On the central coast only a few 

areas are known where this species has been positively recorded with the main locations 

being Norah Head, Wyong, Munmorah State Recreation Area, Doyalson, Porters Creek, and 

various sites along the lower Hawkesbury River. Regionally, its habitat occurs fairly widely, 

within the LGA’s of Lake Macquare, Gosford and Wyong however its precise distribution on 

the central coast is still largely unknown. Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat 

is largely confined to dry woodlands, heaths and dry sclerophyll forest with a grassy or heath 

understorey on sandy or clay loams. It usually flowers between September and October and 

then mainly after a fire. All known locations locally for this species are in coastal plain or near 

coastal areas. The only vegetation unit identified on the central coast for this species is 

Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath. This unit does not occur on the subject site and the 

species is not expected to occur here either. 

Information on the biology of Caladenia tessellata may be found by consulting the following 

references: Bernhardt (1993); Bishop (1996); DUAP (1997); Harden (1990); Murray, Bell and 

Hoye (2002); Robinson (1991); Wyong Shire Council (1999). 

30








proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Caladenia tessellata that may utilise 


development. 




Caladenia tessellata has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Caladenia tessellata that may be in the region would not be 






The extent of known or potential habitat of Caladenia tessellata in the region 

is at present extremely restricted. However, it is concluded that no area of known habitat is to 









Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Caladenia tessellata 

have been identified under the provisions of the Threatened Species Conservation Act of 

1995. Under this Act, critical habitat means the whole or any part or parts of an area or areas 

of land comprising the habitat of an endangered species, population or ecological community 







Populations of this species are only known to occur in Popran National Park, 

Wyrrabalong National Park and Munmorah State Recreation Area on the Central Coast. 





31







The known records of Caladenia tessellata from the region are not at the limit 

of the species’ distribution. This species is known from scattered locations from about 

Swansea on the central coast of mid-eastern New South Wales, south to Victoria. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Callistemon linearifolius under Section 5A of the 


Callistemon linearifolius (No Common Name) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. This species was not detected on the site, and is not expected to occur here. 

On the central coast only a few areas are known where this species has been recorded – 

Patonga Creek, Brisbane Water National Park, Frazer Park, Munmorah State Recreation 

Area, and in the Cessnock area. Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely 

confined to dry woodlands and dry sclerophyll forest with a heath understorey on sandy or 

clay loams. All known locations locally for this species are in coastal plain or near coastal 

areas. The only vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species are Sheltered 

Dry Hawkesbury Woodland, and Swamp Mahogany-Melaleuca forest. These units do not 

occur on the subject site and the species is not expected to occur here either. 

Information on the biology of Callistemon linearifolius may be found by consulting the 

following references: Bernhardt (1993); Bishop (1996); DUAP (1997); Harden (1990); Murray, 

Bell and Hoye (2002); Robinson (1991); Wyong Shire Council (1999). 







proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Callistemon linearifolius that may 

utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the proposed 

development. 




Callistemon linearifolius has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Callistemon linearifolius that may be in the region would not be 






The extent of known or potential habitat of Callistemon linearifolius in the 



32









Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Callistemon linearifolius 










Populations of this species are only known to occur in Brisbane Water 

National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, Lower Hunter National Park and Munmorah 

State Recreation Area on the Central Coast. 










The known records of Callistemon linearifolius from the region are not at the 

limit of the species’ distribution. This species is known from scattered locations in mid-eastern 

coastal New South Wales. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Cryptostylis hunteriana under Section 5A of the 


Cryptostylis hunteriana (Leafless Tongue Orchid) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 


not detected on the site, and is not expected to occur here. On the central coast only a few 

areas are known where this species has been recorded and all sites are within the Wyong or 

Lake Macquarie LGAs – the Charmhaven-Doyalson area, Wyee, Chain Valley Bay, and 

Awaba State Forest. Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to 

dry woodlands with a heath understorey on swampy or moist sand or loamy soils. All known 

locations locally for this species are in coastal plain or near coastal areas. The only 

vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species are Coastal Plains Smoothbarked 

Apple Woodland, Coastal Plains Scribbly Gum Woodland, Nerong Smooth-barked 

Apple Woodland and Coastal Sand Apple-Blackbutt Forest. These units do not occur on the 

subject site and the species is not expected to occur here either. 

33


Information on the biology of Cryptostylis hunteriana may be found by consulting the following 

references: Jones (1993); Bishop (1996); Briggs and Leigh (1996); Murray, Bell and Hoye 

(2002); Robinson (1991); Weston (1993). 







proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Cryptostylis hunteriana that may utilise 


development. 




Cryptostylis hunteriana has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Cryptostylis hunteriana that may be in the region would not be 






The extent of known or potential habitat of Cryptostylis hunteriana in the 










Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Cryptostylis hunteriana 










Populations of this species are known to occur in Ben Boyd National Park, and 

Gibraltar Range National Park; on the Central Coast a population also occurs in Ku-ring-Gai 

Chase National Park. 

34











The known records of Cryptostylis hunteriana from the region are not at the 

limit of the species’ distribution. This species is known from scattered locations from northeastern 

New South Wales to eastern Victoria. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Diurus praecox under Section 5A of the Environmental 

Planning and Assessment Act 1979 

Diurus praecox (Unnamed Orchid) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE and in the EPBC Act (1999) as VULNERABLE. This species was not detected 

on the site, and is not expected to occur here. On the central coast this species has been 

recorded across a fairly wide area and all sites are within the Gosford, Wyong, Lake 

Macquarie, Newcastle and Port Stephens LGAs. Known locations are the Anna Bay to Boat 

Harbour area, the Merewether-Dudley area, the Crangan Bat area, Mt White, and 

Wyrrabalong National Park. Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely 

confined to hilly areas of open dry sclerophyll forest and woodland with a heath understorey 

on sandy or loamy soils. All known locations for this species are in coastal plain and 

undulating hinterland. The only vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species 

are Coastal Plains Smooth-barked Apple Woodland, Coastal Foothills Spotted Gum-Ironbark 

Forest and Coastal Headlands Complex. These units do not occur on the subject site and the 

species is not expected to occur here either. 

Information on the biology of Diurus praecox may be found by consulting the following 

references: Jones (1993); Bell (1998a,b), Bishop (1996); Briggs and Leigh (1996); Murray, 

Bell and Hoye (2002); Robinson (1991); Wyong Shire Council (1999). 







proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Diurus praecox that may utilise the 

region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the proposed development. 




Diurus praecox has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Diurus praecox that may be in the region would not be 






35

development. 


No area of known habitat is to be modified or removed by the proposed 








Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Diurus praecox have 










Populations of this species are known to occur in Wyrrabalong National Park, Tomaree 

National Park, Glenrock State Recreation area and Munmorah State Recreation Area. 










The known records of Diurus praecox from the region are at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. This species is only known from scattered locations from about the 

Ourimbah area to Nelson Bay, on mid-eastern coastal New South Wales. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Eucalyptus camfieldii under Section 5A of the 


Eucalyptus camfieldii (Heart-leaved Stringybark) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) 

as VULNERABLE and in the EPBC Act (1999) as VULNERABLE. This species was not 

detected on the site, and is not expected to occur here. On the central coast this species has 

been recorded across a fairly wide area and all sites are within the Gosford, Wyong, and Lake 

Macquarie LGAs. Known locations on the central coast are the Mangrove Mountain- 

Somersby area, Charmhaven, Norah Head, and Awabakal Nature Reserve. Its distribution 

pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to coastal areas of woodland and 

heath on poorly drained sandy or lateritic soils over sandstone. Banksia spp., Angophora 

hispida, Eucalyptus haemastoma and E. oblonga are usually included in the habitat of this 

species. Most known locations for this species are in coastal plain areas but some are also 

known from the adjacent plateau areas of the Gosford LGA. The only vegetation units 

identified on the central coast for this species are Exposed Hawkesbury Woodland, 

36


Hawkesbury Coastal Banksia Woodland, Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath, Coastal 

Wet Sand Cyperoid Heath, Norah Head Endangered Heath-Woodland, and Coastal Sand 

Scrub. These units do not occur on the subject site and the species is not expected to occur 

here either. 

Information on the biology of Eucalyptus camfieldii may be found by consulting the following 

references: Bell (1998 a,d), Bishop (1996); Briggs and Leigh (1996); Hill (1991); Latham 

(1995); Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002); and Robinson (1991). 







proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Eucalyptus camfieldii that may utilise 


development. 




Eucalyptus camfieldii has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Eucalyptus camfieldii that may be in the region would not be 






development. 









Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Eucalyptus camfieldii 







37





Populations of this species on the central coast are known to occur in Brisbane Water 

National Park, Popran National Park, and Awabakal Nature Reserve. Elsewhere the species 

is reserved in Royal National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, Sydney Harbour 

National Park and Berowra Valley Regional Park. 










The known records of Eucalyptus camfieldii from the region are not at the 

limit of the species’ distribution. However, this species has a restricted distribution, being only 

know from a small part of mid-eastern New South Wales, from the Royal National Park area, 

north through the central coast to about the Lake Macquarie area. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Grevillea shiressii under Section 5A of the 


Grevillea shiressii (Mullet Creek Grevillea) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 



recorded in a restricted area of the lower Hawkesbury River drainage and all sites are within 

the Gosford LGA. Known locations on the central coast are all within Brisbane Water National 

Park. Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to wet sclerophyll 

forest on poorly drained sandy or lateritic soils over Narrabeen Sandstone. Dominant tree 

species associated with Grevillea shiressii are Syncarpia glomulifera, Eucalyptus 

acmenoides, E. deanei, Angophora floribunda, and Allocasuarina torulosa. The main 

understorey associated with this species are Acacia prominens, Acmena smithii, Backhousia 

myrtifolia, Ficus rubiginosa and Rapanea variabilis. The ground cover usually comprises ferns 

and low herbs. All known locations for this species are within the Gosford LGA. The only 

vegetation unit identified on the central coast for this species is Sheltered Rough-barked 

Apple Forest. This habitat does not occur on the site of the proposed development. 

Information on the biology of Grevillea shiressii may be found by consulting the following 

references: Benson and Fallding (1981); Briggs and Leigh (1996); Makinson (1991); Murray, 

Bell and Hoye (2002); Olde and Marriott (1995); and Robinson (1991). 







proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Grevillea shiressii that may utilise the 


38





Grevillea shiressii has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Grevillea shiressii that may be in the region would not be 






development. 









Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Grevillea shiressii have 










Populations of this species on the central coast are only known to occur in Brisbane 

Water National Park. 










The known records of Grevillea shiressii from the region are at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. This species has a restricted distribution, being only know from a small 

part of mid-eastern New South Wales, centred on Brisbane Water National Park. 

39


Eight-part Test Assessment for Melaleuca biconvexa under Section 5A of the 


Melaleuca biconvexa (Paperbark) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 



mainly recorded in scattered lowland areas within the Wyong LGA. Its distribution pattern 

indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to wet sclerophyll and paperbark forests on 

poorly drained sandy or loamy soils. Dominant tree species associated with Melaleuca 

biconvexa are Eucalyptus saligna and E. robusta, and other Melaleuca species. Vegetation 

units identified on the central coast for this species are Alluvial Tall Moist Forest, Coastal 

Narrabeen Moist Forest, Coastal Foothills Spotted Gum-Ironbark Association, Coastal 

Narrabeen Scrub Forest, Swamp Mahogany-Melaleuca Forest, Swamp Oak Rushland Forest, 

and Wyong Paperbark Swamp Forest. None of these habitats occur on the site of the 

proposed development. 

Information on the biology of Melaleuca biconvexa may be found by consulting the following 

references: Holliday (2004); Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002); Wilson (1991a); and Wyong Shire 

Council (1999). 







proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Melaleuca biconvexa that may utilise 


development. 




Melaleuca biconvexa has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Melaleuca biconvexa that may be in the region would not be 






development. 









Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Melaleuca biconvexa 


40










Reserve. 

No populations of this species are known to occur in any National Park or 










The known records of Melaleuca biconvexa from the region are not at the 

limit of the species’ distribution. This species is known from Jervis Bay, north to about Port 

Macquarie along coastal New South Wales. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Olearia cordata under Section 5A of the Environmental 

Planning and Assessment Act 1979 

Olearia cordata (No Common Name) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 



recorded in areas of Yengo National Park and the Wiseman’s Ferry areas. Its distribution 

pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to dry sclerophyll forest and shrubland 

on sandstone. Dominant species associated with Olearia cordata are Eucalyptus punctata, 

Corymbia eximia, Angophora bakeri, Angophora costata, Allocasuarina torulosa, Acacia 

liniifolia, Persoonia linearis, and Leucopogon muticus. The only vegetation unit identified on 

the central coast for this species is Exposed Yellow Bloodwood Woodland. This habitat does 

not occur on the site of the proposed development. 

Information on the biology of Olearia cordata may be found by consulting the following 

references: Bell (1998c); Briggs and Leigh (1996); Lander (1992); Maryott-Brown and Wilks 

(1993) and Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002).. 







proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Olearia cordata that may utilise the 


41





Olearia cordata has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Olearia cordata that may be in the region would not be 






development. 









Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Olearia cordata have 










On the Central Coast, populations of this species are known to occur in 

Yengo National Park or Reserve. Elsewhere it is conserved in Wollemi National Park and 

Wiseman’s Ferry Historic Site. 










The known records of Olearia cordata from the region are at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. This species is only known from a small part of mid-eastern New South 

Wales, centred on the central coast. 

42


Eight-part Test Assessment for Prostanthera densa under Section 5A of the 


Prostanthera densa (Cliff Mintbush) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


on the site, and is not expected to occur here. Regionally, this species has been recorded in 

areas of coastal headland and their hinterland in the Port Stephens LGA. Its distribution 

pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to sclerophyll forest and shrubland on 

sandstone. The only vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species are 

Nerong Smooth-barked Apple Forest, and Coastal Sand Apple-Blackbutt Forest. None of 

these habitats occur on the site of the proposed development. 

Information on the biology of Prostanthera densa may be found by consulting the following 

references: Bell (1997b); Briggs and Leigh (1996); Conn (1992); Dawson and Prentice (1994) 

and Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002). 







proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Prostanthera densa that may utilise 


development. 




Prostanthera densa has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Prostanthera densa that may be in the region would not be 






development. 









Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Prostanthera densa have 





43








Tomaree National Park. Elsewhere it is conserved in Royal National Park. 










The known records of Prostanthera densa from the region are not at the limit 

of the species’ distribution. This species is known from scattered parts of mid-eastern New 

South Wales, ranging from the Beecroft Peninsula, north to about Nelson Bay. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Syzygium paniculatum under Section 5A of the 


Syzygium paniculatum (Majenta Lily Pily) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


on the site, but habitat considered marginally suitable for this species occurs in the near 

vicinity of the subject property. The proponents have advised that no disturbance of this 

habitat is to occur from the proposed development. However the adjacent remnant 

considered suitable is subtropical rainforest in the gully and although degraded and atypical of 

most known sites within the Wyong LGA, still conforms to some site conditions observed 

elsewhere for the species. The principal habitat of this species is Littoral Rainforest on 

stabilized Quaternary sand-dunes fairly close to the coast. Syzygium paniculatum however 

has also been recorded in subtropical rainforest along the nearby Ourimbah Creek Valley. 

Regionally, this species has been recorded in a number of areas within the Wyong and Lake 

Macquarie LGAs. Some sites are Dudley Beach, North Wyrrabalong Peninsula, Munmorah 

State Recreation Area, Olney State Forest, and Ourimbah Creek Valley. Its distribution 

pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to rainforests on sand and deep 

sandy alluviums. Vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species however are 

Alluvial Tall Moist Forest, Coastal Narrabeen Moist Forest, Coastal Wet Gully Forest, Littoral 

Rainforest, and Coastal Sand Scrub. The site of the proposed development is adjacent to 

suitable habitat for this species, but this area is not to be affected by the proposed 

development. 

Information on the biology of Syzygium paniculatum may be found by consulting the following 

references: Binns (1996); Briggs and Leigh (1996); DUAP (1997); Floyd (1985); Murray, Bell 

and Hoye (2002); Payne (1991, 1997); and Wilson (1991b). 





and while it is not expected to occur here, marginally suitable habitat does occur nearby. As 

the habitat to be used by the proposed development is itself unsuitable, it is considered that 

44


no loss of this species’ habitat would occur as a result of this proposal. We therefore consider 

that any population of Syzygium paniculatum that may utilise both the nearby area and the 





Syzygium paniculatum has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Syzygium paniculatum that may be in the region would not be 






development. 









Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Syzygium paniculatum 










On the Central Coast, populations of this species are known to occur in Wyrrabalong 

National Park, Munmorah State Recreation Area, Glenrock State Recreation Area and 

Wamberal Lagoon Nature Reserve. Elsewhere it is conserved in Myall Lakes National Park, 

Jervis Bay National Park, Booti Booti State Recreation Area, and Captain Cook’s Landing 

Place Historic Site at Botany Bay. 








45




The known records of Syzygium paniculatum from the region are not at the 

limit of the species’ distribution. This species is known from scattered parts of mid-eastern 

New South Wales, ranging from the Jervis Bay area, north to about Bulahdelah. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Tetratheca juncea under Section 5A of the 


Tetratheca juncea (Black-eyed Susan) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE and in the EPBC Act (1999) as VULNERABLE. This species was not 

detected, and no habitat considered suitable for this species occurs on the site. Regionally, 

this species has been recorded at numerous sites within the LGAs of Gosford, Wyong, Lake 

Macquarie, Maitland, Cessnock and Newcastle. Its distribution pattern indicates that its core 

habitat is largely confined to coastal locations of low ridgelines with dry sclerophyll forests, 

woodlands and heaths on sand and deep sandy alluviums. It can also occur in lower, swampy 

heaths and generally prefers habitats with an undisturbed and dense understorey structure 

wherever it occurs. Vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species are Alluvial 

Tall Moist Forest, Coastal Sheltered Apple-Peppermint Forest, Coastal Foothills Spotted 

Gum-Ironbark Forest, Lower Hunter Spotted Gum-Ironbark Forest, Coastal Plains Smoothbarked 

Apple Woodland, Coastal Plains Scribbly Gum Woodland, Coastal Sand Wallum 

Woodland-Heath, Heath, Swamp Mahogany-Paperbark Forest, Phragmites Rushland, Wyong 

Paperbark Swamp Forest, Coastal Wet Sand Cyperoid Heath, and Coastal Clay Heath. None 

of these habitats occur on the site of the proposed development. 

Information on the biology of Tetratheca juncea may be found by consulting the following 

references: Bartrim and Martin (1986); Bell (1998a); Briggs and Leigh (1996); Gardner and 

Murray (1992); Kidd (1991); Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002); Payne (1993, 1998); and Winning 

(1992). 





and it is not expected to occur here. We therefore consider that any population of Tetratheca 

juncea that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by 

the proposed development. 




Tetratheca juncea has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Tetratheca juncea that may be in the region would not be 






development. 


46









Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Tetratheca juncea have 











Awabakal Nature Reserve, Munmorah State Recreation Area, Glenrock State Recreation 

Area, Karuah Nature Reserve, Lake Macquarie State Recreation Area, and Wallaroo Nature 

Reserve. 










The known records of Tetratheca juncea from the region are at the southern 

limit of the species’ distribution. This species is only known from mid-eastern New South 

Wales, ranging from the Wyong area, north to about Bulahdelah. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Tetratheca glandulosa under Section 5A of the 


Tetratheca glandulosa (Hawkesbury Black-eyed Susan) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 


not detected, and no habitat considered suitable for this species occurs on the site. 

Regionally, this species has been recorded at few sites within the LGAs of Gosford, and 

Wyong. Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to sandstone 

ridges and upland locations with dry sclerophyll forests, woodlands and heaths on sand. It 

generally prefers the drier well-drained habitats. Common species recorded in association 

with Tetratheca glandulosa are Corymbia gummifera, Corymbia eximia, Angophora hispida, 

Angophora bakeri, Banksia serrata, Banksia spinulosa, Banksia ericifolia, Kunzea rupestris, 

Leptospermum trinervium, Hakea dactyloides and Dillwynia floribunda. 

Vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species are Dharug Rough-barked 

Apple Forest, Sheltered Dry Hawkesbury Forest, Exposed Hawkesbury Woodland, Exposed 

Yellow Bloodwood Woodland, Scribbly Gum-Dwarf Apple Woodland, Hawkesbury Coastal 

47


Banksia Heath, and Heath. None of these habitats occur on the site of the proposed 

development. 

Information on the biology of Tetratheca glandulosa may be found by consulting the following 

references: Bell (1998c,d); Briggs and Leigh (1996); Forest Fauna Surveys et al (1997); 

Gardner and Murray (1992); James (1997); Latham (1995); Maryott-Brown and Wilks (1993); 

Murray, Bell and Hoye (2002); Sheringham and Sanders (1993); Robinson (1991); Smith and 

Smith (1990). 





and it is not expected to occur here. We therefore consider that any population of Tetratheca 

glandulosa that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance 





Tetratheca glandulosa has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Tetratheca glandulosa that may be in the region would not be 






development. 









Presently, no areas of designated critical habitat for Tetratheca glandulosa 










On the Central Coast, populations of this species are known to occur in Popran 

National Park, Parr State Recreation Reserve, Brisbane Water National Park, and Dharug 

National Park. Elsewhere, the species occurs within Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Berowra 

48


Valley Regional Park, Garigal National Park, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, Marramarra 

National Park, Cattai National Park, Wollemi National Park, and Yengo National Park. 










The known records of Tetratheca glandulosa from the region are at the limit 

of the species’ distribution. This species is only known from the Sydney Basin bioregion, in 

mid-eastern New South Wales, ranging from the Mangrove Mountain area, west to about the 

Blue Mountains. 

Threatened Fauna 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Varanus rosenbergi kuringai 

under Section 5A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 

Varanus rosenbergi kuringai (Heath Monitor) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, nor was any potential habitat for this species 

detected on the site. Potential habitat for this species exists in the areas of Sydney Sandstone 

Ridge top Woodland in the general area. Vegetation units identified on the central coast for 

this species are Dharug Rough-barked Apple Forest, Sheltered Dry Hawkesbury Forest, 

Exposed Hawkesbury Woodland, Exposed Yellow Bloodwood Woodland, Scribbly Gum- 

Dwarf Apple Woodland, Hawkesbury Coastal Banksia Heath, Mangrove-Estuarine Complex, 

and Heath. None of these habitats occur on the site of the proposed development. 

Information on the biology of Varanus rosenbergi kuringai may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Ehmann, H.F.W., Swan, G., Swan, G. and Smith, B. (1991); 

Green, B.F. (1972); Green, B.F. (1972); Green, B.F. (1972); Green, B.F. and King, D. (1978); 

Houston, T.F. (1978); King, D.R. (1977); King, D.R. (1980); King, D.R. (1981); King, D.R. and 

Green, B. (1979); King, M. and King, D. (1975); Mertens, R. (1957); Mertens, R. (1963); 

Overton, B. (1987); Wellington and Wells (1995); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, C.R. (1984, 

1985); Saint-Girons, H., Rice, G.E. and Bradshaw, S.D. (1981); Storr, G.M. (1980); Storr, 

G.M., Smith, L.A. and Johnstone, R.E. (1984). 





and the lack of suitable habitat on the site makes its presence there unlikely as well. As the 

habitat to be used by the proposed development is totally unsuitable, and the level of 

disturbance of the proposed development is so small, no loss of reproductive or foraging 

habitat would occur as a result of this proposed development. No potential breeding areas 

occur on or anywhere near the site and no loss of food or foraging habitat will occur in the 

region either. We therefore consider that any population of Varanus rosenbergi kuringai that 

may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the 


49





Varanus rosenbergi kuringai has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Varanus rosenbergi kuringai that may be in the region 

would not be compromised by the proposed development because the species or its habitat 

does not occur on the site. Additionally, the extent of suitable undisturbed habitat within the 

region is very large and well isolated from the proposed development. 




No area of habitat for Varanus rosenbergi kuringai is to be modified or 

removed by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Varanus rosenbergi 

kuringai the region, covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected 

in several major National Parks and Reserves. Therefore it is concluded that no area of 

known habitat is to be modified or removed by the proposed development. 






species’ preferred habitat is almost continuously distributed throughout the region, but does 

not occur on the site of the proposed development. The area to be affected by the proposed 

development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no further clearing of tree cover will occur as a 

result of the development. 











protected areas) in the regional environment of the species, population or community. 

Populations of this species are currently reserved in Royal National Park, 

Heathcote National Park, Morton National Park, Garigal National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase 

National Park, Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Nattai NR, Brisbane Water National Park, 

Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr 

SRA, Dharawal SRA, Blue Mountains National Park, Dharug National Park, and Yengo 

National Park. Additionally the species also occurs in a number of State Forests and Water 

Catchment areas. The combined area of habitat already reserved for this species is at least in 

the order of many tens of thousands of hectares by any reasonable estimate. 





50







The records of Varanus rosenbergi kuringai from the region are not at the 

limit of the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from the sandstones of the 

Sydney Geological Basin from the Hunter Range in the north, to the Nowra district in the 

south, and to Mt Victoria in the west. There also appears to be another ‘population’ that 

occurs in granite areas from about Bathurst through to Cooma, NSW. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Hoplocephalus bitorquatus 


Hoplocephalus bitorquatus (Pale-headed Snake) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) 

as VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, nor was any potential habitat for this 

species detected on the site. However, potential habitat for this species occurs in the area of 

remnant forest adjacent to the site (along Ourimbah Creek Road). In the general region of the 

proposal, protection of the habitat for this species is uncertain, as there are only two recent 

records on the central coast, and both are from highly modified agricultural valleys. No 

vegetation units have been identified on the central coast as potential habitat for this species. 

Elsewhere the species occurs in a variety of woodland habitats and dry sclerophyll forests 

from mid-eastern Queensland south to north-western New South Wales. It lives principally 

along ephemeral riverine systems, where it may be found sheltering beneath exfoliated bark 

of Eucalypts during the winter and spring months, or climbing in trees during the summer. 

Information on the biology of Hoplocephalus bitorquatus may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Campbell, C.H. (1976); Challen, R.G. (1975); Cogger, H.G. 

(1971); Cogger, H.G. (1972); Cogger, H.G. (1975); Cogger, H.G. (1978); Cogger, H.G. 

(1982); Cogger, H.G. (1987); Gow, G.F. (1976); Gow, G.F. (1982); Gow, G.F. (1983); Gow, 

G.F. (1989); Harding, K.A. and Welch, K.R.G. (1980); Hoser, R.T. (1988); Kinghorn, J.R. 

(1929); Kinghorn, J.R. (1956); Krefft, J.L.G. (1869); Longmore, R. (Editor) (1986); McPhee, 

D.R. (1959); McPhee, D.R. (1963); McPhee, D.R. (1979); Mengden, G.A. (1984); Mirtschin, 

P.J. and Davis, R. (1982); Mirtschin, P.J. and Davis, R. (1983); Shine, R. (1983); Shine, R. 

(1991); Swan, G. (1990, 1998); Waite, E.R. (1898); Weigel, J. (1990); Wellington and Wells 

(1995); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. (1984, 1985); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. 

(1988); Wells, R.W., Wellington, R.C. and Williams, D.J. (1988); Worrell, E. (1952); Worrell, E. 

(1953); Worrell, E. (1957); Worrell, E. (1963); Worrell, E. (1970); Griffiths (1987); Sutherland 

(1983); Greer (1997); Underhill (1993). 










region either. We therefore consider that any population of Hoplocephalus bitorquatus that 

may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the 


51





Hoplocephalus bitorquatus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Hoplocephalus bitorquatus that may be in the region, 


does not occur on the site. 




No area of known habitat for Hoplocephalus bitorquatus is to be modified or 

removed by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Hoplocephalus 

bitorquatus in the region is largely unknown. It is unlikely that it is adequately protected in any 

of the regional National Parks and Reserves. 





in the fragmentation of the total area of preferred habitat of this species in the region. As far 

as is presently known, the species’ preferred habitat does not occur on the site of the 

proposed development. The area to be affected by the proposed development is totally 

unsuitable habitat, and no further clearing of tree cover will occur as a result of the 

development. The adjacent gully system - which will not be disturbed - may contain marginal 

habitat for Hoplocephalus bitorquatus. 












Habitat for this species is not currently reserved in any National Park. 








52




The records of Hoplocephalus bitorquatus from the region are at the southern 

limit of the species’ coastal distribution. Although the entire distribution is confined to eastern 

Queensland and north-eastern to north-western New South Wales, this is essentially an 

inland species towards the southern part of its range. However, the presence of 

Hoplocephalus bitorquatus along coastal NSW has long been regarded as enigmatic, as 

these areas do not appear to provide the habitat conditions known to be favoured by this 

species elsewhere. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Hoplocephalus stephensi 


Hoplocephalus stephensi (Stephen’s Banded Snake) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 

(1995) as VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, but potential habitat for this species 

was detected on the site. Potential habitat for this species occurs widely in the Ourimbah area 

although the distribution pattern of the species is now rather fragmented into pockets of 

remnant rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest on the central coast. In the general region of the 

proposal, protection of the habitat for this species is uncertain, however, the main areas 

occupied by Hoplocephalus stephensi are mostly within the areas of State Forest lands and 

have survived there despite extensive logging over many decades. This species is largely 

arboreal and seldom observed, although it may be a fairly common species in some areas. 

Vegetation units identified as habitat for this species on the central coast are: Coastal Ranges 

Open Forest; and Exposed Hawkesbury Woodland. Neither of these communities occurs on 

the site of the proposed development, although the general vicinity is considered marginally 

suitable for this species. 

Elsewhere the species occurs in a variety of wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest habitats. It 

ranges from the central coast of NSW north to south-eastern Queensland. It lives principally 

in tall forest communities, but has been known to utilize rock outcroppings at the southern 

extremity of its range. 

Information on the biology of Hoplocephalus stephensi may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Cogger, H.G. (1967); Cogger, H.G. (1975); Cogger, H.G. 

(1978); Cogger, H.G. (1982); Cogger, H.G. (2000); Gow, G.F. (1976); Gow, G.F. (1982); 

Gow, G.F. (1983); Gow, G.F. (1989); Hoser, R.T. (1988); Kinghorn, J.R. (1929); Kinghorn, 

J.R. (1956); Krefft, J.L.G. (1869); Longmore, R. (Editor) (1986); McPhee, D.R. (1959); 

McPhee, D.R. (1963); McPhee, D.R. (1979); Mengden, G.A. (1984); Mirtschin, P.J. and 

Davis, R. (1982); Mirtschin, P.J. and Davis, R. (1983); Shine, R. (1983); Shine, R. (1991); 

Swan, G. (1990, 1998); Waite, E.R. (1898); Weigel, J. (1990); Wellington and Wells (1995); 

Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. (1984, 1985); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. (1988); 

Wells, R.W., Wellington, R.C. and Williams, D.J. (1988); Worrell, E. (1952); Worrell, E. (1953); 

Worrell, E. (1957); Worrell, E. (1963); Worrell, E. (1970); Griffiths (1987); Sutherland (1983); 

Greer (1997); Underhill (1993). 





and the habitat on the site makes its presence there unlikely as well. As the habitat to be 

used by the proposed development is only marginally suitable, and the level of disturbance of 

the proposed development is so small, no loss of reproductive or foraging habitat would occur 

as a result of this proposed development. No potential breeding areas occur on or anywhere 

near the site and no loss of food or foraging habitat will occur in the region either. We 

therefore consider that any population of Hoplocephalus stephensi that may utilise the region 


53





Hoplocephalus stephensi has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Hoplocephalus stephensi that may be in the region, 

would not be compromised by the proposed development because the habitat on the site will 

not be significantly affected. 




No area of habitat for Hoplocephalus stephensi is to be modified or removed 

by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Hoplocephalus stephensi in the 

region, covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected in several 

major State Forests and Reserves as well as Watagan National Park. Therefore it is 

concluded that no significant area of known habitat is to be modified or removed by the 






in the fragmentation of the total area of preferred habitat of this species in the region. 

Although the species’ preferred habitat does occur on the site of the proposed development, 

the habitat here is in a highly disturbed state and could no longer be regarded as primary 

habitat for the species. The area to be affected by the proposed development may best be 

described as marginal or secondary habitat for this species, due to its young age and 

regenerated state. 












