Intelligence Report Great Lakes Region

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Intelligence Report 

Great Lakes Region 

Possible Criminal/Terrorist Activity 

Michael E Gray 

5/23/2011 

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U.S.-CANADIAN BORDER 

ASSESSMENT Commercial Activity 

The U.S-Canadian border stretches approximately 5,500 miles. It is the longest 

undefended border in the world, as well as the busiest; each country is the other's 

largest trading partner. In terms of proximity, about eighty percent of the 

Canadian population lives within two hours of the U.S.-Canadian border, making 

it an ideal staging ground to conduct activities in the United States. With the 

advent of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, the past 

decade has seen a significant increase in trans-border commercial activity. 

Canadian exports to the United States rose from US$121b in 1991 to US$242b 

in 2000. As an example of the continuing expansion of commercial activity, each 

day approximately 7,000 trucks cross the border at the Ambassador Bridge, 

connecting Detroit, Michigan with Windsor, Canada. The Ambassador Bridge is 

just one of 113 designated land crossings, 62 of which were unguarded at night 

as of October 2001. 

Contributing to the problem, sparsely populated mountainous regions, 

prairie, and forest where in many places border demarcation is virtually 

nonexistent, comprise the vast expanse of the border. In comparison to Mexico, 

which has approximately 9,000 Customs, Immigration and Naturalization Service 

and Border Control personnel guarding the 2,000-mile United States-Mexican 

border, only 965 such U.S. personnel were guarding the Canadian border as of 

October 2001, and only 2400 Canadian Customs personnel were on duty. 4 

According to a September 2002 article in The News Tribune [Tacoma, WA], only 

346 U.S. Border Control agents were assigned to the U.S.-Canadian border, 

including the border with Alaska. This number averages out to one agent for 

every 16 miles, and represents an increase of only 15 people since September 

11, 2001. Given these conditions, the porosity of the U.S.-Canadian border 

represents a continued problem. 

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Akwesasne Reservation 

Adding to the issue of border porosity is the use of the Akwesasne 

reservation as an illegal border crossing. The reservation, consisting of 14,000 

acres, is home to the St. Regis Mohawk Indians. The territory reaches from 

Cornwall, Ontario, and Massena, New York, along 25 miles of the St. Lawrence 

River channels and 20 islands, to just north of Vermont. 

The Mohawk Nation Council controls the entire expanse of the reservation's 

territory. Although not recognized by either the government of the United States 

or Canada, the council has demanded and has been granted the right of the 

Mohawk people to have freedom of movement across the U.S.-Canadian border, 

as well as the right to transport goods across the border without controls or 

payment of taxes. This demand was granted with the condition that non-native 

people are not allowed to take advantage of the rights of movement and tax-free 

trade. Despite this requirement, the region is used as an illegal border crossing 

for Asian organized crime groups, among others and, therefore, constitutes one 

of the primary gaps in border security. 

Although U.S. and Canadian authorities have the right to inspect the land 

for illegal contraband or persons crossing without permission, this right is often 

not exercised. Instead, a militant group of Akwesasne, equipped with stockpiles 

of small arms, acts as defenders of the land, exercising control over the 

individuals entering their territory. The group receives its funding almost 

exclusively from the proceeds of criminal activities. The Walpole Island and the 

Niagara area also continue to be used by Asian organized crime groups as a 

convenient route to smuggle both contraband and people across the border, due 

to its geographic location between Ontario and Michigan at the mouth of the St. 

Clair River 

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Asian-based organized crime continues to be deeply involved in the importation 

and distribution of Southeast Asian heroin and is acquiring a larger share of the 

cocaine trade, particularly in Western Canada. Asian-based groups smuggle both 

people and commercial goods and are extending their involvement in white collar 

crime. One credit card fraud linked to an Asian-based criminal group resulted in a 

loss of $16 million to the Canadian financial industry. 

Eastern European-based organized crime in Canada is becoming increasingly 

sophisticated and has extended its reach throughout the country and 

internationally. Eastern European-based groups are particularly active in the theft 

and export of automobiles. They also launder money through Canadian financial 

institutions and are aggressively seeking out promising financial ventures. 

Aboriginal-based organized crime and criminal extremist activity continues, with 

an emphasis on smuggling. Aboriginal street gangs continue to extend their 

influence in the urban centers on the Prairies. 

Italian-based crime syndicates continue to be a major force in the Canadian 

criminal underworld. Their power derives from their enormous wealth, which they 

have channeled into legitimate business and their wide-ranging alliances with 

other criminal organizations. 

The Hells Angels remain one of the most well-structured criminal groups in the 

country. They underwent a period of aggressive growth during 1997, adding 

three new chapters to the 11 that already existed across the country. They 

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continue to pursue a bitter feud with the Rock Machine, which is on the verge of 

being absorbed by the Texas-based Bandidos. 

Criminals in Canada have ready access to a wide variety of firearms, including 

automatic weapons. This arsenal is growing constantly, supplemented by stolen 

guns and by the steady flow of illegal firearms into the country. A national 

database, currently under development, will permit centralized tracing of 

weapons used in the commission of criminal offences and will support the 

development of intelligence and investigative leads. 

Paedophiles have grown steadily more sophisticated and regularly use new 

technologies such as the Internet to seek out and entrap their victims. 

Governments, advocacy groups and child welfare and law enforcement agencies 

have united to develop meaningful policies and legislation to combat the sexual 

victimization and exploitation of children 

Canadian seaports are important entry points for contraband, including 

drugs, firearms and illegal immigrants. Organized crime groups also use 

them to smuggle goods, most notably stolen automobiles, out of the 

country. 

Lucrative and comparatively risk-free, migrant smuggling remains a rapidly 

growing form of criminal endeavor, both within Canada and abroad. The vast 

numbers of refugees, stateless persons and economic migrants throughout the 

world virtually guarantee profits for groups involved in the organized smuggling of 

human beings. 

Contraband smuggling remains a serious issue in Canada. Smugglers no longer 

limit themselves to tobacco and alcohol but are moving aggressively into such 

commodities as jewelry, Cuban cigars, endangered and protected animal parts, 

foodstuffs and CFCs. Increasing levels of violence associated with the 

contraband trade raise serious public safety issues. 

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Drug trafficking remains the principal source of revenue for most organized crime 

groups operating in Canada. Both Italian and Asian-based organized crime 

groups are at the upper echelons of drug importation, while Colombian-based 

traffickers remain firmly in control of most serious cocaine trafficking in Eastern 

and Central Canada. Outlaw motorcycle gangs are deeply implicated in large- 

scale importation and distribution of cannabis, cocaine and chemical drugs and a 

number of small but aggressive entrepreneurial groups are emerging. HIV 

prevalence among injection drug users appears to be increasing to an alarming 

degree. 

Canada's lack of mandatory financial reporting requirements permits organized 

crime groups to launder proceeds and move funds with relative ease. This 

situation is now complicated by the explosive growth of electronic commerce, 

which has permitted money launderers to expedite and to camouflage their 

activities. The proliferation of electronic technology has also affected other areas 

of criminal activity and criminals have become expert users of the Internet. Fluid 

and ever-changing, "virtual crime" may prove to be the most serious challenge 

facing Canadian law enforcement today. 

1997 saw a 26 percent increase in the number of counterfeit Canadian bank 

notes reported to police. Losses due to credit card fraud increased by $8 million 

to $88 million. The availability of counterfeit currency and losses due to credit 

card fraud will undoubtedly increase in 1998, primarily as a result of the 

availability of extraordinarily sophisticated scanning and desktop publishing 

equipment. 

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NATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME PRIORITIES 

. ASIAN-BASED ORGANIZED CRIME 

. EAST EUROPEAN-BASED ORGANIZED CRIME 

. ABORIGINAL-BASED EXTREMISM AND CRIMINAL ACTIVITY 

. TRADITIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME 

. THE HELLS ANGELS/OTHER OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE GANGS 

Terrorist Organizations in Canada 

• al-Fuqra 

• Animal Liberation Front (ALF) 

• Canadian Hungarian Freedom Fighters Federation 

• Earth Liberation Front (ELF) 

• Liberation Front of Quebec 

• Mara Salvatruchas 

• Al-Qaeda 

• Algerian Armed Islamic Group (GIA) 

• Egyptian Al-Jihad 

• Hamas 

• Hezbollah 

• The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) 

COOPERATION BETWEEN TERRORISTS AND ORGANIZED CRIME 

The international political and economic changes that drug-trafficking and 

organized crime groups exploit to facilitate their activities also enhance the ability 

of terrorist groups to operate worldwide. International terrorist groups are 

particularly adept at exploiting the advantages of more open borders and 

the globalization of international commerce to move people, money, and 

material across national borders. Like trafficking and other criminal 

organizations, terrorist groups are becoming more sophisticated in using 

computer technology to enhance their communications and logistics 

networks. 

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Although terrorist groups and criminal organizations have similar 

requirements for moving people, money, and material across international 

borders, traditionally there was minimal cooperation between them. Terrorist 

groups maintain their own clandestine networks and typically control all aspects 

of their operations to minimize the risk of infiltration and exposure. 

Drug Trafficking 

Both organized crime and terrorist groups have used narcotics in order to 

generate revenues to support their activities. According to a confidential 

November 2001 RCMP report entitled Narco-terrorism and Canada, money 

generated from hashish trafficked into Canada has been used to finance 

terrorists. Approximately 100 tons of Southwest Asian hashish is brought into 

Canada every year, valued at roughly CDN$20m. The report deduces that a 

portion of this amount annually finances terrorist groups in Afghanistan and 

Pakistan because terrorists gain a portion of narcotics profits by taxing the 

producers. 153 

Although the report additionally states that Canadian law enforcement has 

not recently documented any "large-scale" importation of Southwest Asian heroin 

that originated in Afghanistan, there are concerns that this belies the actual 

situation. The UN Drug Control Program found that Afghanistan produced 3,300 

tons of poppies used to make Opium in 2000. Estimates for 2001 are for only 185 

tons because of the Taliban's ban on growing poppies; it is believed, however, 

that much of the crop has been stockpiled and that farmers are now reinitiating 

their efforts. 154 An article in the March/April 2003 Turkistan Newsletter supports the 

theory that Afghani farmers are expanding their cultivation of the poppy as well 

as setting up factories to produce heroin. Southwest Asian heroin from Pakistan 

and Afghanistan is mainly transported to Canada through Montreal and Toronto. 

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Forged Documents 

Terrorist and organized crime groups are also suspected of cooperating with each 

other to obtain forged documentation for identification and travel. In November 

2001, police arrested a Hamilton, Ontario man suspected of supplying forged 

documents to Saeed Ahmed Alghamdi, one of the September 11 hijackers. 

The man arrested, Gideon Glen McGuire Augier, is a convicted fraud artist 

and suspected member of a forgery ring. The police reportedly examined 

documents in the name of Samen Singh that were possibly used by Alghamdi. 

Augier acknowledged dealing with Russian organized crime but denied any 

involvement with al-Qaeda. Police were actively exploring the possibility that one 

of Augier's regular contacts was a Russian organized crime figure with links 

to al-Qaeda who was assisting in the procurement of forged documents for 

the terrorist group. 

"Snakeheads" and other human traffickers are believed to be active in 

other criminal activities. Terrorist organizations could use these Chinese human 

smuggling syndicates to provide fake identity document services, although no 

evidence exists yet of such a trend. 

OTHER MONITORED AND EMERGING ISSUES 

ILLEGAL MOVEMENT OF FIREARMS 

. SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION OF CHILDREN 

. ORGANIZED CRIME IN CANADIAN SEAPORTS 

. ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS AND ILLEGAL MIGRATION 

. CONTRABAND SMUGGLING 

. THE ILLICIT DRUG TRADE 

. CURRENT SITUATION 

. HEROIN 

. COCAINE 

. CANNABIS 

. HASHISH 

. LIQUID HASHISH 

. CHEMICAL DRUGS 

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. PROCEEDS OF CRIME 

COUNTERFEIT ACTIVITY 

. TECHNOLOGICAL CRIME 

NATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME PRIORITIES 

ASIAN-BASED ORGANIZED CRIME 

Highlights 

Asian-based organized crime is involved in smuggling commodities and 

people, as well as in trafficking heroin 

Asian-based criminal groups continue to expand their involvement in white 

collar crime. 

Asian-based groups are increasing in number and existing groups are 

expanding their activities in some regions. 

Current Situation 

In 1997, Asian-based organized crime continued to operate in the larger cities in 

Canada. Criminal organizations operating within Canadian Asian communities 

consist of four main elements: triads, gangs, DAI HUEN JAI (BIG CIRCLE 

BOYS) and criminal syndicates. Asian signature crimes include home invasion 

robberies, gang conflicts, assault, murder, extortion, fraud, credit card scams, 

drug importation and trafficking, shoplifting, gaming offences, counterfeiting and 

smuggling offences. 

Much of the increase in violent Asian-related criminal activity can be attributed to 

Vietnamese, Laotian and Cambodian street gangs. 

Criminal groups operating in the Asian community continue to be responsible for 

most counterfeit credit card fraud in Canada. Asian-based groups have also been 

involved in the distribution of counterfeit currency. There is a predominance of 

Asian-based criminals at every level of the Canadian heroin trade, from 

importation to street-level distribution. They are also involved in the smuggling 

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and trafficking of multi-kilogram quantities of cocaine 

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Asian criminals continue to be involved in the smuggling of illegal migrants. In 

September 1997, police and immigration officials arrested approximately 40 

people involved in a prostitution ring. This ring smuggled Asian women, primarily 

from Thailand and Malaysia, into North America via Vancouver and subsequently 

placed them in brothels in Vancouver, Toronto and Los Angeles. The women, 

ranging in age from 16 to 30, were recruited by syndicates in Southeast Asia and 

indebted for sums ranging upwards to $40,000. They were moved from place to 

place in Canada and the United States and were required to pay off their debts 

through prostitution. It is estimated that this prostitution ring made $2 million to $3 

million per year. 