Habitat for this species is currently reserved in Watagan National Park, but 

overall, this species is poorly protected in the reserve system of the Central Coast. 








54




The records of Hoplocephalus stephensi from the region are at the southern 

limit of the species’ distribution. Although the entire distribution is confined to south-eastern 

Queensland and eastern New South Wales, this is essentially a species of the warmer 

subtropics, where it is well-conserved. However, the presence of Hoplocephalus stephensi 

south of the Hunter River is much less secure, with past habitat destruction having resulted in 

the fragmentation of the species’ range in lowland areas of the central coast. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Botaurus poiciloptilus 


Botaurus poiciloptilus (Australasian Bittern) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


detected on the site. 

Although this species is rarely seen during the day due largely to its nocturnal habits and 

preference for dense reedy habitats, it is nevertheless an uncommon species in numbers. It is 

usually less common in coastal areas, but small numbers may visit the region during periods 

of inland drought conditions or following major breeding events caused by flooding, as this is 

essentially a nomadic species. 

During daylight this species usually remains amongst dense reed beds where its secretive 

and cryptic behavior ensures that it is difficult to detect. Usually the Australasian Bittern is 

seen only singley or in pairs about the verges of densely vegetated freshwater streams and 

swamps where they forage for small fishes, crustaceans and frogs. It is much scarcer than 

the Black Bittern in the Sydney Bioregion. On rare occasions it may be observed in brackish 

situations, but this is by no means typical for the species. Breeding mainly occurs in inland 

sites, and is rare in coastal areas. There is no breeding habitat for this species on the site of 

the proposed development. It is possible that creeks in Ourimbah Creek valley could 

potentially offer some marginal foraging habitat, but this is unlikely due to the disturbed 

surroundings. 

Information on the biology of Botaurus poiciloptilus may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Alexander, W.B. ((1925); Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. 

(1984); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); Gray, J.T. (1935); 

Hobbs, J.N. (1979); McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. (1989); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and 

Holmes, G. (1981); Onians, G. (1933); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. 

(1999); Rix, C.E. (1947); Russell, G.E.A. (1943); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) 

(1986); Serventy, V.N. and Raymond, R. (1974); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, 

P. (1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986). 






habitat to be used by the proposed development is totally unsuitable, the level of disturbance 

of the proposed development is so small that no loss of reproductive or foraging habitat would 

occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential breeding vegetation 

is to be cleared. As this species would feed on an abundant food resource in the region, no 

loss of food or foraging habitat will occur in the region either. We therefore consider that the 

population of Botaurus poiciloptilus that utilises the region would not become extinct as a 


55





Botaurus poiciloptilus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Botaurus poiciloptilus that may occur in the region, would not be 

compromised by the proposed development because of its restricted nature in what is 

essentially unsuitable habitat, as well as the small area proposed for the works. Although 

habitat for this species is conserved in the reserve system within the region, its available 

habitat beyond such tenure is still extensive at the present time as well. 




No area of habitat for Botaurus poiciloptilus is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Botaurus poiciloptilus in the 

region, is very extensive and much of this area is already protected in several major National 

Parks and Reserves. 





in the fragmentation of the total area of preferred habitat of this species in the area. This 

habitat is almost continuously distributed along the Hawkesbury River system and on the 

central coast and much of this is still relatively undisturbed. The area to be affected by the 

proposed development is unsuitable habitat, and no clearing of any riparian vegetation will 

occur as a result of the development. 












The species’ habitat is adequately conserved in many national parks, and in 

several other reserves within its east coastal range. Its habitat is also extensively reserved 

regionally in the Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, Brisbane Water National Park, Blue 

Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, Yengo National Park, Dharug National Park 

and others as well as various water catchment lands. 








56




The records of Botaurus poiciloptilus from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. It ranges across southern Australia and parts of New Zealand and New 

Caledonia. In NSW it mainly occurs along the major drainage systems of the inland such as 

the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Ixobrychus flavicollis 


Ixobrychus flavicollis (Black Bittern) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


detected on the site. This species generally prefers warm temperate forest habitats that have 

slow-moving streams, with associated billabongs and marshes. It is more often observed 

closer to the coast than the study area - particularly around estuaries that still possess thick 

fringing vegetation. Black Bitterns temporarily visit the Region during suitable conditions, but 

they are usually solitary and quite secretive, even shy birds. Limited habitat for this species is 

currently protected in or near Brisbane Water National Park and Dharug National Park, but 

extensive sections of the lower Hawkesbury River still possess suitable habitat for the 

species. 

Generally, this is an uncommon bird in NSW with most sightings being reported fairly close to 

the coast, and probably for the most part represent seasonal movements of birds from 

Queensland; the southernmost breeding record is around the Shoalhaven River near Nowra 

in NSW. The Black Bittern usually prefers quiet timbered verges of slow-flowing freshwater 

rivers well-away from the disturbances of human settlement, but it also occurs in estuarine or 

brackish inlets amongst mangrove forests. Its secretive and cryptic behavior like other 

Bitterns, ensures that it is difficult to detect, even in sites with only a narrow fringe of trees 

along the watercourse. This species is also rarely seen during the day due largely to its partly 

nocturnal habits. It has been recorded along selected creeks on the Central Coast, but the 

habitat is usually dense Melaleuca swampland. The site of the proposed development does 

not represent either breeding or foraging habitat for this species. 

Information on the biology of Ixobrychus flavicollis may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); D'Ombrain, A.F. 

(1955); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); Mayr, E.W. (1945); 

McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. (1989); Meyer, P.O. (1933); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and 

Holmes, G. (1981); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); Roberts, P.E. 

(1993); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) (1986); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. 

(1993); Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986). 








occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential breeding vegetation 

is to be cleared. As this species feeds on an abundant food resource in the region, no loss of 

food or foraging habitat will occur in the region either. We therefore consider that the 

population of Ixobrychus flavicollis that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a 


57





Ixobrychus flavicollis has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Ixobrychus flavicollis in the region, would not be compromised by 

the proposed development because of its nature and the general unsuitability of habitat both 

on site and adjacent to the site. 




No area of habitat for Ixobrychus flavicollis is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Ixobrychus flavicollis in the region, 

is very extensive and much of this area is already protected in major reserves. Therefore it is 







in the fragmentation of the total area of preferred habitat of this species in the area. The area 

to be affected by the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no significant 

clearing of vegetation will occur as a result of the development. 












The species is adequately conserved in several major national parks, and in 

other reserves within its east coastal range. Its habitat is also extensively reserved regionally 

in the Blue Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, Yengo National Park, Dharug 

National Park, Brisbane Water National Park as well as various water catchment lands and 

even most State Forests. 








58




The records of Ixobrychus flavicollis from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. This is essentially a coastal species of tropical and subtropical northern 

Australia, but also known from tropical, subtropical and temperate parts of coastal Western 

Australia, and in the east down coastal New South Wales to about as far south as the 

Victorian border. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus 


Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (Black-necked Stork) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act 

(1995) as ENDANGERED. It was not detected on the site, nor was any habitat for this 

species detected on the site. There are no recent records from the region in the NSW 

National Parks and Wildlife Service database, although elsewhere on the central coast the 

species has been observed at Lake Munmorah, Budgewoi, Hexham SwampNature Reserve, 

near Minmi, Raymond Terrace, Wyee, Weston, Cooranbong, and Mandalong. 

It is quite uncommon or sparsely distributed in eastern New South Wales where it has been 

observed breeding south to about the Nowra area, but breeding anywhere in NSW is 

nowadays a rare event. It is a sedentary species, but on occasions individuals may move into 

areas following seasonal storms and usually it is observed only singularly or as a pair. The 

main habitat for this species is tropical and subtropical floodplains with freshwater 

swamplands associated with major river systems, although it may also utilise tidal mangrove 

flats, coastal saline wetlands and various types of agricultural or disturbed situations such as 

flooded pastures, irrigation drains or canals, farm dams and even sewerage treatment 

pondages and the like. A population was present on the floodplains of the Hawkesbury River 

at the time of European colonisation, but it was extirminated by about 1850. Early in the 20th 

century some recolonised the area and breeding near Windsor was reported up until the 

1960’s. Since then only stray individuals were recorded, until 1989 and throughout the 1990’s 

when a small family of Black-necked Storks were observed in the coastal wetlands on the 

Wyong district. The site of the proposed development does not represent either breeding or 

foraging habitat for this species. 

Sites on the Central Coast where this species has been observed have the following 

vegetation units as the main habitat: Alluvial Tall Moist Forest, Coastal Plains Smooth-barked 

Apple Woodland, Swamp Oak Rushland Forest, Phragmites Rushland, Swamp Oak Sedge 

Forest, Wong Paperbark Swamp Forest, Coastal We Sand Cyperoid Heath, Freshwater 

Weland Complex, and Mangrove-Estuarine Complex. 

Information on the biology of Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Bell, H.L. (1963); Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. 

(1984); Enright, W.J. (1933); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Foote, V.V. (1923); Frith, 

H.J. (Editor) (1976); Hindwood, K.A. (1949); Hobler, M.T. (1913); Jackson, S.W. (1937); 

Jouan, H. (1868); Kahl, M.P. (1973); McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. (1989); Morris, A.K., 

McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. (1981); Nicholl, W. (1914); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); 

Pizzey, G. (1999); Roberts, P.E. (1993); Salmon, H.A. (1965); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, 

S.C. (Editors) (1986); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., 

Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986). 








occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential breeding areas are 

to be cleared and no loss of food or foraging habitat will occur in the region either as a 

59


consequence of this development. We therefore consider that any population of 

Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of 

any disturbance by the proposed development. 




Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 

endangered population in the region of the proposed development. 




No area of habitat for Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus is to be modified or 

removed by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Ephippiorhynchus 

asiaticus in the region occurs mainly in the Windsor district, the Wyong area and (mainly) 

near Newcastle. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat is to be 







area to be affected by the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no further 

clearing will occur as a result of the development. 












The species is not conserved in any national parks in the region as the main 

areas of recent occurrence are on private property, or council lands. However, the species 

has been observed within Seaham Swamp Nature Reserve and Hexham Swamp Nature 

Reserve. 








60




The records of Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus from the region are not at the limit 

of the species’ distribution. This is essentially a tropical or subtropical species. It is widely 

known from right across most of Asia and into northern Australia, down the east coast to 

about the Shoalhaven district, but vagrant specimens have been observed well-down into 

Victoria. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Burhinus magnirostris 


Burhinus magnirostris [Burhinus grallarius] (Bush Stone Curlew) is listed in Schedule 1 of the 

TSC Act (1995) as ENDANGERED. Once occurring over a large part of continental Australia, 

it ranged from Tasmania through to even as far north as the island of New Guinea. Nowadays 

its habitat is much reduced due to clearing and frequent burning, and populations are either 

now extinct or highly fragmented, in the south-eastern parts of its distribution. This is not 

really a nomadic species, although individuals may range over 100 sq km; small groups 

usually occupy a home range of 10 to 20 ha for the breeding season, then scatter over larger 

areas at the regional level. This is essentially a species of open woodland habitats, although it 

may on occasions seek refuge within adjacent more densely vegetated forest communities. It 

may also be observed in a variety of disturbed areas near human habitation – such as around 

wooded parks, gardens and reserves. Ground cover usually comprises scattered clumps of 

native grasses, and often a water body such as a lake or stream may be present nearby. 

Generally streams within its habitat are non-perennial, that are often reduced to chains of 

ponds in drier seasons. In effect, this is a wader of the woodland. Burhinus magnirostris was 

not detected on the site, nor was any habitat for this species detected. There are few records 

from the region in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service database. Known locations 

are Wyee, Kincumber, Brisbane Water area, Woy Woy, Strickland State Forest, Tilligerry 

Peninsula, and Lemon Tree Passage. 

Known vegetation units identified with locations for this species on the central coast are 

Coastal Narrabeen Moist Forest, Coastal Ranges Open Forest, Coastal Sand Apple- 

Blackbutt Forest, and Mangrove-Estuarine Complex. 

The site of the proposed development does not represent either breeding or foraging habitat 

for this species. 

Information on the biology of Burhinus magnirostris may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); Boehm, E.F. 

(1934); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); Green, R.H. (1977); 

Lindgren, E. (1971); McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. (1989); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and 

Holmes, G. (1981); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. (1997); Pizzey, G. 

(1999); Schodde, R., Mason, I.J. and Boot, J. (1981); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, S.C. 

(Editors) (1986); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. 

and Slater, R. (1986). 









to be cleared and no loss of food or foraging habitat will occur in the region either as a 

consequence of this development. We therefore consider that any population of Burhinus 

magnirostris that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any 

disturbance by the proposed development. 

61





Burhinus magnirostris has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 

population in the region of the proposed development. 




No area of habitat for Burhinus magnirostris is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat 

is to be modified or removed by the proposed development. 






area to be affected by the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no further 

clearing will occur as a result of the development. 












The species is not conserved in any national parks in the region as the main 

areas of recent occurrence are on private property State Forest or council lands. However the 

species occurs in Rileys Island Nature Reserve, and Pelican Island Nature Reserve. 










The records of Burhinus magnirostris from the region are not at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. This is now essentially a tropical or subtropical species, although it 

once occurred through much of temperate Australia. It is known from right across most of 

northern Australia, down the east coast to Victoria, southern WA and SA. 

62


Eight-part Test Assessment for Anseranas semipalmata 


Anseranas semipalmata (Magpie Goose) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


detected on the site. 

It is now only occasionally observed in NSW, with vagrant individuals moving south to about 

the Clarence River following the onset of the Dry Season in northern Australia. This species 

was previously present in the lower Hawkesbury River and Central Coast district during the 

early days of settlement, but it quickly disappeared during the 19th century. Breeding in the 

wild is now confined to tropical habitats north of Latitude 21°, where it nests in large colonies. 

The main habitat for this species is seasonal freshwater wetlands of floodplains associated 

with major river systems, although it may also utilise various types of agricultural or disturbed 

situations such as flooded grasslands or well-vegetated pastures, irrigation drains or canals, 

and larger farm dams densely vegetated with plants like sedges and rushes. The principal 

food consumed is vegetation in the form of seeds from grasses and the bulbs of sedges and 

rushes, thus it does not do well in wetlands that are exposed to the grazing activities of cattle. 

The site of the proposed development does not represent either breeding or foraging habitat 

for this species. 

Information on the biology of Anseranus semipalmata may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Anonymous (1988); Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, 

P.N. (1984); Clancy, G.P. (1985); Davies, S.J.J.F. (1963); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. 

(1994); Frith, H.J. (1967); Frith, H.J. (1973); Frith, H.J. (1977); Frith, H.J. (1977); Frith, H.J. 

(1979); Frith, H.J. (1982); Frith, H.J. and Davies, S.J.J.F. (1961); Frith, H.J. and Hitchcock, 

W.B. (1974); Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); Harrison, L. (1915); Heron, S.J. (1973); McAllan, 

I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. (1989); Miller, W. de W. (19(19); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and 

Holmes, G. (1981); Morton, S.R., Brennan, K.G. and Armstrong, M.D. (1990); Nicholl, W. 

(1914); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, 

S.C. (Editors) (1986); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., 

Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986); Stott, K. (1946). 









to be affected. As this species would feed on an abundant food resource in the region, no 

loss of food or foraging habitat will occur in the region either. We therefore consider that any 

population of Anseranas semipalmata that may utilise the region would not become extinct as 

a result of any disturbance by the proposed development. 




Anseranas semipalmata has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Anseranas semipalmata in the area, would not be 

compromised by the proposed development because of the small area proposed for the work. 

63





No area of habitat for Anseranas semipalmata is to be modified or removed 







area to be affected by the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat. 












region. 

The species’ habitat is not adequately conserved in any national parks in the 










The records of Anseranas semipalmata from the region are not at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. This is an abundant species of tropical or subtropical areas 

nowadays, ranging from NW Western Australia, across the entire north, into southern New 

Guinea and down eastern Queensland to about Brisbane. However it was formerly abundant 

right through southern and south-eastern Australia and in recent years has been reintroduced 

into Victoria with little success; it has been rarely reported in Tasmania. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Stictonetta naevosa 


Stictonetta naevosa (Freckled Duck) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, nor was any significant habitat for this species 

detected on the site. Although this is mainly a species of the Murray-Darling Basin, it is a well 

known, but uncommon seasonal visitor to eastern New South Wales. In the general region of 

the proposal it has been rarely observed in marshes, swamps and even farm dams with 

cumbungi reeds. No open bodies of water suitable for this species occur on the subject 

64


property, although parts of the nearby agriculturally modified Ourimbah Creek valley would be 

suitable for this species. It is a shy species that forms small groups and is hard to observe in 

its habitat and some small areas of suitable habitat for this species is currently protected in or 

near Brisbane Water National Park and Dharug National Park, but extensive areas of suitable 

habitat occur in the more extensive wetlands further along the Hawkesbury River Valley. 

Freckled Ducks usually inhabits well-vegetated freshwater swamps in inland areas, although 

more open lakes are favoured during drier conditions. Usually only small groups of a few 

pairs are found, although large concentrations may occur in suitable nesting or refuge areas. 

In eastern Australia, breeding mainly occurs in the Murray-Darling System in Spring-Summer, 

following extended periods of rainfall, with dense lignum swamps favoured for nesting. 

Occasional breeding may also occur during milder and wetter winter conditions. It is a largely 

nomadic species that moves into areas following breeding, droughts or flooding episodes. It 

tends to be quite rare in coastal areas such as the Sydney Bioregion; they mainly move 

eastwards following the breeding season, usually visiting the lower Hawkesbury River system 

in late Summer through to Winter. The site of the proposed development does not represent 

either breeding or foraging habitat for this species, although the species could potentially be 

observed in nearby lowland areas following periods of prolonged rainfall. 

Information on the biology of Stictonetta naevosa may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Blackwell, G. (1980); Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. 

(1984); Braithwaite, L.W. (1976); Briggs, S.V. (1982); Corrick, A.H. (1980); Corrick, A.H. 

(1982); Delacour, J.B.T.A. (1927); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Frith, H.J. (1965); 

Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); Fullagar, P.J. (1990); LeSouef, W.H.D. (1904); Martindale, J. 

(1983); McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. (1989); Miller, J. (1981); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. 

and Holmes, G. (1981); Mortlock, J.T. (1948); Musson, C.T. (1891); Norman, F.I. and Norris, 

K.C. (1982); North, A.J. (1898); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); 

Ramsay, E.P. (1878); Reid, N. (1980); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) (1986); 

Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. 

(1986); Stead, D.G. (1912). 








occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential breeding trees (or 

any other significant native trees) are to be cleared. As this species would feed on an 

abundant food resource in the region, no loss of food or foraging habitat will occur in the 

region either. We therefore consider that the population of Stictonetta naevosa that may 

utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the proposed 

development. 




Stictonetta naevosa has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Stictonetta naevosa that may utilise the region, would not be 

compromised by the proposed development because of the small area proposed for the 

works and because of the fact that the available habitat within the region is so extensive. 

65





No area of habitat for Stictonetta naevosa is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of potential habitat for Stictonetta naevosa in the 

region, covers thousands of hectares, therefore it is concluded that no significant area of 






in the fragmentation of the total area of potential habitat of this species in the region. This 

habitat is almost continuously distributed along the floodplains of the Hawkesbury River 

system and lower areas of the central coast. The area to be affected by the proposed 

development is totally unsuitable habitat. 












The species habitat is inadequately conserved in national parks. Some 

protection is afforded by Dharug National Park and Brisbane Water National Park, and in a 

few nature reserves within its range. However, most of its potential habitat in the region is on 

private property along the Hawkesbury River system and on the central coast. 










The records of Stictonetta naevosa from the site are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. This species is widely distributed throughout the inland areas of NSW 

and Vic, southern Queensland, eastern South Australia, Tasmania and south-western 

Western Australia. 

66


Eight-part Test Assessment for Lophoictinia isura 


Lophoictinia isura (Square-tailed Kite) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. This species was not detected on the site, and no habitat considered suitable 

for the species is present here either, although with such a wide-ranging species it really 

could be observed anywhere on the central coast at times. 

This species is usually solitary in habits and when present in an area may be hard to detect 

due to the low numbers - a single bird requires a huge territory size of many square 

kilometres making it a naturally rare or very uncommon species. It may be absent from parts 

of its range for extended periods and this also can make detection difficult. It is mainly a 

sedentary and partly migratory species that tends to leave the northern part of its range at 

about the driest part of the Dry Season, to breed in the south from about July to October. It 

then leaves the south around April, to head back in the northern part of its range following the 

Wet Season - arriving back at the period of maximum vegetation growth and food abundance. 

During the breeding season, small (probably related) groups or single pairs of birds may 

inhabit a suitable area for extended periods. Square-tailed Kites feed mainly on nestling birds, 

but also take a variety of invertebrates and lizards. It inhabits a wide variety of vegetation 

communities including heathland, woodland, dry and wet sclerophyll forests, even tropical 

and subtropical rainforests. Square-tailed Kites are most prevalent in coastal and subcoastal 

areas, and less so in drier inland areas of low woodland. They usually prefer well-timbered 

areas of open Eucalyptus forest and Dry Woodland along the smaller watercourses in open or 

hilly areas, and are also known from mountainous or gorge country as well. This species only 

rarely reaches the Sydney bioregion, apparently in response to severe drought conditions 

elsewhere. The site of the proposed development does not represent either breeding or prime 

foraging habitat for this species, although the species could occasionally be observed flying 

over the forested sandstone ranges in the general region. 

Information on the biology of Lophoictinia isura may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Barnard, H.G. (1934); Bedggood, G.W. (1960); Blakers, M., Davies, 

S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); Clancy, G.P. (1980); Debus, S.J.S. (1983); Debus, S.J.S. 

(1990); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); Hitchcock, W.B. and 

McKean, J.L. (1969); Johnston, D.M. (1983); McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. (1989); Morris, 

A.K., McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. (1981); Morris, F.T. (1976); Olsen, P.D. (1993); Pizzey, G. 

(1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); Ramsay, E.P. (1876); Schodde, R. and 

Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) (1986); Schulz, M. (1983); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); 

Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986); Weick, F. (1980). 








occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential breeding trees (or 

any other significant native trees) are to be cleared. As this species feeds on an abundant 

food resource in the region, no loss of food or foraging habitat will occur in the region either. 

We therefore consider that the population of Lophoictinia isura that utilises the region would 





Lophoictinia isura has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of the population of Lophoictinia isura in the area, would not be compromised by the 

67


proposed development because of the small area proposed for the works (which has already 

been cleared of old-growth trees years ago anyway), and because of the fact that the 

available habitat within the region is so extensive. 




No area of habitat for Lophoictinia isura is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Lophoictinia isura in the region, covers 

thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected in several major National 

Parks and Reserves. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat is to 







habitat is almost continuously distributed throughout the region. The area to be affected by 

the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat. 












The species is adequately conserved in many national parks, and in several 


in the Blue Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, Yengo National Park, Morton 

National Park, Kanangra-Boyd National Park, Dharug National Park, Ku-ring-Chase National 

Park, Parr National Park and Brisbane Water National Park as well as water catchment lands 

and even most State Forests within the region. The combined area of habitat already 

reserved for this species is at least in the order of many tens of thousands of hectares. 










The site of the proposed development is not at the limit of the species’ 

distribution. The species is widely known from across northern, eastern, central, western and 

south-eastern Australia. 

68


Eight-part Test Assessment for Calyptorhynchus lathami 


Calyptorhynchus lathami (Glossy Black Cockatoo) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 

(1995) as VULNERABLE. This species was not detected on the site, but suitable habitat for 

the species occurs in the area of Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland on the more 

elevated parts of the subject property. Additionally known food trees for this species are 

present in the area of the proposed development. This species’ habitat is widespread on the 

subject property and potential breeding habitat also occurs there. However, no development 

is proposed for any part of its primary habitat. In the general area of the proposed 

development, habitat for this species is also currently well protected in most regional National 

Parks. 

This species has been recorded from Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and 

Queensland. Its present-day range has remained largely unchanged from historical records 

last century, but populations have fluctuated as parts of its habitat were cleared for 

agriculture. Its main habitats are open woodlands and forests and usually populations are 

localised and fairly sedentary unless forced to range further afield due to disturbances such 

as fire and drought. The seeds extracted from the fruit of Allocasuarina torulosa and A. 

littoralis are the main food items consumed by Glossy Black Cockatoos, but the species has 

also been recorded feeding on the fruit of Angophora spp., and during the breeding season, 

beetle larvae are extracted from the trunks of Allocasuarinas and possibly other trees. The 

species has also been recorded feeding occasionally upon Hakeas, Acacias and some 

Eucalyptus spp. In captivity, it will also consume sunflower seeds, and this has also been 

observed in disturbed habitats near Sydney. Usually only single birds or pairs are observed, 

but sometimes small groups form during early morning when up to around 20 at a time may 

loosely gather together such as around a waterhole or grove of suitable feeding trees. Its 

dependence upon the fruit of just a couple of species of trees is the main reason why it is 

regarded as a vulnerable species. Its status is a matter of some debate, although few would 

doubt that it does appear to have declined in the inland part of its range. The main population 

along the Great Dividing Range is still reasonably common overall, and its habitat is well 

represented in most National Parks along east coastal Australia. There are numerous records 

from the Sydney Basin bioregion, and within the general region of the proposed development, 

it is frequently reported. 

Information on the biology of Calyptorhynchus lathami may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Adams, M., Baverstock, P.R., Saunders, D.A., Schodde, R. 

and Smith, G.T. (1984); Baird, R.F. (1986); Barrett, C.L. (1949); Bedford, 12th Duke of 

(1928); Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); Cayley, N.W. (1933); Cayley, 

N.W. (1938); Cleland, J.B. and Sims, E.B. (1968); Clout, M. (1990); Courtney, J. (1986); 

Crome, F.H.J. and Shields, J. (1992); Eastman, J. and Hunt, J. (1966); Flegg, J. and 

Longmore, N.W. (1994); Forshaw, J.M. (1969); Forshaw, J.M. (1969); Forshaw, J.M. (1973); 

Forshaw, J.M. (1978); Forshaw, J.M. (1981); Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); Hallstrom, E.J.L. 

(1954); Hawkeswood, T.J. (1997); Hyem, E.L. (1933); Jenkins, V. (1973); Joseph, L. (1982); 

Joseph, L. (1983); Joseph, L. (1989); Joseph, L. (1990); Joseph, L. (1992); Lendon, A.H. 

(1946); Lendon, A.H. (1968); Low, R. (1984); Low, R. (1986); Low, R. (1988); McAllan, I.A.W. 

and Bruce, M.D. (1989); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. (1981); Muller, K.A. 

(1974); Parker, S.A. (1982); Pierce, R. (1984); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, 

G. (1999); Pratt, E.K. (1979); Roberts, P.E. (1993); Rolls, E.C. (1979); Salvadori, T. (1891); 

Schodde, R. and Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) (1986); Schodde, R., Mason, I.J., and Wood, J.T. 

(1993); Sharrock, R.E. and Purnell, J. (1981); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. 

(1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986); Smith, G.T. (1979); Wells, R.W. and 

Wellington, R.C. (1992). 




Although this species has not been detected on the site of the proposed 

development, there is marginally suitable habitat on the site in regards to foraging needs. 

69


However, as the few Allocasuarina torulosa food trees present will not be removed, no impact 

on the life cycle of Calyptorhynchus lathami is expected. As the rest of habitat to be used by 

the proposed development is mostly unsuitable for the species, and the level of disturbance 

of the proposed development is so small, no loss of reproductive or foraging habitat would 

likely occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential breeding 

trees (or any other significant native trees) are to be cleared. As this species feeds on an 


region either. We therefore consider that any population of Calyptorhynchus lathami that 

utilises the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the proposed 

development. 




Calyptorhynchus lathami has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Calyptorhynchus lathami in the area, would not be 






No area of habitat for the Glossy Black Cockatoo is to be modified or 

removed by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Calyptorhynchus 

lathami in the region, covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already 

protected in several major National Parks and Reserves. Therefore it is concluded that no 








the proposed development is mostly unsuitable habitat, and no further clearing of tree cover 

will occur as a result of the development. In fact, the proponents intend replanting parts of the 

cleared area of the property with this species’ food tree (Allocasuarina torulosa), so the 

development will likely reduce existing fragmentation of the habitat. 














in the Blue Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, Yengo National Park, Morton 

70


National Park, Brisbane Water National Park, Kanangra-Boyd National Park, Dharug National 

Park, Popran National Park and Watagan National Park as well as water catchment lands 

and even most State Forests. The combined area of habitat already reserved for this species 

is at least in the order of many tens of thousands of hectares by any reasonable estimate. 










The Glossy Black Cockatoo records from the Central Coast region are not at 

the limit of the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from eastern Victoria, most 

of eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Lathamus discolor 


Lathamus discolor (Swift Parrot) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

ENDANGERED. This species lives mainly in sub-tropical and temperate open eucalyptus 

forest, but will also utilise a variety of exotic trees in parks and gardens in some urban areas, 

particularly in Tasmania. Swift Parrots feed mainly on the nectar of summer-flowering 

Eucalyptus globulus in eastern Tasmania. Winter-flowering Eucalypts such as the Red 

Ironbark (E. sideroxylon), Swamp Gum (E. ovata), White Box (E. albens and E. leucoxylon) 

are the preferred food source on the mainland, but a number of other species can also be 

utilised. On the central coast north of Sydney this species utilised flowering Swamp 

Mahogany until much of this habitat disappeared with clearing. This species will also 

consume a variety of soft bodied insects, as well as lerps and the honeydew secretions of 

Psyllids, some seeds, berries and even soft leaves, plant stems and exotic fruits such as 

plums and apricots. The winter-flowering Eucalypts that are the preferred food source on the 

mainland have been heavily logged in south-eastern Australia, so it is likely that Swift Parrots 

are now heavily dependent on only remnant patches of these trees over much of the 

mainland. Vigorous replanting of the appropriate food tree species should be undertaken 

throughout the species range if its long-term survival is to be encouraged. It is a gregarious 

species by nature and sometimes it can be seen in close association with flocks of lorikeets 

feeding in the same trees. It is mainly a species of the uppermost branches or canopies of 

trees, but it cautiously descends to the ground to drink. 

Vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species are Coastal Narrabeen Moist 

Forest, Redgum Rough-barked Apple Forest, Hunter Lowlands Red Gum Forest, Coastal 

Plains Smooth-barked Apple Woodland, and Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath. 

It was not detected on the site, nor was any habitat suitable for this species present at the site 

of the proposed development. Potential habitat for this species occurs in parts of Ourimbah 

Creek valley because even in their now much disturbed states are still marginally suitable as 

foraging habitat. Suitable foraging habitat also occurs in the area of Sydney Sandstone 

Ridgetop Woodland on the upper elevations of the subject property itself as well. However, 

no disturbance of this part of the property will occur as a result of the proposed development. 

Although this is not really a rare species (in fact it may be quite common in some areas), its 

suitable habitat on mainland Australia has been significantly reduced since European 

colonization. Swift Parrots breed only in Tasmania, but they overwinter by migrating north to 

the mainland. In the region of the proposal, habitat for this species is widely protected in the 

region’s major reserves such as Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, 

Wyrrabalong National Park, Wollemi National Park, Dharug National Park and Marramarra 

National Park. There are no recent records from the local area in the NSW National Parks 

and Wildlife Service database, although it has been occasionally observed on the central 

71


coast by naturalists intermittently over the years. It is known from around the Morisett – 

Merewether area, North Arm Cove, Cooranbong, Toronto, Warners Bay, Swansea, Dudley, 

Teralba, Gosford, Wollemi National Park, Tahlee, and Ellalong Lagoon. 

Information on the biology of Lathamus discolor may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Adams, M., Baverstock, P.R., Saunders, D.A., Schodde, R. and Smith, 

G.T. (1984); Ashby, E. (1914); Barrett, C.L. (1949); Bedford, 12th Duke of (1928); Bedford, 

12th Duke of (1937); Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); Brown, P.B. 

(1989); Brown, P.B. (1990); Cayley, N.W. (1933); Cayley, N.W. (1938); Cole, C.F. (19(19); 

Cole, C.F. (1920); Crome, F.H.J. and Shields, J. (1992); Eastman, J. and Hunt, J. (1966); 

Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Forshaw, J.M. (1969); Forshaw, J.M. (1969); Forshaw, 

J.M. (1973); Forshaw, J.M. (1978); Forshaw, J.M. (1981); Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); Gorp, L. 

van (1982); Hamilton, W. (1928); Hindwood, K.A. and Sharland, M. (1964); Ipsen, J.C. 

(1938); Jarman, H.E.A. (1938); Jenkins, V. (1973); Legge, R.W. (1929); Lendon, A.H. (1939); 

Lendon, A.H. (1968); Low, R. (1984); Low, R. (1986); Low, R. (1988); McAllan, I.A.W. and 

Bruce, M.D. (1989); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. (1981); Pizzey, G. (1980); 

Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); Roberts, P.E. (1993); Salvadori, T. (1891); Schodde, R. 

and Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) (1986); Schumacher, J. (1975); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. 

(1993); Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986); Smith, G.T. (1979); 

Tavistock, H.W.S.R. (1937); Thomas, D.G. (1970); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. (1992). 




This species has not been detected on the property and the lack of suitable 

habitat on the site of the proposed development makes its presence there unlikely as well. As 

the habitat to be used by the proposed development is quite unsuitable, and the level of 

disturbance of the proposed development is so small, no loss of foraging habitat would occur 

in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential feeding trees are to be 

cleared. As this species feeds on an abundant food resource in the region, no loss of food or 

foraging habitat will occur in the region either. We therefore consider that the population of 

Lathamus discolor that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any 





Lathamus discolor has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Lathamus discolor that may visit the area, would not be 






No area of habitat for Lathamus discolor is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Lathamus discolor in the region, 

covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected in several major 

National Parks and Reserves. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of known 





72





the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat. 












In the Sydney Basion bioregion, the species’ habitat is adequately conserved 

in Royal National Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton National Park, Garigal National 

Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Nattai NR, Brisbane 

Water National Park, Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, Wyrrabalong National 

Park, Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal SRA, Blue Mountains National 

Park, Dharug National Park, and Yengo National Park. Additionally the species’ habitat also 

occurs in a number of State Forests and Water Catchment areas. The combined area of 

habitat already reserved for this species is at least in the order of many tens of thousands of 

hectares by any reasonable estimate. 










The records of Lathamus discolor from the site are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. The Swift Parrot is found seasonally throughout much of south-eastern 

Australia, from about Mackay, Qld through eastern NSW, most of Victoria, the Bass Strait 

islands, Tasmania and south-eastern SA to about Adelaide. Nowadays, in the non-breeding 

season, the majority of the birds concentrate in only a few areas of southern Victoria and 

nomadically follow flowering patterns northwards in some years. Breeding is confined to 

Tasmania and a few islands in Bass Strait. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Neophema pulchella 


Neophema pulchella (Turquoise Parrot) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, nor was any habitat present that could be 

regarded as prime for this species. The site could however be regarded as being marginally 

suitable due to its proximity to more suitable habitat upslope. It usually prefers open woodland 

in rocky areas, with a good ground cover of native grasses. Native grass cover in the area of 

the proposed development is non-existent due to the wetter vegetation communities present, 

and thus represents unsuitable habitat for this parrot. However, possible habitat for this 

species occurs in the area of Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland on the higher elevations 

73


of the subject property, but even here the habitat must be regarded as being of only marginal 

value. 

While this is not really a rare species, it is sparsely distributed over south-eastern Australia, 

tending prefer the drier inland areas west of the Great Dividing Range. It occurs mainly in the 

central and south-west Tablelands of New South Wales, and marginally into the adjacent 

areas of northern Victoria and southern Queensland as well. It reaches parts of coastal NSW 

by following river corridors like the Hunter Valley. The Turquise Parrot very nearly became 

extinct in the early years of the 20 th century when an unexplained population crash occurred, 

but nowadays it appears to have recovered. In the region of the proposal, habitat for this 

species is nevertheless widely protected in all of the region’s major reserves – although no 

significant areas of habitat exist on the central coast when compared with that of its core 

range. 

As mentioned above, this is mainly an inhabitant of the drier or more inland mountains and 

slopes of the Great Dividing Range, being far less prevalent in the higher rainfall parts of the 

east coast. This is a partly nomadic species, that was once very common around Sydney, 

and after a period of rarity is again being recorded more regularly in the region. Around the 

Sydney area, it ranges patchily from the Hunter Valley through parts of the Central Coast and 

the Cumberland Plain and down to about the Nowra area. It is nearly always found in drier 

areas near permanent fresh watercourses, and it may be observed foraging in areas of native 

grassland amongst dry scleophyll forest and open woodland. This is in effect an ecotonal 

species. Additionally, a range of disturbed situations such as open grassy paddocks, 

cultivated or orchard areas may be frequented if they are bordered by forested or wooded 

areas. In the general vicinity, very limited areas of grassland do occur, and such areas may 

present a marginal ecotonal situation with adjacent woodlands. Ourimbah Creek valley near 

the subject property appears to be marginally suitable, so one might expect to occasionally 

observe this species here. At best this could be utilised as marginal foraging habitat for this 

species, but as no habitat suitable for this parrot is to be affected by the proposed 

development, no impact can be expected. 

Information on the biology of Neophema pulchella may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Adams, M., Baverstock, P.R., Saunders, D.A., Schodde, R. and Smith, 

G.T. (1984); Baker, W. (1953); Barrett, C.L. (1949); Bedford, 12th Duke of (1928); Beruldsen, 

G.R. (1980); Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); Cayley, N.W. (1926); 

Cayley, N.W. (1933); Cayley, N.W. (1938); Chaffer, N. and Miller, G. (1946); Chisholm, A.H. 

(1967); Crome, F.H.J. and Shields, J. (1992); Eastman, J. and Hunt, J. (1966); Flegg, J. and 

Longmore, N.W. (1994); Forshaw, J.M. (1969); Forshaw, J.M. (1969); Forshaw, J.M. (1973); 

Forshaw, J.M. (1978); Forshaw, J.M. (1981); Frith, H.J. (1952); Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); 

Gravatt, D. (1973); Harvey, S. (1927); Harvey, S. (1931); Heumann, G.A. (1927); Hunt, A.C. 

(1959); Jack, N.M. (1978); Jarman, H.E.A. (1973); Lendon, A.H. (1968); LeSouef, A.S. 

(1924); Low, R. (1984); Low, R. (1986); Low, R. (1988); McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. 

(1989); Miller, R. (1971); Morris, A.K. (1980); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. 

(1981); Morse, B.S. and Sullivan, C. (1930); North, A.J. (1915); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. 

(1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); Roberts, P.E. (1993); Salvadori, T. (1891); Schodde, R. and 

Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) (1986); Seth-Smith, D. (1931); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); 

Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986); Smith, G.T. (1979); Tavistock, 

H.W.S.R. (1929); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. (1992). 





and strictly speaking, the lack of suitable habitat on the site makes its presence there most 

unlikely as well. As the habitat to be used by the proposed development is totally unsuitable, 

the level of disturbance of the proposed development is so small that no loss of reproductive 

or foraging habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No 

potential breeding trees (or any other significant native trees) are to be cleared. As this 

species would feed on an abundant food resource in the region, no loss of food or foraging 

74


habitat will occur in the region either. We therefore consider that the population of Neophema 

pulchella that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance 





Neophema pulchella has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of the population of Neophema pulchella in the area, would not be compromised by 

the proposed development because of the small area of the property proposed for the works 

and the lack of suitable habitat at the site. 




No area of habitat for Neophema pulchella is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Neophema pulchella in the region, 

although patchy, does potentially cover thousands of hectares. Therefore it is concluded that 

no significant area of known habitat is to be modified or removed by the proposed 

development. 






habitat is almost continuously distributed throughout the region although it is primarily more 

inland than the subject site. Suitable habitat for Neophema pulchella on the coastal lowlands 

is very patchy and small in extent. The area to be affected by the proposed development is 

nevertheless totally unsuitable habitat. 












Within the Sydney Basin Bioregion, this species’ habitat is adequately 

conserved in Royal National Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton National Park, Garigal 

National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Nattai NR, 

Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi 

National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal SRA, Blue Mountains National Park, Dharug 

National Park, Yengo National Park, and Lane Cove National Park. Additionally the species 

also occurs in a number of State Forests and Water Catchment areas. The combined area of 

habitat already reserved for this species across its range is at least in the order of many tens 

of thousands of hectares by any reasonable estimate. 

75











The records of Neophema pulchella from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. This species ranges from south-eastern Queensland, through the drier 

coastal parts, slopes and mid-west of eastern New South Wales and into northern Victoria. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Ninox connivens 


Ninox connivens (Barking Owl) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, nor is any habitat that could be regarded as 

being primary present either. Possible habitat for this species however occurs in the area of 

Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland on the higher elevations of the subject property, so it 

is not inconceivable that this species may forage over the site of the proposed development. 

This species is becoming increasingly rare and is nowadays seldom observed on the Central 

Coast and throughout much of its overall distribution. Barking Owls tend to be solitary birds, 

but pairs may live together over a number of seasons. They tend to move over large 

distances from preferred habitat following fires or storms, but they will usually remain within a 

discrete territory for long periods if the conditions are favourable. Their main habitat of open 

woodland is usually within close proximity to a permanent stream such as a river, but 

elsewhere they may be quite sparsely distributed. The site of the proposed development is 

not considered to be primary habitat for this species, and at best might be regarded as 

marginal. 

Its principal habitat is in dry eucalypt woodlands, tall savanna woodlands and open eucalypt 

forest on plains, low ranges and foothills. Barking Owls are often found along the forested 

verges of inland river systems, such as the Murray-Darling System but are much less 

common in the drier inland areas and is absent from the shrublands of semi-arid and arid 

interior regions. Around the Sydney bioregion they are sparsely distributed, tending to be 

more common in the less settled parts of the north-western region such as the Colo Heights 

to Singleton area and further east to include large parts of the drier areas of the central coast. 

The site of the proposed development does not represent breeding habitat for this species, 

but as the species is a well-known inhabitant of the drier ranges to the west and north-west of 

the subject property it could be expected to forage widely over the entire region. The 

proposed development at the site however, would have no effect on this species. 

Information on the biology of Ninox connivens may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Attiwill, A.R. (1949); Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. 

(1984); Fleay, D.H. (1934); Fleay, D.H. (1940); Fleay, D.H. (1942); Flegg, J. and Longmore, 

N.W. (1994); Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); Glauert, L. (1928); Heathcote, W. (1933); Heathcote, 

W. (1933); Innes, H.H. (1931); Johnston, T.H. and Mawson, P.M. (1941); LeSouef, W.H.D. 

(1902); Love, J.R.B. (1946); Mathews, G.M. and Neumann, O. (1939); McAllan, I.A.W. and 

Bruce, M.D. (1989); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. (1981); Parker, S.A. (1977); 

Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); Ramsay, E.P. (1887); Roberts, P.E. 

(1993); Rolls, E.C. (1979); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) (1986); Simpson, 

K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986); 

Zillman, E.E. (1964). 

76






and the lack of suitable habitat on the site makes its presence there unlikely as well. Although 

the habitat to be affected by the proposed development cannot be considered as typical for 

this species, it does however present some value. Although there are no potential breeding 

trees present on the site, some trees may be suitable for rosting or foraging purposes, but this 

would be restricted to only a small number of the largest Eucalypts and none of these are to 

be removed. Additionally, the level of disturbance of the proposed development is so small 

that no loss of reproductive or foraging habitat would occur in the region as a result of this 

proposal. We therefore consider that any population of Ninox connivens that may utilise the 





Ninox connivens has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Ninox connivens in the area, would not be compromised by the 


been cleared of all old-growth trees years ago anyway), and because of the fact that the 

available habitat elsewhere within the region is so extensive. 




No area of habitat for Ninox connivens is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Ninox connivens in the region, covers 

thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected in several major National 

Parks and Reserves. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat is to 







habitat is almost continuously distributed throughout the region, although it is much more 

extensive in the drier more inland parts of the Central Coast. The area to be affected by the 

proposed development is considered non-prime habitat, and no significant clearing of tree 

cover will occur as a result of the development. 









77





This species is adequately conserved in many national parks, and in several 

other reserves within its east coastal range. In the Sydney Basin bioregion its habitat is also 

extensively reserved in the Royal National Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton National 

Park, Garigal National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, Muogamarra Nature Reserve, 

Nattai NR, Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, 

Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal SRA, Blue Mountains National Park, 

Dharug National Park, Yengo National Park, and even in Lane Cove National Park. 

Additionally the species also occurs in a number of State Forests and Water Catchment 

areas. The combined area of habitat already reserved for this species is at least in the order 

of many tens of thousands of hectares by any reasonable estimate. 










The records of Ninox connivens from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. This species ranges over a large part of eastern, northern and western 

Australia, and is also known from New Guinea and eastern Indonesia. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Ninox strenua 


Ninox strenua (Powerful Owl) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as VULNERABLE. 

It was not detected on the site, nor is any habitat that could be regarded as being primary 

present either. Possible habitat for this species however could occur in the deeply incised 

gullies of the subject property and similar parts of surrounding areas, so it is not inconceivable 

that this species may occasionally forage over the site of the proposed development. 

This species usually lives in a range of denser woodlands, tall eucalypt forest, including 

rainforests in the ranges and foothills of the eastern parts of the (higher rainfall) Great 

Dividing Range and adjacent forested coastal areas. In NSW most sites inhabited by this 

species are within about 200 km of the coastline. Powerful Owls move over large distances in 

their foraging and there is little doubt that this species might occasionally utilise the habitats in 

the near vicinity of the proposal. They tend to pair-bond for life and once established in 

suitable habitat each pair needs about 1000 hectares of undisturbed natural habitat to 

survive. Hence they tend to be sparsely distributed through an area. Although they forage 

over large areas, as adults they are quite sedentary, remaining in a favoured area for many 

years. In the region of the proposal, habitat for this species is protected in Watagan National 

Park, Dharug National Park, Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, Yengo 

National Park. It also occurs in most of the State Forests and water catchment lands of the 

central coast. 

Although it is by no means a common species, it still occurs around the Sydney bioregion in 

moderate numbers, where individuals may even persist in some forested gullies that are 

completely surrounded by suburbia. During the day, they tend to roost in areas of denser 

forest such as rainforest and amongst the wet sclerophyll forest canopies of deep gullies and 

valleys, and then forage over more lowland eucalypt forests such as Swamp Mahogany and 

other coastal communities during the night. The site of the proposed development in its 

78


present state does not represent either breeding or significant foraging habitat for this 

species, but the species is a well-known inhabitant of the region. In our opinion the proposed 

development at the Site would have no significant effect on this species’ presence in the area. 

Information on the biology of Ninox strenua may be found by consulting the following selected 

references: Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); Chafer, C.J. (1992); 

Dawson, J. (1875); Debus, S.J.S. and Chafer, C.J. (1994); Favaloro, N.J. (1946); Fleay, D.H. 

(1928); Fleay, D.H. (1928); Fleay, D.H. (1944); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Frith, 

H.J. (Editor) (1976); Garnett, S.T. (1990); Hawkeswood, T.J. (1997); Johnston, T.H. and Best, 

E.W. (1943); Kavanagh, R.P. (1988); Kavanagh, R.P. (1992); Kavanagh, R.P. and Peake, P. 

(1989); Learmonth, N.F. (1948); Lord, E.A.R. (1946); Lord, E.A.R. (1946); McAllan, I.A.W. 

and Bruce, M.D. (1989); McCutcheon, A.O. (1976); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. 

(1981); Pavey, C.R. (1992); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); Roberts, 

P.E. (1993); Rolls, E.C. (1979); Schodde, R. (1977); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, S.C. 

(Editors) (1986); Seebeck, J.H. (1976); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. 

(1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986); Tilley, S. (1982); Van Dyck, S.M. and 

Gibbons, D. (1980). 





but marginally suitable habitat elsewhere on the subject property makes its presence there 

possible at least while foraging. The level of disturbance of the proposed development is so 

small that no loss of reproductive or foraging habitat would occur in the region as a result of 

this proposal. No potential breeding trees (or any other significant roosting trees) are to be 

cleared, and as this species feeds on an abundant food resource in the region, no loss of 

food or foraging habitat will occur in the region either. We therefore consider that any 

population of Ninox strenua that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of 





Ninox strenua has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of the population of Ninox strenua in the area, would not be compromised by the 


been cleared of old-growth trees years ago anyway), and because the available habitat within 

the region is so extensive and well-protected by the existing reserve system. 




No area of habitat for Ninox strenua is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known primary habitat of Ninox strenua in the region, 









habitat is widely distributed throughout the region. The area to be affected by the proposed 

79


development may only be regarded as marginally suitable habitat, and no significant clearing 

of tree cover will occur as a result of the development. 












The species’ habitat is adequately conserved in numerous reserves in the 

Sydney Basin bioregion, in particular Royal National Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton 

National Park, Garigal National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, Muogamarra Nature 

Reserve, Nattai NR, Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Marramarra 

National Park, Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal SRA, Blue Mountains 

National Park, Dharug National Park, Yengo National Park, Watagan National Park and Lane 

Cove National Park. Additionally the species also occurs in a number of State Forests and 

Water Catchment areas. The combined area of habitat already reserved for this species is at 

least in the order of many tens of thousands of hectares by any reasonable estimate. 










The records of Ninox strenua from the central coast are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. It ranges from south-eastern Queensland, through eastern New South 

Wales and into southern and south-western Victoria. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Tyto capensis 


Tyto capensis (Grass Owl) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as VULNERABLE. It 

was not detected on the site, nor was any potential habitat for this species detected in the 

general area. Its principal habitats are thick native grasslands in open woodland situations, as 

well as the dense sedge verges of marshes and swamps. Croplands adjacent to wooded 

areas are also occupied in some areas also. As this species usually requires extensive areas 

of undisturbed native grassland or lignum swamp as habitats, it would not be found in the 

area of the proposal. It might be expected to occur in the general area periodically when 

moving between areas of prime habitat elsewhere, but in the region of the proposal, habitat 

for this species is sparse to non-existent. The region’s major reserves may have some areas 

suitable for Grass Owls, but most of its habitat occurs on private land. Most observations on 

this species in the Sydney Basin area are likely stray individuals foraging closer to the coast 

because of unfavourable conditions inland. 

80


There are two distinct populations of this species in Australia, one across much of inland 

Queensland and north-eastern Northern Territory and the other down the coast of eastern 

Queensland and into north-eastern New South Wales to about the Manning River district. 

Elsewhere the species is patchy in its occurrence due its erratic wanderings following the 

expansion and contraction of rodent populations. Grass Owl records are scarce south of the 

north-eastern parts of New South Wales. It is principally a nomadic species that occurs locally 

more as isolated vagrants forming loose communities, than as populations. Massive 

population crashes may occur in some areas following the decline of rodent plagues. 

Breeding south of Harrington, NSW is unknown. This is a very rare species in the southern 

more temperate part of its range, but it is fairly common in the subtropics and much more so 

in the tropics. The site of the proposed development does not represent either breeding or 

foraging habitat for this species. The proposed development at the site would have no effect 

on this species’ presence in the area. 

Information on the biology of Tyto capensis may be found by consulting the following selected 

references: Amadon, D. and Jewett, S.G. (1946); Beste, H. (1982); Blakers, M., Davies, 

S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); Brooker, M.G. (1976); Cox, J.B. (1976); Estbergs, J.A., 

Garstone, R. and Hertog, A. (1978); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Frith, H.J. (Editor) 

(1976); Glauert, L. (1945); Gray, J.M. (1933); McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. (1989); Morris, 

A.K., McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. (1981); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. 

(1999); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) (1986); Serventy, V.N. and Raymond, R. 

(1974); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and 

Slater, R. (1986); Stone, A.C. (1917); Stresemann, E. (1941). 








habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No loss of food or 

foraging habitat will occur in the region either. We therefore consider that any population of 

Tyto capensis that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any 





Tyto capensis has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Tyto capensis that may occur in the area, would not be 


works and because of the fact that none of this species known habitat within the region will be 

affected. 




No area of habitat for Tyto capensis is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of potential and known habitat of Tyto capensis in the 

region athough small is already protected in several major National Parks and Reserves. 

Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat is to be modified or 

removed by the proposed development. 

81






in the fragmentation of the total area of preferred habitat of this species in the area. The 

preferred habitat of the Grass Owl on the central coast is almost totally confined to a few 

patches north and east of Wyong and is well isolated from virtually all disturbances. The area 

to be affected by the proposed development is not this species’ habitat, and indeed is totally 

unsuitable habitat. 













other reserves within its east coastal range. Its preferred habitat is poorly protected on the 

central coast however. 










The records of Tyto capensis from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. Grass Owls occur in parts of Africa, India, throughout much of Asia 

including China, across Indonesia, New Guinea, parts of the South West Pacific and over 

most of northern and eastern Australia to as far south as Victoria. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Tyto novaehollandiae 


Tyto novaehollandiae (Masked Owl) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, nor is there any suitable breeding habitat on 

the property. Its principal habitat is dry eucalypt woodlands, tall savanna woodlands and open 

eucalypt forest on plains, low ranges and foothills. Masked Owls are often found along the 

open forested verges of river systems, and also occur in the drier inland of parts of southern 

Australia. In eastern Australia they also inhabit the tall open forests and mountainous country 

and hinterland of the Great Dividing Range, where they may also roost in larger tree hollows, 

in caves and even large rock crevices. In the Sydney bioregion they are sparsely distributed, 

tending to be more common in the less settled parts of the north-western region such as the 

Wollomi National Park, the Colo Heights to the Singleton area and across to parts of the 

central coast. In the area of the proposed development, potential habitat for this species 

82


occurs in the area of Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland on the more elevated parts of 

the subject property and surrounding lands. Masked Owls also tend to occupy habitats of 

denser coastal forest and woodland than the conditions occurring in the area of the proposal. 

However there are records of this species in the general region where suitable habitat does 

occur and although sparse the records indicate that a permanent population does exist in the 

area. Accordingly, it is possible that this species could be expected to periodically utilise the 

area for at least foraging purposes or as a refuge following fires. 

Habitat for this species is widely protected in the region’s major reserves. 

This is a sedentary species that may occupy a favoured site for many years, with each owl 

requiring an area of around 500 hectares. As implied above, the site of the proposed 

development does not represent breeding habitat for this species, but the species is usually 

an inhabitant of the more open wooded areas in the region, so could potentially utilise most 

parts of the region periodically for foraging purposes. The proposed development at the site 

would likely have no effect on this species feeding requirements as any disturbance would be 

in a very limited area and result in minimal impact to the site’s vegetation. 

Information on the biology of Tyto novaehollandiae may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); D'Ombrain, E.A. 

(1903); Debus, S.J.S. (1993); Debus, S.J.S. and Rose, A.B. (1994); Elliott, A.J. (1935); Fleay, 

D.H. (1949); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Ford, J.R. (1968); Frith, H.J. (Editor) 

(1976); Glauert, L. (1929); Mason, I.J. (1983); McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. (1989); 

Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. (1981); Munday, B.L. (1983); Pizzey, G. (1980); 

Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); Roberts, G.J. (1983); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, S.C. 

(Editors) (1986); Sharland, M.S.R. (1947); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. 

(1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986). 




Although the site may conceivably be utilized for foraging purposes on 

occasions, the lack of mature undisturbed forest would indicate that the site has only marginal 

habitat value for this species. This species has not been detected on the site of the proposed 

development and a lack of suitable habitat on the site makes its presence there unlikely as 

well. The habitat to be used by the proposed development is not prime for this species, and 

the level of disturbance of the proposed development is so small that no loss of reproductive 

or foraging habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposal. No potential breeding 

trees (or any other significant roost trees) are to be cleared. As this species feeds on an 


region either. We therefore consider that the population of Tyto novaehollandiae that utilises 


development. 




Tyto novaehollandiae has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Tyto novaehollandiae in the area, would not be compromised by 

the proposed development because of the small area proposed for the works (which has 

already been cleared of old-growth trees years ago anyway), and because of the fact that the 

available habitat elsewhere within the region is so extensive. 

83





No significant area of habitat for Tyto novaehollandiae is to be modified or 

removed by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Tyto novaehollandiae 

in the region, covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected in 

several major National Parks and Reserves. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area 

of known habitat is to be modified or removed by the proposed development. 







the proposed development is considered unsuitable or at best marginal habitat, and no 

clearing of significant tree cover will occur as a result of the development. 












The species is adequately conserved in many national parks and in several 

other reserves within its east coastal range. Its habitat is also extensively reserved in the 

Sydney Basin Bioregion, mainly in Royal National Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton 


Reserve, Nattai NR, Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Marramarra 

National Park, Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal SRA, Blue Mountains 

National Park, Watagan National Park, Dharug National Park, and Yengo National Park. 

Additionally the species also occurs in a number of State Forests and Water Catchment 

areas. The combined area of habitat already reserved for this species is at least in the order 

of many tens of thousands of hectares by any reasonable estimate. 










The records of Tyto novaehollandiae from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. This species ranges over a large part of eastern, northern and western 

Australia, and is also known from New Guinea and eastern Indonesia. 

84


Eight-part Test Assessment for Tyto tenebricosa 


Tyto tenebricosa (Sooty Owl) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as VULNERABLE. 

It was not detected on the site, nor was any potential habitat for this species detected in the 

study area. The Sooty Owl is essentially restricted to sub-tropical and temperate rainforests 

and adjacent wet sclerophyll forest communities along the Great Dividing Range. It roosts in 

the hollows of large Eucalypts and under sheltered rock ledges. Sooty Owls tend to prefer 

habitats of more undisturbed and dense eucalypt forest and rainforest than any of the 

conditions occurring in the general area of the proposal. However there are records of this 

species in the general region where suitable habitat does occur and although sparse the 

records indicate that a permanent population exists in the area. They tend to be secretive and 

mate for life, and a pair will remain in an area of suitable habitat permanently. It is possible 

that this species could be expected to periodically utilise surrounding areas of habitat for at 

least foraging purposes or as a refuge following fires. Habitat for this species is protected in 

few National Parks or other Reserves on the Central Coast, but this is a very scarce species 

nowadays even in large areas of ideal undisturbed habitat. Watagan National Park provides 

some protection for large tracts of its preferred habitat, but even here the level of past 

disturbance from logging was significant. 

It has probably never been in large numbers in the Sydney bioregion due to the limited extent 

of its preferred undisturbed rainforest habitat, but its occurrence is well-known in some areas 

of rainforest on the central coast and adjacent ranges to the west. The site of the proposed 

development does not represent either breeding or foraging habitat for this species. The 

proposed development at the site would have no effect on this species’ presence in the area. 

Information on the biology of Tyto tenebricosa may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); Chafer, C.J. and 

Anderson, M. (1994); Debus, S.J.S. (1994); Flegg, J. and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Frith, H.J. 

(Editor) (1976); Howe, F.E. (1935); Kavanagh, R.P. and Peake, P. (1989); Loyn, R.H., Traill, 

B.J. and Triggs, B.E. (1986); Lundie-Jenkins, G. (1992); McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. 

(1989); Morris, A.K., McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. (1981); Pizzey, G. (1980); Pizzey, G. 

(1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); Roberts, P.E. (1993); Schodde, R. and Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) 

(1986); Simpson, K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. (1970); Slater, P., Slater, P. and 

Slater, R. (1986); Smith, P. (1984). 








habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposal. No potential breeding trees (or 

any other significant roost trees) are to be cleared from the site. We therefore consider that 

any population of Tyto tenebricosa that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a 





Tyto tenebricosa has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Tyto tenebricosa in the area, would not be compromised by the 

proposed development due to non-impact on any of its preferred habitat. The remaining 

preferred habitat within the region is already protected within the existing reserve system as 

well. 

85





No area of habitat for Tyto tenebricosa is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Tyto tenebricosa in the region, 

although fragmented potentially covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is 

already protected in several major National Parks and Reserves. Therefore it is concluded 

that no significant area of known habitat is to be modified or removed by the proposed 

development. 





in the fragmentation of the total area of preferred habitat of this species in the area. The site 

is regarded as having unsuitable habitat for this species. 













other reserves within its east coastal range. Its habitat is also extensively reserved within the 

Sydney Basin bioregion in Morton National Park, Wollemi National Park, Blue Mountains 

National Park, Dharug National Park, Watagan National Park and Yengo National Park. 

Additionally the species’ habitat also occurs in a number of State Forests and Water 

Catchment areas. 










The records of Tyto tenebricosa from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. This may be considered as a very restricted and rare species that lives 

only in eastern Australia, from south-eastern Queensland down eastern New South Wales 

and into northern and central Victoria. There is also an isolated race in the mountains of New 

Guinea but this is probably a separate species in its own right. 

86


Eight-part Test Assessment for Xanthomyza phrygia 


Xanthomyza phrygia (Regent Honeyeater) listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

ENDANGERED. It was not detected on the site, nor was any potential habitat for this species 

detected in the study area. Its principle habitat is temperate open forest and woodland, with 

flowering Red Ironbark, Yellow Gum, White Box, Yellow Box and Mistletoe on She-oaks along 

watercourses being favoured sources of nectar. Vegetation units identified on the central 

coast for this species are Coastal Wet Gully Forest, Alluvial Tall Moist Forest, Coastal 

Narrabeen Moist Forest, Sheltered Blue Gum Forest, Coastal Ranges Open Forest, Lower 

Hunter Spotted Gum-Ironbark Forest, Hunter Lowlands Redgum Forest, Hunter Range Grey 

Gum Forest, Sheltered Dry Hawkesbury Forest, Exposed Yellow Bloodwood Woodland, 

Coastal Plains Smooth-barked Apple Woodland, Coastal Plains Scribbly Gum Woodland, 

Redgum Rough-barked Apple Forest, Swamp Mahogany-Paperbark Forest, Sandstone 

Hanging Swamps, Swamp Oak Rushland Forest. Known locations for this species on the 

central coast are Wyee, Olney State Forest, Ellalong Lagoon, Tomago, Morisett, Mount 

Sugarloaf, Swansea South, and Dudley. 

Its dietary habits are fairly well known, having been observed feeding mainly on nectar in the 

foliage of the upper canopy of trees and on occasions consuming some orchard fruits (such 

as figs, grapes or plums) if nectar is in short supply. It also eats various species of 

arthropods. This was once an abundant species throughout its range, but the Regent 

Honeyeater is now in a state of decline everywhere. It once occurred in quite large flocks but 

it is now a rare event to sight more than a few birds at time. It would appear that past 

fragmentation of its habitat through clearing for agriculture has in places seriously interfered 

with the seasonality of nectar flow throughout the species' range. This has resulted in the 

remaining undisturbed habitats being richer in nectar than those subjected to disturbances 

like the partial or even total clearance of forest for agriculture. When one considers that 

Regent Honeyeaters are a nomadic species that need to follow the seasonal nectar flow for 

food, major losses of habitat in patches of its range could seriously disrupt normal movement 

patterns. This has meant that in some places, habitat that may be quite nectar-rich, may be 

under-utilized by this species because barriers of degraded habitat elsewhere in the range 

are effectively preventing population dispersal. None of of the dominant tree species of the 

Regent Honeyeater’s habitat - Red Ironbark, Yellow Box, and Yellow Gum - occur in the area 

of the proposal. However it is known to be a Spring-Summer breeding migrant in the Hunter 

River to Windsor area and the Central Coast, so it could be expected to periodically pass 

through the area of the proposal. The area’s major reserves have some areas marginally 

suitable for Regent Honeyeaters, but most of its habitat in the region occurs on private land. 

Information on the biology of Xanthomyza phrygia may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Anonymous (1992); Ashby, E. (1939); Basse, F. (1948); Blakers, M., 

Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984); Chaffer, N. (1931); Collison, F.L. (1959); Flegg, J. 

and Longmore, N.W. (1994); Francis, L.S. (1948); Francis, L.S. (1949); Franklin, D.C. and 

Webster, R. (1990); Franklin, D.L. and Menkhorst, P.W. (1988); Franklin, D.L., Menkhorst, 

P.W. and Robinson, J. (1987); Frith, H.J. (Editor) (1976); Incoll, E. (1981); Kaveney, M.T. 