In British Columbia, the DAI HUEN JAI are still the predominant Asian-based 

organized crime group. They have ties to Toronto, the United States and Hong 

Kong. Members of the BIG CIRCLE BOYS continue their involvement in 

international organized credit card rings, the importation and trafficking of heroin 

and gang-related homicides. One of their credit card fraud operations resulted in 

a loss to Canadian banking institutions of more than 16 million dollars, the largest 

single loss of its kind. 

The LOTUS GANG, with more than 100 members and connections to the Hells 

Angels and Indo-Canadian-based crime groups, has been active in the 

Vancouver area with cocaine and heroin importation and trafficking, credit card 

fraud, extortion and cellular telephone cloning. 

Vietnamese gangs, made up of both ethnic and Chinese Vietnamese and varying 

in size from 200 to 300 members, control much of the street level drug trade in 

Vancouver. They are also involved in the contraband tobacco trade and 

throughout 1997 a Vietnamese group shipped more than 3,600 cartons of 

assorted cigarette brands with a retail value of $170,800 to British Columbia from 

Ontario. 

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A two-year investigation into the export of stolen automobiles to Southeast Asia 

concluded in August 1997 with the arrests of a number of major Asian criminal 

figures from around the British Columbia Lower Mainland and the province of 

Quebec. The investigation also uncovered a conspiracy to murder the leader of 

the SHUI FONG Triad, who had immigrated to Vancouver. 

In other Asian gang-related activity, members of the Seattle, Washington VIET 

BOYS Gang associated with gang members in the Vancouver area during 1997. 

A member of the FLYING DRAGONS Gang was deported back to New York 

from British Columbia on a Canada-wide immigration warrant for parole violation 

on a kidnapping conviction. 

In Alberta, 1997 saw an increase in the theft of luxury vehicles by Asian-based 

criminals. Vietnamese youth gangs in Edmonton were notably violent, often 

resorting to machetes as their weapon of choice. In Calgary, the RCMP and the 

Calgary Police Service arrested senior members of the KUNG LOK and WO 

SING WO triads on drug and immigration-related charges. 

More than half the targets of the Calgary Police Service Drug Undercover Street 

(DUST) team are Asian criminals. There is every indication that these individuals 

are actively expanding their share of the local drug trafficking scene. In one case, 

a known trafficker deposited in excess of $400,000 into a bank account over a 

two month period. 

Calgary features a well-defined and intricate underground banking system which 

is utilized by the Asian-based organized crime. So too, fraud and passing 

counterfeit currency continue to be favored crime types. In 1997, an Edmonton 

subject was charged with fraud and nine counts of using counterfeit credit cards. 

Over a short time period, the individual had run nine counterfeit credit cards 

through his grocery store and defrauded a bank of approximately $80,000. Two 

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additional cards were tracked to an associate's business, where an additional 

$39,000 had been defrauded from the same bank. This secondary business was 

on the brink of bankruptcy when the frauds occurred. 

A number of factors may combine to cause an increase in Asian-based 

organized crime in Alberta over the next year. The province is experiencing an 

economic boom and its Asian population is growing, particularly in the cities of 

Calgary and Edmonton. Large, well-established Asian-based criminal groups are 

active in nearby British Columbia. As US authorities increase their surveillance 

on border crossings south of Vancouver, the Alberta/Montana border may 

become an important crossing point for smugglers of heroin, migrants and 

tobacco. In Saskatchewan, cocaine trafficking increased in the Saskatoon area 

where the product being distributed by Asian-based traffickers is in great demand 

due to its quality and purity. Asian-based networks are expanding and the 

principal figures are insulating themselves by employing non-Asian dealers at 

street level. 

Police in Winnipeg have confirmed that Asian-based criminal groups are 

extracting protection money from local restaurants. The extent of this activity is 

difficult to gauge as the victims are often reluctant to report it to the police. Asian 

and aboriginal-based drug traffickers are also cooperating in the Winnipeg drug 

trade and there are indications that the LOTUS GANG from Vancouver is taking 

an interest in the Winnipeg market. 

The most active Asian-based groups in Ontario are the BIG CIRCLE BOYS, 

Vietnamese groups, and Hong Kong syndicates. Heroin trafficking remains the 

crime of choice. The BIG CIRCLE BOYS and Hong Kong groups regularly import 

large, multi-kilogram shipments of heroin under commercial cover. Police 

estimate that at least a dozen, if not more, major syndicates are importing at 

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regular intervals. Smaller BIG CIRCLE BOY groups periodically import kilogram 

loads of heroin concealed in parcels. 

Since late 1994, Asian-based groups in Toronto and other Canadian cities have 

become international suppliers of forged credit cards. Hong Kong groups 

concentrate on Asian markets while the BIG CIRCLE BOYS supply the Americas 

and Europe, where increasing numbers of BIG CIRCLE BOYS have been 

establishing themselves since the early 1990s. Vietnamese-based groups are the 

main retailers and users of forged credit cards, although it is an activity that is by 

no means limited to the Asian criminal community. 

Ontario Asian-based groups are also involved in the export of stolen vehicles to 

China, Vietnam and other South East Asian countries. They are also importing 

Malaysian and Thai women for prostitution in North America. 

The Fukienese are an emerging Asian-based organized crime group that 

dominates the New York City Asian crime scene. In the last ten years, Toronto's 

Fukienese population has grown to 7,000-8,000, with a corresponding increase 

in criminal activity. Fukienese criminals are involved in migrant smuggling, 

charging up to US$35,000 per head to smuggle people from the Fuchow area of 

China into Canada and the United States. These fees are rarely paid in whole 

before the client is brought to Canada and illegal migrants are often the victims of 

extortion. Female migrants may be gang raped or sold into prostitution. 

During the past year, Fukienese groups in Toronto have also been responsible for 

at least two home invasions-murders and a kidnapping for ransom. Police 

anticipate that there will be an increase in their level of criminal activities as the 

local Fukienese population grows. 

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In Quebec, more than 350 hard core Asian-based criminals are divided 

among 35 loosely structured gangs, two thirds of which are national or 

international in scope. These gangs regularly share personnel and expertise 

and are involved in heroin trafficking and loan sharking. They also stage home 

invasions, although the extent of this activity is difficult to gauge as up to 95 

percent of victims do not file a complaint. Outside of these 35 known gangs, 

Quebec is also the base for approximately 50 Vietnamese subjects engaged in 

organized shoplifting throughout Ontario and Quebec. The fruits of their labours 

are disposed of within their own community. Police in Quebec have curtailed the 

activities of approximately 20 individuals of Cambodian and Laotian origin who 

had committed thefts from machines of the Société de loteries vidéo du Quebec 

during the first six months of 1997. 

Outlook 

Asian-based organized crime will continue to control the importation 

and distribution of high quality Southeast Asian heroin. 

Asian-based criminal groups will continue to be involved in credit card 

fraud as well as in the theft and smuggling of computer components. 

Alberta's economic boom and other factors will foster the continued 

expansion of Asian\_based organized crime throughout the province. 

The Asian crime phenomenon is growing in Quebec. Increased availability 

of heroin in Montreal has led to market saturation and the ensuing 

reduction in heroin prices will lead to an increase in the number of users 

and in crimes related to addiction. 

The criminal Vietnamese population is becoming more organized and 

sophisticated and will be more prominent in the importation and exporting 

of narcotics. 

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EAST EUROPEAN-BASED ORGANIZED CRIME 

Highlights 

EEOC groups operating in Canada are becoming increasingly 

sophisticated. They are becoming more active and establishing significant 

international links. 

Canadian EEOC groups participate in international networks that illegally 

export numerous consumer goods from Canada, including stolen 

automobiles. 

EEOC is using Canadian financial institutions to launder illegally 

obtained proceeds and transferring the funds to Eastern Europe. 


East European-based organized crime continues to extend its influence in 

Canada and operates in most regions of the country, from British Columbia to the 

Maritimes. The major centers of activity are Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver, 

although police have dedicated EEOC units in other centers, including Calgary, 

Edmonton and Halifax. Recent information indicates criminal activity in other 

parts of the Prairies. 

EEOC criminal activities include extortion within the Eastern European 

community, large-scale shoplifting, prostitution, counterfeiting, drug smuggling 

and various types of white collar crime, including bank fraud and money 

laundering. EEOC groups are also involved in large-scale organized smuggling 

of consumer goods out of Canada, most notably stolen automobiles destined for 

Eastern Europe. There are also indications that EEOC is misusing Canadian 

financial institutions and markets to launder money. 

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EEOC groups operating in major centers across the country associate 

increasingly with each other and with other ethnic-based organized crime groups 

operating in Canada. In addition, significant international connections to the 

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Former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and the United States have surfaced, 

indicating an increase in the activity and sophistication of EEOC in Canada. Two 

major EEOC figures in Canada have been deported, one operating in Toronto 

and the other in Montreal. 

The first deportation was a result of an investigation by the RCMP and 

Immigration Canada. The second deportation was related to the subject's 

involvement in large-scale theft, an acknowledgement of the enormous harm 

inflicted on the Canadian economy by such non-violent activities as shoplifting 

and fraud. 

Outlook 

EEOC figures and groups from abroad will attempt to enter Canada and 

use Canadian citizens and residents to further their interests. There may 

be clashes as newer EEOC groups attempt to establish themselves. 

EEOC figures will try to invest their profits in Canadian financial 

institutions and markets, as well as in promising Canadian financial 

ventures such as Alberta's oil industry. 

EEOC groups will attempt to acquire a larger share of the Canadian drug 

trade. 

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ABORIGINAL-BASED EXTREMISM AND CRIMINAL ACTIVITY 

Highlights 

New York state tax laws sparked violence on the Cattaraugus 

Reservation, near Buffalo. 

Machine guns, automatic and semi-automatic weapons were seized by 

the RCMP on the Kahnawake Reserve, south of Montreal, in September 

1997. The seized weapons were part of a black market operation that 

sold firearms, explosives, drugs, cigarettes and alcohol. Relations 

between this Mohawk community and police were strained, but there was 

no retaliation for the seizure. 

Aboriginal street gangs continue to expand in the Prairie provinces. 


Organized crime and criminal extremist activity in aboriginal communities did not 

exceed previous years' levels in 1997. Anticipated civil disobedience and other 

disruptive activities on a large scale did not materialize. This, despite the 

outcomes of the Gustafsen Lake and Ipperwash trials, the Queen's visit and a 

federal election, all of which took place between April and July. 

In British Columbia numerous minor incidents occurred, for the most part 

involving protests and railway blockades in remote areas. Gustafsen Lake 

extremists calling themselves TS'PETEN DEFENDERS organized protest rallies 

at the Surrey B.C. Courthouse. Local authorities believe that a criminal element 

among Aboriginal Gustafsen Lake sympathizers was behind a threat against 

three British Columbia Court of Appeal Justices. 

Opposition to the Cheviot Mine Project, just outside Jasper National Park, has 

raised a number of native concerns regarding environmental and ecological 

impact and is a potential flashpoint for serious confrontation. 

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One of the most serious threats during the 1997 spring and summer period was 

New York State’s decree that taxes would be collected on liquor, tobacco and 

gasoline sold on Indian reservations. As a result, violence broke out on the 

Cattaraugus Reservation, located south of Buffalo. 

An RCMP weapons raid at Kahnawake in September 1997 netted several 

automatic and semi-automatic weapons including three belt-fed machine guns. 

The Mohawk community of Kahnawake is threatening to impose user fees on 

highways, railways and seaways crossing its territory, raising the stakes in a 

dispute with the province of Quebec over the sale of cigarettes. The threats were 

made after the Quebec government tried to eliminate fraud and the sale of 

contraband cigarettes on native reserves. A new policy, announced in June 

1998, requires native retailers to pay an increased tobacco excise tax. Native 

retailers can only obtain a rebate if they can prove the cigarettes were not sold to 

non-natives. Native leaders have said they will refuse to comply. They want to 

establish Kahnawake as a duty-free zone. Negotiations between the Mohawk 

leaders of Kahnawake and the Quebec government will take place in future. 

Aboriginal street gangs continue to have a strong presence in the Prairie 

provinces. Expansion by the more organized gangs has slowed down while the 

more violent, unorganized ones appeal to younger people and are expanding 

rapidly. Many of these gangs are drawing members from other ethnic groups as 

well as from aboriginal communities. 

A conflict between two factions on the Listuguj (Restigouche) Reserve on the 

Quebec\ New Brunswick border increased tensions in an area already known for 

conflicts over salmon and lobster fishing. The conflict stemmed from recent band 

elections which were contested by the losing faction. The Department of Indian 

Affairs intervened and new elections were called. This did not sit well with the 

ruling faction and militant action was threatened. Radicals from New Brunswick, 

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Quebec and Nova Scotia were brought in to assist. In the end, the ruling faction 

was voted out of office and another chief took over. 

Another potential flashpoint is in New Brunswick where there have been minor 

confrontations over native logging on crown lands. In November 1997 the 

situation was complicated when Justice Turnball of the Court of Queen's Bench 

ruled that natives have the right to cut trees on crown land. A native forest 

industry was born overnight attracting aboriginal workers from the United States 

and Quebec. Roadblocks and signs were put in place to keep out unwanted 

visitors. There have been minor confrontations to date. The issue has become 

somewhat more contentious with the province's successful appeal of Justice 

Turnball's decision. Negotiations between the natives and different levels of 

government regarding logging rights are ongoing. 

Outlook 

Government response to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples 

(RCAP) report and the residential schools situation will be followed closely 

at the political level. 

Additional minor confrontations over native logging on Crown Lands in 

New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are likely, with some potential for 

violence. 

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TRADITIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME 

Highlights 

In 1997, a number of major incidents, including unsolved murders, arson 

and drug importations, confirmed that Traditional Organized Crime (TOC) 

continues to be a threat in Canada. 


In Canada, Traditional Italian-based criminals belong to or are associated with 

one of three main organizations: the Sicilian mafia, the Ndrangheta, and the 

Cosa Nostra. The Sicilian mafia is the most influential of the three. It has ties to 

other Sicilian clans within the country, as well as throughout the world, 

particularly in Venezuela, the United States and Italy. 

The main Sicilian organization is led by the SICULIANA family 

(CARUANA\CUNTRERA). They maintain links with other criminal organizations, 

particularly outlaw motorcycle gangs, Asian-based criminal organizations, 

Columbian and South American groups, Eastern European-based organizations 

and Aboriginal-based organized crime groups. 

There is less violence within the Sicilian clan, in sharp contrast to groups like the 

outlaw motorcycle gangs. This shows that this criminal organization has total 

control over its jurisdiction and its criminal activities. It is fully mature and is able 

to use the accumulated wealth from proceeds of crime to invest in legitimate 

enterprises and to engage in corruption. 

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In December 1997, Sabatino NICOLUCCI, a member a Sicilian organization, was 

found guilty in Superior Court on 172 counts, including four counts of conspiracy 

to traffic in cocaine and launder money. NICOLUCCI was sentenced to 19 years 

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in prison for his role in these offences, which emerged during an RCMP 

undercover operation. The exchange office used as a front during the operation 

cleared close to $30 million in drug money for NICOLUCCI from 1990 to 1994. In 

Ontario, two high\_ranking Italian-based organized crime members, namely John 

PAPALIA of Hamilton, Ontario and Carmen BARILLARO, a Papalia associate 

from Niagara Falls, were murdered in May and July 1997. These individuals 

were considered official Ontario representatives of the Buffalo based COSA 

NOSTRA organization. 

Project CAVIAR/OVERDATE, an RCMP investigation that concluded at the end 

of 1997, led to the arrests of 32 individuals in Canada and in Spain. Major crime 

figures, mostly Italian-based organized crime members, were charged with 

conspiracy to import hashish and cocaine into Canada, as well as conspiracy to 

traffic in cocaine. They all pleaded guilty and were sentenced to varying prison 

terms. The same holds true for those individuals arrested as a result of Project 

CHOKE, in April 1996, and Project OILPALM, the Ontario segment of the 

investigation. All those arrested pleaded guilty and were sentenced to various 

prison terms. 

Seven purported "made members" of the Sicilian Mafia and the Ndrangheta 

continue to reside in British Columbia. Meanwhile, younger Traditional Organized 

Crime (TOC) members in the area operate a variety of legitimate businesses. 

Some TOC owned restaurants and cafes feature illegal video gaming machines 

and backroom gambling operations, with particular emphasis on sports betting 

and horse racing. In some cases, known cocaine and heroin importers and 

traffickers operate out of these premises as well. Only a few TOC members in 

the Vancouver community have national or international links although there are 

affiliations to other criminal groups, including Asian-based, Colombians, Eastern 

European-based groups and the Hells Angels. 

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Quebec-based TOC continues to exert influence in Manitoba. In December 1997, 

RCMP Project DENOTE culminated in the arrest of several cocaine traffickers. 

Third generation Ontario TOC members are entering adulthood and getting 

involved in criminal activity. This group appears to be straying from the traditional 

strict TOC code of trust, respect, honor, silence and solidarity within the family. 

Their business dealings have expanded beyond the ethnic group to include 

representatives of Asian, Colombian and Eastern European criminal 

organizations as well as Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. 

In Quebec, the CARUANA-CUNTRERA and other TOC families are primarily 

involved in trafficking cocaine, heroin and hashish and have close ties with TOC 

groups in Toronto, the BONNANO family in New York, and the CUPOLA in Sicily. 

On July 15, 1998, a raid in Toronto by members of the Combined Forces Special 

Enforcement Unit resulted in the arrest of Alfonso CARUANA, reputed head of 

the CARUANA-CUNTRERA family, on drug-related charges. Eleven others were 

arrested in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Montreal and Cancun, Mexico. The two year 

Project OMERTA, involving police in Italy, Mexico and the United States, 

uncovered money laundering and drug smuggling between Canada, the United 

States, South America and Switzerland worth millions of dollars. 

TOC influence extends into businesses as diverse as automobiles, real estate, 

construction, restaurants, wholesale food, hotels, and paving and asphalt. They 

are also expanding into telecommunications through cellular and pager 

companies. 

TOC derives its strength from its structured nature and from its highly developed 

ability to conceal its criminal activities behind a facade of legitimacy. Even when 

arrests are made, the consequences are rarely drastic. In January 1997, a 

member of a Sicilian clan received ten years for the importation of two tons of 

cocaine. The same individual had been arrested for money laundering in 1994 as 

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part of Operation COMPOTE. In April 1997, Frank COTRONI and his son were 

sentenced to seven and eight years respectively for conspiracy to import 170 

kilograms of cocaine. 

In June 1997 OPERATION CHOC, a Montreal Urban Community Police 

Department (MUCPD)/ RCMP joint force operation, disrupted an organization 

that was specializing in the importation of liquid hashish from Jamaica. One of 

the leaders was linked to a Sicilian clan and was carrying out this operation from 

the penitentiary in which he was incarcerated. 

One of the great handicaps in many complex TOC investigations is that 

sentences are often shorter than the time taken to complete the investigation. In 

1997, Joseph LAGANA, a lawyer convicted of laundering $47 million for a Sicilian 

organization took advantage of legislation that permits non-violent offenders to 

apply for release after serving one sixth of their sentences. In this case, the 

subject was released after serving a little over two years of a thirteen year 

sentence. 

Many major drug shipments and offloads in the Maritimes have been directed 

and funded by TOC groups in Montreal and Toronto. Given the high level of TOC 

interest in the area and their numerous successes there, it is likely that the East 

Coast will remain an important staging ground for large scale drug importation 

operations. 

Outlook 

Italian-based criminals will continue to engage in corruption to obtain 

favors, and will persevere in their attempts to avoid prosecution. Their 

ability to influence political and financial figures constitutes a threat to the 

security of Canada. 

Money laundering will continue to be one of their key activities. 

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Given their enormous wealth gained through illegal activities, 

Italian\based criminals who own legal businesses will be able to undersell 

the legitimate business community, creating unfair competition. 

Italian-based criminal organizations remain a real threat in Canada. They 

have enormous power, augmented by their relationships with other 

criminal organizations. 

Motorcycle Gangs 

With the war over in 1945, thousands of veterans drifted back 

home trying to take up their lives. However, many missed the 

excitement of the war. One of the ways to look for the type of 

excitement they searched for was riding a high-powered Harley 

Davidson or Indian motorcycle. Hollywood has also multiplied 

the effect of motorcycle gangs. Movies like "Easy Rider", 

"Hell's Angels on Wheels" and "The Wild One" have a large 

following. 

Bike gangs which started in the 50's as loosely knit rowdy 

groups, began to gain popularity and status in the 60's and are 

now reorganized as a dangerous organized criminal group. 

According to the American Motorcycle Assn. (A.M.A.) these 

outlaw bikers represent about 1% of the nation's bikers. The 

outlaw bikers are involved in murder, rape, assault, burglary, 

narcotics, theft, prostitution, weapons offenses and 

intimidation of the public and witnesses. They pose a threat to 

society in general and law enforcement because of their 

possession of and expertise in sophisticated weapons and their 

intricate intelligence network. 

Not all outlaw gangs are sophisticated criminal organizations. 

Only four appear to have a large national impact which would 

warrant an investigation for violation of the Title 18 USC 1962, 

the Federal "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations" 

(RICO) stature. They are: The Hell's Angels, Outlaws, Pagans 

and Bandidos. They are often referred to as the "Big Four". All 

four motorcycle clubs have chapters in several states. The 

Hell's Angels have chapters in Canada, throughout Europe, 

Australia and New Zealand. The Pagan's have a chapter in 

Australia. 

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THE HISTORY 

The Hollister, California Incident: On July 4th weekend in 1946 

the American Motorcycle Assn. (A.M.A.) was sponsoring the 

Annual Motorcycle Dirt Hill Climb Races. 

It was held in the small town of Hollister, California. Hollister 

had a police force of seven. 

The town filled with bikers. Two of the larger motorcycle groups 

to attend were the "Pissed Off Bastards of Bloomington" 

(P.O.B.O.B.) and the "Market Street Commandoes". During the 

evenings drag races and bar and street fights were, common. 

One member of the P.O.B.O.B. was arrested and jailed. A large 

mob gathered and demanded his release. When local 

authorities refused, the estimated mob of 750 literally tore the 

small community apart. 

The Hollister incident contributed three very important biker 

traditions that survive to this day: the 4th of July run, the one 

percenter image, and calling anyone not part of the sub-cult, 

"Citizen". 

After Hollister, the P.O.B.O.B.'s membership started increasing 

and the new blood came in with new ideas. After much 

consideration one idea was a name change. The new identity 

they chose was "Hell's Angels. 

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE OUTLAW GANG 

There are numerous motorcycle gangs that have chapters in 

various cities and states around the nation. Some have 

chapters in several countries. 

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NATIONAL PRESIDENT - Many times the founder of the club. 

He will usually be located at or near the national headquarters. 

He will be surrounded by bodyguards and organizational 

enforcers. 

TERRITORIAL OR REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES - In some 

cases called the national vice president in charge of a specific 

region or state. 

NATIONAL SECRETARY-TREASURER - He is responsible for 

the club's money and collecting dues from local chapters. He 

also records any by-law changes and record any minutes. 

NATIONAL ENFORCER - This person answers directly to the 

national president. He acts as a body guard and gives out 

punishment for club violations. He has also been known to 

locate former members and retrieve colors or remove the club's 

tattoo from them. 

CHAPTER PRESIDENT - This person has either claimed the 

position or has been voted in. He has final authority over all 

chapter business and members. 

VICE PRESIDENT - This person is second in command. He 

presides 

over club affairs in the absence of the president. Normally, he is 

hand picked by the chapter president. 

SECRETARY-TREASURER - This is usually the member with 

the best writing skills and probably the most education. He will 

maintain the chapter roster and maintain a crude accounting 

system. He is also responsible for collecting dues, keeping 

minutes and paying for any bills the chapter accumulates. 

SERGEANT AT ARMS - This person is in charge of maintaining 

order at club meetings. Because of the violent nature of outlaw 

gangs this person is normally the strongest member physically 

and is loyal to the chapter president. He may administer 

beatings to fellow members for violations of club rules. He is 

the club enforcer. 

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ROAD CAPTAIN - This person fulfills the role of a logistician 

and security chief for club sponsored runs or outings. The 

Road Captain maps out routes to be taken during runs, 

arranges the refueling, food and maintenance stops. He will 

carry the club's money and use it for bail if necessary. 

MEMBERS - The rank and file, fully accepted and dues paying 

members of the gang. They are the individuals who carry out 

the president's orders and have sworn to live by the club's bylaws. 

PROBATE OR PROSPECTIVE MEMBER - These are the club's 

hopefuls who spend from one month to one year in a 

probationary status. They must prove during that time if they 

are worthy of becoming members. Some clubs have the 

probate commit, a felony with fellow members observing in an 

effort to weed out the weak and stop infiltration by law 

enforcement. Probates must be nominated by a regular member 

and receive a unanimous vote for acceptance. They are known 

to carry weapons for other club members and stand guard at 

club functions. The probate wears no colors and has no voting 

rights. 

ASSOCIATES OR HONORARY MEMBERS - An individual who 

has proved his value or usefulness to the gang. These 

individuals may be professional people who have in some 

manner helped the club. Some of the more noted are attorneys, 

bail bondsmen, motorcycle chop owners and auto wrecking 

yard owners. These people are allowed to party with the gang, 

either in town or on their runs; however, they do not have a 

voting status or wear colors. 

CONSTITUTION OR BY-LAWS 

All outlaw motorcycle clubs have by-laws or a constitution 

that sets an acceptable standard of conduct and administrative 

procedures for the club. The by-laws cover matters such as 

membership requirement, penalties for misconduct, and 

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acceptable behavior during runs or meetings. While by-laws 

differ from club to club the following are examples of common 

by- laws. 

All members must be male and at least 18 years of age. 

All prospective new members much be sponsored by a 

current member. 

All prospective new members must complete a probation 

period. 

All members pay monthly dues and all new members will pay 

initiation fees to the national headquarters. 

No member shall transfer from one chapter to another without 

the permission of both presidents and will pay a transfer fee to 

the national treasure. 

When a member is in another jurisdiction, he will abide by 

their by-laws and president. 

Any member caught using the needle will lose his colors and 

everything that goes with them. 

Members may only ride Harley Davidson or Indian 

motorcycles. 

WOMEN AND THE OUTLAW BIKER 

Outlaw motorcycle gangs are male dominated and highly 

chauvinistic. Women are treated as playthings and property. 

Women are generally victimized by forcing them into 

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prostitution or street level drug traffickers, and quite often 

physically and sexually abused. In the outlaw biker's society 

women are bought, sold, traded or given away within the club. 

Selling drugs in the mid 1960's teaches the outlaw biker the 

basics of supply and demand. When they learn men pay to rent 

the empty space between a woman's leg, they put their women 

to work. In the violent, profit-oriented society inhabited by the 

outlaw biker, that's all a woman is - a hole, a piece of property 

to rent or trade. 