(1958); Lewin, J.W. (1808); Mathews, G.M. (1910); McAllan, I.A.W. and Bruce, M.D. (1989); 

Mellor, J.W. (1919); Morgan, A.M. (1914); Morris, A.K. and Kurtz, N. (1982); Morris, A.K., 

McGill, A.R. and Holmes, G. (1981); North, A.J. (1896); Peters, D.E. (1979); Pizzey, G. 

(1980); Pizzey, G. (1991); Pizzey, G. (1999); Ramsay, E.P. (1866); Schodde, R. and 

Tidemann, S.C. (Editors) (1986); Shoobridge, F.B. (1932); Simpson, A.A. (1928); Simpson, 

K.N.G. and Day, N. (1993); Slater, P. (1974); Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1986). 







disturbance of the proposed development so small, no loss of reproductive or foraging habitat 

87


would occur in the region as a result of this proposal. We therefore consider that any 

population of Xanthomyza phrygia that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a 





Xanthomyza phrygia has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Xanthomyza phrygia in the area, would not be compromised by 

the proposed development because of the small area proposed for the works (which has 

already been cleared of old-growth trees years ago anyway), and because of the fact that no 

habitat considered suitable for this species exists on the site. 




No area of habitat for Xanthomyza phrygia is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Xanthomyza phrygia in the region 

is not precisely known, but it may potentially cover thousands of hectares and much of this 

area is already protected in several major National Parks and Reserves. Therefore it is 









clearing of tree cover will occur as a result of the development in any case. 













other reserves within its east coastal range. Habitat regarded as suitable for this species is 

also extensively reserved in the Sydney Basin bioregion within Royal National Park, 


National Park, Cockle Bay Nature Reserve, Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Nattai NR, 

Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi 

National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal SRA, Blue Mountains National Park, Dharug 

National Park, Yengo National Park, and Lane Cove National Park. Additionally the species’ 

habitat also occurs in a number of State Forests and Water Catchment areas. 

88











The records of Xanthomyza phrygia from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. This species was once found throughout south-eastern Australia, from 

about Adelaide in South Australia, across most of Victoria, eastern New South Wales and into 

south-east Queensland. It is now mainly found in a small part of Victoria and central-eastern 

New South Wales, with only infrequent occurrences in other parts of its former range. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Dasyurus maculatus 


Dasyurus maculatus (Spotted-tailed Quoll) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


detected in the study area. Nowadays, this species tends to be found in habitats of relatively 

undisturbed denser eucalypt forest and rainforest, particularly in association with rocky 

ranges - conditions that do not occur on the site of the proposal. However there are records of 

this species in the general region where suitable habitat does occur and although sparse the 

records indicate that a permanent population probably still exists with a 10 km radius of 

Ourimbah. Although they tend to be secretive and can be difficult to detect even in areas 

where they are relatively common, Quolls could not be expected to occur in the area of the 

proposal due to the unsuitability of the available conditions. Habitat for this species is 

protected in the region’s major reserves such as Watagan National Park, Dharug National 

Park and Popran National Park. 

Information on the biology of Dasyurus maculatus may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Anderson, S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1967); Anderson, S. and Jones, 

J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Caughley, J. (1980); Edgar, R. ((1983); Edgar, R. 

and Belcher, C. (1995); Fain, A. and Domrow, R. (1973); Fleay, D. (1944); Fleay, D.H. (1948); 

Frauca, H. (1969); Green, R.H. and Scarborough, T.J. (1990); Guiler, E.R. (1969); Menkhorst, 

P. (2001); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Mansergh, I.M. (1983); Mansergh, I.M. 

(1984); Nelson, J. (1968); Ogilby, J.D. ((1892); Parsons, R.S. and Guiler, E.R. (1972); Settle, 

G.A. (1978); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); 

Troughton, E. Ie G. (1967); Wakefield, N.A. and Jenkins, D. (1961). 








habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. We therefore 

consider that any population of Dasyurus maculatus that may utilise the region would not 


89





Dasyurus maculatus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Dasyurus maculatus in the area, would not be compromised by 

the proposed development because of the small area proposed for the works and because of 

the fact that the available habitat within the region is so extensive elsewhere. 




No area of habitat for Dasyurus maculatus is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Dasyurus maculatus in the region, 

potentially covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected in several 

major National Parks and Reserves. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of 








clearing will occur as a result of the development in any case. 













other reserves within its east coastal range. Its habitat is also extensively reserved in the 

Sydney Basin Bioregion, such as in Blue Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, 

Yengo National Park, Morton National Park, Kanangra-Boyd National Park, Watagan National 

Park, Dharug National Park as well as water catchment lands and even most State Forests. 

The combined area of habitat already reserved for this species is at least in the order of many 

tens of thousands of hectares. 








90




The records of Dasyurus maculatus from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. The species is widely known, but of patchy occurrence, from Tasmania, 

eastern Victoria, most of eastern New South Wales, to south-eastern Queensland. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Dasyurus viverrinus 


Dasyurus viverrinus (Eastern Quoll) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

ENDANGERED. It was not detected on the site, nor was any potential habitat for this species 

detected in the study area. There has only been a single recent record for this species within 

10 km radius of Ourimbah (in April 1994) but this has not been confirmed by subsequent 

sightings. It is widely held that this species is either already extinct on the mainland, or is 

perilously close to it. 

The principle habitat of the Eastern Quoll is temperate dry and wet sclerophyll forest, that 

includes a mosaic of dense heath and more open areas, as well as an abundance of hollow 

and rotting logs. Dens are placed either in hollow logs, rock outcrops, or excavated as a 

complex of tunnels in the soil. Eastern Quolls have been observed along the denselyvegetated 

verges of streams also. Males have been known to occur over very large areas, 

but the females tend to keep within a few hundred metres of their dens. Elaborate tunnels are 

constructed in the soil with the dens usually lined with soft grass, or if conditions allow, a den 

may be formed within a large hollow log or even the larger crevices of rock outcroppings. 

Eastern Quolls are mainly carnivorous, consuming a wide variety of small animals, that 

includes insects and their larvae, reptiles (such as lizards), birds and mammals (for example 

bandicoots, rats and mice). Small birds nesting close to the ground are also hunted, and their 

eggs as well as offspring are readily consumed. Additionally, scavenging of any dead animals 

(including much larger Wallabies and Kangaroos) also occurs, and a range of plant fruits and 

small herbaceous plants and some grasses are also eaten. This is a nocturnal species, and is 

generally not a social animal for most of the time, as individuals tend to have fairly large 

territories where they forage alone. Although this was one of the first animals to be described 

from Australia (as early as 1791), surprisingly little was recorded about this marsupial in its 

natural habitat, before it was hit by a sudden and catastrophic decline in numbers on the 

mainland in the early 1900s. It was generally suspected that an exotic disease in domestic 

cats virtually wiped the species out, with only isolated Tasmania escaping the epidemic. 

Despite persistent statements that the species still lives in the Sydney Basin, there are no 

specimen records for the last 100 odd years. 

Information on the biology of Dasyurus viverrinus may be found by consulting the following 


J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Blackall, S. (1980); Bonnin, M. (1967); Caughley, J. 

(1980); Fletcher, T.P. (1985); Godsell, J. (1982); Godsell, J. (1982); Godsell, J. (1983); 

Godsell, J. (1995); Green, B.F. and Eberhard, I. (1979); Green, B.F. and Eberhard, I. (1983); 

Menkhorst, P. (2001); Green, R.H. (1967); Haight, J.R. and Neylon, L. (1981); Haight, J.R. 

and Neylon, L. (1981); Hill, J.P. (1900); Hill, J.P. (1910); Hill, J.P. and Hill, W.C.O. (1955); Hill, 

J.P. and O'Donoghue, C.H. (1913); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); MacCormick, 

A. (1887); Merchant, J.C., Newgrain, K. and Green, B. (1984); Nelson, J. (1968); Ogilby, J.D. 

(1892); Pellis, S.M. and Nelson, J.E. (1984); Sanderson, K.J. and Pearson, L.J. (1977); 

Sandes, F.P. (1903); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) 

(1995); Straube, E.F. and Callinan, R.B. (1980); Troughton, E. Ie G. (1967); Ullmann, S.L. 

(1984); Weber, E. (1974); Weber, E. (1975). 






91




habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposal. We therefore consider that any 

population of Dasyurus viverrinus that may still utilise the region would not become extinct as 





Dasyurus viverrinus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Dasyurus viverrinus in the area, would not be compromised by 

the proposed development because of the unsuitability of the existing habitat as well as the 

small area proposed for the works (which has already been cleared years ago anyway). 




No area of habitat for Dasyurus viverrinus is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Dasyurus viverrinus in the region 

is unknown, but potentially covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already 

protected in several major National Parks and Reserves. No significant area of known habitat 

is to be modified or removed by the proposed development. 






habitat is widely distributed throughout the region’s National Parks. The area to be affected by 

the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, but no significant clearing of 

vegetation will occur as a result of the development in any case. 













several other reserves within its former range, although it is widely believed that this species 

is no extinct on the mainland of Australia. Its habitat is also extensively reserved locally in the 

Blue Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, Yengo National Park, Morton National 

Park, Watagan National Park, Popran National Park, Kanangra-Boyd National Park, and 

Dharug National Park as well as water catchment lands and even most State Forests within 

the Sydney Geological Basin. 

92











The records of Dasyurus viverrinus from the region are mainly historical, but 

these are not at the limit of the species’ distribution. Once found abundantly throughout the 

temperate coastal plains and ranges of south eastern Australia, it may have even occurred as 

far north as south-eastern Queensland, but no specimens were ever taken in this region. 

Populations in NSW and Victoria are believed by many to be virtually extinct, although there 

are occasional reports of this species from parts of Victoria and New South Wales. In South 

Australia the species is believed to be extinct. It now occurs commonly only in Tasmania. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Phascogale tapoatafa 


Phascogale tapoatafa is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as VULNERABLE. It was 

not detected on the site, nor was any potential habitat for this species detected on the site. A 

huge amount of mammal survey work has been undertaken in the region between the Hunter 

River and Hawkesbury River in recent years by some of the most experienced mammalogists 

in Australia, and all have failed to detect this species in the area. However, it is known from 

the Hunter Valley, in open woodland with a grassy understorey, and this is apparently its 

preferred habitat. There is only one record from the Region in the NSW National Parks and 

Wildlife Service database, but this has yet to be confirmed by other records. 

This species may be in very low numbers within even ideal habitat due to the large territory 

size that each requires. They prefer tall dry sclerophyll forest and woodland areas, and 

surviving populations are now highly fragmented due to past habitat destruction for 

agriculture. However, the Hunter Valley region has a small population of this species. Due to 

their short life-spans (males die after their first mating, and females only live about 3 years), 

even a small impact on the numbers of this species may have a serious consequence for the 

species’ survival. The diet of this species is quite variable ranging from the nectar of eucalpt 

blossums to invertebrates and small vertebrates. They need large old-growth or hollowbearing 

trees for refuges as well as for foraging and reproduction, and their presence in an 

area can usually be ascertained by the presence of such refuge trees. It can be a difficult 

species to detect though within its habitat, as it tends to remain within tree hollows for much 

of the daylight and evening, usually only emerging after midnight and so restricting its activity 

period to a few hours and then usually only when the night is at its darkest. 

Information on the biology of Phascogale tapoatafa may be found by consulting the following 


J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Barker, I.K., Carbonell, P.L. and Bradley, A.J. (1981); 

Cuttle, P. (1978); Cuttle, P. (1982); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Cuttle, P. (1982); Cuttle, P. (1983); 

Harrison, E. (1961); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); 

Soderquist, T. (1993); Soderquist, T. (1993); Soderquist, T. (1995); Strahan, R. (1992); 

Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); Van Dyck, S.M. and Gibbons, D. 

(1980); Wakefield, N.A. (1961). 

93










any other significant native trees) are to be cleared. We therefore consider that any 

population of Phascogale tapoatafa that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a 





Phascogale tapoatafa has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Phascogale tapoatafa that may be in the area, would not be 

compromised by the proposed development. The small area proposed for the works (which 

has already been cleared of old-growth trees years ago anyway), as well as the total 

unsuitability of the available habitat on site would indicate that no impact on this species can 

be expected. 




As no area of habitat for Phascogale tapoatafa is to be modified or removed 

by the proposed development, it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat is to be 

modified or removed by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of 

Phascogale tapoatafa in the region, is now of a very limited area in the vicinity of the Hunter 

River valley, and virtually none is protected in any regional National Parks and Reserves. 






to be affected by the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no further 

clearing of tree cover will occur as a result of the development in any case. 













other reserves within its east coastal range. However, regionally, its habitat could be 

94


considered poorly reserved in the National Park system. The only reserve where this species 

has been detected in recent years is Dharug National Park and this has yet to be confirmed 

by further sightings. 










The records of Phascogale tapoatafa from the region are not at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. The local race is widely known from central and eastern Victoria, 

most of south-eastern and north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Planigale maculata 


Planigale maculata (Common Planigale) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


detected in the study area. However, it has been recorded in the general region of the Sydney 

Basin bioregion, and suitable habitat possibly exists within a fairly close proximity to the area 

of the proposal. Potential habitat for this species occurs in the area of Sydney Sandstone 

Ridgetop Woodland on the subject property, but it would only be marginal. Potential habitat 

for this species is protected in the region’s major reserves such as Dharug National Park. 

There are no records from the central coast in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 

database, but its habitat is widespread over parts of the region. 

This species is sparsely distributed over its range and it is anything but ‘common’ in contrast 

to its name. It has been found to prefer the more densely vegetated areas, such as 

rainforests, wet sclerophyll forest, tall dry sclerophylll forest and woodland with rock 

outcroppings, and the edges of sedge swamplands. Although it is essentially a species of 

tropical and subtropical environments, it ranges down the New South Wales coast to about 

the Taree district. An apparently isolated population was discovered in the Warragamba Dam 

catchment in recent years, and as the habitat here is very similar to parts of the Central 

Coast, it would be prudent to consider its possible occurrence in the district. 

Information on the biology of Planigale maculata may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Menkhorst, P. (2001); Anderson, S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1967); 

Anderson, S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Aslin, H.J. (1975); Iredale, 

T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Redhead, T.D. (1983); Redhead, T.D. 

(1995); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); Taylor, 

J.M., Calaby, J.H. and Redhead, T.D. (1982); Van Dyck, S.M. (1979). 








habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposal. We therefore consider that any 

population of Planigale maculata that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a 


95





Planigale maculata has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Planigale maculata that may occur in the area, would not be 


works, and because the existing site conditions are considered unsuitable for the species. 




No area of habitat for Planigale maculata is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of potential habitat of Planigale maculata in the region, 










development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no further clearing of native vegetation will 

occur as a result of the development in any case. 












The species’habitat is adequately conserved in many national parks, and in 

several other reserves within its east coastal range in north-eastern NSW. Locally, its habitat 

is also extensively reserved in the Blue Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, 

Yengo National Park, Watagan National Park and Dharug National Park most State Forests 

within the central coast include potentially large tracts of this species’ habitat as well. Its 

presence in these reserves however is yet to be confirmed although it is almost certainly in 

the Blue Mountains National Park given its proximity to the Warragamba Catchment location 

for the species. 






96






The species ranges over most of eastern Queensland, the far north of the 

Northern Territory, northern Western Australia and north-eastern New South Wales to about 

as far south as Taree. Although there are no records of Planigale maculata from the area of 

the proposed development – or indeed from the central coast – it is known from slightly 

further south in the Warragamba Dam area. This is the limit of its known distribution. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Isoodon obesulus 


Isoodon obesulus (Southern Brown Bandicoot) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) 

as ENDANGERED and in the EPBC Act (1999) as ENDANGERED. This species is now 

sparsely distributed over its range, yet it was once an abundant species in south-eastern 

Australia. On the central coast, the only vegetation unit associated with the Southern Brown 

Bandicoot is Coastal Narrabeen Moist Forest. Elsewhere, it has been found to prefer the 

more densely vegetated areas, such as rainforests, wet sclerophyll forest, and tall dry 

sclerophyll forest, but also a range of woodland habitats were also utilized. A significant 

feature of this species’ habitat in a dense understorey, that in part is subjected to periodic 

burning through bushfires. This allows the creation of a habitat mosaic of an open-closed 

understorey. Often the species exists in quite disturbed areas as well. It is thought that a 

combination of predation by dogs, foxes and , cats has been responsible for this species 

demise, but disease is also known to have played a part as well. Although it is essentially a 

bandicoot of temperate environments, the nominal subspecies ranges from mid-coastal New 

South Wales south into Victoria and South Australia. Other races occur on Cape York 

Peninsula in Quensland, some offshore islands in South Australia, and in the south-west of 

Western Australia. 

It was not detected on the site of the proposed development, but although marginally suitable 

habitat for this species occurs in the general area, it is not expected to occur on the property. 

Habitat for this species is protected in the region’s major reserves such as Brisbane Water 

National Park and Bouddi National Park. There are now sparse records from the central coast 

in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service database. In recent years it has only been 

recorded at Little Patonga Beach, near Gosford. 

There are numerous references on this species. Information on the biology of Isoodon 

obesulus may be found by consulting the following selected references: Hyett, J. (1980); 

Broughton, S.K. and Dickman, C.R. (1991); Lobert, B. and Lee, A.K. (1990); Braithwaite, 

R.W. (1995); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Anderson, S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1967); Anderson, 

S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. 

(1934); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Redhead, T.D. (1983); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) 

(1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995). 






habitat to be used by the proposed development is unsuitable, and the level of disturbance of 


in the region as a result of this proposal. We therefore consider that any population of 

Isoodon obesulus that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any 


97





Isoodon obesulus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Isoodon obesulus that may occur in the area, would not be 


works, and because the existing site conditions are considered unsuitable for the species. 




No area of habitat for Isoodon obesulus is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat is 

to be modified or removed by the proposed development. 







development is unsuitable habitat, and no further clearing of native vegetation will occur as a 

result of the development in any case. 












The species’habitat is adequately conserved in many national parks, and in 

several other reserves within its east coastal range in mid-eastern to southern NSW. Locally, 

its habitat is also extensively reserved in the Brisbane Water National Park, Bouddi National 

Park, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, Blue Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, 

and Dharug National Park; most State Forests within the central coast include potentially 

large tracts of this species’ habitat as well. 








98




The central coast is at the northern limit of the known distribution of this 

subspecies. It ranges from mid-eastern New South Wales south into Victoria and South 

Australia. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Phascolarctos cinereus 


Phascolarctos cinereus (Koala) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, but potential habitat was detected in the study 

area. The existence of three of the potential food tree species (Eucalyptus punctata, 

Eucalyptus microcorys and Eucalyptus saligna) as listed in SEPP 44 makes the site Potential 

Koala Habitat as legally defined because one of these potential food tree species (Eucalyptus 

saligna) comprised more than 15% of the total number of trees in the upper and lower strata 

of the tree component (Eucalyptus saligna represented 25%, 27% and 18% in the three 

quadrats). We are experienced with Koalas and their habitat requirements and undertook a 

targeted search throughout the property for specific Koala food trees, despite the lack of 

records for the site. Additionally, any indication of the possible presence of Koalas, such as 

the distinctive scratch marks on utilised trees and the presence of faeces were also targeted. 

No such indications of Koalas were found on the property, but the three Koala food tree 

species that were detected indicated that the area was probably once used by the species. 

We could find no evidence for Koalas on the property, nor are there any historical records of 

the species in the immediate area, thus we conclude that the site is not Core Koala Habitat. 

Information relating to any records of Koalas in the area was sought from the NSW National 

Parks and Wildlife Service (Environmental Survey and Research Branch, Hurstville). Further, 

all records of Koalas in the NSW NPWS Wildlife Atlas were examined to determine the 

species’ regional distribution. 

There are records of this species in the general region of Ourimbah where suitable habitat 

does occur and a small permanent population obviously still exists within a 10 km radius of 

the site. Habitat for this species is protected in parts of Brisbane Water National Park, Dharug 

National Park and Watagan National Park, but the species main stronghold on the central 

coast is largely in State Forest and Water Catchment areas well removed from the Ourimbah 

area. A small population also survives in the Gosford-Woy Woy-Pearl Beach area but this has 

declined dramatically in recent years. 

The proposed development occurs in the Local Government Area of Wyong (an LGA listed in 

Schedule 1 of the policy as being part of the present distribution of Koalas), however it was 

not really necessary to apply State Environment Planning Policy No 44 and the relevant Dept 

of Planning Guide-lines because the site is not technically representative of Core Koala 

habitat. 

The Guide-lines for SEPP 44 (NSW Department of Planning Circular No B35, Sect 1.5) 

stipulate that the intention of the policy that investigations for ‘potential’ and ‘core’ Koala 

habitats be limited to those areas in which it is proposed to disturb habitat. We considered 

that although the proposed development was to take place on land technically suitable as 

habitat, the proposed development will not significantly ‘disturb’ any natural habitat. 

Is the Land Potential Koala Habitat ? 

Our examination of the site revealed that only three species of Koala Food Tree as listed in 

Schedule 2 of SEPP 44 (Eucalyptus punctata, E, microcorys and E. saligna) were detected 

on the property, and two species were actually located in the area of the proposed 

development (E. saligna and E. microcorys). 

The presence of a Koala food tree on the site, does not in itself indicate that the property is 

‘Potential Koala Habitat’. SEPP 44 (Sect 4) defines ‘Potential Koala Habitat’ as ‘..areas of 

native vegetation where the trees of the types listed in Schedule 2 constitute at least 15% of 

the total number of trees in the upper and lower strata of the tree component.’ 

99


From our inspection we consider that Eucalyptus punctata and Eucalyptus microcorys are 

uncommon trees on the property, and represents less than 5% of the of the total number of 

trees in the upper and lower strata of the tree component, the percentage being derived from 

tree counts over the entire site. The dominant trees were: Cryptocarya microneura (28%), 

Syncarpia glomulifera (27%), and Eucalyptus saligna (23%). Less significant in overall 

numbers were Guioa semiglauca (6%), Allocasuarina torulosa (5%), Endiandra seeberi (4%), 

and Acacia maidenii (3.5%). 

It was therefore concluded that the property is ‘Potential’ Koala habitat. 

Is the Land Core Koala Habitat ? 

SEPP 44 (Sect 4) defines ‘Core Koala Habitat’ as ‘..an area of land with a resident population 

of Koalas, evidenced by attributes such as breeding females (that is, females with young) and 

recent sightings of and historical records of a population.’ 

We undertook searches for any indications of the presence of Koalas and did not locate any 

evidence for their presence. Enquiries with the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service did 

not reveal any historical or recent records of Koalas in the area of the proposed development 

either. 

We conclude that the site of the proposed development is not Core Koala habitat as legally 

defined, that the species is not likely to occur on the site, and therefore does not warrant a 

Koala Plan of Management. However, the general region would have once had a population 

of Koalas, and in our opinion the remaining habitat in the region is still capable of supporting 

Koalas so could still be suitable for the species should a reintroduction program be 

undertaken for the region. 

There are thousands of references relating to this species but only a sample can be included 

here. Information on the biology of Phascolarctos cinereus may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Archer, M. (1972); Archer, M. (1976); Archer, M. (1977); 

Archer, M. (1978); Archer, M. (1981); Archer, M. (1982); Archer, M. (1984); Archer, M. and 

Hand, S.J. (1987); Armati, P. and Esson, C. (1991); Arnold, P. (1977); Arnold, S. (1989); 

Arnold, S. (1990); Augee, M.L. (1978); Backhouse, G. and Crouch, A. (1991); Backhouse, 

T.C. and Bolliger, A. (1960); Backhouse, T.C. and Bolliger, A. (1961); Barker, I.K. (1974); 

Barnett, C.H. and Brazenor, C.W. (1958); Barrett, C.L. (1931); Barrett, C.L. (1943); 

Bartholomai, A. (1968); Basset-Hull, A.F. (1927); Baudinette, R.V., Wheldrake, J.F., Hewitt, S. 

and Hawke, D. (1980); Baverstock, P.R., Krieg, M. and Birrell, J. (1990); Baxter, C. and 

Halstead, C. (1989); Beal, A.M. (1990); Beaufort, F. de (1966); Beckman, R. (1987); Bergin, 

T.J. (Editor) (1978); Betts, T.S. (1978); Betts, T.S. and Congreve, P. (1974); Blackshaw, J., 

Brown, S., Fenwick, D., Bell, K., Patterson, S., Miller, R. and Woolcock, J. (1988); Blackshaw, 

J., Brown, S., Fenwick, D., Bell, K., Patterson,S., Miller, R. and Woolcock, J. (1991); 

Blackwell, B. (1982); Blanshard, W.H. and Bodero, D.A.V. (1991); Bolliger, A. (1953); Bolliger, 

A. (1961); Bolliger, A. (1962); Bolliger, A. (1963); Bolliger, A. and Backhouse, T.C. (1960); 

Bolliger, A. and Finckh, E.S. (1962); Bolliger, A. and Finckh, E.S. (1962); Bonham, B. (1990); 

Booth, R.J. and Carrick, F.N. (1988); Booth, R.J. and Carrick, F.N. (1991); Booth, R.J., 

McFarlane, J.R., Osawa, R. and Carrick, F.N. (1988); Border, P. (1989); Bray, T.L. (1960); 

Braysher, M.L. (1978); Brett, D. (1989); Briese, D. (1970); Brown, A.S. (1979); Brown, A.S. 

(1987); Brown, A.S. (1987); Brown, A.S. (1991); Brown, A.S. (1991); Brown, A.S. and Carrick, 

F.N. (1985); Brown, A.S. and Grice, R.G. (1984); Brown, A.S. and Grice, R.G. (1986); Brown, 

A.S. and Irwin, H. (1990); Brown, A.S. and Sargent, J. (1991); Brown, A.S. and Woolcock, 

J.B. (1991); Brown, A.S., Carrick, F.N. and Gordon, G. (1980); Brown, A.S., Carrick, F.N. and 

Gordon, G. (1981); Brown, A.S., Carrick, F.N. and Gordon, G. (1981); Brown, A.S., Carrick, 

F.N. and Gordon, G. (1981); Brown, A.S., Carrick, F.N. and Gordon, G. [(1982]); Brown, A.S., 

Carrick, F.N. and Gordon, G. (1984); Brown, A.S., Carrick, F.N., Gordon, G. and Reynolds, K. 

(1984); Brown, A.S., Carrick, F.N., Gordon, G. and Reynolds, K. (1984); Brown, A.S., Girjes, 

A.A., Lavin, M.F., Timms, P. and Woolcock, J.B. (1987); Brown, A.S., Seawright, A.A. and 

Wilkinson, G.T. (1981); Brown, A.S., Seawright, A.A. and Wilkinson, G.T. (1982); Brown, 

A.S., Seawright, A.A. and Wilkinson, G.T. [(1982]); Brown, A.S., Wood, A.D. and Dickens, 

R.K. (1984); Brown, M. and Adair, A. (1989); Brown, R.A. (1990); Brown, R.A. (Editor) (1989); 

100


Brown, S. and Sargent, J. (1988); Burnet, N. (1932); Burnet, N. (1939); Burnett, D. ); Burnett, 

D. (1979); Burnett, D. (1991); Burton, B. (1974); Butcher, D.R. (1990); Butler, R. (1978); 

Campbell, P., Prentice, R. and McRae, P. (1977); Canfield, P.J. (1985); Canfield, P.J. (1987); 

Canfield, P.J. (1987); Canfield, P.J. (1987); Canfield, P.J. (1987); Canfield, P.J. (1988); 

Canfield, P.J. (1988); Canfield, P.J. (1989); Canfield, P.J. (1989); Canfield, P.J. (1990); 

Canfield, P.J. (1991); Canfield, P.J. and Dickens, R.K. (1982); Canfield, P.J. and Dickens, 

R.K. (1982); Canfield, P.J., Brown, A.S. and Dickens, R.K. (1986); Canfield, P.J., Brown, 

A.S., Kelly, W.R. and Sutton, R.H. (1987); Canfield, P.J., Gee, D.R. and Wigney, D.I. (1989); 

Canfield, P.J., O'Neill, M.E. and Smith, M.F. (1989); Canfield, P.J., Oxenford, C.J., Lomas, 

J.R. and Dickens, R.K. (1986); Canfield, P.J., Oxenford, C.J., Love, D.N. and Dickens, R.K. 

(1983); Canfield, P.J., Perry, R., Brown, A.S. and McKenzie, R.A. (1986); Canfield, P.J., 

Sabine, J.M. and Love, D.N. (1988); Carrick, F.N. (1987); Carrick, F.N. (1990); Carrick, F.N. 

and Wood, A.D. (1986); Chapman, F. (1934); Clarke, J.S. (1980); Clarke, J.S. (1983); Clegg, 

J. (1990); Cockram, F.A. (1978); Cockram, F.A. (1979); Cockram, F.A. (1979); Cockram, F.A. 

and Jackson, A.R.B. (1974); Cockram, F.A. and Jackson, A.R.B. (1974); Cockram, F.A. and 

Jackson, A.R.B. (1981); Congreve, P. and Betts, T.J. (1978); Cooke, B. (1983); Cork, S.J. 

(1981); Cork, S.J. (1986); Cork, S.J. (1987); Cork, S.J. (1987); Cork, S.J. and Hume, I.D. 

(1983); Cork, S.J. and Sanson, G.D. (1988); Cork, S.J. and Sanson, G.D. (1991); Cork, S.J. 

and Warner, A.C.I. (1983); Cork, S.J., Hume, I.D. and Dawson, T.J. (1983); Cork, S.J., 

Margules, C.R. and Braithwaite, L.W. (1988); Cork, S.J., Margules, C.R. and Braithwaite, 

L.W. (1990); Cronin, L. (Editor) (1987); Dayton, L. (1990); DeFossard, E. (1983); Degabriele, 

R. (1973); Degabriele, R. (1977); Degabriele, R. (1978); Degabriele, R. (1978); Degabriele, R. 

(1978); Degabriele, R. (1980); Degabriele, R. (1981); Degabriele, R. (1983); Degabriele, R. 

(1985); Degabriele, R. and Bergin, T.J. (1978); Degabriele, R. and Dawson, T.J. (1979); 

Degabriele, R., Harrop, C.J.F. and Dawson, T.J. (1978); Dempsey, S. (1990); Denny, M.J.S. 

(1985); Dickens, R.K. (1974); Dickens, R.K. (1975); Dickens, R.K. (1976); Dickens, R.K. 

(1976); Dickens, R.K. (1978); Dickens, R.K. (1978); Dickens, R.K. (1990); Dickenson, F. 

(1968); Dickson, R. (1985); Dobson, S. (1990); Dovey, E. (1990); Drake, B. (1977); Drake, B. 

(1979); Drake, B. (1982); Eames, R.W. (1980); Eames, R.W. (1981); Eberhard, I.H. (1972); 

Eberhard, I.H. (1978); Eberhard, I.H., McNamara, J., Pearse, R.J. and Southwell, I.A. (1975); 

Eberle, I. (1967); Edwards, F.L. (1937); Elliot, J. (1989); Ellis, W.A.H., White, N.A., Kunst, 

N.D. and Carrick, F.N. (1990); Esson, C. (1986); Every, K.R. (1986); Faulkner, A.S. (1923); 

Finckh, E.S. and Bolliger, A. (1963); Finnie, E.P. (1978); Finnie, E.P. (1990); Finnie, E.P. 

(1991); Fisher, R. (1989); Fitter, R. and Scott, P. (1978); Flannery, T.F. (1989); Flannery, T.F. 

(1990); Fleay, D.H. (1937); Fleay, D.H. (1960); Fleay, D.H. (1984); Forbes, W.A. (1881); 

Foster, P.A. et al (1969); Foster, P.A. et al (1975); Francis, J. (1963); Frechkop, S. (1965); 

Galbraith, J. (1962); Gall, B.C. (1978); Gall, B.C. (1978); Gall, B.C. (1978); Gall, B.C. (1980); 

Gall, B.C. and Rohan-Jones, W. (1978); Garcia, J., Hankins, W.G. and Coil, J.D. (1977); 

Gardiner, M.R. and Nairn, M.E. (1964); George, G.G. (1977); Goldstein, W. (1976); Goldstein, 

W. (1976); Goldstein, W. (1978); Gordon, G. (1982); Gordon, G. and McGreevy, D.G. (1978); 

Gordon, G., Brown, A.S. and Pulsford, T. (1984); Gordon, G., Brown, A.S. and Pulsford, T. 