Women take up with outlaw bikers for different reasons: some 

are hungry, some need a warm place to stay, and others feel 

safe in a crowd. While outlaw bikers abduct and rape many 

women, most attach themselves voluntarily to the club and 

everything it stands for - drugs, alcohol, parties, fast bikes and 

cars, cheap thrills and sex. Horny women want endless sex 

every way it comes, the club becomes their outlet. Rebellious 

teenagers who strike back at their parents numb their minds 

with drugs and screw their brains out on the clubhouse floor. 

Bored business women take a walk on the wild side with macho 

men who lead dangerous, exiting lives. Women without 

education become somebody when they attach themselves to 

respected and feared outlaw bikers. Shiftless girls like the 

freedom from responsibility. The unloved and homeless 

confuse sex with affection and cherish the arms that hold them. 

A woman's main value to an outlaw biker, aside from sexual 

gratification is daily income. She must give all her money to her 

old man. Bikers put their women to work in massage parlors, 

topless bars, cocktail lounges and strip clubs. Most are covers 

for prostitution. Prostitution is the bikers' most lucrative source 

of income after drugs. 

Another area where the women are used effectively is 

intelligence gathering. They will go into the community and 

take jobs at city, county and state offices where they have 

access to blank birth certificates, driver’s licenses and other 

useful documentations. Other areas of employment the women 

will seek is that of police records clerk, telephone operators, 

employees in welfare offices and position within prison 

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institutions. They will even sleep with cops to compromise 

them or gather intelligence. Women of motorcycle gangs 

mainly fall into three categories: 

Mama or Sheep - A mama is the sexual equivalent of a public 

well. Anyone can dip into her, at any time, as often as he wants. 

These are woman who belong to the club at large. They belong 

to every member and are expected to consent to the sexual 

desires of anyone at anytime. They perform menial task around 

the clubhouse, however do not attend club meetings. Some 

clubs permit these women to wear .. colors" with the inscription 

"Property of (club name)", embroidered on the back. 

Old Lady - These are the wives or steady girlfriends of club 

members. An old lady is the property of one biker and can't be 

used or abused by other club members. An old lady is not a 

club member and like sheep are not permitted to attend club 

meetings. They also will in some clubs wear "Property of" 

colors; however, with the name of the biker she belongs to on 

the bottom rocker. 

Broad - A female who's sole use is being used as a sexual 

object. This would be similar to the way most men view one 

night stands. A common method of bikers is to pick up a female 

hitchhiker, gang rapes her and then toss her aside. 

Women are always helping the outlaw biker to get ahead. An 

example - several Hells’ Angels have their old ladies turn tricks 

in topless bars in North and South Carolina. The bars are near 

military bases and the old ladies get all the weapons the club 

needs. The Cleveland Chapter got three light antitank weapons 

(LAW) rockets through their old ladies. Other chapters have 

gotten .45 caliber pistols and hand grenades from their women. 

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THE BIG FOUR 

The Big Four outlaw gangs claim to be the one percent of 

motorcyclists who won't conform to society's laws and morals 

ethics. They are the Hell's Angels, the Outlaws, the Pagans and 

the Bandidos. All of them are U.S. based and have international 

chapters with the exception of the Pagans. 

The Big Four are guided by their own code of terror. They strive 

to maintain their reputation as outlaws by instilling in people a 

fear they interpret as respect. The gangs keep members in line 

and eliminate the opposition with squads of killers: the Hell's 

Angels Filthy Few, the Outlaws' SS, the Pagans' Black T- shirt 

squad, and the Bandidos' Nomad Chapter. 

The Big Four earn most of their money making and selling 

drugs. They control 75% of the North American 

Methamphetamine market. Prostitution, extortion, theft, arson, 

robbery, bombings and contact murders are among the crimes 

that bring in millions more. The Big Four are paramilitary 

operations fueled by greed and run on fear. Members are armed 

with the latest in military technology and protected by the best 

lawyers. 

Two of the Big Four motorcycles are locked in a death battle 

since 1974. The Hell's Angels and Outlaws kill each other's 

members at every opportunity. They also encourage smaller 

clubs to expand their territory and bolster their strength. Gangs 

that resist takeovers don't last long; their drug supplies dry up 

or they are destroyed. 

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THE HELLS ANGLES 

THE PAGAN 

THE BANDIDOS 

THE OUTLAWS 

TERMINOLOGY USED BY DANGEROUS MOTORCYCLE GANGS 

HELLS ANGELS/OTHER OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE GANGS 

Highlights 

The HELLS ANGELS are still one of the most powerful and wellstructured 

criminal organizations in Canada. In 1997, they continued to 

grow and added three new chapters to the 11 that already existed across 

the country. 

Drug trafficking remains their primary and most lucrative criminal activity. 

The armed conflict between the Hells Angels and the Rock Machine still 

rages in the Province of Quebec. 

The armed conflict between the HELLS ANGELS and the ROCK 

MACHINE is still raging in Quebec. 

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Among the 38 known outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMGs) in Canada, the HELLS 

ANGELS are by far the most powerful and well-organized of all. Combating this 

criminal organization remains a national police priority. 

In Quebec, the war between the HELLS ANGELS and the ROCK MACHINE has 

been a police priority. The conflict, which erupted in July 1994, has claimed 68 

lives to date. There have been 71 attempted murders, 81 bombings, and 93 

cases of arson against gang-related businesses and bars, for a total of 313 

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violent incidents. It is obvious that this war has now spread throughout the 

province. 

High ranking members of the ROCK MACHINE held discussions with their 

counterparts in the Houston-based BANDIDOS in 1997. Members of the ROCK 

MACHINE have also been seen in the presence of members of the Ottawa and 

Toronto-based OUTLAWS. The ROCK MACHINE is believed to have been 

granted hang around status by the BANDIDOS. The BANDIDOS gang, which 

originated in Texas in 1966, now has 67 chapters and about 600 members 

worldwide. 

The imminent arrival of BANDIDOS members in Canada has forced the HELLS 

ANGELS to reorganize their membership and puppet clubs. In June 1997, a sixth 

chapter, known as the SOUTH chapter, was created in the Montreal area. All 

members of this new chapter have had clean criminal records for the past five 

years, which may allow them to avoid prosecution under Bill C-95. 

OMGs in Quebec remain heavily involved in all aspects of the drug trade and the 

HELLS ANGELS control most of the province's hydroponic marihuana 

operations. In the spring of 1997, the Sureté du Québec disrupted three 

hydroponic operations. One had a suspected link to the HELLS ANGELS 

Montreal chapter, the second was run by the DEATH RIDERS, a Montreal 

chapter puppet club, and the third was linked to the SATAN'S GUARD, a gang 

affiliated with the Trois-Rivières chapter. 

The most damaging trend in Quebec is the current OMG policy of systematic 

intimidation of the provincial judicial system. To date, this has resulted in the 

destruction of thirteen police vehicles and, tragically, the murder of two 

correctional officers in the summer of 1997. A prominent HELLS ANGELS 

member is currently awaiting trial for his part in these murders. 

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In the Ottawa area, a special RCMP/Gatineau Police joint force operation led to 

the arrests of eight known associates of the Trois-Rivières HELLS ANGELS 

chapter and the Montreal-based NOMADS. These individuals were charged on 

drug-related offences and under the new anti-gang legislation. 

Ontario is home to the highest number of outlaw motorcycle gangs (13) and to 

the largest contingent of motorcycle gang members. Despite a lucrative drug 

market, the HELLS ANGELS have yet to set up a chapter in this province. Events 

in 1997 signal a shift in the order of things, however, largely as a result of the 

continuing influx of Quebec-based HELLS ANGELS and rival ROCK MACHINE 

gangs into Ontario. Local OMGs have responded by recruiting new members and 

associates, forming strategic partnerships, stockpiling weapons and fortifying 

their properties. Hostilities among Ontario OMGs have also intensified. 

Operation DISMANTLE is a province-wide initiative against the SATAN'S 

CHOICE involving eight Ontario police agencies. It has resulted in the arrest of 

135 individuals on over 1,085 charges as of June 1997 and severe damage to the 

infrastructures of the Sudbury, Thunder Bay, Hamilton and Milton chapters. The 

investigation has curtailed SATAN'S CHOICE expansion in Ontario. Members of 

the SATAN'S CHOICE have been arrested for the bombing of the Sudbury Police 

Station that took place in December 1996. 

Operation CHARLIE, an investigation into the criminal activities of members and 

associates of the St.Catharines chapter of the OUTLAWS, was an ongoing joint 

force operation. It resulted in the arrests of nine persons on numerous charges 

related to drugs, prostitution and attempted murder. Chapter president and 

former national president Mario PARENTE incurred a total of 14 drug trafficking 

and weapons charges. 

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In Manitoba, the Winnipeg-based LOS BROVOS celebrated their 30th 

anniversary in October 1997. They have about 24 active members and nine 

strikers, and have allegedly joined the HELLS ANGELS as a hang around club. 

The SPARTANS, for their part, still have two chapters, one in Brandon and one in 

Winnipeg. 

In Saskatchewan, the Saskatoon-based REBELS have become a HELLS 

ANGELS prospect club. They will most likely become the first HELLS ANGELS 

chapter in Saskatchewan in 1998. 

In July 1997, the GRIM REAPERS of Alberta patched over to join forces with the 

HELLS ANGELS. The HELLS ANGELS created two new chapters, one in 

Edmonton and one in Calgary. Members of the Alberta REBELS are HELLS 

ANGELS prospects. 

The five HELLS ANGELS chapters in British Columbia control the drug trade in 

the province, particularly the cultivation of hydroponic marihuana which they 

export in large quantities to the United States. They are also involved in the 

purchase of businesses and real estate as well as in the production of live sex 

shows for dissemination over the Internet. 

Threats and assaults continue to be favored HELLS ANGELS tactics to 

intimidate victims, potential witnesses and, increasingly, police and law 

enforcement officers. An adjunct to this indiscriminate use of violence is the tactic 

known as "swarming" in which OMG members and associates encircle a 

comrade to protect him from police and prevent his arrest. 

The HELLS ANGELS Halifax chapter is experiencing financial difficulties. 

Intelligence indicates that the chapter owes a great deal of money to the HELLS 

ANGELS in Quebec as a result of a bungled drug import scheme. Police believe 

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that the HELLS ANGELS will not relinquish control of their territory in the 

Maritimes even though the present chapter seems ill-equipped to "take care of 

business". The area is crucial for drug importations and will not be abandoned to 

other OMGs or organized crime groups. 

1997 saw the second OMG-related murder in Halifax in as many years. In 1996, a 

member of LOS BRAVOS (Winnipeg) was the victim. In 1997, the victim was 

local businessman and HELLS ANGELS associate, Robert MacFARLANE. He 

was the subject of investigations by various agencies and had been linked to a 

number of local criminals, most of whom were involved in the drug trade. Two 

Quebec men, both with links to HELLS ANGELS, were charged with the murder. 

One had also been implicated in the deaths of two ROCK MACHINE members. 

Individual members of the Halifax chapter continue to be involved in the local 

drug scene. Police believe that they are connected to a series of large scale drug 

importations. They have also been involved in the intimidation of guards at the 

facility where a HELLS ANGELS member is serving an eighteen month sentence 

for possession for the purpose of trafficking. 

OMG activity in Halifax is also a concern for the Canadian Armed Forces. Police 

there have documented at least three instances in which Halifax-based military 

personnel have encountered members or associates of known outlaw motorcycle 

gangs. Beyond this, the most recently patched member of the Halifax chapter of 

the HELLS ANGELS served as a cook aboard a Canadian Forces vessel until his 

discharge in early 1995. 

The Charlottetown Harley Club freely associates with "one percenter" gangs. It 

maintains a low profile but some members are involved in criminal activity, 

primarily drug trafficking controlled by the HELLS ANGELS. The club currently 

has 18 full members and three prospects. They associate with the Nova Scotia 

HELLS ANGELS. 

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In New Brunswick, the Quebec Chapter of the HELLS ANGELS control most of 

the drug trade through the EMERY MARTIN GANG in the northwestern part of 

the province. This gang was dealt a serious blow this year when some of its ten 

members were charged as a result of an undercover operation. In the 

Hillsborough and Moncton areas, the 12 member BACCHUS motorcycle gang 

continues its illegal activities with the support of the HELLS ANGELS. 

Legislative and Enforcement Initiatives 

In April 1997, Parliament amended the Criminal Code to provide authorities with 

the means to prosecute the crimes committed by criminal organizations, 

including outlaw motorcycle gangs. Since then, several gang members, including 

some from the Kingston-based ROCK MACHINE, have been arrested and 

charged under the new legislation. In October 1997, police in Edmonton arrested 

six members of the REBELS, including its president (also one striker, two hang 

rounds and one associate), and charged them with drug trafficking, conspiracy to 

traffic, possession of prohibited weapons, illegal storage, receiving stolen goods, 

and money laundering. In November 1997, the CARCAJOU squad seized the 

HELLS ANGELS clubhouse in Quebec City under provisions of the new anti- 

gang legislation. In December, Maurice BOUCHER, leader of the NOMADS 

chapter, was arrested and charged with the premeditated murder of two 

correctional officers. The National Strategy on Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs that was 

adopted by Canadian law enforcement in February 1996 continues to be 

implemented. The strategy presents a coordinated law enforcement effort aimed 

at dismantling the activities of OMGs in Canada. 

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Outlook 

The ongoing war between the HELLS ANGELS and the ROCK MACHINE, 

as well as the arrival of the BANDIDOS gang, could provoke an escalation 

of motorcycle gang-related violence in Quebec and Ontario. 

Threats and intimidation of victims, potential witnesses and police will 

continue to be instrumental in OMG criminal activity. 

Jamaican Posse 

JAMAICAN POSSE 

Scope: We have seen the existence of members of the Jamaican 

Posse mostly in the correctional facilities in the southern part of the 

State (Bridgeport and New Haven) due to their close proximity to New 

York City which is a central hub of the Posse's activity. 

Gender Make-up: Male. 

Racial Make-up: Jamaican. 