(1988); Gordon, G., McGreevy, D.G. and Lawrie, B.C. (1991); Graham, D.M. and Major, P. 

(1991); Graydon, C. (1988); Greenfield, K.L. (1985); Grice, R. and Brown, A.S. (1985); 

Griffith, D.L., Canfield, P.J., Collins, G.H. and Dickens, R.K. (1983); Grzimek, B. (1972); 

Haight, J.R. (1981); Haight, J.R. and Nelson, J.E. (1987); Hammond, J. (1988); Handasyde, 

K.A. (1986); Handasyde, K.A. (1988); Handasyde, K.A. and Martin, R.W. (1991); Handasyde, 

K.A. and McDonald, I.R. (1987); Handasyde, K.A., Martin, R.W. and Lee, A.K. (1987); 

Handasyde, K.A., Martin, R.W. and Lee, A.K. (1988); Handasyde, K.A., McDonald, I.R., Than, 

K.A. and Michaelides, J. (1991); Handasyde, K.A., Obendorf, D.L., Martin, R.W. and 

McDonald, I.R. (1991); Harding, H.R. (1979); Harding, H.R. and Aplin, K. (1991); Harding, 

H.R., Carrick, F.N. and Shorey, C.D. (1981); Harding, H.R., Carrick, F.N. and Shorey, C.D. 

(1982); Harrop, C.J.F. and Degabriele, R. (1976); Harrop, C.J.F. and Degabriele, R. (1978); 

Harrop, C.J.K. (1977); Hartley, W.J. (1990); Hauschele, W.P. (1990); Hauschele, W.P. and 

Hayes, J.R. (1961); Hawkes, N.A. (1978); Hewett, A. (1959); Hill, C.A. (1962); Hindell, M.A. 

(1979); Hindell, M.A. (1984); Hindell, M.A. and Lee, A.K. (1987); Hindell, M.A. and Lee, A.K. 

(1988); Hindell, M.A., Handasyde, K.A. and Lee, A.K. (1985); Hindell, M.A., Lee, A.K. and 

Ough, K. (1991); Holtrop, K. (1980); Howlett, N.L. (1979); Hughes, R.L. (1977); Hume, I.D. 

(1987); Hume, I.D. (1990); Hunter, S. (1987); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); 

Iredale, T. and Whitley, G.P. (1934); Jackson, A.R.B. (1978); Jakob-Hoff, R., Finnie, J. and 

Hyde, C. (1990); Jordan, W. (1990); Kennedy, H. (1986); Kershaw, J.A. (1934); Kikkawa, J. 

101


and Walter, M. (1968); Kildea, D.G. (1984); King, G.C. (1979); Kratzing, J.E. (1984); Krause, 

W.J. and Leeson, C.R. (1973); Lanyon, J.M. (1982); Lanyon, J.M. and Sanson, G.D. (1986); 

Lanyon, J.M. and Sanson, G.D. (1986); Lavin, M.F., Girjes, A.A., Hugall, A.F., Timms, P. and 

Brown, [A] S. (1991); Lee, A.K. and Martin, R.W. (1986); Lee, A.K. and Martin, R.W. (1988); 

Lee, A.K. and Martin, R.W. (1988); Lee, A.K. and Martin, R.W. (1991); Lee, A.K., Martin, R.W. 

and Handasyde, K.A. (1988); Lee, A.K., Martin, R.W. and Handasyde, K.A. (1991); Lester, 

M.J. (1978); Lewis, F. (1934); Lewis, F. (1954); Lindsay, N.A.W. (1950); Lithgow, K.A. (1980); 

Lithgow, K.A. (1982); Lockrey, A. and Anonymous (1987); Lunney, D., Urquhart, C.A.P. and 

Reed, P.C. (1990); Lunney, D., Urquhart, C.A.P. and Reed, P.C. (Editors) (1990); Lusby, J. 

(1958); Lyndon, E. (1951); Lyndon, E. (1962); Mack, D. (1959); Mackenzie, W.C. (1934); 

Maguire, Tony (1989); Marshall, V.L., Carrick, F. and Tolley, L. (1991); Marshall, V.L., 

Carrick, F., Doherty, M., Maclean, D. and Messer, M. (1991); Marshall, V.L., Carrick, F.N. and 

Tolley, L.K. (1988); Marshall, V.L., Carrick, F.N., Doherty, M.D., Maclean, D.J. and Messer, 

M. (1988); Martin, R.W. (1979); Martin, R.W. (1981); Martin, R.W. (1981); Martin, R.W. 

(1983); Martin, R.W. (1983); Martin, R.W. (1984); Martin, R.W. (1985); Martin, R.W. (1985); 

Martin, R.W. (1985); Martin, R.W. (1990); Martin, R.W. and Handasyde, K.A. (1991); Martin, 

R.W. and Handasyde, K.A. (1995); Martin, R.W. and Lee, A.K. [(1982]); Martin, R.W. and 

Lee, A.K. (1984); Martin, R.W., Handasyde, K.A. and Lee, A.K. (1987); Martin, R.W., 

Handasyde, K.A. and Lee, A.K. (1987); Martin, W.C.L. (1836); McColl, K.A. and Spratt, D.M. 

(1982); McColl, K.A. and Spratt, D.M. [(1982]); McColl, K.A., Martin, R.W., Gleeson, L.J., 

Handasyde, K.A. and Lee, A.K. (1984); McColl, K.A., Martin, R.W., Gleeson, L.J., Lithgow, 

K.A. and Lee, A.K. (1983); McDonald, I.R., Handasyde, K.A., Than, K.A. and Michaelides, J. 

(1988); McDonald, I.R., Handasyde, K.A., Than, K.A. and Michaelides, J. (1991); McFarlane, 

J.R. and Carrick, F.N. (1988); McFarlane, J.R. and Carrick, F.N. (1991); McFarlane, J.R., 

Booth, R.J., Masci, P.P., Weigler, B.J., Carrick, F.N., Osawa, R., White, N.A. and Kunst, N.D. 

(1988); McFarlane, J.R., Booth, R.J., Masci, P.P., Weigler, B.J., Carrick, F.N., Osawa, R., 

White, N.A. and Kunst, N.D. (1991); McFarlane, J.R., Masci, P.P., Carrick, F.N. and 

Whitacker, A.N. (1988); McFarlane, J.R., Masci, P.P., Carrick, F.N. and Whitaker, A.N. 

(1991); McKenzie, R.A. (1978); McKenzie, R.A. (1981); McKenzie, R.A., Wood, A.D. and 

Blackall, P.J. (1979); McMichen, B. (1934); McNally, J. (1957); McNally, J. (1959); McNally, J. 

(1960); McNally, J. (1963); McOrist, S. and Thomas, K.W. (1984); McOrist, S., Jerrett, I.V., 

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(1987); Melzer, A. (1987); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Michaelis, F.B. (1986); Millar, J. (1987); 

Minchin, K. (1937); Mitchell, P. and Johnson, D. [(1982]); Mitchell, P.J. (1988); Mitchell, P.J., 

Bilney, R. and Martin, R.W. (1988); Mitchell, P.J., Jerrett, I.V. and Slee, K.J. (1984); Mitchell, 

P.J., McOrist, S. and Bilney, R. (1987); Mobbs, C. (1983); Moon, C. (1990); Moore, S. (1979); 

Moore, T. (1990); Morley, N. and Drake, B. (1991); Morri, R. and Hall, B. (1989); Murray, 

D.W. (1991); Muspratt, R. (1987); Nagy, K.A. and Martin, R.W. (1985); Naughton, J.M. and 

Trewhella, M.A. (1984); Nias, R.C. (1990); Nicholls, R. (1981); Nolan, J. (1969); Norton, T.W. 

(1990); Obendorf, D.L. (1981); Obendorf, D.L. (1983); Obendorf, D.L. and Handasyde, K.A. 

(1991); Officer, R.C.E. (1991); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Osawa, R. and Carrick, F.N. (1991); 

Osawa, R. and Mitsuoka, T. (1990); Osawa, R., Carrick, F.N., Radwell, B. and Takahashi, T. 

(1991); Ough, K., Handasyde, K.A., Martin, R.W. and Lee, A.K. (1988); Ovington, J.D. (1991); 

Owen, R. (1838); Oxenford, C.J., Canfield, P.J. and Dickens, R.K. (1986); Oxlee, T.R. (1969); 

Oyama, K. (1990); Paget, D. (1990); Pahl, L.I. (1988); Pahl, L.I. and Hume, I. (1991); Pahl, 

L.I., Wylie, R. and Fisher, R. (1989); Pahl, L.I., Wylie, R. and Fisher, R. (1990); Papps, D. 

(1990); Parish, F. (1977); Parker, P., Officer, R.C.E. and Drake, B. (1991); Parris, H.S. 

(1948); Parsons, G. (1990); Patterson, R. (1987); Pearse, R.J. (1972); Pearse, R.J. (1975); 

Pearse, R.J. and Eberhard, I.H. (1978); Phillips, N. (1969); Phillips, S. (1987); Philpott, C.M. 

(1965); Pimm, T. (1990); Pocock, R.I. (1921); Portch, K. (1986); Pournelle, G.H. (1960); 

Pournelle, G.H. (1961); Pournelle, G.H. (1961); Pratt, A. (1937); Quirk, R. and Smith, M. 

(1990); Reed, P.C. and Lunney, D. (1990); Reed, P.C., Lunney, D. and Walker, P. (1991); 

Richardson, D. (1986); Robbins, M. and Russell, E.M. (1978); Robinson, A.C. (1978); 

Robinson, P.T. (1978); Robinson, P.T. (1981); Russell, E.G. and Straube, E.F. (1979); 

Sabath, M.D. (1981); Saito, M. (1990); Scholes, A. (1969); Scoggins, B.A. (1978); Scoggins, 

B.A. (1991); Scoggins, B.A. and Barlow, R. (1981); Scott, B. (1990); Serventy, V.N. (1963); 

Serventy, V.N. (1983); Serventy, V.N. (1990); Serventy, V.N. and Raymond, R. (1973); 

Serventy, V.N. and Raymond, R. (1973); Serventy, V.N. and Serventy, C. (1975); Sharp, L.L. 

(1980); Sharp, L.L. (1981); Sharpe, G. (1990); Shepherd, N.C. (1978); Sheppard, J. (1990); 

Siepen, G.L. (1987); Simmons, I.H. ); Smith, M.J. (1978); Smith, M.J. (1980); Smith, M.J. 

102


(1980); Smith, M.J. (1983); Smith, M.T.A. (1975); Smith, M.T.A. (1975); Smith, M.T.A. (1976); 

Smith, M.T.A. (1977); Smith, M.T.A. (1979); Smith, M.T.A. (1979); Smith, M.T.A. (1979); 

Smith, M.T.A. (1980); Smith, M.T.A. (1980); Smith, M.T.A. (1980); Smith, M.T.A. (1980); 

Smith, M.T.A. (1987); Smith, P. (1990); Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1985); Smith, P. and Smith, 

J. (1989); Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1989); Sonntag, C.F. (1921); Sonntag, C.F. (1922); 

Southwell, I.A. (1973); Southwell, I.A. (1975); Southwell, I.A. (1978); Spencer, G. (1968); 

Spratt, D.M. (1978); Starr, J. (1987); Starr, J. (1991); Starr, J., Moran, E. and Whitehouse, D. 

(1990); Stead, D.G. (1927); Stead, D.G. (1934); Stead, D.G. (1939); Stirton, R.A. (1957); 

Stivens, D. (1963); Stoddart, D.M. (1989); Stone, B.F. and Carrick, F.N. (1991); Strahan, R. 

(1978); Strahan, R. (1980); Strahan, R. (1983); Strahan, R. (1985); Strahan, R. (1986); 

Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. and Martin, R.W. (1982); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, 

R. (Editor) (1995); Stroud, D.M. and Mizobe, M. (1987); Summerville, K. (1988); Summerville, 

K. (1990); Sutton, C.S. (1934); Sutton, R.H. (1986); Telford, E. (1991); Temple-Smith, P.D. 

and Taggart, D. (1991); Thomas, K.W., McOrist, S., Hudson, R.E. and McCaughan, C.J. 

(1986); Thomas, M.R.O. (1887); Thompson, V.D. (1987); Thwaites, T. (1986); Tobin, M. 

(1982); Travers, D. (1988); Troughton, E. Ie G. (1935); Troughton, E. Ie G. (1955); Troughton, 

E. Ie G. (1967); Troughton, E. Ie G. (1977); Tucker, R. (1968); Ullrey, D.E., Robinson, P.T. 

and Whetter, P.A. (1980); Ullrey, D.E., Robinson, P.T. and Whetter, P.A. (1981); Ullrey, D.E., 

Robinson, P.T. and Whetter, P.A. (1981); Veitch, C. (1980); Wakefield, N.A. (1962); Warneke, 

R.M. (1978); Watson, R. (1979); Wegner, R.N. (1964); Weigler, B.J., Baldock, F.C., Girjes, 

A.A., Carrick, F.N. and Lavin, M.F. (1988); Weigler, B.J., Booth, R.J., Osawa, R. and Carrick, 

F.N. (1987); Weigler, B.J., Girjes, A.A., White, N.A., Kunst, N.D., Carrick, F.N. and Lavin, 

M.F. (1988); Weiss, M. and Kotsanas, G. (1980); Weiss, M. and Richards, P.G. (1970); 

White, G. (1989); White, N.A. and Kunst, N.D. (1991); Whitehouse, J.F. (1990); Wicks, J.R. 

(1978); Wigney, D.I., Gee, D.R. and Canfield, P.J. (1989); Williams, P.C. (1971); Williamson, 

H.D. (1975); Winter, J.W. (1979); Witherspoon, P.M. (1959); Wood, A.D. (1978); Wood, T. 

(1991); Wood-Jones, F. (1923); Woodburne, M.O., Tedford, R.H., Archer, M. and Pledge, 

N.S. (1987); Wylie, F.R. (1989); Yajima, M. (1988); Yesberg, N.E., Butz-Olsen, O.E. and 

Sharples, K. (1967); Young, A.H. (1879); Young, W.G. and Robson, S. (1991). 





and the condition of the habitat on the site makes its presence there unlikely as well. As the 

habitat to be used by the proposed development is mostly unsuitable and the level of 


habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. Some potential 

food trees are to be cleared for the house construction, but this will be very minor in extent 

given the tree density of Eucalyptus saligna present over the subject property. We therefore 

consider that any population of Phascolarctos cinereus that may utilise the region would not 





Phascolarctos cinereus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Phascolarctos cinereus in the region, would not be compromised 

by the proposed development because of the small area proposed for the works (which has 

already been cleared of old-growth trees years ago anyway), and because of the fact that the 

available habitat utilised within the region is so extensive and largely isolated from the site. 

103





No significant area of habitat for Phascolarctos cinereus is to be modified or 

removed by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Phascolarctos 

cinereus in the region, covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already 








species’ habitat is almost continuously distributed throughout the region. The area to be 

affected by the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no further clearing of 

tree cover will occur as a result of the development. 













other reserves within its east coastal range. In the Sydney Basin Bioregion, its habitat is also 

extensively reserved in the Blue Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, Yengo 

National Park, Parr SRA, Dharug National Park, Watagan National Park as well as water 

catchment lands and even most State Forests. The combined area of habitat already 

reserved for this species is at least in the order of many tens of thousands of hectares by any 

reasonable estimate. 










The records of Phascolarctos cinereus from the region are not at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from eastern Victoria, most of eastern 

New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland. 

104


Eight-part Test Assessment for Cercartetus nanus 


Cercartetus nanus (Eastern Pygmy Possum) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


detected and it is unlikely that Eastern Pygmy Possums could be expected to occur anywhere 

near the area of the proposal. Nevertheless, searches were carried out for any indication of 

their presence on the tree trunks on the site and none were found. This species tends to 

prefer habitats of Dry Sclerophyll Forest and Dry Open Woodland possessing an understorey 

of dense heath or tall shrubs, with most areas where this species occurs being dominated by 

Banksia spp. None of these characteristic features of its habitat are present on the Site. 

Eastern Pygmy Possums feed mainly on the nectar of flowering Banksias and Eucalypts, but 

will also consume a variety of insects, seeds and native fruits. The overall distribution of the 

species is highly fragmented and there is great concern for its continued survival. Although 

habitat suitable for the Eastern Pygmy Possum is widespread in the region this species is 

obviously very rare. It is known to be affected by regular bushfires destroying its food sources 

and much of the region has experienced regular burning for many years. Habitat for this 

species is protected in the region’s major reserves such as Brisbane Water National Park, 

Popran National Park, and Dharug National Park and it is also likely widespread on private 

lands as well. 

Information on the biology of Cercartetus nanus may be found by consulting the following 


J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Bartholomew, G.A. and Hudson, J.W. (1962); 

Menkhorst, P. (2001); Hickman, V.V. and Hickman, J.L. (1960); Huang, C., Ward, B. and Lee, 

A.K. (1987); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Perrers, C. 

(1965); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); Turner, V. 

(1983); Turner, V. (1984); Turner, V. (1985); Turner, V. (1986); Turner, V. and Ward, S.J. 

(1995); Ward, S.J. (1986); Ward, S.J. (1986). 









any other significant food trees) are to be cleared. We therefore consider that any population 

of Cercartetus nanus that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any 





Cercartetus nanus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Cercartetus nanus utilising the area, would not be compromised 

by the proposed development because of the small area proposed for the works and because 

of the fact that the available habitat elsewhere within the region is so extensive. 




No area of habitat for Cercartetus nanus is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Cercartetus nanus in the region, 


105










the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no further clearing of tree cover 

will occur as a result of the development. 













other reserves within its east coastal range. With the Sydney Basin bioregion potential habitat 

is also extensively reserved in Royal National Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton National 


Nattai NR, Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, 

Watagan National Park, Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal SRA, Blue 

Mountains National Park, Dharug National Park, and Yengo National Park. Additionally the 

species’ habitat also occurs in a number of State Forests and Water Catchment areas in the 

region. 










The records of Cercartetus nanus from the central coast region are not at the 

limit of the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from south-eastern Queensland, 

through eastern New South Wales, most of southern and central Victoria, Tasmania and the 

south-east of South Australia. 

106


Eight-part Test Assessment for Petaurus australis 


Petaurus australis (Yellow-bellied Glider) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


detected and it is unlikely that Yellow-bellied Gliders could be expected to occur anywhere 

near the area of the proposal. Nevertheless, searches were carried out for the characteristic 

feeding notches on tree trunks on the site and none were found. This species tends to prefer 

habitats of denser tall wet eucalypt forest and rainforest - conditions that do occur in the area 

of the proposal. The species is also known from Sydney Sandstone Woodland communities 

as well and this habitat also occurs on the higher elevations of the subject property. There are 

records of this species in the general region where suitable habitat does occur and these 

records indicate that a permanent population still exists within a 10 km radius of Ourimbah. 

Habitat for this species is protected in the region’s major reserves such as Watagan National 

Park and Dharug National Park, but it also occurs within the region’s State Forests. 

Information on the biology of Petaurus australis may be found by consulting the following 


J.K. (Editors) (1984); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Anonymous (1992); Archer, M. (1981); Craig, 

S.A. (1985); Craig, S.A. and Belcher, C.A. (1980); Goldingay, R.L. (1986); Goldingay, R.L. 

(1991); Goldingay, R.L. and Kavanagh, R.P. (1991); Hawkeswood, T.J. (1997); Henry, S.R. 

and Craig, S.A. (1984); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Kavanagh, R.P. (1987); 

Kavanagh, R.P. (1987); Kavanagh, R.P. and Rohan-Jones, W.G. (1982); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); 

Russell, R. (1980); Russell, R. (1980); Russell, R. (1981); Russell, R. (1983); Russell, R. 

(1984); Russell, R. (1995); Serventy, V.N. and Raymond, R. (1973); Smith, A.P. and Hume, 

I.D. (Editors) (1984); Smith, A.P. and Russell, R.P. (1982); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. 

(Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); Wakefield, N.A. (1970). 





and the lack of suitable undisturbed habitat on the site makes its presence there unlikely as 

well. As the habitat to be used by the proposed development is unsuitable, and the level of 


habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposal. No potential denning trees (or 

any other significant foraging trees) are to be cleared. We therefore consider that any 

population of Petaurus australis that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a 





Petaurus australis has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Petaurus australis in the area, would not be compromised by the 


been cleared of old-growth trees years ago anyway), and because of the fact that the 

available habitat within the region is so extensive. 




No significant area of habitat for Petaurus australis is to be modified or 

removed by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Petaurus australis in 

the region, covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected in 

107










the proposed development is unsuitable habitat, and no significant clearing of tree cover will 














other reserves within its east coastal range. Within the Sydney Basin bioregion potential 

habitat is also extensively reserved in Royal National Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton 


Reserve, Nattai NR, Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Watagan National 

Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal 

SRA, Blue Mountains National Park, Dharug National Park, and Yengo National Park. 


Catchment areas in the region. 










The records of Petaurus australis from the central coast region are not at the 

limit of the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from eastern Victoria, most of 

eastern New South Wales, north to mid-eastern Queensland. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Petaurus norfolcensis 


Petaurus norfolcensis (Squirrel Glider) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site for the proposed development, but potential 

habitat for this species occurs in the area of Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodlandon the 

higher elevations of the subject property. It usually prefers open woodland and dry sclerophyll 

108


forest habitats, and in some situations may even be found in fairly disturbed environments. 

Occasional records of this species inhabiting regenerating stands of moist hardwood forest, 

Swamp Mahogany, and eucalypt plantations have been reported. Its persistence in disturbed 

environments is probably more a consequence of the persistence of hollow-bearing trees 

than any inherent adaptability on the part of the Squirrel Glider. While this is not really a rare 

species overall, it is patchy in its distribution and in the long term appears to be not 

particularly adaptable to most human-induced changes to its habitat. In the region of the 

proposal, habitat for this species is widely protected in the region’s major reserves such as 

Brisbane Water National Park, Watagan National Park and Dharug National Park. It also 

occurs widely across private lands, State Forests, and Water Catchment lands on the central 

coast. 

Information on the biology of Petaurus norfolcensis may be found by consulting the following 


J.K. (Editors) (1984); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Aplin, K. and Archer, M. (1983); Archer, M. 

(1981); Baverstock, P.R. (1984); Fleay, D.H. (1947); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. 

(1934); McKay, G.M. (1984); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Serventy, V.N. and Raymond, R. (1973); 

Smith, A.P. and Hume, I.D. (Editors) (1984); Smith, M.J. (1979); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, 

R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); Suckling, G.C. (1983); Suckling, G.C. (1995); 

Winter, J.W. (1966). 






habitat to be used by the proposed development is unsuitable and the level of disturbance of 


in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential denning trees are to be 

cleared. We therefore consider that any population of Petaurus norfolcensis that may utilise 


development. 




Petaurus norfolcensis has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Petaurus norfolcensis in the area, would not be compromised by 


the fact that the available habitat within the region is so extensive. 




No area of habitat for Petaurus norfolcensis is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Petaurus norfolcensis in the 









109


















habitat is also extensively reserved in Royal National Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton 


Reserve, Nattai NR, Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Watagan National 

Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal 

SRA, Blue Mountains National Park, Dharug National Park, and Yengo National Park. 


Catchment areas in the region. 










The records of Petaurus norfolcensis from the region are not at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from most of eastern Queensland, a 

large part of eastern and southern central New South Wales and into central Victoria. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Petrogale penicillata 


Petrogale penicillata (Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 

(1995) as VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, nor was any potential habitat for 

this species detected in the study area, although potential habitat for this species does still 

occur in the larger areas of undisturbed Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland still extant on 

the Central Coast. Historically, this species was known to occupy rocky country within a wide 

range of vegetation communities, such as rainforest, wet sclerophyll forest, dry sclerophyll 

forest, open forest, heath, and open woodland. It has been observed in all conditions of rocky 

country, from isolated outcrops to precipitous gorges and mountain ranges, and generally 

prefers areas with ledges, ridges and caves, with scattered patches of native grasses in the 

immediate vicinity. In the region of the proposal, habitat for this species is protected in Dharug 

National Park. Records from the central coast in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 

database are sparse and well removed from the site of the proposed development. 

110


Huge numbers of this species were once shot as both agricultural pests and for their skins, as 

the fur trade was a booming business in Australia in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. In a 

30 year period (between 1884 and 1914) over 500,000 were shot for bounties just in New 

South Wales, and in just one year (1908) over 92,000 skins were traded through one 

company alone, so the extent of destruction was vast. By the early 20th century it was 

believed to have been virtually wiped-out, with only a handful of remote colonies surviving. 

This is a fast-moving, and highly skilled rock climbing macropod, with individuals capable of 

astonishing feats of agility over deeply-fissured ridges and cliffs. When seen during the day, it 

is usually bounding away at speed from boulder to boulder, over crevasses and up rock faces 

with only the barest footholds available. It is mainly a nocturnal species, that spends most of 

the day resting under the shade of rock overhangs and caves; it can also be seen basking on 

rock platforms outside their retreats during the colder weather, or early in the morning. The 

diet consists mainly of grasses and forbs, but it will also take small succulent plants and 

shrubs, flowers and fruits if available. 

Information on the biology of Petrogale penicillata may be found by consulting the following 


J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Dunn, R.W. (1984); Eldridge, M.D.B. and Close, R.L. 

(1995); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Johnson, P.M. 

(1978); Johnson, P.M. (1978); Maynes, G.M. and Sharman, G.B. (1983); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); 

Short, J. (1982); Short, J. (1989); Short, J. and Milkovits, G. (1990); Strahan, R. (1992); 

Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995). 







disturbance of the proposed development is so small, no loss of habitat would occur in the 

region as a result of this proposed development. We therefore consider that any population of 

Petrogale penicillata that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any 





Petrogale penicillata has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Petrogale penicillata in the area, would not be compromised by 


the fact that the available habitat within the region is so well isolated from any disturbances. 




No area of habitat for Petrogale penicillata is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Petrogale penicillata in the region, 

still covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected. Therefore it is 



111








clearing of the remaining habitat on the site will occur as a result of the development anyway. 













several other reserves within its east coastal range. Within the Sydney Basin bioregion 

potential habitat is also extensively reserved in Morton National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase 


Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi National Park, Parr SRA, Blue 

Mountains National Park, Dharug National Park, Wattgan National Park and Yengo National 

Park – although it appears to be no longer present in most of these reserves. Additionally the 

species’ habitat also occurs in a number of State Forests and Water Catchment areas on the 

central coast. 










The records of Petrogale penicillata from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. However, this species was once commonly known from south-eastern 

Australia, from the south-east of Queensland, right down the Great Dividing Range through 

New South Wales, and into north-eastern Victoria. An outlying population also occurs in the 

Grampian Mountains in western Victoria. Nowadays, the species is still found within this 

region, but surviving populations are small and highly fragmented. This species also occurs 

on a number of islands in New Zealand where the species was successfully introduced in the 

late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Pteropus poliocephalus 


Pteropus poliocephalus (Grey-headed Flying-fox) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 

(1995) as VULNERABLE. It was not detected during the survey, but is expected to 

112


periodically occur on the site of the proposed development as it is periodically sighted in 

Ourimbah Creek Valley. The area also has a number of orchards that are regularly visited 

when native food sources are low. There are many records from the central coast region in 

the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service database. It is well-known for its fruit-eating diet 

and this is partly the reason for its decline. This species continues to be widely persecuted as 

an agricultural pest despite its threatened conservation status. This species however mainly 

prefers to forage for native rainforest fruits on both trees and vines and for nectar in native 

trees (Banksia, Eucalyptus and Melauleuca are particularly favoured). This has bestowed 

upon this species a critical role in the pollination biology of many rainforest and wet 

sclerophyll forest trees. Due to variations in flowering periods, this species also migrates 

widely in search of food. During summer vast camps may be established in suitably humid 

areas (usually along water courses with tall trees) and in some cases these sites are regularly 

visited over many decades. When nectar supplies are reduced in its preferred habitats, 

feeding may also take place in urban or agricultural areas resulting in no small amount of 

damage at times. subtropical rainforest and wet sclerophyll forests. This is mainly a 

subtropical and temperate species that ranges from southeastern coastal Queensland 

through eastern NSW and into most of coastal and near coastal Victoria. 

Information on the biology of Pteropus poliocephalus may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Ebby, P. (1991, 1995, 2000a,b); Parry-Jones, K.A. and Augee, 

M.L. (1992); Grzelewski, D (2001); Ratcliffe, F.N. (1932): Tidemann, C.R. (1995); Menkhorst, 

P. (2001); Richards, G.C. (1983); Strahan, R. (1992); Morecroft, R. (2000); Strahan, R. 

(Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); Churchill (1998); Parnaby (1992); Duncan, Baker 

and Montgomery (1999) and in particular, Hall and Richards (2000-this work contains 

numerous references on all aspects of this species biology and ecology). 




Although this species has not been detected on the site of the proposed 

development, marginally suitable habitat does occur on the site so its presence there could 

be expected. As the level of disturbance of the proposed development is so small, and no 

loss of foraging habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposed development, 

we therefore consider that any population of Pteropus poliocephalus that may utilise the 





Pteropus poliocephalus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Pteropus poliocephalus that may occur in the area, would not be 


works and because of the fact that the available potential habitat within the region is so 

extensive. 




No area of habitat for Pteropus poliocephalus is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Pteropus poliocephalus in the 

region is considerable and well-isolated from the proposed development. Much of its potential 

roosting habitat is already protected in several major National Parks and Reserves on the 

central coast, but this species is well-known virtually everywhere. It is concluded that no 


113





The development will not result in the fragmentation of the total area of 

preferred habitat for this species in the region. The area to be affected by the proposed 

development is insignificant. 












The species’ habitat is conserved in many national parks within its core range 

in north-eastern New South Wales, but as it is a wide-ranging species, it mostly occurs over 

private lands. Its foraging and roosting habitats are nevertheless extensively reserved in 

numerous national parks over its range – including Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, 

Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Watagan National Park and Dharug 

National Park. 










There are numerous records of Pteropus poliocephalus from the central 

coast, but this area is not at the limit of its known distribution. The species ranges from southeastern 

Queensland through eastern New South Wales and into much of Victoria. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Syconycteris australis 


Syconycteris australis (Common Blossum-bat) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) 

as VULNERABLE. It was not detected during the survey, and is not expected to occur there. 

There are no records from the central coast region in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife 

Service database. A field survey for a proposed development did however report this species 

in the Mangrove Mountain area – but this has not yet been confirmed by further records. In 

the southern part of this species’ range (eastern New South Wales), the diet comprises the 

nectar of flowering trees. Its main foraging areas are Banksia-Callistemon heathlands and 

Melaleuca swamplands, with adjacent areas of rainforest being used for roosting. When 

nectar supplies are reduced in its preferred habitats, feeding will also take place in subtropical 

rainforest and wet sclerophyll forests. This is mainly a tropical and subtropical species that 

reaches the southern limit of its range near the northern end of the Sydney Basin. There are 

114


no reliable records of the species in the area of the proposal, but it could conceivably be 

detected on the central coast. 

Information on the biology of Syconycteris australis may be found by consulting the following 


J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Law, B.S. 

(1992); Law, B.S. (1993); Law, B.S. (1994); Law, B.S. (1994); Law, B.S. (1994); Law, B.S. 

and Spencer, H.J. (1995); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Nelson, J.E. (1964); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); 

Richards, G.C. (1983); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) 

(1995); Churchill (1998); Parnaby (1992); Duncan, Baker and Montgomery (1999) and Hall 

and Richards (2000). 









consider that any population of Syconycteris australis that may utilise the region would not 





Syconycteris australis has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Syconycteris australis that may occur in the area, would not be 



extensive. 




No area of habitat for Syconycteris australis is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Syconycteris australis in the 

region is considerable and well-isolated from the proposed development; most of its potential 

habitat is already protected in several major National Parks and Reserves on the central 

coast. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat is to be modified or 

removed by the proposed development. 




The area of habitat to be affected by the proposed development is not known 

habitat for the species, so the development will not result in the fragmentation of the total area 

of preferred habitat for this species in the region. The area to be affected by the proposed 

development is totally unsuitable habitat. 





115









The species’ habitat is conserved in many national parks within its core range 

in north-eastern New South Wales. Although not known from the region, potential habitat is 

also extensively reserved in Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, Brisbane Water National Park 

and Dharug National Park, Munmorah SRA and Wyrrabalong National Park. 










There are no records of Syconycteris australis from the region, but the habitat 

is present on the Central Coast. Based upon present records the species is at the southern 

limit of its range north of the Hunter River at present. The species occurs from New Guinea, 

through eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Saccolaimus flaviventris 


Saccolaimus flaviventris (Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 

(1995) as VULNERABLE. It was not detected during the survey, and is not expected to occur 

there. Potential habitat for this species however, does occur in the Sydney Sandstone 

Ridgetop Woodland on the higher elevations of the subject property. In keeping with its wide 

distribution, this species occupies a broad range of habitat types. Yellow-bellied Sheathtail 

Bats usually require large hollow-bearing Eucalypts for shelter and the site of the proposal 

does not contain any trees that could provide such shelter sites. It should also be noted that 

this is a fast, high-flying species that can be difficult to detect. They feed on insects above the 

canopy of tall dry sclerophyll forest (particularly favouring areas of Spotted Gum forest) and 

woodland so it may also be much more common than records currently indicate. Another 

factor that should be considered with this species is that it is thought to be a migratory 

species that leaves the southern parts of its range during the cooler months for the warmer 

northern parts - this could explain its variable occupation of some areas and habitats. Despite 

the above there are a few records of this species from the central coast region where much 

better habitat (i.e. less disturbed) does occur and although sparse, the records indicate that 

the species still persists in the area. Regionally, Dharug National Park has some areas 

marginally suitable for the Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat, but most of its habitat in the region 

occurs on the less-disturbed parcels of privately owned land. Consequently, habitat for this 

species appears to be quite widespread. Surprisingly, only one record from the central coast 

is in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service database, but it is well-known to those 

surveying bats in the region. 

Information on the biology of Saccolaimus flaviventris may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Anderson, S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1967); Anderson, S. 

and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Chimimba, C.T. 

and Kitchener, D.J. (1987); Conole, L.E. (1981); Hall, L.S. and Gordon, G. (1982); Churchill 

116


(1998); Parnaby (1992); Duncan, Baker and Montgomery (1999); Hall and Richards (2000); 

Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Richards, G.C. (1983); 


(1995). 







disturbance of the proposed development is so small, no loss of roosting or foraging habitat 

would occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential roosting 

trees are to be cleared. We therefore consider that any population of Saccolaimus flaviventris 

that utilises the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance by the 





Saccolaimus flaviventris has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Saccolaimus flaviventris occurring in the area, would not 

be compromised by the proposed development because of the small area proposed for the 





No area of habitat for Saccolaimus flaviventris is to be modified or removed 

by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Saccolaimus flaviventris in the 

region, would cover thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected in 









the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no further clearing of tree cover 










117






other reserves within its NSW range. Within the Sydney Basin bioregion, potential habitat is 

also extensively reserved in Royal National Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton National 


Nattai NR, Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Watagan National Park, 

Marramarra National Park, Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal SRA, 

Kanangra-Boyd National Park, Blue Mountains National Park, Dharug National Park, and 

Yengo National Park. Additionally the species’ habitat also occurs in a number of State 

Forests and Water Catchment areas in the region. 










The records of Saccolaimus flaviventris from the region are not at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from much of continental Australia, 

including most of the northern part of Western Australia, most of the Northern Territory, and 

virtually all of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and eastern South Australia. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Mormopterus norfolcensis 


Mormopterus norfolcensis (Eastern Freetail Bat) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) 

as VULNERABLE. It was not detected during the survey, but potential habitat for this species 

does occur in the study area in the Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland of the region. 

Eastern Freetail Bats require large hollow-bearing Eucalypts for shelter but the site of the 

proposal does not contain trees that could provide such shelter sites. This is a seldom 

observed species that has been found in a wide variety of habitats, ranging from woodland 

and dry sclerophyll forest, through to wet sclerophyll or even rainforest. It has also been found 

along streams in broad forested valleys and most known sites for the species are east of the 

Great Dividing Range. It is thought that habitat for this species appears to be quite 

widespread and locally is protected in the Dharug National Park and Watagan National Park. 

Only sparse records are presently known from the Region in the NSW National Parks and 

Wildlife Service database. 

Information on the biology of Mormopterus norfolcensis may be found by consulting the 


and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1984); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Archer, M. (1981); Iredale, T. and 

Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Churchill (1998); Parnaby (1992); Duncan, 

Baker and Montgomery (1999); Hall and Richards (2000); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. 

(Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995). 






118




would occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential roosting 

trees are to be cleared. We therefore consider that any population of Mormopterus 

norfolcensis that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any 





Mormopterus norfolcensis has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Mormopterus norfolcensis utilising the area, would not be 



extensive. 




No area of habitat for Mormopterus norfolcensis is to be modified or removed 

by the proposed development. The extent of potential habitat for Mormopterus norfolcensis in 

the region, covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected in 









the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no significant clearing of tree 














other reserves within its NSW range. Within the Sydney Basin bioregion potential habitat is 

also extensively reserved in Royal National Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton National 


Watagan National Park, Nattai NR, Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, 

Marramarra National Park, Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal SRA, 

Blue Mountains National Park, Dharug National Park, and Yengo National Park. Additionally 

119


the species’ habitat also occurs in a number of State Forests and Water Catchment areas in 

the region. 










The records of Mormopterus norfolcensis from the region are not at the limit 

of the species’ distribution. The species ranges from south-eastern Queensland, and into 

most of eastern New South Wales. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Chalinolobus dwyeri 


Chalinolobus dwyeri (Large-eared Pied Bat) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. It was not detected during the survey, nor was any potential habitat for this 

species detected in the study area. This is another species that mainly roosts in caves and 

similar environments, but sometimes the abandoned nests of Fairy Martins. They tend to 

prefer a wide range of habitat types ranging from areas of denser forest such as tall eucalypt 

forest and rainforest, to dry sclerophyll forest and open woodland; sites have been recorded 

from near sea level to around 1500 metres elevation. It has been detected in the central coast 

region, so it is not impossible that it might occasionally visit the area of the proposal as 

considerable areas of suitable habitat for this species can be found in the within 10 km radius 

of the site. 

Information on the biology of Chalinolobus dwyeri may be found by consulting the following 


J.K. (Editors) (1984); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Archer, M. (1981); Dwyer, P.D. (1966); Dwyer, 

P.D. (1983); Dwyer, P.D. (1995); Dwyer, P.D. (1995); Hoye, G.A. and Dwyer, P.D. (1995); 

Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, 

R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); Churchill (1998); Parnaby (1992); Duncan, 

Baker and Montgomery (1999) and Hall and Richards (2000). 








in the region as a result of this proposal. We therefore consider that any population of 

Chalinolobus dwyeri that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any 





Chalinolobus dwyeri has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Chalinolobus dwyeri in the area, would not be compromised by 

120



the fact that the available habitat within the region is so extensive. 




No area of habitat for Chalinolobus dwyeri is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Chalinolobus dwyeri in the region, 










clearing of tree cover will occur as a result of the development. 













other reserves within its NSW range. Within the Sydney Basin bioregion potential habitat is 

also extensively reserved in Morton National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, 

Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Watagan National Park, Brisbane Water National Park, Popran 

National Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi National Park, Parr SRA, Blue Mountains 

National Park, Dharug National Park, and Yengo National Park. Additionally the species’ 

habitat also occurs in a number of State Forests and Water Catchment areas in the region. 










The records of Chalinolobus dwyeri from the central coast are not at the limit 

of the species’ distribution. The species is known from scattered locations from most of 

eastern and central New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland. 

121


Eight-part Test Assessment for Falsistrellus tasmaniensis 


Falsistrellus tasmaniensis (Eastern False Pipistrelle) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 

(1995) as VULNERABLE. It was not detected during the survey, but potential habitat for this 

species does occur in the study area in the Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland of the 

region. It has been known to utilise caves, rock crevices and tree hollows as shelter sites, but 

very little is known of its ecology. It appears to be a rare, high-flying species of open 

woodland habitats, as well as wet sclerophyll Forest and Spotted Gum communities. A 

number of records have been from cooler montane sites, indicating that it may require moister 

areas when away from elevated areas. The Eastern False Pipistrelle has been recorded in 

the general area and its known habitat appears to be fairly widespread, so it is possible that 

this species might be at least an occasional vistor to the area of the proposal. Habitat for this 

species is widely protected in most nearby National Parks. 

Information on the biology of Falsistrellus tasmaniensis may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Adams, M., Baverstock, P.R., Watts, C.H.S. and Reardon, T. 

(1987); Anderson, S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1967); Anderson, S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) 

(1984); Archer, M. (1981); Hill, J.E. and Harrison, D.L. (1987); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. 

Le G. (1934); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Kitchener, D.J., Caputi, N. and Jones, B. (1986); 

McKean, J.L. and Price, W.J. (1978); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Parnaby, H.A. (1976); Parnaby, 

H.A. (1983); Phillips, W. (1995); Phillips, W.R., Tidemann, C.R., Inwards, S.J. and Widerlich, 

S. (1985); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); 

Churchill (1998); Parnaby (1992); Duncan, Baker and Montgomery (1999) and Hall and 

Richards (2000). 








in the region as a result of this proposal. No potential roosting trees are to be cleared. We 

therefore consider that any population of Falsistrellus tasmaniensis that may utilise the region 





Falsistrellus tasmaniensis has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Falsistrellus tasmaniensis in the area, would not be 






No area of habitat for Falsistrellus tasmaniensis is to be modified or removed 

by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Falsistrellus tasmaniensis in 

the region, potentially covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already 



122























habitat is also extensively reserved in Kanangra-Boyd National Park, Morton National Park, 

Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Brisbane Water National 

Park, Popran National Park, Watagan National Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi 

National Park, Parr SRA, Blue Mountains National Park, Dharug National Park, and Yengo 

National Park. Additionally the species’ habitat also occurs in a number of State Forests and 

Water Catchment areas in the region. 










The records of Falsistrellus tasmaniensis from the region are not at the limit 

of the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from Tasmania, through most of 

Victoria and eastern New South Wales to south-eastern Queensland. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Kerivoula papuensis 


Kerivoula papuensis (Golden-tipped Bat) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


species detected in the study area. This is essentially a species of dense wet sclerophyll or 

rainforest habitats along the moister parts of the east coastal plain and foothills. It is mainly a 

species of the closed forests of the warmer tropics and subtropics, but it also extends into 

temperate south-eastern NSW where it lives in similar forest conditions. It is known from fairly 

low elevations (about 50 metres to 150 metres above sea level) and most sites are in areas 

exposed to seasonally high rainfall patterns and are near small perennial creeks. There is a 

123


record of this species from the central coast where its habitat persists, and although this may 

indicate that the species lives in the area, its known sites are totally unlike the habitats 

present in the area of the proposal. Suitable habitat for this species appears to be restricted 

to more densely vegetated areas along protected valleys on the Central Coast. Only a single 

record from the central coast is in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service database. 

Information on the biology of Kerivoula papuensis may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Churchill (1998); Parnaby (1992); Duncan, Baker and Montgomery 

(1999); Hall and Richards (2000); Anderson, S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1967); Anderson, 

S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. 

(1934); Lunney, D. and Barker, J. (1986); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); 


(1995); Woodside, D.P. (1995). 








habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposal. No potential roosting trees are to 

be cleared. We therefore consider that any population of Kerivoula papuensis that may utilise 


development. 




Kerivoula papuensis has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Kerivoula papuensis in the area, would not be compromised by 


the fact that the available potential habitat within the region is so isolated. 




No area of habitat for Kerivoula papuensis is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of potential habitat for Kerivoula papuensis in the 

region, is probably low and much of this area would be already protected in National Parks 

and Reserves. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat is to be 







area to be affected by the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no 

significant clearing of tree cover will occur as a result of the development. 




124











several other reserves within its NSW range. Within the Sydney Basin bioregion potential 

habitat is also extensively reserved in Morton National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase National 

Park, Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Watagan National Park, Brisbane Water National Park, 

Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi National Park, Blue Mountains 












The records of Kerivoula papuensis from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. The species occurs from south-eastern New South Wales through 

eastern Queensland, to New Guinea, Indonesia and the Philippines. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Miniopterus schreibersii 


Miniopterus schreibersii (Common Bentwing-bat) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 

(1995) as VULNERABLE. It was not detected during the survey, nor was any potential habitat 

for this species detected in the study area. This species roosts in caves and similar 

environments, and tends to favour tall eucalypt forest in valleys for foraging. Although it has 

been reported in the general region and its habitat is quite extensive locally, the conditions 

that occur on the site of the proposal are not considered to be this species’ preferred habitat. 

However, it is not inconceivable that this bat could be periodically found in the area as 

suitable habitat is well within flying range of the site of the proposal. At the regional level, 

habitat for this species is protected in several National Parks. 

Information on the biology of Miniopterus schreibersii may be found by consulting the 


and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1984); Churchill (1998); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Parnaby (1992); 

Duncan, Baker and Montgomery (1999); Hall and Richards (2000); Archer, M. (1981); Barbu, 

P. (1960); Dunsmore, J.D., Hall, L.S. and Kottek, K.H. (1974); Dwyer, P.D. (1963); Dwyer, 

P.D. (1963); Dwyer, P.D. (1964); Dwyer, P.D. (1966); Dwyer, P.D. (1966); Dwyer, P.D. 

(1969); Dwyer, P.D. (1981); Dwyer, P.D. (1983); Dwyer, P.D. (1995); Dwyer, P.D. and 

Hamilton-Smith, E. (1965); Hall, L.S. (1982); Hall, L.S. (1982); Hamilton-Smith, E. (1968); 

Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Peterson, R.L. (1981); 

Richardson, E.G. (1977); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) 

(1995); and Wallace, G.I. (1978). 

125








the proposed development is so small, no loss of roosting or foraging habitat would occur in 

the region as a result of this proposed development. We therefore consider that any 

population of Miniopterus schreibersii that may utilise the region would not become extinct as 





Miniopterus schreibersii has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Miniopterus schreibersii in the area, would not be compromised 

by the proposed development because of the small area proposed for the works and because 

of the fact that the available habitat within the region is potentially extensive and widespread. 




No area of habitat for Miniopterus schreibersii is to be modified or removed 

by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Miniopterus schreibersii in the 

region, potentially covers thousands of hectares and much of this area is already protected in 









the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no significant clearing of tree 














several other reserves within its NSW range. Within the Sydney Basin bioregion potential 

habitat is also extensively reserved in Morton National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase National 

Park, Watagan National Park, Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Brisbane Water National Park, 

126


Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi National Park, Blue Mountains 












The records of Miniopterus schreibersii from the central coast are not at the 

limit of the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from across northern Australia, 

from the Northern Territory, through eastern Queensland, and eastern New South Wales and 

coastal Victoria and the south-east of South Australia. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Myotis adversus 


Myotis adversus (Large-footed Myotis) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 


species detected in the study area. Suitable foraging areas were not detected on the site of 

the proposal, nor were any areas of rock outcroppings or caves found that could be expected 

to be suitable as refuges. This species of bat prefers rainforest or wet sclerophyll forest lined 

valleys and areas of rock outcroppings for refuges, and requires fairly large bodies of water 

for foraging. It flys low over the surface, raking the water with its long claws to snare aquatic 

insects and fish which form its diet. The Large-footed Myotis has been recorded in the 

general area and its known habitat appears to be fairly restricted to the vicinity of permanent 

flowing water bodies such as the Hawkesbury River and its larger tributaries, and similar 

streams further north so it is possible that this species might be at least an occasional vistor 

to the area of the proposal. Its preferred roosting sites are in caves and larger rock crevices 

along clifflines close to its foraging areas. Habitat for this species is protected in Dharug 

National Park, Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park and Watagan National 

Park. 

Information on the biology of Myotis adversus may be found by consulting the following 

selected references: Anderson, S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1967); Menkhorst, P. (2001); 

Anderson, S. and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Dwyer, P.D. (1970); Dwyer, 

P.D. (1970); Iredale, T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); McKean, J.L. and Hall, L.S. (1965); 

Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Richards, G.C. (1983); Churchill (1998); Parnaby (1992); Duncan, Baker 

and Montgomery (1999); Hall and Richards (2000); Richards, G.C. (1995); Robson, S.K. 

(1984); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); 

Thompson, D. and Fenton, M.B. (1982). 








would occur in the region as a result of this proposal. We therefore consider that any 

population of Myotis adversus that may utilise the central coast would not become extinct as 


127





Myotis adversus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Myotis adversus in the area, would not be compromised by the 

proposed development because of the small area proposed for the works and because of the 

fact that the available potential habitat within the region is so extensive. 




No area of habitat for Myotis adversus is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Myotis adversus in the region, 









habitat is widely distributed throughout the central coast but does not occur on the site of the 














other reserves within its east coastal range. Within the Sydney Basin bioregion its habitat is 

also extensively reserved in the Blue Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, Morton 

National Park, Watagan National Park, Kanangra-Boyd National Park, Dharug National Park 

as well as water catchment lands and even most State Forests. 








128




The records of Myotis adversus from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. The species is widely known from northern and eastern Australia, from 

the Kimberly region in Western Australia, through the Northern Territory, northern and eastern 

Queensland, most of eastern New South Wales and Victoria, and into the south-east of South 

Australia. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Scoteanax rueppellii 


Scoteanax rueppellii (Greater Broad-nosed Bat) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) 

as VULNERABLE. It was not detected during the survey, nor was any potential habitat for this 

species detected in the study area. This species prefers forested gullies in the lower parts of 

the Great Dividing Range. It is more often found in open dry sclerophyll forest and woodland 

habitats in valleys and gullies with permanent flowing streams; it utilises tree hollows for 

shelter sites. Although the habitats at the site of the proposal are not at all typical for this 

species, it has nevertheless been observed in the general region, so it is possible that it could 

be expected to at least occasionally visit the vicinity of the site while moving between areas of 

prime habitat elsewhere. Locally, extensive areas of habitat for this species are protected in a 

few National Parks, but most of this species preferred habitat is to be found mainly on private 

lands. 

Information on the biology of Scoteanax rueppellii may be found by consulting the following 


J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Hoye, G.A. and Richards, G.C. (1995); Iredale, T. 

and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Menkhorst, P. (2001); Churchill (1998); Parnaby (1992); 

Duncan, Baker and Montgomery (1999); Hall and Richards (2000); McKean, J.L. (1966); 

Ogilby, J.D. (1892); Richards, G.C. (1983); Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); 

Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995); Woodside, D.P. and Long, A. (1984). 








habitat would occur in the region as a result of this proposed development. No potential 

roosting trees are to be cleared. We therefore consider that any population of Scoteanax 

rueppellii that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of any disturbance 





Scoteanax rueppellii has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Scoteanax rueppellii utilising the area, would not be 



extensive. 

129





No area of habitat for Scoteanax rueppellii is to be modified or removed by 

the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Scoteanax rueppellii in the region, 

potentially covers thousands of hectares. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of 







habitat is widely distributed throughout the central coast. The area to be affected by the 

proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no significant clearing of tree cover 














other reserves within its NSW range. Within the Sydney Basin bioregion its habitat is also 

extensively reserved locally in the Blue Mountains National Park, Wollemi National Park, 

Yengo National Park, Brisbane Water National Park, Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park, 

Morton National Park, Kanangra-Boyd National Park, and Dharug National Park as well as 

water catchment lands and even most State Forests. 










The records of Scoteanax rueppellii from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. The species occurs from north-eastern Victoria, through most of eastern 

New South Wales and into eastern Queensland to about as far north as Cooktown. 

130


Eight-part Test Assessment for Pseudomys gracilicaudatus 


Pseudomys gracilicaudatus (Eastern Chestnut Mouse) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act 

(1995) as VULNERABLE. It was not detected during the survey, nor was any potential habitat 

for this species detected in the study area. However, the sedge swamps along the verges of 

the major water courses of the central coast could conceivably provide a suitable habitat for 

this species. Its preferred habitat is densely vegetated, poorly drained, swampy heathland 

dominated by sedges quite close to the coast but there are no records of the species from the 

general area of the proposal. A population occurs in Brisbane Water National Park, and 

another population occurs in Cockle Bay Nature Reserve on the Central Coast. Locally, small 

areas of habitat for this species are protected, however, there are very few records from the 

central coast in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service database. 

Information on the biology of Pseudomys gracilicaudatus may be found by consulting the 


and Jones, J.K. (Editors) (1984); Archer, M. (1981); Borsboom, A.C. (1975); Fox, B.J. (1983); 

Fox, B.J. (1995); Fox, B.J. and Kemper, C.M. (1982); Higgs, P. and Fox, B.J. (1993); Iredale, 

T. and Troughton, E. Le G. (1934); Luo, J. (1994); Luo, J., Fox, B.J. and Jefferys, E. (1994); 

Menkhorst, P. (2001); Mahoney, J.A. and Posamentier, H. (1975); Ogilby, J.D. (1892); 

Strahan, R. (1992); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1983); Strahan, R. (Editor) (1995). 









consider that any population of Pseudomys gracilicaudatus that may utilise the region would 





Pseudomys gracilicaudatus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Pseudomys gracilicaudatus in the region, would not be 


works and because of the fact that the preferred habitat is not present on or anywhere near 

the site. 




No area of habitat for Pseudomys gracilicaudatus is to be modified or 

removed by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Pseudomys 

gracilicaudatus in the region, is restricted to more coastal situations further east and much of 

this area is already protected in reserves. Therefore it is concluded that no significant area of 


131







area to be affected by the proposed development is totally unsuitable habitat, and no 

significant clearing of vegetation will occur as a result of the development. 












The species is adequately conserved in a number of national parks, and in 

several other reserves within its east coastal range, including Jervis Bay National Park. Its 

habitat is also extensively reserved in Dharug National Park, Brisbane Water National Park 

and Ku-ring-Gai Chase National Park and other smaller nature reserves. 










The records of Pseudomys gracilicaudatus from the region are sparse but are 

not at the limit of the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from south-eastern 

Queensland through most of north-eastern New South Wales, extending as far south as 

Beecroft Peninsula, near Jervis Bay, NSW. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Heleioporus australiacus 


Heleioporus australiacus (Giant Burrowing Frog) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) 

as VULNERABLE, and in the EPBC Act (1999) as VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the 

site, nor was any potential habitat for this species detected on the site. Vegetation units 

identified on the central coast for this species are Sheltered Rough-barked Apple Forest, 

Coastal Ranges Open Forest, Coastal Narrabeen Scrub Forest, Sheltered Dry Hawkesbury 

Forest, Exposed Hawkesbury Woodland, Heath, Scribbly Gum-Dwarf Apple Woodland, 

Hawkesbury Coastal Banksia Scrub. None of these vegetation units occur at the site of the 

proposed development. Some sites where the species has been recently recorded are 

Brisbane Water National Park, Wollemi National Park, Watagan National Park, and Olney 

State Forest. 

132


The disjunct populations of this species over its range reflect the geomorphology of the southeastern 

Australian region. The southern population extends from eastern Victoria to about the 

Narooma district on the south coast of New South Wales, where they are restricted to 

Devonian granites and associated shale cappings. In the northern sector of its range, the 

Giant Burrowing Frog is restricted to the Triassic Hawkesbury and Narrabeen Sandstones of 

the Sydney Geological Basin. The geological characteristics of this region may be found in 

Branagan, Herbert and Langford-Smith (1976). The habitat may be found from coastal areas 

to steep escarpment areas and plateaus. Within these geological formations, this species 

mainly occupies the more heavily forested areas such as occurs in gullies or in the broader 

valley areas containing tall wet forest (habitats that are now scarce due to past clearing for 

agriculture). The species may also occur in heath or shrubland ecotones as well. 

Giant Burrowing Frogs usually live along clear, permanent slowly flowing water courses such 

as occur in the larger gullies. They also live in adjacent upper head-water sites preferring 

permanently moist soaks or pondages, surrounded by dense ground vegetation and leaf-litter. 

The principal vegetation communities occupied by this species are quite varied, however a 

species common to most sites is Eucalyptus sieberi. In the Sydney Basin population the 

principal vegetation community occupied is Sydney Sandstone Gully Forest, but the species 

also occupies adjacent ecotonal communities as well. The southern population occupies 

similar wet forest habitats. 

Giant Burrowing frogs may be found in both dry and wet sclerophyll forest habitats, where 

they can be found along shallow slow flowing creeks with sandy and rocky bottoms. Creeks 

usually have earthen banks with scattered rock outcrops and are have a dense ground cover 

of Blechnum ferns, Carex spp. and Gahnia spp. and mesomorphic shrubs. 

Burrows are excavated into the earth around, or associated with rocks fissures or boulders, 

probably to take advantage of water run-off from outcroppings. It has also been reported that 

yabbie holes are also utilised along the beds and banks of drying creeks. The excavations of 

small mammals may also be utilised as a burrow site as well. 

Although this is a burrowing species, favoured microhabitat are also beneath thick ground 

litter at the base of rock outcroppings along creeks. 

Definitions of these vegetation communities and associations may be found in Benson (1986, 

1992), Benson and Fallding (1981), Benson and Howell (1994), Benson and Keith (1990), 

Fisher, Ryan and Lembit (1995), Ryan, Fisher and Schaeper (1996) and Keith and Benson 

(1988). 

Information on the biology of Heleioporus australiacus may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Anstis, M. (1974); Anstis, M. (1975); Barker, J. and Grigg, G.C. 

(1977); Barker, J., Grigg, G.C. and Tyler, M.J. (1995); Barrett, C.L. (1943); Bentley, P.J., Lee, 

A.K. and Main, A.R. (1958); Boulenger, G.A. 1882); Clyne, D. (1969); Cogger, H.G. (1960); 

Cogger, H.G. (1962); Cogger, H.G. (1972); Cogger, H.G. (1972); Cogger, H.G. (1975); 


Cogger, H.G. (1992); Cogger, H.G. (1994); Cogger, H.G. (1996); Cogger, H.G. 2000); 

Cogger, H.G., Cameron, E.E. and Cogger, H.M. (1983); Daly, G. (1994); Daly, G. (1996); 

Daly, G. and Murphy, M. (1996); Fletcher, J.J. (1889); Fletcher, J.J. (1890); Fletcher, J.J. 

(1894); Fletcher, J.J. (1894); Fletcher, J.J. (1898); Frost, D. (Editor) (1985); Fry, D.B. (1914); 

Fry, D.B. (1915); Gadow, H.F. (1901); Gillespie, G.R. (1990); Gillespie, G.R. (1996); Glasby, 

C.J., Ross, G.J.B. and Beesley, P.L. (Editors) (1993); Gorham, S.W. (1966); Green, M. 

(1997); Griffiths, K. (1996); Griffiths, K. (1997); Grigg, G.C. and Barker, J. (1973); Gunther, 

A.C.L.G. 1858); Harrison, L. (1922); Hoser, R.T. (1989); Keferstein, W. (1868); Kingston, T.J., 

Pulsford, I.F. and Smith, P. (1979); Le Breton, M.J. (1994); Lemckert, F. (1998); Lemckert, F., 

Brassil, T. and McCray, K. (1998); Littlejohn, M.J. and Main, A.R. (1959); Littlejohn, M.J. and 

Martin, A.A. (1967); Littlejohn, M.J. and Martin, A.A. (1968); Loveridge, A. (1935); Lucas, 

A.H.S. and LeSouef, W.H.D. (1909); Lunney, D. and Barker, J. (1986); Mahony, M.J. (1994); 

Main, A.R. (1954); Main, A.R., Lee, A.K. and Littlejohn, M.J. (1958); Main, A.R., Littlejohn, 

M.J. and Lee, A.K. (1959); Martin, A.A. (1967); Mazzer, T. (1994); Moore, J.A. (1957); Moore, 

J.A. (1961); Nieden, F. (1923); Parker, H.W. (1940); Recsei, J. (1997); Recsei, J. and 

133


Thumm, K. (1995); Robinson, M. (1993); Rose, A.B. (1974); Softly, A. (1974); Steel, T. 

(1912); Stewart, D. (1995); Swan, G. (1975); Tyler, M.J. (1976); Tyler, M.J. (1989); Tyler, M.J. 

(1992); Tyler, M.J. (1994); Tyler, M.J., Watson, G.F. and Martin, A.A. (1981); Watson, G.F. 

and Martin, A.A. (1973); Webb, G.A. (1981); Webb, G.A. (1983); Webb, G.A. (1987); Webb, 

G.A. (1990); Webb, G.A. (1991); Webb, G.A. (1991); Webb, G.A. (1993); Wellington, R.C. 

and Wells, R.W. (1992); Wellington, R.C. and Wells, R.W. (1995); Wellington, R.C., Wells, 

R.W. and LeBreton, M. (1993); Wells, R.W. (1993); Wells, R.W. 2000); Wells, R.W. and 

Wellington, R.C. (1985); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. (1988); Wells, R.W. and 

Wellington, R.C. (1988); York, A., Binns, D.L. and Shields, J. (1991). 






habitat to be used by the proposed development is not suitable for the species and the level 

of disturbance of the proposed development is so small, no loss of reproductive or foraging 


occur on or anywhere near the site either. We therefore consider that any population of 

Heleioporus australiacus that may utilise the region would not become extinct as a result of 





Heleioporus australiacus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an 


that the viability of any population of Heleioporus australiacus that may be in the region, 


does not occur on the site. Additionally, the extent of suitable undisturbed habitat within the 

region is very large and well isolated from the proposed development. 




No area of habitat for Heleioporus australiacus is to be modified or removed 

by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Heleioporus australiacus in the 









species’ preferred habitat is fragmentarily distributed throughout the region, but does not 

occur on the site of the proposed development. The area to be affected by the proposed 

development is totally unsuitable vegetation, and no significant clearing of vegetative cover 

will occur as a result of the development in any case. 





134









Populations of this species are currently reserved in Royal National Park, 



Popran National Park, Marramarra National Park, Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr 

SRA, Dharawal SRA, Blue Mountains National Park, Dharug National Park, Yengo National 

Park and Barren Grounds National Park. Additionally the species also occurs in a number of 

State Forests and Water Catchment areas. The combined area of habitat already reserved for 

this species is at least in the order of many tens of thousands of hectares by any reasonable 

estimate. 










The records of Heleioporus australiacus from the region are not at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. The species is known from eastern Victoria, through south-eastern 

New South Wales north to the Sydney Basin. There appear to be two main distribution 

patterns, which have been loosely termed the northern and southern populations. The 

northern population occurs within an area bounded by Mt Coricudgy and Kings Cross in 

Wollemi National Park in the north, to the Jervis Bay district in the South, and Mt Victoria in 

the west. This distribution falls within the Sydney Geological Basin and mimics the distribution 

of the Red-crowned Toadlet. The southern population occurs from about Narooma in the 

north, south into the north-eastern parts of Victoria, to about as far south as Walhalla (where 

it now appears to have been extirpated). These populations could potentially occur over wider 

areas than current observation records suggest, as their habitats extend considerably beyond 

the limits of current specimen records in places. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Pseudophryne australis 


Pseudophryne australis (Red-crowned Toadlet) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) 

as VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, nor was any potential habitat for this 

species detected at the site of the proposed development. Potential habitat for this species 

however, exists in the areas of Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland upslope of the site. A 

variety of vegetation units have been identified on the central coast for this species: Coastal 

Wet Gully Forest, Coastal Narrabeen Moist Forest, Sheltered Rough-barked Apple Forest, 

Sheltered Blue Gum Forest, Coastal Ranges Open Forest, Dharug Rough-barked Apple 

Forest, Hunter Range Grey Gum Forest, Coastal Narrabeen Scrub Forest, Sheltered Dry 

Hawkesbury Forest, Exposed Hawkesbury Woodland, Heath, Exposed Yellow Bloodwood 

Woodland, Hawkesbury Coastal Banksia Scrub. 