Organization: Current intelligence indicates no formal Posse 

hierarchy within the different Posses. There appears to be a self 

identification with other Jamaicans which share similar values 

(inclination towards criminal and anti-social behavior) that leads to the 

appearance of a formal body. However, with the various Posses, 

there does exist strong individual leadership. Strong leadership is 

prevalent in the Posses engaged in terrorist activities or sophisticated 

criminal activity. 

Gang Colors: No formal colors. There are over 40 different Posses. 

Colors which may be associated with Posse members are yellow, 

green, and red. 

Alliances: May have working relationships with West Coast Street 

Gangs, Colombians, La Cosa Nostra; and have been known to 

associate with 20 Luv, YBY, and the Brotherhood in this region. 

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Rivals: Blacks, Caribbean Hispanic, Puerto Rican, White, Ras 

Tafarians. Illicit Activity: Illegal drugs, weapons, illegal alien entrance 

to U.S. 

History: The Jamaican Posse entered the drug and weapons scene 

in the early 80s. Prior to 1986, they were involved in guns and 

marijuana. They are now into the crack market. The centers of 

trafficking are New York and Miami, with Connecticut's major cities as 

secondary distribution points (Hartford, New Haven, Bridgeport). 

Thus, we have seen an influx of Posse members incarcerated in the 

state, usually on drug or weapons related crimes. 

Posse members do not associate with Rastafarians, and there exists 

some basic ideological differences between the two even though both 

originate from Jamaica. In the early 70's, Ras tafarians controlled a 

good portion of the New York drug market. The 80's and 90's 

appear to be in control of the Posse members. Recent 

infomation indicates the major rift is over cocaine production in 

Jamaica. The "posse" is for the production and The "Rastarians: 

are againist but for the production and sale of marijuana in 

Jamaica. 

There are two basic Posses, the "Spangler Posse" and the 

"Shower Posse." All Posses are politically aligned with either 

the People's National Party PNP (socialistic tendencies rumored 

to be aligned with Fidel Castro) or the Jamaican Labor Party 

(JLP) (reportedly aligned with the US and CIA). The Spangler 

Posse is aligned with PNP, and the Shallow Showeo is aligned 

with JLP. 

Propensity for Violence: Posse members are known for drive by 

shootings involved in disputes with rival gangs over drug turf. Posse 

members are known for ritualized killings of members who "rip off" 

profits on drugs. The killing ritual usually involves the shooting of the 

individual five times; four to the chest and one to the head. Posse 

members have little regard for public safety or human life. Posse 

violence can be directed at anyone they feel has crossed them or is 

in their way. 

Within the Connecticut Department of Correction, violence by the 

Posse has been minimal. The probable reason is the low number of 

Posse members incarcerated within our system. However, Posse 

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members are known to show a lack of respect for law enforcement 

and correction's personnel. Staff should use caution when dealing 

with Posse members. Posse members are usually well informed with 

the laws and rights of individuals. Posse members have proven that 

they will take whatever steps necessary to avoid arrest, commit 

violent acts while in custody, murder witnesses, and effect an escape 

by any means possible. 

Identification: The over 40 different Posses will identify with Posses 

with similar political and economic interests. 

The identification of Posse members is often difficult. They may be 

known by different names in each city in which they operate and 

usually adopt names from the home island. 

Posse members are known to falsify documents and will attempt to 

gain false credentials of police officers, federal agents, military 

officers, and intelligence officers. 

ILLEGAL MOVEMENT OF FIREARMS 


Firearms are a constant threat to Canadian police officers and other law 

enforcement officials. Criminals in Canada have ready access to a wide variety of 

firearms, including increasing numbers of automatic weapons. In many cases, 

firearms seized by the police entered Canada legitimately and were subsequently 

purchased or stolen by criminals. In other cases, the firearms entered the country 

illegally. This is particularly true of handguns and assault rifles. 

There are currently more than 1.2 million registered firearms in Canada, mainly 

handguns. The number of rifles and shotguns in the possession of Canadians is 

currently unknown, but is presumed to surpass the number of registered firearms 

by a considerable margin. During the last 20 years, more than 87,000 firearms 

have been reported stolen, lost or missing in Canada. From this, it is clear that 

there is an enormous underground arsenal of firearms available to the criminal 

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world. 

This arsenal is supplemented by the steady flow of illegal firearms into Canada. 

One smuggled firearm may be used repeatedly by criminals until it is either 

discarded or seized by the police. Frequently, police recover firearms that have 

been in Canada for twenty years or more. 

The United States remains the source of most legal and illegal firearms in 

Canada. It is relatively easy for Canadians to acquire firearms in the United 

States either by themselves or through a straw purchaser. Firearms are 

smuggled into Canada through both normal ports of entry and 

unsupervised border crossings. Both individuals and small groups are 

involved and loads of two to twelve firearms are the norm. Firearm couriers 

are not necessarily habitual criminals or members of organized crime 

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groups, notwithstanding the fact that most of their customers are. Canada 

Customs seized 1,317 firearms in 1997, of which 1,025 (78%) were 

handguns. The vast majority of these firearms were the personal weapons 

of US citizens and not linked to smuggling operations. 

Intelligence continues to point to aboriginal reserves, in particular Akwesasne, as 

conduits for illegal firearms entering Canada. They also have served as storage 

and distribution centers for illegal firearms. In September 1997, the RCMP seized 

numerous firearms, including assault rifles, in a raid on the Kahnawake Reserve. 

This operation confirmed that the reserve was being used as a cache for illegal 

firearms smuggled from the United States and sold to various crime groups in 

Ontario and Quebec. 

There are individuals in Canada attracted to the US "militia" philosophy or who 

espouse similar anti-government ideology. The possession of numerous firearms 

is viewed by these individuals as essential to their concept of personal freedom 

and some have been linked to firearms smuggling. 

Weapons are essential to criminal activity and most criminal groups ensure ready 

access to firearms by establishing weapons caches. In October 1997, the 

CARCAJOU anti-gang squad in Quebec discovered a weapons cache in 

Montreal that included 13 firearms along with ammunition, grenades and 

explosives. Intelligence indicated that the weapons would have been used in the 

conflict between the HELLS ANGELS and the ROCK MACHINE. 

A national database is currently being developed and implemented as a result of 

initiatives by the Department of Justice Working Group on the Illegal Movement 

of Firearms to assist law enforcement agencies in combating the illegal 

movement of firearms. This national database, which is scheduled for activation 

in October 1998, will record all the firearms which come into the possession of 

Canadian law enforcement agencies. It will provide centralized tracing of guns 

used in the commission of criminal offences in order to establish their 

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provenance. The information gained will be used to support police investigations 

and to develop tactical and strategic firearms intelligence. 

Outlook 

Criminals and criminal organizations will continue to seek out and 

acquire firearms, particularly high-powered, rapid fire weapons. 

SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN 

Highlights 

Sexual victimization and exploitation of children is the subject of a 

national strategy being developed by CISC and various enforcement and 

government agencies. 

The Internet is emerging as one of the primary means of facilitating this 

type of criminal activity. 


Awareness of the predatory nature of sexual crimes against children is growing, 

both within Canada and internationally. Child pornography, prostitution, sex 

tourism, abduction for sexual purposes, missing children and the activities of 

pedophiles and sexual predators have become priority matters for police and 

enforcement agencies, child welfare agencies, advocacy groups and 

governments. Of particular concern is what appears to be the increasing 

sophistication of pedophiles and their ability to use new technologies such as 

the Internet to seek out and entrap their victims. 

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Outlook 

Increased public awareness and the development of policies and 

guidelines will be powerful weapons in the struggle against sexual 

victimization and exploitation of children. 

ORGANIZED CRIME IN CANADIAN SEAPORTS 

Highlights 

Ports Canada police has been disbanded and enforcement at 

Canadian ports has been assumed by private security companies 

and local police agencies. 

Organized crime uses seaports to smuggle contraband into Canada 

and to export illegal goods to foreign markets. 

Canadian law enforcement agencies continue to make numerous 

drug seizures at seaports including multi-kilogram quantities of 

heroin, cocaine and cannabis. 


Criminal Intelligence Service Canada is in the process of evaluating the threat 

posed by criminal organizations to the integrity of Canadian seaports of entry. 

This process is being conducted in conjunction with the RCMP, Canada 

Customs, and the provincial and municipal police forces involved in enforcement 

at Canadian ports. Ports Canada Police was disbanded by the end of 1997 and 

private security companies currently provide port security with general law 

enforcement assumed by the police agency with the appropriate jurisdiction. In 

Vancouver, the Coordinated Law Enforcement Unit (CLEU) has established a 

Ports Intelligence Unit to assist in combating organized crime at the Port of 

Vancouver. 

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Criminal organizations are firmly entrenched in all major Canadian seaports and 

are responsible for the bulk of the contraband entering Canada through the ports. 

This trend parallels the penetration of legitimate business by criminal 

organizations. It is usually accomplished through the placement of criminal 

members, associates, relatives and friends in legitimate employment positions at 

the port. 

This presence allows criminal organizations to acquire valuable knowledge of 

import and port procedures and to monitor law enforcement activity at the port. 

Associates in key positions facilitate the movement of contraband into the ports 

and ensure that it remains concealed until it can be removed and distributed on 

the contraband market. They also facilitate the theft and diversion of legitimate 

imported goods and assist in the export of illegal goods, such as stolen vehicles, 

from Canada to other countries. Groups involved in this activity include traditional 

organized crime, Asian and East European-based organized crime and outlaw 

motorcycle gangs. 

Canadian seaports are entry points for illegal migrants and a variety of 

contraband including drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and firearms. Of these, 

illegal drugs currently pose the greatest threat. Canada Customs, with the 

assistance of the RCMP and other police agencies, seizes significant 

quantities of drugs as they enter Canada's seaports, most often concealed 

within legitimate consignments of import goods. Notable seizures in 1997 

included 455 kilograms of cocaine in a container shipment of Colombian 

coffee at the Port of Vancouver, seven kilograms of heroin inside drums of 

hazardous chemicals from China at the Port of Toronto and almost 1,700 

kilograms of marihuana inside a refrigerated container of Jamaican 

foodstuffs at the Port of Halifax. 

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Outlook 

Seaports will continue to be used to move both illegal migrants and 

significant quantities of contraband into Canada, including drugs. 

The export of stolen vehicles to foreign countries will also continue. 

CISC will evaluate the extent of this threat of organized criminal activity to 

the integrity of Canadian ports. 

ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS AND ILLEGAL MIGRATION 

Highlights 

The smuggling of illegal migrants into Canada is a lucrative and growing 

business. Large sums of money can be extracted from individuals 

wanting to relocate. 


The smuggling of illegal migrants is big business. Syndicates operate all around 

the world in countries as diverse as Iran, India, the Peoples Republic of China 

(PRC), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Nigeria, Brazil, the United 

States and Canada. 

Syndicates charge their clients anywhere from $5,000 to $50,000, depending on 

the destination and the complexity of the smuggling route. The cost generally 

includes counterfeit documents and airline tickets as well as the use of safe 

houses and contacts throughout the journey. 

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In most cases, migrant smuggling organizations operating in Canada are loosely 

affiliated to or wholly independent of major organized crime groups. On the 

international front, however, transnational criminal organizations such as triads, 

BIG CIRCLE BOYS and Russian-based groups are involved in most aspects of 

migrant smuggling. 

The identification of routes used to smuggle illegal migrants has always been 

difficult, since they change rapidly, almost from month to month. Many illegal 

migrants use Canada as a transit point to reach the United States. Some illegal 

migrants are involved in major criminal activity upon arriving in Canada, often as 

a means of paying off debts incurred for their passage and forged documents. 

Such activity can include prostitution, extortion, drug trafficking and theft. There 

have been many documented cases of such pay-back schemes, including 

migrants forced into slave labor in the United States. Such situations are rarer, 

although not unheard of, in Canada. 

Outlook 

Migrant smuggling will continue to be a problem. It offers organized crime 

groups the double incentive of high returns on investment and relatively 

minor sentences in the case of conviction. 

In Canada, migrant smuggling will run the gamut from citizens participating 

in a single smuggling offence, such as the illegal escort of a relative, to 

huge, highly powerful multinational organizations working with organized 

crime. 

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CONTRABAND SMUGGLING 

Highlights 

Organized crime continues to dominate the contraband trade, 

particularly in Central Canada. Most contraband tobacco flows to the 

eastern and western provinces from Ontario and Quebec, while other 

commodities tend to flow from south to north and vice versa. 

The presence of organized crime ensures that smuggling operations 

are highly sophisticated, with unlimited resources and a serious 

potential for both violence and corrupt activity. 


The year 1997 saw important developments in the area of contraband smuggling. 

A number of complex investigations concluded successfully with sentences that 

reflected the magnitude of the offences involved. An Ontario-based smuggler 

received a six-year prison sentence and a fine of $1 million and a British 

Columbia judge ruled that alcohol and tobacco smuggling was as serious a crime 

as drug trafficking. 

Alcohol and tobacco remain the primary commodities of the contraband trade, a 

function of demand and large price differentials. In 1997, interprovincial 

movement of tobacco products emerged as a serious issue, primarily involving 

transport of large quantities of tobacco from Ontario and Quebec, where prices 

are low, to other parts of the country. The new Tobacco Act, Bill C-71, enacted in 

April 1997, is expected to provide the legislative power to deal with such 

shipments, with enforcement administered primarily by Health Canada. 

Another trend observed in 1997 was the sale of tax free tobacco intended for 

aboriginal reserve residents to non-aboriginal retailers, primarily by retailers on 

the reserves themselves. A subject at Kahnawake was distributing tobacco 

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products to over 170 convenience stores in the Montreal area. One reserve in 

British Columbia reduced tobacco quotas in an attempt to curb this type of 

activity. 