The Red-crowned Toadlet has a restricted distribution, being only known from a relatively 

small area of mid-eastern New South Wales. It is known only from isolated parts within the 

135


Sydney Geological Basin, from Pokolbin State Forest in the north, to the Nowra district in the 

South, and Mt Victoria in the west. The northern and southern populations appear to be 

isolated, and indeed have demonstrated some genetic variation. Historical records from 

beyond the Sydney Basin are now thought to be in error. 

Known only from Triassic sandstones of the Hawkesbury and Narrabeen Formations. The 

habitat may be found in steep escarpment areas and plateaus, as well as low undulating 

ranges and outcroppings. Ironstone capping is a common feature of many sites where this 

species has been observed. The species has been recorded from near sea-level to about 

1000 metres in elevation, but most sites are on fairly low coastal ranges under 200 m in 

elevation. 

Within these geological formations, this species mainly occupies the upper parts of ridges, 

usually being restricted to within about 100 metres of the ridgetop. Although they also occur 

on plateaus or more level rock platforms along the ridgetop this area is usually less preferred 

than the first tallus slope areas below the upper escarpment or just below benched rock 

platforms.Favoured microhabitats for shelter sites are under flat sandstone rocks (‘bush-rock’) 

either resting on bare rock or damp loamy soils. They have also been found under logs on 

soil, beneath thick ground litter and in horizontal rock crevices near the ground. 

Red-crowned Toadlets do not usually live along permanent flowing water courses such as 

occur in gullies, instead preferring permanently moist soaks or areas of dense ground 

vegetation or litter along or near head-water stream beds. These are the non-perennial first or 

second order drainage systems that are at the very upper parts of ridges. They are 

ephemeral drainages that are commonly called ‘feeder-creeks’ that channel water from the 

upper most parts of the ridge, benches, cliffs and tallus slopes to the perennial streams in the 

gullies below. Such watercourses are dry or reduced to scattered shallow pools or ponds for 

much of the year, and have sustained flow for only a few weeks following the onset of late 

summer thunderstorms, then ceasing again until another short period of flow that is initiated 

by the follow-up rains of Autumn. The water quality in these upper feeder-creeks and soaks is 

very high and is almost totally lacking in nutrients. 

The principal vegetation community occupied by this species is Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop 

Woodland (mainly dominated by Corymbia gummifera and Eucalyptus haemastoma, although 

a number of different associations within this community are utilised depending upon the 

area). Other vegetation communities have also been recorded as representing this species’ 

habitat: viz Sydney Sandstone Gully Forest (dominated by Eucalyptus piperata, Eucalyptus 

pilularis and Angophora costata, but utilised mainly at the ecotone between this community 

and the former, rather than in the gullies proper), Coastal Sandstone Heath community 

(dominated by Banksia spp., Hakea teretifolia, and Baekea spp.), and the Blue Mountains 

Sandstone Plateau Forest community (dominated by Eucalyptus sieberi and Eucalyptus 

piperata). Tree cover when present is usually open and low (10-20m), and the understorey is 

dominated by a complex range of xeromorphic shrubs. 

Information on the biology of Pseudophryne australis may be found by consulting the 

following selected references: Aflalo, F.G. (1896); Andersson, L.G. (1913); Andersson, L.G. 

(1916); Anonymous (1883); Balfour, F.M. (1881); Barker, J. and Grigg, G.C. (1977); Barker, 

J., Boniecki, G., Davy, D., Donges, C., Glendenning, L., Kahane, R. and Marshall, L. (1974); 

Barker, J., Grigg, G.C. and Tyler, M.J. (1995); Barrett, C.L. (1943); Boettger, O. (1892); 

Boulenger, G.A. (1882); Clyne, D. (1969); Clyne, D. (1969); Cogger, H.G. (1960); Cogger, 

H.G. (1962); Cogger, H.G. (1972); Cogger, H.G. (1972); Cogger, H.G. (1975); Cogger, H.G. 


(1992); Cogger, H.G. (1994); Cogger, H.G. (1996); Cogger, H.G. 2000); Cogger, H.G., 

Cameron, E.E. and Cogger, H.M. (1983); Dumeril, A.M.C., Bibron, G. and Dumeril, A.H.A. 

(1854); Emmens, C.W. (1955); Emmens, C.W. and Gerber, W.L. (1955); Fitzinger, L.J. 

(1843); Fitzinger, L.J. (1861); Fletcher, J.J. (1889); Fletcher, J.J. (1890); Fletcher, J.J. (1894); 

Fletcher, J.J. (1898); Frost, D. (Editor) (1985); Gadow, H.F. (1901); Girard, C.F. (1853); 

Girard, C.F. (1858); Glasby, C.J., Ross, G.J.B. and Beesley, P.L. (Editors) (1993); Gorham, 

S.W. (1966); Gray, J.E. (1835); Griffiths, K. (1996); Griffiths, K. (1997); Grigg, G.C. and 

Barker, J. (1973); Gunther, A.C.L.G. (1858); Harrison, L. (1921); Harrison, L. (1922); 

136


Heatwole, H., De Bavay, J., Webber, P. and Webb, G.J.W. (1995); Hoser, R.T. (1989); 

Jacobson, C.M. (1963); Jacobson, C.M. (1963); Keferstein, W. (1868); Kinghorn, J.R. (1944); 

Klingelhoffer, W. (1956); Krefft, J.L.G. (1863); Krefft, J.L.G. (1865); Krefft, J.L.G. (1867); 

Krefft, J.L.G. (1871); Loveridge, A. (1935); Lucas, A.H.S. and LeSouef, W.H.D. (1909); 

Mahony, M.J. (1994); Moore, J.A. (1957); Moore, J.A. (1961); Neill, W.T. (1974); Nieden, F. 

(1923); Oertter, J. (1955); Parker, H.W. (1940); Robinson, M. (1993); Rose, A.B. (1974); 

Ross, E.C. (1908); Smith, M.A. (1929); Stewart, D. (1995); Sweet, G. (1908); Thumm, K. and 

Mahony, M.J. (1997); Thumm, K. and Mahony, M.J. (1999); Tyler, M.J. (1976); Tyler, M.J. 

(1989); Tyler, M.J. (1992); Tyler, M.J. (1994); Tyler, M.J., Watson, G.F. and Martin, A.A. 

(1981); Webb, G.A. (1983); Wellington, R.C. (1996); Wellington, R.C. and Wells, R.W. (1992); 

Wellington, R.C. and Wells, R.W. (1995); Wellington, R.C., Wells, R.W. and LeBreton, M. 

(1993); Wells, R.W. (1993); Wells, R.W. 2000); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. (1985); 

Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. (1988); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. (1988); Woodruff, 

D.S. (1972); Woodruff, D.S. (1976); Woodruff, D.S. (1978). 





and the lack of suitable habitat on the site of the proposed development makes its presence 

there unlikely as well. As the habitat to be used by the proposed development is totally 


reproductive or foraging habitat would occur as a result of this proposed development in any 

case. No potential breeding areas occur on or anywhere near the site either. We therefore 

consider that any population of Pseudophryne australis that may utilise the region would not 





Pseudophryne australis has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Pseudophryne australis that may be in the region, would not be 

compromised by the proposed development because the species or its habitat does not occur 

on the site. Additionally, the extent of suitable undisturbed habitat within the region is very 

large and well isolated from the proposed development. 




No area of habitat for Pseudophryne australis is to be modified or removed 

by the proposed development. The extent of known habitat of Pseudophryne australis in the 









species’ preferred habitat is widely distributed throughout the region, but does not occur on 

the site of the proposed development. The area to be affected by the proposed development 

is totally unsuitable habitat, and no further significant loss of vegetative cover will occur as a 

result of the development. 

137













In the general region of the proposal, populations are currently protected in 

Brisbane Water National Park, Popran National Park, Bouddi National Park and Dharug 

National Park. Elsewhere, populations of this species are currently reserved in Royal National 

Park, Heathcote National Park, Morton National Park, Garigal National Park, Ku-ring-Gai 

Chase National Park, Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Nattai NR, Marramarra National Park, 

Wollemi National Park, Bargo SRA, Parr SRA, Dharawal SRA, Blue Mountains National Park, 

Yengo National Park, and Lane Cove National Park. Additionally the species also occurs in a 

number of State Forests and Water Catchment areas. The combined area of habitat already 

reserved for this species is at least in the order of many tens of thousands of hectares. 










The records of Pseudophryne australis from the region are not at the limit of 

the species’ distribution. The species is widely known from the sandstones of the Sydney 

Geological Basin from Pokolbin State Forest in the north, to the Nowra district in the South, 

and Mt Victoria in the west. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Litoria aurea 


Litoria aurea (Green and Golden Bell Frog or Swamp Frog) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC 

Act (1995) as ENDANGERED and in the EPBC Act (1999) as ENDANGERED. It was not 

detected on the site, nor was any potential habitat for this species detected on the site. 

Potential habitat for this species exists in the areas of open farmland along nearby Ourimbah 

Creek Road downslope of the site. In the general region of the proposal, no populations could 

be considered as adequately protected in any National Park. 

On the central coast most areas where this species has been positively recorded are within 

the Newcastle LGA, although populations still occur within the Gosford and Wyong LGAs. 

Regionally, its habitat occurs fairly widely within the LGA’s of Newcastle, Lake Macquarie, 

Cessnock, Gosford and Wyong however its distribution on the central coast is highly 

fragmented and in serious decline. Known sites where the species still persists are Avoca 

Beach, Warnervale, Wyee, Hexham Swamp and Kooragang Island. Its distribution pattern 

indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to lowland coastal wetlands, with emergent 

sedges and Typha spp. 

138


Vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species are Alluvial Tall Moist Forest, 

Hunter Lowlands Redgum Forest, Coastal Narrabeen Moist Forest, Coastal Foothills Spotted 

Gum-Ironbark Forest, Swamp Mahogany-Paperbark Forest, Phragmites Rushland, Wyong 

Paperbark Swamp Forest, Freshwater Wetland Complex, Sandstone Hanging Swamps, 

Mangrove-Estuarine Complex. 

According to all reports this species occurs naturally only in south-eastern Australia. It ranges 

from the far north-eastern coast of New South Wales south to the north-eastern corner of 

coastal Victoria and occurs slightly inland to include small parts of the Australian Capital 

Territory and into parts of the eastern Riverina district. It has also been introduced into New 

Zealand as well as New Caledonia. 

Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to the coastal 

marshlands of most of eastern New South Wales and the adjacent parts of Victoria. The 

coastal population was probably more or less continuous along mid to north-eastern New 

South Wales at European settlement, but elsewhere the species’ distribution was fragmented 

into many smaller isolates. The northern and southern populations appear to have been 

naturally isolated prior to the species recent precipitous decline, and indeed may have 

demonstrated some genetic variation. The northern population was considered to warrant 

recognition at the subspecific level by Loveridge in 1950 (Litoria aurea ulongae) but the 

species had been barely studied morphologically prior to its relatively recent decline. Since 

settlement, the formally continuous coastal distribution has become highly fragmented. 

Swamp Frogs (or Green and Golden Bell Frogs as they are otherwise known) can attain a 

maximum size of around 80-90mm in length, but are surprisingly light for such a large frog. 

The hindlimbs are large and powerful, with the hindfeet fully webbed, and the body somewhat 

streamlined in appearance. As a consequence, Swamp Frogs are capable of quite large 

jumps to avoid predators and once in the water, they are fast swimmers and readily dive to 

considerable depth if required. 

Although Swamp Frogs are quite large, they readily adopt a reduced surface exposure 

posture during low moisture conditions, by orienting themselves away from the direct sun and 

remaining motionless tightly pressed against protective vegetation with their limbs tucked-in 

close to their body. When in such a posture they appear much smaller than they really are, 

and this no doubt reduces the area of body surface exposure to desiccating conditions. 

Behaviourally, this species can be active both during the day (when it may bask in the sun for 

prolonged periods or feed), and night (when they mate and feed). When foraging, this species 

can adopt a sit-and-wait strategy by seizing any suitable prey that may wander past, or an 

active hunting strategy, where they apparently seek out other calling frogs and eat them. 

However, Swamp Frogs do not confine their diet to other frogs as is popularly believed. They 

are voracious predators and may consume a wide variety of invertebrates and small 

vertebrates, taking small frogs, lizards, beetles, moths, dragonflies, spiders, and many other 

suitably sized animals. A closely related species, Litoria raniformis has even been recorded 

feeding on a juvenile Copperhead (Austrelaps ramsayi). 

Reproductively, Swamp Frogs can be highly fecund, and under natural conditions some adult 

populations have been estimated in the hundreds of thousands per site. They are summer 

breeders, with most reproductive activity being triggered by summer thunderstorm conditions. 

The eggs are capable of surviving in water exposed to quite a range of temperatures and float 

as a sticky mass around emergent vegetation; the larvae are fast swimming, fast growing and 

hardy. 

In captivity some adults have lived over 5 years, and it is possible that a life span of between 

10 to 20 years may be attained (at least in captivity). 

Its main natural predators are numerous types of waterbirds which prey on both the larvae 

and the adults, but they are also eaten by Red-bellied Black Snakes (Pseudechis 

porphyriacus), Tiger Snakes (Notechis scutatus), Marsh Snakes (Hemiaspis signata) (larvae 

139


and metamorphlings), Green Tree Snakes (Dendrelaphis punctulatus), Mosquito Fish 

(Gambusia holbrooki) (feeds on larvae), and Water Rats (Hydromys chrysogaster). 

Specimens are occasionally found with various parasitic infestations and fungal infections as 

well. Interestingly, this species can emit a peculiar odour when handled, and it is possible that 

this may indicate that the species could possess a toxic skin secretion as a defense 

mechanism against predators. 

This species is able to utilise a variety of wetland conditions, both natural and disturbed, and 

wherever it is found it is usually common and easy to locate. Under natural conditions this 

species prefers swamps, marshes, low river flats, creek backwaters and billabongs, hence its 

original common name of ‘Swamp Frog’. Most sites are below 100 metres in elevation, 

although prior to their decline the species had been recorded from areas considerably higher 

than this (around 700-800 metres). 

Swamp Frogs may be found in association with a variety of vegetation, both native and 

exotic, and usually prefers reeds for basking, and mainly occur in areas with ephemeral 

ponds. Such ponds are usually typified as being in moderately to highly disturbed sites, but 

with good water quality, good growths of emergent vegetation such as Typha sp. Eleocharis 

sp. and Juncus sp. and an abundance of shelter sites around their verges. Those containing 

predatory exotic fishes (Gambusia holbrooki) generally are unsuitable for Swamp Frogs. 

Substrate in occupied ponds varies from sand, clay to rock. Water flow is either still or gently 

flowing. Most suitable ponds are in unshaded positions, although dense emergent water 

plants do provide a density of cover which provides some protection from excessive heat. 

Ponds are usually shallow, but often have a deep area of still water present as well. 

Swamp frogs are both diurnal and nocturnal in activity pattern, although they are mainly 

diurnal in nature, basking either on emergent vegetation within the pond, or on the ground 

around the shoreline. Usually they climb only about a metre up vegetation that protrudes from 

the water, but they are capable climbers and on occasions they can also be found up to three 

or four metres high in the dense foliage of trees growing along the water’s edge. More often 

though, they may be observed sitting partly submerged in the water amongst dense grasses 

and other plants like Phragmites or Typha, or basking on the damp ground beside water, or 

on objects like logs and reeds that protrude from the water. They overwinter beneath large 

mats of vegetation that have accumulated on the bottom of dry ponds, or beneath logs and 

rocks around the pond edges. Large overland movements also occur during thunderstorms of 

summer, and this may be during the day or night. Although primarily a terrestrial species this 

frog can also climb into low vegetation, and has been found up to 3 or 4 metres high in the 

branches of willow trees along streams on occasions. 

The principal vegetation community occupied by this species nowadays is open grassland, 

such as provided by farmland and other agriculturally altered landscapes. Therefore, no 

habitat suitable for this species occurs on the site. 

There are now numerous references on this species, following frantic research into all 

aspects of its biology once it was realized that the species had become endangered. 

Information on the biology of Litoria aurea may be found by consulting the following selected 

references and these in turn contain many other articles of use: Barker, J., Grigg, G.C. and 

Tyler, M.J. (1995); Cogger, H.G. (1960); Cogger, H.G. (1962); Cogger, H.G. (1972); Cogger, 

H.G. (1972); Cogger, H.G. (1975); Cogger, H.G. (1979); Cogger, H.G. (1983); Cogger, H.G. 


(1996); Cogger, H.G. 2000); Cogger, H.G., Cameron, E.E. and Cogger, H.M. (1983); Dumeril, 

A.M.C., Bibron, G. and Dumeril, A.H.A. (1854); Glasby, C.J., Ross, G.J.B. and Beesley, P.L. 

(Editors) (1993); Griffiths, K. (1996); Griffiths, K. (1997); Grigg, G.C. and Barker, J. (1973); 

Harrison, L. (1921); Harrison, L. (1922); Heatwole, H., De Bavay, J., Webber, P. and Webb, 

G.J.W. (1995); Hoser, R.T. (1989); Loveridge, A. (1950); Moore, J.A. (1961); Tyler, M.J. 

(1976); Tyler, M.J. (1989); Tyler, M.J. (1992); Tyler, M.J. (1994); Tyler, M.J., Watson, G.F. 

and Martin, A.A. (1981); Wellington, R.C. and Wells, R.W. (1992, 1994, 1995); Wellington, 

R.C., Wells, R.W. and LeBreton, M. (1993); Wells, R.W. (1993); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, 

R.C. (1985); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. (1988); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. 

(1988); Courtice and Grigg (1975); Marriner (1905); Parker (1938); Copland (1957); Pyke and 

140


Osborne (1996); Wellington (1999a,b); Ehmann (1997); Parsons (1999);Gray (1998); Bower 

and Goldingay (1998); Mortel et al (1998); Greer (1996); Campbell (1999); Anstis (2002); 

Robinson (1993). 










region either. We therefore consider that any population of Litoria aurea that may utilise the 





Litoria aurea has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered population 

in the region of the proposed development. Nevertheless, we believe that the viability of any 

population of Litoria aurea that may be in the region, would not be compromised by the 

proposed development because the species or its habitat does not occur on the site. 

Additionally, the extent of suitable undisturbed habitat within the region is very large and 

isolated from the proposed development. 




No area of habitat for Litoria aurea is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known or potential habitat of Litoria aurea in the region, 

covers only a small part of the central coast and none of this area is protected in any of the 

regional National Parks and Reserves. However, it is concluded that no significant area of 







species’ preferred habitat is already totally fragmented throughout the region, but does not 


development is totally unsuitable for the species. 









141





No populations of this species are currently reserved in any National Park, or 

reserve on the Central Coast. The area of habitat reserved for this species even at the 

regional level is insignificant. 










The records of Litoria aurea from the region are not at the limit of the species’ 

distribution. The species is widely known from eastern New South Wales and Victoria. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Litoria littlejohni 


Litoria littlejohni (Heath Frog) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as VULNERABLE. 

It was not detected on the site, but potential habitat for this species was detected on the site. 

Potential habitat for this species exists in the areas of Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop woodland 

on the more elevated partsof the subject property. In the general region of the proposal, large 

areas of this species habitat is adequately protected in most National Parks and reserves. 

This species occurs in south-eastern Australia. It has a fragmented distribution pattern 

ranging from north-eastern Victoria, north to about the Wyong district on the central coast of 

New South Wales. Most sites occupied by this species are between 250-1000 metres in 

altitude, although they have been found as low as 100 metres on the central coast in some 

areas. 

Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to woodland 

communities, although it has been found in both wet and dry sclerophyll forest communities 

as well. It prefers mountainous areas of sandstone outcropping along or nearby small, slowly 

flowing freshwater streams – both ephemeral and permanently flowing. It usually shelters 

beneath exfoliated sandstone or in rock crevices and can often be found sympatrically with 

Litoria citropa. 

The main rock types of its preferred habitat are sandstones, conglomerates and shales. Soil 

types associated with this species are usually rather sandy with dense leaf-litter and usually a 

rich humus layer as well. 

The vegetation types in its habitat are usually in a relatively undisturbed and dense state, with 

a broad canopy cover, lush ferny ground cover, and a rich mid-story of sclerophllous shrubs. 

Specimens have also been detected in the vicinity of small hanging swamps and marshes as 

well. 

Favoured breeding sites are usually rather temporary soaks and water pools following rainfall, 

and such sites are often well removed from any creeks, and other times breeding may occur 

in deeper pools of slow-flowing streams, farm dams and sedge-lined hanging swamps. This 

species requires unpolluted, slightly acidic (pH 6.2) non-turbid water conditions for breeding. 

142


This species appears to be rather uncommon, and may rapidly disappear from habitats 

following a bushfire. Generally, they prefer areas of woodland or forest that have been without 

fire for many years. It appears to be very severly affected by changes to its habitat. 

Information on the biology of Litoria littlejohni may be found by consulting the following 

selected references and these in turn contain many other articles of use: Barker, J., Grigg, 

G.C. and Tyler, M.J. (1995); Cogger, H.G. (1975); Cogger, H.G. (1979); Cogger, H.G. (1983); 


Cogger, H.G. (1996); Cogger, H.G. 2000); Cogger, H.G., Cameron, E.E. and Cogger, H.M. 

(1983); Griffiths, K. (1997); Moore, J.A. (1961); Tyler, M.J. (1976); Tyler, M.J. (1989); Tyler, 

M.J. (1992); Tyler, M.J. (1994); Wellington, R.C. and Wells, R.W. (1992, 1994, 1995); 

Wellington, R.C., Wells, R.W. and LeBreton, M. (1993); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. 

(1985); Ehmann (1997); Campbell (1999); Anstis (2002); Robinson (1993); Fletcher (1889); 

Krefft (1863); White, Whitford and Mahoney (1994). 








as a result of this proposed development. No potential breeding areas occur on or anywhere 

near the site. We therefore consider that any population of Litoria littlejohni that may utilise 


development. 




Litoria littlejohni has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Litoria littlejohni that may be in the region, would not be 

compromised by the proposed development because the species or its habitat does not occur 

on the site. Additionally, the extent of suitable undisturbed habitat within the region is very 

large and isolated from the proposed development. 




No area of habitat for Litoria littlejohni is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known or potential habitat of Litoria littlejohni in the 

region, covers a huge part of the central coast and much of this area is protected in the 

regional National Parks and Reserves. However, it is concluded that no significant area of 







species’ preferred habitat is already totally fragmented throughout the region, but does not 


development is totally unsuitable for the species. 

143













Populations of this species are currently reserved in Morton National Park, 

Blue Mountains National Park, Wadbilliga National Park, Barren Grounds Nature Reserve, 

Wollomi National Park and Watagan National Park. The area of habitat reserved for this 

species even at the regional level is significant. 










The records of Litoria littlejohni from the region are at the northern limit of the 

species’ distribution. The species is known from very scattered locations from north-eastern 

Victoria, through to the Watagan Ranges on the central coast of New South Wales. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Litoria brevipalmata 


Litoria brevipalmata (Green-thighed Frog) is listed in Schedule 2 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

VULNERABLE. It was not detected on the site, but potential habitat for this species was 

however detected adjacent to the site in a remnant rainforest gully. Potential habitat for this 

species exists in the areas of subtropical rainforest and wet sclerophylly forest throughout the 

Ourimbah Creek valley. Vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species are 

Coastal Wet Gully Forest, Alluvial Tall Moist Forest, Coastal Narrabeen Moist Forest, Coastal 

Ranges Open Forest, and Coastal Foothills Spotted Gum-Ironbark Forest. Some known 

locations for the species are Ourimbah Creek, the Wyong area, Wallarah Creek, Martinsville, 

and Ourimbah State Forest. In the general region of the proposal, large areas of this species 

habitat is protected in some National Parks and State Forests, but actual observations of 

Litoria brevipalmata are seldom made. 

This species occurs only in south-eastern Australia. It has a fragmented distribution pattern 

ranging from south-eastern Queensland, south to the Ourimbah district on the central coast of 

New South Wales. Most sites occupied by this species are between 10-500 metres in altitude. 

Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to wet forest 

communities, in particular riparian rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest. Specimens have also 

been found breeding in flooded lowland valleys, including grassy agricultural areas with 

Melaleuca groves around marshes. It prefers hilly areas of moderate sandstone outcropping 

along or nearby small, slowly flowing freshwater streams – both ephemeral and permanently 

flowing usually in rainforest. It usually shelters in rock crevices and also tree hollows and may 

144


refuge in the headwaters of deeply incised rainforest gullies. During summer storms it can 

often be found sympatrically with Litoria lesueurii with which it may be confused 

morphologically. Additionally, its call is very similar to both Litoria freycineti and Litoria 

latopalmata. 

The vegetation types in its habitat are usually in a relatively disturbed but dense state, often 

regenerated from past logging with a broad canopy cover, and lush ferny ground cover. 

Specimens have also been detected in the vicinity of small swamps and marshes as well 

following extended periods of heavy rainfall in late summer. 

Favoured breeding sites are usually rather temporary soaks and water pools following rainfall, 

and such sites are often overflow from creeks, and other times breeding may occur in shallow 

pools of slow-flowing streams, shallow ground pools and grassy paddocks. This species 

requires relatively unpolluted but temporary water conditions for breeding. 

This species appears to be rather uncommon, although it may in reality be just difficult to 

detect due to its secretive habits. Most observations on this species are made during a very 

short breeding season following major summer storm activity. 

Information on the biology of Litoria brevipalmata may be found by consulting the following 


G.C. and Tyler, M.J. (1995); Cogger, H.G. (1975); Cogger, H.G. (1979); Cogger, H.G. (1983); 


Czechura, G. (1978); Cogger, H.G. (1996); Cogger, H.G. 2000); Cogger, H.G., Cameron, 

E.E. and Cogger, H.M. (1983); Griffiths, K. (1997); Moore, J.A. (1961); Tyler, M.J. (1976); 

Tyler, M.J. (1989); Tyler, M.J. (1992); Tyler, M.J. (1994); Wellington, R.C. and Wells, R.W. 

(1992, 1994, 1995); Wellington, R.C., Wells, R.W. and LeBreton, M. (1993); Wells, R.W. and 

Wellington, R.C. (1985); Ehmann (1997); Campbell (1999); Anstis (2002); Robinson (1993); 

Nattrass,A.E.O. and Ingram, G.J. (1993); Tyler, M.J., Martin, A. and Watson, G.F. (1972); 





but the presence of marginally suitable habitat in the rainforest gully adjacent to the site 

makes its presence there a possibility. As the habitat to be used by the proposed 


small, no loss of reproductive or foraging habitat would occur as a result of this proposed 

development. No potential breeding areas occur on or anywhere near the site. We therefore 

consider that any population of Litoria brevipalmata that may utilise the region would not 





Litoria brevipalmata has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Litoria brevipalmata that may be in the region, would not be 



very large and isolated from the proposed development. 




No significant area of known habitat for Litoria brevipalmata is to be modified 

or removed by the proposed development. The extent of known or potential habitat of Litoria 

145


brevipalmata in the region, potentially covers a large part of the central coast but little of this 

area is protected in any regional National Park and Reserve. 






species’ preferred habitat is already totally fragmented throughout the region, and does occur 

adjacent to the site of the proposed development. The area to be affected by the proposed 

development however is unsuitable for the species. 












Locally, populations of this species do not appear to be adequately reserved 

in any national park or reserve, although Watagan National Park and Ourimbah State Forest 

do contain some areas of its preferred habitat. The area of habitat reserved for this species 

even at the national level is insignificant. 










The records of Litoria brevipalmata from the region are at the southern limit of 

the species’ distribution. The species is known from very scattered locations from southeastern 

Queensland, through to the Ourimbah area on the central coast of New South Wales. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Mixophyes balbus 


Mixophyes balbus (Stuttering Barred Frog) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

ENDANGERED. This species was not detected on the site, but potential habitat for this 

species was however detected adjacent to the site in a remnant rainforest gully. Although this 

species has almost totally disappeared from the southern part of its range potential habitat for 

this species still exists in the areas of subtropical rainforest and wet sclerophylly forest 

throughout the Ourimbah Creek valley. In the general region of the proposal, large areas of 

this species habitat is protected in some National Parks and reserves. 

146


This species occurs only in south-eastern Australia. It has a fragmented distribution pattern 

ranging from near the Cann River, East Gippsland Victoria through eastern New South Wales 

to near Tentefield and across to the Richmond River district. Regionally, this species is only 

known from three separate locations on the central coast of New South Wales – and one of 

these areas is within the Ourimbah district. The most significant local area for the species was 

until recent years with the Watagan Range, near Newcastle. 

Its distribution pattern indicates that its core habitat is largely confined to slopes of the eastern 

escarpment of the Great Dividing Range and associated ranges. It mainly inhabits wet forest 

communities, in particular riparian rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest. Subtropical rainforest 

habitats are preferred, but wet sclerophyll forest is also significant for this species. 

The vegetation types in its habitat are usually in an undisturbed and dense state, with a broad 

tree canopy cover, lush ferny ground cover, dense leaf-litter and generally thick understorey 

vegetation. Specimens have also been detected in the vicinity of remnant rainforest patches 

along streams through agriculturally altered landscapes further north. 

Favoured breeding sites are usually Type 1 stream habitats. Watercourses have graded 

banks with undercuts and steep edges. Riparian vegetation is usually sparse, with Lomandra 

spp. being usually present if any at all. It does not occur around temporary soaks or water 

pools. This species requires relatively unpolluted and permanent flowing water conditions for 

breeding. 

Information on the biology of Mixophyes balbus may be found by consulting the following 


G.C. and Tyler, M.J. (1995); Straughan (1968); Mahoney (1994); Cogger, H.G. (1975); 



Cogger, H.G., Cameron, E.E. and Cogger, H.M. (1983); Moore, J.A. (1961); Tyler, M.J. 

(1976); Tyler, M.J. (1989); Tyler, M.J. (1992); Tyler, M.J. (1994); Wellington, R.C. and Wells, 

R.W. (1992, 1994, 1995); Wellington, R.C., Wells, R.W. and LeBreton, M. (1993); Wells, R.W. 

and Wellington, R.C. (1985); Ehmann (1997); Campbell (1999); Anstis (2002); Robinson 

(1993). 










consider that any population of Mixophyes balbus that may utilise the region would not 





Mixophyes balbus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Mixophyes balbus that may be in the region, would not be 


by the proposal. Additionally, the extent of suitable undisturbed habitat within the region is still 

very large and isolated from the proposed development. 

147





No area of habitat for Mixophyes balbus is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known or potential habitat of Mixophyes balbus in the 

region, covers only a small part of the central coast and most of this area is protected in 

Watagan National Park. However, it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat is 







species’ preferred habitat is already totally fragmented throughout the region, but does occur 

adjacent to the site of the proposed development. The area to be affected by the proposed 

development however is unsuitable for the species. 













reserve, although Watagan National Park does contain its preferred habitat. This species is 

currently protected within Dorrigo National Park, Barrington Tops National Park, Gibralter 

Range National Park, New England National Park, Washpool National Park, Wirrikimbee 

National Park, and Watagan National Park. Additional protection is afforded by Mount Hyland 

and Weelah Nature Reserves, Glouster Tops Nature Reserve, Barrington Tops State Forest, 

Billimimbra State Forest, Bielsdown State Forest, Bondi State Forest, Bulahdelah State 

Forest, Cangai State Forest, Carrai State Forest, Chaelundi State Forest, Chichester State 

Forest, Curramore State Forest, Dampier State Forest, Dorrigo State Forest, Doyles River 

State Forest, Forestlands State Forest, Girard State Forest, Mount Boss State Forest, Myall 

River State Forest, Olney State Forest, Spirabo State Forest, Strickland State Forest, Styx 

River State Forest, Timbillica State Forest, Watagan State Forest, and Wild Cttle Creek State 

Forest. 








148




The records of Mixophyes balbus from the region are not at the limit of the 

species’ distribution. The species is known from very scattered locations from East Gippsland 

Victoria through to north-eastern New South Wales. 