Alcohol is another attractive commodity for smugglers. The Liquor Control Board 

of Ontario estimates that the illegal liquor industry is a $644 million business. The 

price differentials are quite startling. For example, a 750 milliliter bottle of liquor 

with a Canadian price of $20.00 will sell in the United States for $9.50. The black 

market price will be $13.00. In Canada, the total tax per 750 ml. bottle averages 

$16.14 or 83% of the retail price. In the United States, the total tax averages 

$5.51 or 44% of the retail price. 

In Ontario, a number of members of a major smuggling organization were 

brought to trial. The liquor was supplied by up to a dozen US distilleries. In 

Alberta, the privatization of liquor sales has created the potential for abuse of the 

supply system. The BC Liquor Distribution Branch (LDB), meanwhile, determined 

during regulatory inspections that approximately 70% of the licensed 

establishments visited were not purchasing liquor through the LDB. 

Evidence of the manufacture of illicit spirits, or moonshine, mounted over 1997. A 

still dismantled in the Montreal area had a capacity of up to 35,000 liters per 

week, while another, in Quebec City, was producing 800 liters per week. The 

Montreal operation was able to supply a major contraband distributor with over 

3,900 cases of alcohol over an eight month period. 

Ontario and Quebec remain the primary contraband entry points, and most of the 

smuggling there is now controlled by organized crime. 

Few organizations limit themselves solely to smuggling. A recent investigation 

into a major contraband smuggling group concluded that it was involved in fraud, 

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theft, purchase and sale of bootleg alcohol, possession of counterfeit money, 

bribery, drug importation and trafficking and money laundering along with the 

usual alcohol and tobacco smuggling. Nor are groups content simply to smuggle 

alcohol and tobacco. Recent investigations have noted jewelry, precious gems, 

genuine and counterfeit Cuban cigars, endangered and protected animal parts, 

jeans, computer parts, chicken, butter, and CFCs among the contraband flooding 

back and forth across the border. Any high demand, high profit commodity is 

potential black market material. 

Outlook 

Highlights 

Contraband smugglers will continue to adapt to enforcement measures, 

varying their strategies, forging alliances and switching to new 

commodities as circumstances require. 

The violence associated with the contraband trade will raise serious public 

safety issues, as will the presence of increasing numbers of smuggled 

weapons on the Canadian market. 

THE ILLICIT DRUG TRADE 

Cannabis products, followed closely by cocaine, remained the most 

popular illicit drugs in Canada in 1997. The demand for chemical drugs is 

strong but varies considerably according to the availability of other 

psychotropic substances. 

Heroin abuse, although not as widespread as consumption of other illicit 

drugs, remains a major concern for police and health officials. 

Canadian health officials are alarmed about the high prevalence of HIV 

infection among users who inject drugs, particularly heroin and, more 

recently, cocaine. 

Drug trafficking remains the principal source of revenue for most organized 

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crime groups operating in Canada. 

Over 100 tons of hashish enter Canada annually, destined mainly for 

Montreal organizations who distribute it in eastern Canada and the 

northeastern United States. More than half of these importations are 

organized by criminal groups based abroad. 

Italian-based organized crime is involved in upper echelon importation and 

distribution of many types of drugs. Asian-based groups are active in 

heroin and, increasingly, cocaine trafficking, from importation to street 

level. Colombian- based traffickers still control much of the cocaine trade in 

the cities of eastern and central Canada. Outlaw motorcycle gangs play a 

major role in the importation and large-scale distribution of cannabis, 

cocaine and chemical drugs. Independent Canadian and foreign 

entrepreneurs are also important suppliers of drugs to the Canadian 

market. 

CURRENT SITUATION 

Health officials across Canada anticipate a continuing increase in the prevalence 

of HIV among injection drug users. This pattern has emerged even in cities which 

have long standing, well run harm reduction initiatives such as needle exchange 

programs and outreach education. Increased incidence and prevalence of HIV 

infection have coincided with a growing trend among users to inject cocaine, 

either by itself or in combination with the use of other drugs such as heroin. The 

impact of this trend is serious. In the Ottawa region, for example, HIV prevalence 

among persons reporting to needle exchanges rose from 8 per cent in 1993 to 19 

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per cent in 1997. In Vancouver, it rose from 25 per cent in 1995 to approximately 

50 percent in 1997. 

Certain crime groups dealing in the movement of illicit drugs continue to be 

involved in the trafficking of other commodities as well. These include counterfeit 

currency and credit cards, weapons, tobacco, liquor and, in some cases, illegal 

migrants. 

HEROIN 

Throughout 1997, Southeast Asian heroin continued to be available across 

Canada at unprecedentedly low prices and with purity levels in excess of 90 per 

cent. Southwest Asian heroin trafficking activity remained at a low level, carried 

out primarily by small scale trafficking groups from Southwest Asia, the Middle 

East and Africa. In a more recent development, criminals from the Former Soviet 

Union are testing their ability to market Southwest Asian heroin in Canada. The 

availability of Colombian heroin on the Canadian market is believed to be 

extremely limited. Current laboratory analytical capabilities in Canada do not 

permit identification of the origin of seized heroin samples. 

In 1997, investigators observed an increased incidence of small quantities of 

heroin arriving in Canada via the postal system or commercial messenger 

services. Concealment of heroin in hazardous material was noted in Toronto in 

1997 when approximately 7 kilograms of heroin were discovered inside drums of 

arsenic en route from the People's Republic of China. 

The largest seizure of heroin in Canada for 1997 occurred at Toronto's Pearson 

International Airport on December 28. Authorities found 42 kilograms of 

Southeast Asian heroin secreted inside the washroom wall panels of a 

commercial aircraft. 

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In 1997, the RCMP, the DEA, the FBI, Canada Customs and US Customs 

concluded a long-term joint investigation targeting Canada and US-based Asian 

criminals involved in the cross-border movement of narcotics. In addition to the 

undercover purchase of 2 kilograms of heroin on two separate occasions, 

investigators foiled a conspiracy whereby traffickers in Vancouver would supply 7 

kilograms of heroin to individuals in Boston in exchange for 25 kilograms of 

cocaine. Other suspects attempted to hire the undercover operators to murder a 

rival in Alberta. Police arrested five men from Vancouver, Calgary and Boston. 

COCAINE 


Although there continue to be conspiracies to import cocaine by mother ship and 

aircraft into Canada, most large shipments arrive in transport trucks en route 

from the United States or in marine containers arriving from South America. 

Indeed, containers represent the highest risk. In December, authorities in 

Vancouver discovered 420 kilograms of cocaine in a container load of coffee that 

had arrived from Colombia. 

Cocaine enters Canada concealed in footwear, toiletries, and false bottomed 

suitcases and dissolved in liquor, among other methods. Couriers tend to be 

females in their early 20s to mid 30s, who smuggle cocaine into Canada aboard 

commercial flights from Caribbean countries, primarily Jamaica and Trinidad and 

Tobago. An organization based in Edmonton transported the drug directly from 

Colombia, through Mexico and the United States to Edmonton, concealed in the 

gas tanks of sport utility vehicles. 

Colombian trafficking groups are fully aware of the emphasis and resources 

applied by law enforcement to drug shipments originating in South America and 

are developing other routes to ensure safe passage of drugs into the United 

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States and Canada. There are indications that some traffickers may attempt to 

ease the pressure on their North American shipments by routing them through 

the Middle East. 

Most cocaine importation routes into the United States are now controlled by 

Mexican drug cartels. While there is no appreciable evidence that these groups 

are active in Canada, most criminal groups in Canada are involved in cocaine 

trafficking at some level. Like any other form of commerce, the cocaine trade is 

based upon supply and demand and it is likely that Canadian groups will deal 

with Mexican groups if they are not already. Indeed, the large quantities of 

cocaine seized from trucks en route to Canada in the United States could 

indicate links between Canadians and US-based Mexican groups. 

CANNABIS 


- Marihuana - 

Hydroponic marihuana cultivation remains a major concern across Canada. It is 

a huge industry, with huge potential profits for the individual criminals involved. A 

grower operating a small 50 plant hydroponic installation producing three crops 

of 15% THC marihuana a year can expect $225,000 wholesale for an annual 

harvest. Most police agencies have reported an increase in the total number of 

plants seized, sites uncovered and in the size of the installations. Outlaw 

motorcycle gangs and other criminal groups are closely involved in the 

hydroponic marihuana trade, although their control is not absolute. Police in 

Quebec have uncovered marihuana "sweat shops", secret locations where 

laborers package marihuana buds and prepare marihuana residue for 

processing into liquid hashish. 

While Canada is not a primary source of marihuana for the US market, the export 

of "BC Bud" marihuana to the United States is a flourishing business in British 

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Columbia. So too, the RCMP and the Sureté du Québec have noted shipments of 

"Quebec Gold" marihuana to the northeastern United States. There is also 

intelligence regarding Ontario crime groups exporting Canadian marihuana. 

The main sources of imported marihuana on the Canadian market continue to be 

Colombia, Mexico, Jamaica and Thailand. 

- Hashish - 

Police believe that approximately 100 tons of hashish is smuggled into Canada 

annually. Multi-ton shipments arrive from Southwest Asia (Afghanistan and 

Pakistan), the Middle-East (Lebanon) and North Africa (Morocco) aboard mother 

ships or concealed in marine containers. Virtually all of it is destined for Montreal. 

The hashish trade remains highly lucrative, and an importer can expect to earn 

approximately $35 million for a 10 ton shipment delivered to Montreal and sold 

off in multi-ton lots. Foreign nationals orchestrate at least half of the large scale 

importations and sell entire loads to Montreal wholesalers for further distribution. 

Organized crime groups including Italian-based organized crime, the West End 

Gang and the Hells Angels, as well as a number of Canadian entrepreneurs not 

related to any established criminal organization, cooperate in these multi-ton 

operations. Occasionally, hashish concealed in air cargo is seized as it enters 

Canada. 

In early 1997, members of one of the largest international hashish trafficking 

organizations in the world were arrested as a result of a major undercover 

operation. During this operation, the RCMP, together with the DEA, intercepted 

four tons of hashish in Montreal and another four tons in Newark, New Jersey, 

believed to be destined for Montreal. These drugs were part of a 17 ton shipment 

off-loaded to a US undercover vessel in the South Pacific. 

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In February 1997, a vessel was seized off the coast of Ireland, part of a 

conspiracy to import 50 to 60 tons of hashish into Canada. This conspiracy was 

orchestrated by a Montreal-based criminal organization with links to the Hells 

Angels and to crime figures in the Netherlands. The hashish in both of these 

cases originated or was to originate in Pakistan. 

A number of marine containers carrying hashish were intercepted in 1997, 

including 326 kilograms inside a shipment of pepper in Burnaby, British 

Columbia. The shipment originated in Madras, India. Several large hashish 

shipments destined to Canada were seized abroad, including 475 kilograms 

seized from air cargo in Lahore, Pakistan and destined for a fictitious textile 

company in Quebec. 

- Liquid Hashish - 

Most of the liquid hashish seizures carried out in Canada during 1997 were 

executed at Pearson International Airport and involved travelers returning from 

Jamaica. The most common methods of concealment were body packs and 

luggage. The largest seizure in 1997, 75.5 kilograms in Vancouver from a 

container of Colombian coffee, was an isolated incident in terms of transport 

method. A conspiracy to import 450 kilograms into Canada, using approximately 

15 couriers, was foiled with several arrests including a major trafficker from 

Quebec. In 1997, there continued to be cases in which liquid hashish had been 

concealed aboard commercial aircraft, particularly in the avionics and toilet 

compartments. Such seizures suggest the collusion of airline employees, 

particularly ground crews on both ends. Ten airport baggage handlers have been 

arrested in the past year by the RCMP for drug smuggling. 

With the boom in Canadian grown marihuana, the manufacture of domestic liquid 

hashish has undergone a proportional increase. Since the marihuana itself has a 

high THC content, it is not uncommon to encounter liquid hashish with a THC 

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content in excess of 50%. The domestic product constitutes a small portion of the 

liquid hashish available in Canada, but is worthy of mention as production and 

availability may increase. 

CHEMICAL DRUGS 

The domestic manufacture of illicit chemical drugs such as PCP, 

methamphetamine and LSD continues. Authorities have uncovered clandestine 

laboratories producing Ecstasy (MDMA) as well as conspiracies to manufacture 

emerging drugs like Nexus and various counterfeit pharmaceuticals. Outlaw 

motorcycle gangs are involved in many of these schemes. There continue to be 

numerous seizures of anabolic steroids originating in Europe, the Former Soviet 

Union and the United States. 

Despite the proclamation of Bill C-8 in May 1997, regulations on the licensing 

procedures for import and export of precursor chemicals were still not finalized at 

the end of 1997. 

Outlook 

HIV prevalence among injection drug users will continue to escalate. 

Conspiracies to import multi-tone shipments of drugs aboard mother ships 

or private aircraft will continue. Marine and air cargo containers will remain 

the preferred transport method, however, because of lower detection risks 

and costs. 

Although there is no appreciable evidence of Mexican mafia activity in 

Canada, the possibility of links to major organized crime groups in Canada 

should not be discounted. 

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Domestic marihuana exports will rise as Canadian producers find markets 

for their products in the United States. 

PROCEEDS OF CRIME 

Highlight 

As in previous years, criminal organizations took advantage of Canada's 

lack of mandatory financial reporting requirements to move illicit funds in 

1997. 

Money Laundering Trends and Enforcement Problems 

As in other countries, criminal organizations based in Canada continue to use 

businesses other than financial institutions to launder proceeds of crime. Of 

particular concern are foreign investments in the Canadian economy by 

individuals and companies associated with organized crime groups. Such 

investments are never directly linked to a substantive offence and therefore 

present real enforcement challenges. The cross border movement of cash by 

criminal organizations trying to conceal the origin of illicit funds continues 

unabated. In the last three years for example, Toronto Integrated Proceeds of 

Crime Unit (TIPOC) identified $10 million in cash smuggled in and/or out of 

Canada through Toronto's Lester B. Pearson International Airport. 

Changes and Enforcement Opportunities 

A number of legislative initiatives against money laundering were introduced in 

1997. As a result of the new Controlled Drug and Substances Act, Proceeds of 

Crime Units can conduct reverse sting operations, a number of which were 

successfully carried out in the second half of 1997. Following amendments to the 

Criminal Code (Bill C-95), the instruments of organized crime offences can now 

be seized and confiscated. Using these new powers, law enforcement agencies 

seized the club house of the Hells Angels in St-Nicolas, Quebec, in November 

1997. 

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Outlook 

The rapid growth of electronic commerce creates new laundering 

opportunities for organized crime and presents law enforcement with 

serious challenges. 

Among the business sectors most affected by the advent of electronic 

commerce are the travel and financial industries, both of which are used 

heavily by money launderers and drug traffickers. Electronic business-tobusiness 

commerce is also a key growth area and companies make 

increasing use of the Internet to purchase supplies and settle accounts. 

The exchange of goods and services between businesses, in particular 

non-financial businesses, will continue to be used extensively by criminal 

organizations to camouflage the laundering of illicit funds. 

The consequences of the expansion of electronic commerce upon the 

ability of the police to combat money laundering remains unknown. 

Similarly, the effectiveness of existing laws and regulations in the 

electronic environment is not known and neither is the applicability of 

search warrants to international electronic transactions. 

COUNTERFEIT ACTIVITY 

Highlights 

In 1997, the number of Canadian counterfeit bank notes reported to 

police increased by over 26 percent in comparison to 1996 figures. The 

$20 note accounted for 36 percent of all counterfeit notes reported in 

Canada. 

Losses due to credit card fraud increased to $88 million in 1997. This is an 

increase of $8 million when compared to 1996. It is estimated that 

approximately 50 percent of these losses are the result of counterfeit 

activity. 

The availability of scanners and other desktop publishing equipment has 

allowed criminal organizations to produce extraordinarily sophisticated 

counterfeit credit cards. 

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Reported currency counterfeiting activity has steadily increased in 1997. The $20 

denomination has replaced the $10 denomination as the primary vehicle of 

counterfeiters producing Canadian bank notes. The $10 denomination accounted 

for 57 percent of counterfeits received in 1996 but has now dropped to 31 percent 

in 1997. The $20 denomination has risen from 31 percent in 1996 to 36 percent 

in 1997. 

Criminal organizations have been successful in duplicating the Optical Security 

Device (OSD) found on higher denomination ($20, $50, $100 and $1,000) bank 

notes, so that close to 50 percent of all reported counterfeits now carry a forged 

OSD. Fewer than 8 percent of counterfeits detected in 1996 carried an OSD. 

The ratio of counterfeit Canadian to US currency reported to police remained 

unchanged from 1996 levels. US currency accounted for 16 percent of all 

counterfeits reported in 1997. 

It has been estimated that 50 percent of credit card losses due to fraud are the 

result of counterfeit activities. The practice of skimming genuine credit card 

information for use on a counterfeit credit card is growing at a significant rate. 

Approximately half of all counterfeit Canadian credit cards with skimmed 

information are used outside of Canada. 

Outlook 

Both the availability of counterfeit currency and losses due to credit card 

fraud will increase in 1998. The availability of sophisticated desktop 

publishing tools has simplified the process of producing counterfeits, in 

turn allowing more criminal organizations to become involved in this 

activity. 

The practice of skimming credit card information for use on counterfeit 

credit cards will increase in 1998. This type of activity will replace the 

practice of using 

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counterfeit credit cards that require manual keying in order to 

complete a transaction. 

TECHNOLOGICAL CRIME 

Highlights 

The Internet is being used as a means of facilitating various sorts of 

criminal activity. 

Electronic card readers, which provide access to and move funds 

between bank accounts, have become the target of choice for break and 

enter artists. 


Increasing use is being made of the Internet as a means of facilitating criminal 

activity, including prostitution, drug trafficking, the distribution of child 

pornography and fraud. In January 1997, a Montreal investigation uncovered 

three Internet sites that were defrauding visitors out of millions of dollars. The 

sites, which offered free pornographic pictures and access to their web pages, 

were defrauding users by disconnecting their modems and reconnecting them to 

a telephone number in the former Soviet Republic of Moldova. Thus, users 

ended up paying long distance tolls to Moldova, of which the site operators took 

a substantial cut. The long distance call remained connected even after the 

computer was shut down and required a full system reboot to disconnect. 

The proliferation of technology has led to new forms of break and enter theft. 

Knowledgeable thieves gain access to Interact card readers and can download 

money and transfer funds in a matter of minutes. 

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Outlook 

The need for anonymity and communications security will ensure 

ever\_increasing exploitation of the Internet by organized crime groups. 

This will be particularly problematic in the area of fraud and in the 

distribution of child pornography. 

Subscription fraud, which provides simple access to bank accounts, will 

continue to be noted in cases of money laundering and major theft. 

Summary of findings 

There is not a single dominant organized crime group across 

Canada. Rather, there continues to be a number of significant 

criminal organizations often operating out of major criminal hubs, 

such as the B.C. lower mainland, greater Toronto area, and 

greater Montreal region that influence criminal activities in other 

regions. 

The total number of reported groups in Canada has fluctuated 

between approximately 600, to well over 900 within the past five 

years. This fluctuation is largely reflective of improved reporting 

processes and a shift in collecting information on organized crime 

in Canada. Since 2005, the concept of organized crime within law 

enforcement has broadened to include, not only tightly knit 

groups comprised of individuals with familial, ethno-geographic 

or cultural ties, but also more loosely associated, ethnically 

diverse, integrated criminal networks. 

Payment card fraud 

In 2009, combined losses due to payment card fraud decreased 

slightly from $512.2 million in 2008 to $500.7 million, a likely 

reflection of enhanced prevention and detection efforts. While credit 

card fraud decreased, losses due to debit card fraud spiked in 2009, 

increasing by 36% from $104.5 million in 2008 to $142.3 million. 

Organized crime involvement in payment card fraud can involve 

card thefts, fraudulent card applications, fake deposits, skimming, 

counterfeiting or card-not-present fraud. Wireless technology, such 

as Bluetooth, enables the illicit extraction and transmission of 

payment card information that is then relayed to card 

manufacturing factories which can be located worldwide. The 

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transition to micro-chipped payment cards is underway in Canada; 

however, a complete transition will take several more years. 

Complete implementation is expected to reduce the amount of 

skimming and counterfeiting activity within Canada at point-of-sale 

terminals and ATMs. However, this reduction will be offset by a 

displacement of payment card fraud using Canadian card data to 

locations that have not implemented chip and pin, such as the U.S., 

and to card-not-present fraud, which is not impacted by the new 

technology. Card-not-present transactions occur through the mail, 

telephone, fax or the Internet. 

Vehicle Theft 

The number of vehicles stolen across Canada has been decreasing 

since 2006; however, the proportion of unrecovered vehicles has 

increased from 30% to 40%, which suggests to law enforcement a 

possible increase of organized crime theft. Unrecovered vehicles may 

indicate that these cars are being trafficked. Because the process of 

trafficking vehicles typically requires the involvement of a group of 

criminals, the rate of unrecovered vehicles is used as a proxy 

measure by law enforcement to indicate organized crime theft. 

Activities of criminal groups involved in vehicle-related frauds 

include staged collisions, insurance write-offs and the sale of 

damaged vehicles, the manipulation of vehicle tracking systems and 

computerized ignition connectors that allow for keyless operation. 

Approximately 20,000 stolen vehicles a year are illegally exported 

from Canada, most commonly through the ports of Vancouver, 

Halifax and Montreal. Common methods for exporting stolen 

vehicles include falsifying export documentation, providing false 

vehicle identification numbers (VINs), and using those from salvaged 

vehicles to replace the VIN of stolen vehicles. I have specifically 

worked on a few of these cases, the cars are resold in the Midwest. 

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Canadian Ports 

According to a March 2002 article in the National Post, a Canadian Senate 

committee on national security, which met in February 2002, identified Canada's 

ports as a breeding ground for organized crime and terrorism. 23 In 1996, when 

the government began to disband the port police service, private security 

companies began assuming security responsibilities at Canadian ports. The 

senate committee reported that 36 percent of employees in charge of going over 

manifest lists for cargo containers at the port of Montreal, 39 percent of the dock 

workers at Halifax, and 54 percent of the dock workers at the Charlottetown port 

had criminal records. 24 In addition, several ports do not have adequate 

identification requirements for employers nor do they have adequate security 

fencing. 

Organized crime groups reportedly exercise great control over Canadian 

ports and have been cited as major conduits for drug smuggling, the export and 

import of stolen automobiles, and the theft of cargo. Officials fear that terrorists 

could use the ports to smuggle a weapon of mass destruction into the country. 25 

The committee additionally reported that the Chrétien government had been 

receiving warnings on the state of Canada's ports for six years, but continued to 

ignore the advice of law enforcement officials. 

Effects of September 11 

The terrorist attacks on the United States in September 2001 were a 

catalyst for bringing the issues of Canadian immigration policy and U.S.- 

Canadian border security to the forefront. In October 2001, Canada implemented 

its Anti-Terrorism Plan, and in December 2001 its Anti-Terrorism Act entered into 

force. Among other things, these two initiatives are designed to prevent terrorists 

from getting into Canada, secure the U.S.-Canada border, identify terrorist 

activities, and detect and deter the financing of terrorist activities. 26 Subsequent 

changes to the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Protection Act in June 2002 

seek to remove some of the heretofore less stringent refugee policies by allowing 

for the removal of security threats sooner and the imposition of harsher penalties 

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for people smuggling, as well as for people using or selling forged documents. 

US$200 million has been allocated to improve the screening of foreigners. 27 The 

Canadian Budget 2001, passed in December 2001, allocates CDN$7.7b over the 

next five years to provide funding for these initiatives. Other initiatives include the 

Canada-U.S. Smart Border Declaration and accompanying Action Plan for 

Creating a Secure and Smart Border, signed on December 12, 2001, and 

designed to protect the CDN$1.9 billion dollars garnered daily from legitimate 

border trade while ensuring its security from illicit activities. 

Cargo Theft Report from National Insurance Crime Bureau 

(NICB) 2010 

The report is an overview of cargo thefts trends and patterns in 2010. 

Cargo theft is a costly and significant threat to both retail and 

insurance companies with a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 

estimated yearly price tag of $30 billion dollars. 

The NICB has identified high levels of cargo theft in several high 

volume transit areas of the United States; for example, Los Angeles, 

Dallas, Memphis, Chicago, and Atlanta are among the US cities most 

affected by cargo theft. Transportation and cargo related assets are 

high in these areas, providing thieves with easy access to large 

amounts of cargo. Electronics, food, and clothing were identified by 

the NICB as the top three identified commodity types for cargo theft in 

2010. All three commodities are relatively easy for criminals to sell 

after the theft. 

Although cargo theft is a large and growing problem, cargo and 

insurance fraud professionals can make a difference. By following 

simple, common sense, guidelines many instances of cargo theft can 

be avoided, saving businesses and consumers millions of dollars a 

year in lost revenue and insurance claims. 

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Cargo Theft: An Overview Scope of the Problem 

The FBI defines cargo theft as any commercial good stolen between 

its origin and final destination. This includes thefts from trains, semitractors, 

boats, warehouses, and many other transportation and 

storage locations. Please see Appendix 1 for an overview of various 

transportation types. 

Although the total number and value of cargo theft each year is hard 

to identify, recent FBI estimates place the loss value at $30 billion 

dollars a year, resulting in an estimated 20% mark-up in retail prices 

for consumers. In addition to the monetary costs of cargo theft there 

is also the human cost, with the potential for truck drivers and 

employees to be hurt during cargo thefts (Federal Bureau of 

Investigation 2010). 

Cargo Theft Methods 

Cargo theft can happen anywhere at any time; however, as with most 

crimes, there are identified patterns with a higher likelihood of cargo 

theft occurring at truck stops, parking lots, warehouses, and port 

cities: All areas where large numbers of commercial vehicles can be 

found (NICB 2010). 

Many cargo thefts occur shortly after the driver has left the 

warehouse usually within 200 miles or four hours. Thieves will follow 

drivers until they stop, at which time the cargo is stolen, often in less 

than five minutes. In addition to thefts of cargo while in transit, there 

is a growing trend of cargo thefts involving “fraudulent pickups.” 

A fraudulent pickup is where a driver or trucking company (often 

accessing cargo load information through online brokering sites) 

impersonates a legitimate carrier and secures a contract to transport 

cargo. The cargo is then stolen, often with no trace of the fraudulent 

driver or trucking company (Freightwatch International 2011). 

Using various methods the NICB collected information on 747 

incidents of cargo theft in 2010, with an identified loss value of over 

$171, 000,000. 

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Although not exhaustive, the information identified in this report does 

represent a conservative picture of recent trends and patterns in 

cargo thefts, closely mirroring similar industry reports. 

Shown below are tables, graphs, and maps identifying cargo thefts by 

location, month, and commodity type. Some of the 747 NICB 

identified incidents may not be represented, as not all of data 

contained complete information. 

2010 NICB Identified Cargo Thefts by State 

State Number of Cargo Thefts 

CA 247 

TX 91 

FL 66 

IL 56 

TN 40 

GA 39 

NJ 17 

MD 15 

OH 14 

MI 14 

PA 13 

NC 13 

NM 12 

MO 11 

SC 10 

AR 10 

MS 8 

IN 7 

MA KY CT 6 

VA OK 5 

AZ AL 4 

WI NY NV 3 

UT IA 2 

WV WA RI NH NE MT LA KS CO 1 

WY VT SD OR ND MN ME ID HI 

DE DC AK 

0 

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California was identified as the top state for cargo thefts in 2010 with 

247 NICB identified incidents. The second highest state for 2010 was 

Texas (91) with 63% fewer identified cargo thefts than California. 