Eight-part Test Assessment for Mixophyes iteratus under Section 5A of the 


Mixophyes iteratus (Giant Barred Frog) is listed in Schedule 1 of the TSC Act (1995) as 

ENDANGERED. This species occurs only in south-eastern Australia. It has a fragmented 

distribution pattern ranging from mid-eastern New South Wales to the Conondale Range in 

south-eastern Queensland. No reliable records are known from above 800 m elevation, and 

most are below 100m. On the central coast the largest remaining area of relatively 

undisturbed habitat for this species mainly occurs in the Watagan Mountains, west, northwest 

of Wyong. Although this species has almost totally disappeared from the southern part of its 

range potential habitat for this species also still exists in the areas of subtropical rainforest 

and wet sclerophylly forest throughout parts of the Ourimbah Creek valley and in some of the 

adjacent State Forest lands. 

In general, the distribution pattern of Mixophyes iteratus indicates that its core habitat is 

largely confined to slopes of the eastern escarpment of the Great Dividing Range and its 

associated ranges. It mainly inhabits wet forest communities, in particular riparian rainforest 

and wet sclerophyll forest. The vegetation types in its habitat are usually in an undisturbed 

and dense state, with a broad tree canopy cover, dense leaf-litter and generally sparse 

understorey vegetation. Subtropical rainforest habitats are preferred, such as complex 

notophyll vine forest, but wet sclerophyll forest is also significant for this species. On the 

central coast the preferred habitat is gully rainforest with wet sclerophyll species, or 

microphyll fern forest. Coachwood dominated warm temperate rainforest has also been 

identified. Dominant vegetation in this species’ habitat is Backhousia myrtifolia, Allocasuarina 

torulosa, Ceratopetalum apetalum, Acacia elata, Acmenia smithii, Syncarpia glomulifera, and 

Tristaniopsis laurina. Only some elements of this habitat are present at the site of the 

proposed development. Additionally, although its core habitat is largely confined to wet 

sclerophyll forests and rainforests - both warm temperate and subtropical - permanently 

flowing streams are also a feature of this species’ habitat. As many central coast 

watercourses that were once permanently flowing have nowadays been reduced to a nonperennial 

state through past habitat disturbances (mainly through agricultural activities over 

the last century), it is likely that the distribution of this species has significantly declined. 

On the Central Coast most areas where this species has been positively recorded are located 

within the LGAs of Cessnock and Lake Macquarie, although a few sites are known in the 

Gosford and Wyong LGAs as well. Known sites were this species has been observed are the 

Warnervale and Wyee areas, Watagan National Park, the Martinsvlle area, and Mandalong 

Valley. In the general region of the proposal, large areas of this species’ habitat is protected 

in Watagan National Park. 

Vegetation units identified on the central coast for this species are Coastal Warm Temperate- 

Subtropical Rainforest, Coastal Wet Gully Forest, Alluvial Tall Moist Forest, Coastal 

Narrabeen Moist Forest, Sheltered Rough-barked Apple Forest, and Central Hunter Riparian 

Forest. 

This species was not detected on the site, but marginal habitat for this species was however 

detected adjacent to the site in a remnant rainforest gully. Although this marginally suitable 

habitat looked promising, it was however in a degraded state so the species is not expected 

to occur here. The ephemeral nature of the watercourse on the property, and exotic weed 

infestation of the creek banks significantly reduced the site’s suitability for Mixophyes iteratus. 

Information on the biology of Mixophyes iteratus may be found by consulting the following 


149


G.C. and Tyler, M.J. (1995); Straughan (1968); Mahoney (1994); Cogger, H.G. (1975); 



Cogger, H.G., Cameron, E.E. and Cogger, H.M. (1983); Moore, J.A. (1961); Tyler, M.J. 

(1976); Tyler, M.J. (1989); Tyler, M.J. (1992); Tyler, M.J. (1994, 1997); King, M., Tyler, M.J., 

Davies, M. and King, D. (1979); Wellington, R.C. and Wells, R.W. (1992, 1994, 1995); 

Wellington, R.C., Wells, R.W. and LeBreton, M. (1993); Wells, R.W. and Wellington, R.C. 

(1985); Ehmann (1997); Campbell (1999); Anstis (2002); Robinson (1993). 










consider that any population of Mixophyes iteratus that may utilise the region would not 





Mixophyes iteratus has not been listed in the TSC Act as an endangered 


viability of any population of Mixophyes iteratus that may be in the region, would not be 



already isolated from the proposed development. 




No area of habitat for Mixophyes iteratus is to be modified or removed by the 

proposed development. The extent of known or potential habitat of Mixophyes iteratus in the 

region, covers only a small part of the central coast and most of this area is protected in 

Watagan National Park. However, it is concluded that no significant area of known habitat is 







species’ preferred habitat is already totally fragmented throughout the region. The area to be 

affected by the proposed development however is unsuitable for the species. 







150








reserve, although Watagan National Park does contain its preferred habitat. Overall, this 

species is currently protected within Dorrigo National Park, Gibralter Range National Park, 

Washpool National Park, Wirrikimbee National Park, and Watagan National Park. Some 

highly degraded habitat also occurs in Blue Mountains National Park. Additional protection is 

afforded by Bruxner Park Flora Reserves, Ourimbah State Forest, Olney State Forest, 

Richmond Range State Forest, Barcoongie State Forest, Orara East State Forest, Forbes 

River State Forest, Oakes State Forest, Dorrigo State Forest, Doyles River State Forest, 

Mebbin State Forest, Newfoundland State Forest, Watagan State Forest, and Wild Cattle 

Creek State Forest. 










The records of Mixophyes iteratus from the central coast are near the limit of 

the species’ present-day distribution, although its range has been reported to have once 

extended further south to the Nowra district. The species is known from very scattered 

locations from mid-eastern coastal New South Wales East through to north-eastern New 

South Wales. 

5.0 Acknowledgements 

Trevor Hawkeswood and Anthony Stimson for field assistance in the area. Field work in the 

Ourimbah area formed part of a broader survey on the distribution and habitat preferences of 

fauna in New South Wales and was carried out under Scientific Licence S10371 from the 

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and their assistance is gratefully acknowledged 

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__________________________________________________________________________ 

7.0 - Experience and Qualifications of the Survey Team 

Trevor John Hawkeswood (Field Assistant and Botanist) 

*Bachelor of Science (Honours) (University of New England, 1975-1978) 

*Bachelor of Applied Science (Environmental Science) (Charles Sturt University 1992-1996) 

*Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society (FRES) (1990) 

*Author of over 300 scientific papers, books and environmental reports on the Australian flora 

and fauna. 

Richard W. Wells (Vertebrate Survey and Author of Report) 

*Field naturalist with over 40 years experience with observing the fauna of the Sydney Basin; 

*Author of numerous reports and articles on fauna and flora, in particular, on reptiles and 

frogs; 

*Contracted to Survey for Threatened Species by NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 

and State Forests of NSW; 

*Previous Employment with NSW Health Commission (Institute of Clinical Pathology and 

Medical Research), Taronga Zoo (Reptile Department), Australian Museum (Herpetology), 

Northern Territory Museum, Darwin (Department of Natural Sciences) and Australian 

Customs Service; 

*Environmental information consultant. 

207


8.0 - APPENDICES 

Appendix 1 - Species of Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Expected and Actually Detected 

from the Study Area. An asterisk (*) denotes a record for the species. Column 1 = 

Species known to occur in the general vicinity of the Study Area as derived from 

Cogger (2000) for Amphibia and Reptilia, Strahan (1995) for Mammals, and Blakers et al 

(1984) and Schodde and Tidemann (1997) for birds; Column 2 = Recorded from general 

vicinity of Study Area in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas of NSW 

Wildlife; Column 3 = Species actually Detected on Site during this Study; Column 4 = 

Habitat Suitability for that particular species on the Site, where Y1 = Habitat conditions 

considered suitable for this species on Site, and therefore the likely presence of this 

species is predicted if not actually detected, Y2 = Marginal habitat for that particular 

species on Site, but presence of this species regarded as unlikely, and N = No habitat 

considered suitable for this species detected on Site; Column 5 = Conservation Status 

under the TSC Act (1995) where V = Vulnerable and E = Endangered. 

Species 1 2 3 4 5 

AMPHIBIA - FROGS 

Myobatrachidae (Ground Frogs) 

Adelotus brevis * * * Y2 - 

Crinia signifera * * * Y1 - 

Heleioporus australiacus * * - N V 

Lechriodus fletcheri * - - N - 

Limnodynastes dumerilii grayii * - - N - 

Limnodynastes ornatus * * - N - 

Limnodynastes peronii * * * Y1 - 

Limnodynastes tasmaniensis * - - Y1 - 

Mixophyes balbus * * - N E 

Mixophyes fasciolatus * * - N - 

Mixophyes iteratus * * - N E 

Paracrinia haswelli * * - N - 

Pseudophryne australis * * - N V 

Pseudophryne bibronii * * - N - 

Pseudophryne coriacea * - - N - 

Uperoleia fusca * - - N - 

Uperoleia laevigata * * * Y1 - 

Uperoleia tyleri * - - N - 

Pelodryadidae (Tree Frogs) 

Litoria aurea * * - N E 

Litoria brevipalmata * * - Y1 V 

Litoria caerulea * * * Y1 - 

Litoria chloris * * - Y2 - 

Litoria citropa * * - N - 

Litoria dentata * * * Y1 - 

Litoria fallax * * - Y2 - 

Litoria freycineti * * - N - 

Litoria jervisiensis * * - N - 

Litoria latopalmata * - - Y2 - 

Litoria lesueurii * * - Y1 - 

Litoria littlejohni * * - Y2 V 

Litoria peronii * * - Y1 - 

Litoria phyllochroa * * - N - 

Litoria tyleri * - * Y1 - 

Litoria (cf) verreauxii * * * Y2 - 

208


REPTILIA - REPTILES 

Chelidae (Freshwater Turtles) 

Chelodina longicollis * * - Y2 - 

Emydura dharuk * - - N - 

Agamidae (Dragons) 

Amphibolurus muricatus * * - N - 

Hypsilurus spinipes * * * Y1 - 

Intellagama lesueurii * * * Y1 - 

Pogona barbatus * * - N - 

Rankinia diemensis boylani * * - N - 

Gekkonidae (Geckos) 

Diplodactylus vittatus * * - N - 

Oedura lesueurii * * - N - 

Phyllurus platurus * * - Y1 - 

Underwoodisaurus milii * * - N - 

Pygopodidae (Legless Lizards) 

Lialis burtonis * * - N - 

Pygopus lepidopodus * * - N - 

Scincidae (Skinks) 

Acritoscincus platynota * * - N - 

Cryptoblepharus virgatus * * - N - 

Ctenotus robustus josephineae * * - N - 

Ctenotus taeniolatus * * - N - 

Egernia krefftii * * - N - 

Egernia major * * * Y1 - 

Egernia whitii * * - N - 

Eulamprus quoyii * * * Y1 - 

Eulamprus tenuis * * - Y1 - 

Hemisphaeriodon gerrardii * * - Y1 - 

Lampropholis delicata * * * Y1 - 

Lampropholis guichenoti * * * Y2 - 

Lygisaurus foliorum * * - N - 

Saiphos equalis * * - Y2 - 

Saproscinus mustelina * * * Y1 - 

Tiliqua scincoides * * - Y1 - 

Vermiceps swansoni * * - N - 

Varanidae (Goannas) 

Varanus rosenbergi kuringai * * - N V 

Varanus varius * * * Y1 - 

Colubridae (Colubrid Snakes) 

Dendrelaphis punctulatus * * - Y1 - 

Boigidae (Venomous Tree Snakes) 

Boiga irregularis * * - Y1 - 

Pythonidae (Pythons) 

Morelia spilota * * - Y1 - 

Typhlopidae (Blind Snakes) 

Ramphotyphlops nigrescens * * - Y2 - 

Elapidae (Venomous Land Snakes) 

Acanthophis antarcticus * * - Y1 - 

Cacophis squamulosus * * - Y1 - 

209


Demansia psammophis * * - N - 

Furina diadema * * - N - 

Hemiaspis signata * * - Y1 - 

Hoplocephalus bitorquatus * * - Y2 V 

Hoplocephalus stephensi * * - Y1 V 

Notechis scutatus * * - Y1 - 

Pseudechis porphyriacus * * - Y1 - 

Pseudonaja textilis * * - Y2 - 

Vermicella annulata * * - Y1 - 

AVES - BIRDS 

NON-PASSERINES 

Dromaiidae (Emu) 

Dromaius novaehollandiae * * - N - 

Megapodiidae (Mound Builders) 

Alectura lathami * * * Y1 - 

Phasianidae (True Quails) 

Coturnix pectoralis * - - N - 

Coturnix australis * * - N - 

Coturnix chinensis * * - N - 

Podicipedidae (Grebes) 

Podiceps cristatus * - - N - 

Poliocephalus poliocephalus * * - N - 

Tachybaptus novaehollandiae * * - N - 

Pelecanidae (Pelicans) 

Pelecanus conspicillatus * * - N - 

Anhingidae (Darters) 

Anhinga melanogaster * * - N - 

Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants) 

Phalacrocorax carbo * * - N - 

Phalacrocorax melanoleucos * * - N - 

Phalacrocorax sulcirostris * * - N - 

Phalacrocorax varius * * - N - 

Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets and Bitterns) 

Ardea alba * * - N - 

Ardea ibis * * - N - 

Ardea intermedia * * - N - 

Ardea pacifica * * - N - 

Botaurus poiciloptilus * * - N V 

Butorides striatus * - - N - 

Egretta garzetta * * - N - 

Egretta novaehollandiae * * - N - 

Egretta sacra * * - N - 

Ixobrychus flavicollis * * - N V 

Ixobrychus minutus * - - N - 

Nycticorax caledonicus * * - N - 

Threskiornithidae (Ibises and Spoonbills) 

Platalea flavipes * * - N - 

Platalea regia * - - N - 

Plegadis falcinellus * - - N - 

Threskiornis molucca * * - N - 

210


Threskiornis spinicollis * * - N - 

Ciconiidae (Storks) 

Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus * * - N E 

Anseranatidae (Magpie Geese) 

Anseranas semipalmata * * - N V 

Anatidae (Swans, Geese and Ducks) 

Anas castanea * * - N - 

Anas gracilis * * - N - 

Anas platyrhynchos * - - N - 

Anas rhynchotis * * - N - 

Anas superciliosa * * - N - 

Aythya australis * * - N - 

Biziura lobata * - - N - 

Chenonetta jubata * * - N - 

Cygnus atratus * * - N - 

Dendrocygna eytoni * * - N - 

Malacorhynchus membranaceus * - - N - 

Stictonetta naevosa * * - N V 

Accipitridae (Eagles and Hawks) 

Accipiter cirrhocephalus * * - N - 

Accipiter fasciatus * * - N - 

Accipiter novaehollandiae * * - N - 

Aquila audax * * - N - 

Aviceda subcristata * * - N - 

Circus approximans * * - N - 

Circus assimilis * - - N - 

Elanus axillaris * * - N - 

Haliaeetus leucogaster * * - N - 

Haliastur sphenurus * * - N - 

Hamirostra melanosterna * * - N V 

Hieraaetus morphnoides * * - N - 

Lophoictinia isura * * - N V 

Milvus migrans * - - N - 

Falconidae (Falcons) 

Falco berigora * * - N - 

Falco cenchroides * * - N - 

Falco longipennis * * - N - 

Falco peregrinus * * - N - 

Falco subniger * * - N - 

Rallidae (Rails and Crakes) 

Fulica atra * * - N - 

Gallinula tenebrosa * * - N - 

Gallirallus philippensis * * - N - 

Porphyrio porphyrio * * - N - 

Porzana fluminea * * - N - 

Porzana pusilla * - - N - 

Porzana tabuensis * * - N - 

Rallus pectoralis * * - N - 

Charadriidae (Plovers, Dotterels and Lapwings) 

Charadrius ruficapillus * - - N - 

Jacanidae (Jacana) 

Irediparra gallinacea * - - N - 

211


Burhinidae (Thick-knees) 

Burhinus magnirostris * - - N - 

Turnicidae (Button-Quails) 

Turnix maculosa * * - N - 

Turnix varia * * - N - 

Turnix velox * * - N - 

Charadriidae (Plovers, Dotterels and Lapwings) 

Charadrius ruficapillus * - - N - 

Elseyornis melanops * * - N - 

Erythrogonys cinctus * * - N - 

Vanellus miles * * - N - 

Vanellus tricolor * - - N - 

Recurvirostridae (Stilts) 

Himantopus himantopus * - - N - 

Recurvirostra novaehollandiae * - - N - 

Laridae (Gulls) 

Larus novaehollandiae * - - N - 

Columbidae (Pigeons and Doves) 

Chalcophaps indica * * - Y2 - 

Columba leucomela * * - Y1 - 

Columba livia * * - Y1 - 

Geopelia humeralis * * - Y2 - 

Geopelia striata * * - Y2 - 

Leucosarcia melanoleuca * * - Y2 - 

Lopholaimus antarcticus * * - Y1 - 

Macropygia amboinensis * * - Y1 - 

Ocyphaps lophotes * * - Y2 - 

Phaps chalcoptera * * - N - 

Phaps elegans * * - Y2 - 

Streptopelia chinensis * * - Y2 - 

Cacatuidae (Cockatoos) 

Cacatua galerita * * - Y1 - 

Cacatua roseicapilla * * * Y2 - 

Cacatua sanguinea * * - Y2 - 

Cacatua tenuirostris * * - Y2 - 

Callocephalon fimbriatum * * - Y2 - 

Calyptorhynchus funereus * * - Y2 - 

Calyptorhynchus lathami * * - Y1 V 

Loriidae (Lorikeets) 

Glossopsitta concinna * - - Y2 - 

Glossopsitta pusilla * * - Y2 - 

Trichoglossus haematodus * * - Y1 - 

Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus * - - Y2 - 

Polytelitidae (Longtailed Parrots) 

Alisterus scapularis * * - Y1 - 

Platycercidae (Broadtailed Parrots) 

Barnardius zonarius * * - N - 

Lathamus discolor * - - N E 

Neophema pulchella * * - Y2 V 

Platycercus elegans * * * Y1 - 

212


Platycercus eximius * * * Y1 - 

Psephotus haematonotus * * - N - 

Cuculidae (Cuckoos) 

Cacomantis flabelliformis * * - Y2 - 

Cacomantis variolosus * * - Y1 - 

Chrysococcyx basalis * * - Y2 - 

Chrysococcyx lucidus * * - Y1 - 

Cuculus pallidus * * - Y2 - 

Cuculus saturatus * * - Y2 - 

Eudynamis scolopacea * * - Y1 - 

Scythrops novaehollandiae * * - Y2 - 

Centropodidae (Pheasant Coucals) 

Centropus phasianinus * * - Y2 - 

Strigidae (Hawk-Owls) 

Ninox connivens * * - Y2 V 

Ninox novaeseelandiae * * - Y1 - 

Ninox strenua * * - Y2 V 

Tytonidae (Masked Owls) 

Tyto alba * * - Y2 - 

Tyto capensis * * - N V 

Tyto novaehollandiae * * - Y2 V 

Tyto tenebricosa * * - N V 

Podargidae (Frogmouths) 

Podargus strigoides * * - Y1 - 

Caprimulgidae (Nightjars) 

Eurostopodus mystacalis * * - N - 

Aegothelidae (Owlet-Nightjars) 

Aegotheles cristatus * * - Y2 - 

Apodidae (Swifts) 

Apus pacificus * * - Y2 - 

Hirundapus caudacutus * * - Y1 - 

Alcedinidae (Kingfishers) 

Alcedo azurea * * - Y1 - 

Dacelo novaeguineae * * * Y1 - 

Todiramphus sanctus * * - Y2 - 

Meropidae (Bee-Eaters) 

Merops ornatus * * - Y2 - 

Coraciidae (Rollers or Dollarbirds) 

Eurystomus orientalis * * - Y1 - 

PASSERINES 

Pittidae (Pittas) 

Pitta versicolor * - - Y2 - 

Menuridae (Lyrebirds) 

Menura novaehollandiae * * - Y1 - 

Climacteridae (Treecreepers) 

213


Climacteris erythrops * * - Y1 - 

Climacteris picumnus victoriae * * - N V 

Cormobates leucophaeus * * - Y1 - 

Maluridae (Fairy-Wrens and Grass-Wrens) 

Malurus cyaneus * * * Y1 - 

Malurus lamberti * * - Y2 - 

Stipiturus malachurus * * - N - 

Pardalotidae (Pardalotes, Thornbills etc) 

Acanthiza chrysorrhoa * * - N - 

Acanthiza lineata * * - Y1 - 

Acanthiza nana * * - Y2 - 

Acanthiza pusilla * * - Y1 - 

Acanthiza reguloides * * - N - 

Aphelocephala leucopsis * - - N - 

Chthonicola sagittata * * - N V 

Gerygone mouki * * - Y2 - 

Gerygone olivacea * * - Y2 - 

Origma solitaria * * - N - 

Pardalotus punctatus * * - Y1 - 

Pardalotus striatus * * - Y2 - 

Pycnoptilus floccosus * * - N - 

Sericornis citreogularis * * - Y2 - 

Sericornis frontalis * * - Y2 - 

Sericornis magnirostris * * - Y2 - 

Sericornis pyrrhopygius * * - N - 

Smicrornis brevirostris * * - N - 

Meliphagidae (Honeyeaters) 

Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris * * - Y1 - 

Anthochaera carunculata * * - Y2 - 

Anthochaera chrysoptera * * - N - 

Entomyzon cyanotus * * - N - 

Ephthianura albifrons * - - N - 

Grantiella picta * - - N - 

Lichenostomus chrysops * * - Y2 - 

Lichenostomus fuscus * * - Y1 - 

Lichenostomus leucotis * * - Y1 - 

Lichenostomus melanops * * - N - 

Lichenostomus penicillatus * * - N - 

Manorina melanocephala * * - Y2 - 

Manorina melanophrys * * - Y1 - 

Meliphaga lewinii * * - Y1 - 

Melithreptus brevirostris * * - Y2 - 

Melithreptus gularis gularis * * - N V 

Melithreptus lunatus * * - Y1 - 

Myzomela sanguinolenta * * - Y2 - 

Philemon citreogularis * * - N - 

Philemon corniculatus * * - Y2 - 

Phylidonyris melanops * - - N - 

Phylidonyris nigra * * - Y1 - 

Phylidonyris novaehollandiae * * - Y1 - 

Plectorhyncha lanceolata * * - N - 

Xanthomyza phrygia * * - N E 

Petroicidae (Australian Robins) 

Eopsaltria australis * * - Y1 - 

Melanodryas cucullata cucullata * - - N V 

Microeca fascinans * * - Y2 - 

214


Petroica goodenovii * - - N - 

Petroica multicolor * * - N - 

Petroica phoenicea * * - N - 

Petroica rosea * * - Y2 - 

Tregellasia capito * * - N - 

Orthonychidae (Log-runners) 

Orthonyx temminckii * * - Y2 - 

Cinclosomatidae (Whipbirds and Quail-Thrushes) 

Cinclosoma punctatum * * - N - 

Psephodes olivaceus * * * Y1 - 

Neosittidae (Sittellas) 

Daphoenositta chrysoptera * * - N - 

Pachycephalidae (Shrike-Tits, Shrike-Thrushes, etc) 

Colluricincla harmonica * * - Y2 - 

Falcunculus frontatus * * - Y2 - 

Pachycephala olivacea * * - Y1 - 

Pachycephala pectoralis * * - Y1 - 

Pachycephala rufiventris * * - Y1 - 

Dicruruidae (Monarchs, Flycatchers, Fantails etc) 

Dicrurus bracteatus * * - Y2 - 

Grallina cyanoleuca * * * Y1 - 

Monarcha melanopsis * * - Y2 - 

Monarcha trivirgatus * * - N - 

Myiagra cyanoleuca * * - Y2 - 

Myiagra inquieta * * - Y2 - 

Myiagra rubecula * * - Y2 - 

Rhipidura fuliginosa * * - Y2 - 

Rhipidura leucophrys * * * Y2 - 

Rhipidura rufifrons * * - Y2 - 

Campephagidae (Cuckoo-Shrikes, Trillers etc) 

Coracina novaehollandiae * * * Y1 - 

Coracina papuensis * * - N - 

Coracina tenuirostris * * - Y1 - 

Lalage sueurii * * - N - 

Lalage leucomela * * - N - 

Oriolidae (Orioles) 

Oriolus sagittatus * * - Y1 - 

Sphecotheres viridis * * - Y2 - 

Artamidae (Woodswallows) 

Artamus cyanopterus * * - N - 

Artamus leucorhynchus * * - N - 

Artamus personatus * * - N - 

Artamus superciliosus * * - Y1 - 

Cracticidae (Butcherbirds and Magpies) 

Cracticus nigrogularis * * - Y2 - 

Cracticus torquatus * * - Y1 - 

Gymnorhina tibicen * * * Y1 - 

Strepera graculina * * * Y1 - 

Strepera versicolor * * - N - 

215


Corvidae (Ravens and Crows) 

Corvus coronoides * * * Y1 - 

Corvus mellori * * - N - 

Corcoracidae (Mud-Nest Builders) 

Corcorax melanorhamphos * * - N - 

Ptilonorhynchidae (Bowerbirds) 

Ailuroedus crassirostris * - * Y1 - 

Ptilonorhynchus violaceus * * - Y1 - 

Sericulus chrysocephalus * * - Y1 - 

Alaudidae (Larks) 

Mirafra javanica * - - N - 

Alauda arvensis * * - N - 

Motacillidae (Pipits and Wagtails) 

Anthus novaeseelandiae * * - N - 

Passeridae (Sparrows, Grassfinches etc) 

Lonchura castaneothorax * * - N - 

Lonchura punctulata * - - N - 

Neochmia temporalis * * - Y2 - 

Passer domesticus * - - N - 

Stagonopleura bella * - - Y2 - 

Stagonopleura guttata * - - N V 

Taeniopygia bichenovii * * - N - 

Taeniopygia guttata * - - N - 

Fringillidae (Goldfinches etc) 

Carduelis carduelis * * - N - 

Dicaeidae (Flowerpeckers) 

Dicaeum hirundinaceum * * - Y2 - 

Hirundinidae (Swallows and Martins) 

Cheramoeca leucosternus * * - N - 

Hirundo ariel * * - N - 

Hirundo neoxena * * * N - 

Hirundo nigricans * * - N - 

Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) 

Pycnonotus jocosus * * - N - 

Sylviidae (Old World Warblers) 

Acrocephalus stentoreus * * - N - 

Cinclorhamphus cruralis * - - N - 

Cinclorhamphus mathewsi * - - N - 

Cisticola exilis * * - N - 

Megalurus gramineus * * - N - 

Zosteropidae (White-eyes) 

Zosterops lateralis * * - Y1 - 

Muscicapidae (Thrushes) 

Turdus merula * * - N - 

Zoothera heinei * * - N - 

Sturnidae (Starlings and Mynas) 

Acridotheres tristis * * * N - 

216


Sturnus vulgaris * * - N - 

MAMMALIA - MAMMALS 

Ornithorhynchidae (Platypus) 

Ornithorhynchus anatinus * * - N - 

Tachyglossidae (Echidnas) 

Tachyglossus aculeatus * * - Y2 - 

Dasyuridae (Dasyurids) 

Antechinus stuartii * * - Y1 - 

Antechinus swainsonii * * - Y2 - 

Dasyurus maculatus * * - N V 

Dasyurus viverrinus * * - N E 

Phascogale tapoatafa * * - N V 

Planigale maculata * - - N V 

Sminthopsis murina * * - N - 

Peramelidae (Bandicoots) 

Perameles nasuta * * - Y1 - 

Isoodon obesulus * * - N E 

Phascolarctidae (Koala) 

Phascolarctos cinereus * * - Y2 V 

Vombatidae (Wombats) 

Vombatus ursinus hirsutus * * - Y2 - 

Burramyidae (Pygmy-possums) 

Cercartetus nanus * * - N V 

Petauridae (Gliders) 

Petaurus australis * * - N V 

Petaurus breviceps * * - Y2 - 

Petaurus norfolcensis * * - Y2 V 

Pseudocheiridae (Greater Glider and Ringtailed Possums) 

Petauroides volans * * - N - 

Pseudocheirus peregrinus * * * Y1 - 

Acrobatidae (Feathertail Glider) 

Acrobates pygmaeus * * - N - 

Phalangeridae (Brushtail Possums etc) 

Trichosurus vulpecula * * * Y1 - 

Potoroidae (Potoroos) 

Potorous tridactylus * * - N V 

Macropodidae (Kangaroos and Wallabies) 

Macropus giganteus * * - Y2 - 

Macropus parma * * - N V 

Macropus robustus * * - N - 

Macropus rufogriseus * * - Y1 - 

Petrogale penicillata * * - N V 

Wallabia bicolor * * * Y1 - 

Pteropodidae (Fruit-bats) 

Pteropus poliocephalus * * - Y2 V 

Pteropus scapulatus * - - Y2 - 

217


Syconycteris australis * - - N V 

Rhinolophidae (Horseshoe-bats) 

Rhinolophus megaphylus * * - N - 

Emballonuridae (Sheathtail-bats) 

Saccolaimus flaviventris * * - Y2 V 

Molossidae (Freetail-bats) 

Mormopterus (cf) loriae * * - Y1 - 

Mormopterus norfolcensis * * - Y2 V 

Nyctinomus australis * - - Y2 - 

Vespertilionidae (Vespertilionid Bats) 

Chalinolobus dwyeri * * - N V 

Chalinolobus gouldii * * - Y1 - 

Chalinolobus morio * * - Y1 - 

Falsistrellus tasmaniensis * * - Y2 V 

Kerivoula papuensis * * - N V 

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis * * - N V 

Myotis adversus * * - N V 

Nyctophilus geoffroyi * * - Y1 - 

Nyctophilus gouldi * * - Y1 - 

Scoteanax rueppellii * * - N V 

Scotorepens orion * * - Y1 - 

Vespadelus darlingtoni * * - Y1 - 

Vespadelus pumilus * - - N - 

Vespadelus regulus * - - Y1 - 

Vespadelus vulturnus * * - Y1 - 

Muridae (Murid Rodents) 

Hydromys chrysogaster * * - N - 

Mus musculus * * * Y2 - 

Pseudomys gracilicaudatus * - - N V 

Pseudomys novaehollandiae * - - N - 

Rattus fuscipes * * - Y1 - 

Rattus lutreolus * * - N - 

Rattus norvegicus * * - N - 

Rattus rattus * * - Y2 - 

Canidae (Dingo, Feral Dog and Fox) 

Canis familiaris * * - Y1 - 

Vulpes vulpes * * * Y1 - 

Felidae (Feral Cat) 

Felis catus * * * Y1 - 

Leporidae (Rabbit and Hare) 

Oryctolagus cuniculus * * - N - 

Lepus capensis * - - N - 

Equidae (Horse) 

Equus caballus * * - N - 

Suidae (Feral Pig) 

Sus scrofa * * - N - 

Bovidae (Cattle and Goats) 

Bos taurus * * - N - 

Capra hircus * * - N 

218


Captions for Plates 

Plate 1 – Main access road into subject property looking west. 

Plate 2 – View along main access road looking east. R. Wells is standing beside large 

stump remnant of past logging. 

Plates 3-4 – Views along southern access track showing dense understory of lantana 

and open canopy. 

Plates 5-8 – Various parts of area proposed for house construction, showing relatively 

recent regenerated structure of vegetation, lack of ground cover and open canopy 

condition within Vegetation Survey Replicate 1. 

Plate 9-10 – Further views of area proposed for house construction, again showing 

strong lighting conditions due to open canopy. Vegetation Survey Replicate 1. 

Plate 11 – View of part of Vegetation Survey Replicate 3. 

Plate 12 – Remnant rainforest growth along edge of Vegetation Survey Replicate 2 

Plate 13 – Another view of Vegetation Survey Replicate 3 showing regenerated, and 

open structure of vegetation. 

Plate 14 – Botanist T.J. Hawkeswood standing next to large remnant stump of past 

logging activity near Vegetation Survey Replicate 2. 

************************************ 

219


Australian Biodiversity Record 

ISSN 1325-2992 

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220

AUSTRALIAN BIODIVERSITY RECORD - Calodema

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