Twelve states had no NICB identified cargo thefts in 2010. 

2010 NICB Identified Cargo Thefts by Commodity Type 

Commodity Cargo Thefts 

Electronics 139 

Other 118 

Food 108 

Clothing 73 

Automotive 52 

Beverages 46 

Metal 36 

Health and Beauty 34 

Unknown 34 

Pharmaceuticals 29 

Construction Materials 26 

Appliances 19 

Heavy Equipment 8 

Medical Supplies 7 

Controlled Pharmaceuticals 5 

Furniture 5 

Infant Formula 5 

Over the Counter 

Pharmaceuticals 

2 

Firearms 1 

The commodity type of “electronics” was identified by NICB as the 

most stolen cargo type in 2010 at 139 thefts. Electronics, food, and 

clothing were identified as the top three commodity types (excluding 

other). All three commodities are relatively easy for criminals to sell 

after they are stolen with many of the goods being resold online, at 

flea markets, and overseas. 

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Geographic Analysis- 

Analysis of the geographic data represented above shows a 

concentration of cargo thefts in the metropolitan areas of Los 

Angeles, Dallas, Memphis, Chicago, and Atlanta. All of these areas 

have substantial cargo and transportation related facilities providing 

thieves with easy access to large amounts of cargo. 

The CBSA with the most cargo thefts in 2010 was the “Los Angeles- 

Long Beach-Riverside, CA” at 126 NICB identified cargo thefts in 

2010. Los Angeles, CA is one of the most active seaports in the 

country, with vast amounts of cargo from Asia offloaded for transport 

throughout the US every day. 

Memphis, TN was the individual city with the most NICB identified 

cargo thefts in 2010 at 24. The Memphis is a crossroads for interstate 

trucking with a large number of truck stops and warehouse facilities in 

the area. 

Conclusion 

Although cargo theft may seem a distant problem to most people, 

cargo and insurance fraud professionals know that it affects us all. 

From higher retail prices to tainted food and medical supplies, all 

Americans suffer from cargo theft. 

However, utilizing their knowledge in the field, as well the information 

contained in this and other NICB reports, alerts, and brochures cargo 

and insurance fraud professionals can help to insure a positive 

outcome. By following simple, common sense guidelines, many 

instances of cargo theft can be avoided, saving businesses and 

consumers millions of dollars a year in lost revenue and insurance 

claims. 

Cargo theft is not just the “cost of doing business,” it is a crime. With 

a coordinated effort by cargo and insurance fraud professionals, law 

enforcement, and the public, a difference can be made. 

Preventing a loss before at happens is essential to reducing the 

harmful economic and personal costs of cargo theft. Most thefts of 

cargo are never recovered and those that are often contain damaged 

or tainted products that cannot be resold. 

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In addition to initial economic impact many products can be harmful if 

improperly stored and resold, particularly food products and 

pharmaceuticals. Infant formula is especially concerning as thieves 

have been known to change the expiration date on the product before 

it is sold to an unsuspecting buyer (Engel 2010). 

To assist anti-cargo theft professionals the NICB has compiled 

several tips to reduce cargo theft: 

Screen Employees: Conduct a background check to screen all 

employees, but at a minimum, drivers and warehouse 

employees as well as anyone who has access to shipment 

information and other logistics details. This is the first line of 

defense against employee theft and potential involvement in 

cargo crimes. 

Training for all Employees: Provide security training for all 

employees, and educate truck drivers in hijack awareness and 

prevention. It is for their protection as well as for the cargo. By 

training how to protect the truck from hijacking and theft, five 

important assets are safeguarded: employee, trailer, tractor, 

cargo, and customers. Experience shows that a driver who 

knows, understands and follows the tenets of security is less 

likely to have their truck targeted for theft. 

In-Transit Security: Consider in-transit security when deciding 

on shipment routing. Cargo theft can be pre-planned or 

opportunistic. It can involve an inside informant, someone who 

stakes out and follows the truck, an experienced thief, organized 

crime, and a fence who will quickly dispose of the goods. A 

good rule of thumb is to ask drivers not to stop within the first 

200 miles (or four hours), use secured lots, and to avoid theft 

hotspots. Also, avoid assigning expensive loads to new drivers 

with less than 30 days on the job. 

Conduct Audits: Conduct periodic supply chain audits, and 

look for gaps in shipment protection. Cargo criminals are always 

coming up with new ways to defeat security devices and 

systems. By assessing your own system first you will have the 

opportunity to close the gaps in your supply chain. 

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Canada /US Ports 

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Canada 

Port Index 

Canada has 239 ports 

The ports and harbors located in Canada are listed below. 

Fraser River 

Fraser River Port 

Halifax 

Port of Halifax 

Montreal 

Port of Montreal 

Alliford Bay 

Alliford Bay 

Amherst Island 

Port of Havre Aubert 

Amherstburg 

Port of Amherstburg 

Baddeck 

Port of Baddeck 

Baie Verte 

Port of Baie Verte 

Baie-Comeau 

Port of Baie-Comeau 

Bamberton 

Port of Bamberton 

Most Popular 

Port Cartier 

Port of Port Cartier 

Prince Rupert 

Prince Rupert Port 

Quebec 

Port of Quebec 

A 

Annapolis Royal 

Port of Annapolis 

Royal 

Argentia 

Port of Argentia 

B 

Beaver Harbour 




Becancour 

Port of Becancour 

Bella Coola 

Bella Coola Harbour 

Sydney 

Port of Sydney 

Toronto 

Port of Toronto 

Vancouver 

Port Metro Vancouver 

Arichat 

Port of Arichat 

Arnold's Cove 

Arnold's Cove Harbour 

Blubber Bay 

Blubber Bay Harbor 

Botwood 

Botwood Harbor 

Bridgewater 

Port of Bridgewater 

Brigus 

Brigus Bay Harbor 

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Bathurst 

Port of Bathurst 

Bay Bulls 

Bay Bulls Harbour 

Bay Roberts 

Bay Roberts Harbor 

Bayside 

Bayside Harbour 

Campbell River 

Campbell River 

Harbor 

Campbellton 

Port of Campbellton 

Canso 

Canso Harbour 

Cap-aux-Meules 

Port of Cap-aux- 

Meules 

Caraquet 

Port of Caraquet 

Carbonear 

Port of Carbonear 

Cardinal 

Port of Cardinal 

Carleton 

Carleton Harbor 

Carmanville 

Belledune 

Port of Belledune 

Blacks Harbor 

Blacks Harbor 

Blanc-Sablon 

Port of Blanc-Sablon 

Bloedel 

Bloedel Harbor 

C 

Chandler 

Chandler Harbor 

Charlottetown 

Charlottetown Harbour 

Chatham 

Chatham Harbor 

Chemainus 

Port of Chemainus 

Chester 

Chester Harbor 

Chicoutimi 

Port of Chicoutimi 

Churchill 

Port of Churchill 

Clarenville 

Clarenville Harbor 

Clarkson 

Port of Clarkson 

Brockville 

Brockville Harbour 

Bronte 

Bronte Harbor 

Buctouche 

Buctouche Harbour 

Burgeo 

Burgeo Harbor 

Collingwood 

Port of Collingwood 

Come By Chance 

Port of Come By 

Chance 

Comox 

Comox Harbor 

Contrecoeur 

Contrecoeur Harbor 

Corner Brook 

Port of Corner Brook 

Cornwall 

Port of Cornwall 

Cortes Bay 

Cortes Bay Harbor 

Country Harbour 

Country Harbour 

Cowichan Bay 

Port of Cowichan Bay 

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Carmanville Harbour 

Catalina 

Catalina Harbour 

Dalhousie 

Port of Dalhousie 

Delta 

Westshore Terminals 

Esquimalt 

Esquimalt Harbor 

Fairview Cove 

Fairview Cove 

Terminal 

Forestville 

Forestville Harbor 

Ganges 

Ganges Harbor 

Gaspe 

Port of Gaspe 

Georgetown 

Georgetown Harbor 

Halifax 


Coal Harbor 

Coal Harbor Crofton 

Port of Crofton 

D 

Digby 

Port of Digby 

Dixon Entrance 

Port of Dixon Entrance 

E 

F 

Fraser River 


G 

Godbout 

Port of Godbout 

Goderich 

Port of Goderich 

Gold River 

Port of Gold River 

H 

Harbour Breton 

Harbour Breton 

Duncan Bay 

Duncan Bay Harbor 

Fulford Harbour 

Fulford Harbour 

Goose Bay 

Goose Bay Harbor 

Grand Bank 

Grand Bank Harbour 

Gros Cacouna 

Gros Cacouna Harbor 

Havre St Pierre 

Port of Havre St Pierre 

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Hamilton 

Hamilton Port 

Hantsport 

Hantsport Harbor 

Iona 

Iona Harbour 

Kelsey Bay 

Kelsey Bay Harbor 

Kingston 

Kingston Harbor 

La Baie 

La Baie Harbor 

La Have 

La Have Harbor 

Ladysmith 

Ladysmith Harbor 

Harbour Grace 

Port of Harbour Grace 

Harmac 

Harmac Harbor 

I 

Iqaluit 

Iqaluit Harbor 

K 

Kingsville 

Port of Kingsville 

Kitimat 

Port of Kitimat 

L 

Lewisporte 

Port of Lewisporte 

Les Escoumins Liverpool 

Les Escoumins Harbor Port of Liverpool 

Les Mechins 

Les Mechins Harbor 

Letang 

Letang Harbor 

Liscomb 

Liscomb Harbor 

Little Narrows 

Little Narrows Harbor 

Lockeport 

Lockeport Harbour 

Long Harbour 

Long Harbour 

Heron Bay 

Heron Bay 

Holyrood 

Holyrood Harbor 

Isaac's Harbour 

Isaac's Harbour 

Kuper Island 

Telegraph Harbour 

Long Pond 

Long Pond Harbor 

Louisbourg 

Louisbourg Harbor 

Lund 

Lund Harbor 

Lunenburg 

Lunenburg Harbor 

Lyall Harbour 

Lyall Harbour 

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Mahone Bay 

Mahone Bay Harbor 

Main Brook 

Main Brook Harbor 

Marathon 

Port of Marathon 

Marie Joseph 

Marie Joseph Harbor 

Marystown 

Marystown Harbor 

Marysville 

Marysville Harbor 

Nanaimo 

Port of Nanaimo 

Nanisivik 

Nanisivik Harbor 

Natashquan 

Natashquan Harbor 

Oakville 

Oakville Harbor 

Ocean Falls 

Ocean Falls Harbour 

M 

Masset 

Masset Harbor 

Matane 

Matane Harbor 

Mayne 

Mayne Harbor 

Meteghan 

Meteghan Harbor 

Michipicoten 

Michipicoten Harbour 

N 

New Glasgow 

New Glasgow and 

Trenton Harbor 

Midland 

Port of Midland 

Mont Louis 

Mont Louis Harbor 

Montague 

Montague Harbor 

Montreal 


Mulgrave 

Port of Mulgrave 

Newcastle 

Newcastle Harbor 

North Sydney 

New Richmond North Sydney Harbor 

New Richmond Harbor 

O 

Oshawa 

Port of Oshawa 

Owen Sound 

Owen Sound Harbor 

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Parrsboro 

Parrsboro Harbour 

Parry Sound 

Parry Sound Harbour 

Paspebiac 

Paspebiac Harbor 

Penetanguishene 

Port of 

Penetanguishene 

Pictou 

Port of Pictou 

Placentia 

Placentia Harbor 

Pointe-au-Pic 

Pointe-au-Pic Harbor 

Port Alberni 

Port of Port Alberni 

Port Alice 

Port of Port Alice 

Port Aux Basques 

Port Aux Basques 

Harbour 

Quathiaski Cove 

Quathiaski Cove 

Harbor 

Quatsino Sound 

Quatsino Sound 

P 

Port Cartier 


Port Clements 

Port Clements 

Port Colborne 

Port Colborne 

Port Credit 

Port Credit 

Port Dalhousie 

Port Dalhousie 

Port Hardy 

Port of Port Hardy 

Port Harvey 

Port Harvey 

Port Hastings 

Port Hastings 

Port Hawkesbury 

Port of Port 

Hawkesbury 

Port Hope 

Port Hope Harbour 

Q 

Quebec 


Port Medway 

Port Medway 

Port Mellon 

Port of Port of Mellon 

Port Neville 

Port Neville Harbor 

Port Stanley 

Port Stanley 

Port Weller 

Port Weller 

Portneuf 

Portneuf Harbor 

Powell River 

Port of Powell River 

Prescott 

Port of Prescott 

Prince Rupert 


Pugwash 

Port of Pugwash 

Queen Charlotte 

Queen Charlotte 

Harbor 

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Harbor 

Richibucto 

Port of Richibucto 

Richmond 

Port North Fraser 

Saguenay 

Port of Saguenay 

Saint John 

Canaport 

Saint John 

Saint John Port 

Sainte-Anne-des- 

Monts 

Sainte-Anne-des- 

Monts Harbor 

Sambro 

Sambro Harbor 

Sandspit 

Sandspit Landing 

Sarnia 

Port of Sarnia 

Saulte Ste Marie 

Saulte Ste Marie 

Harbor 

Sept-Iles 

Port of Sept-Iles 

R 

Rimouski 

Rimouski Harbor 

S 

Sheshatshit 

Sheshatshit Harbor 

Ship Harbour 

Ship Harbour 

Shippegan 

Shippegan Harbor 

Sidney 

Sidney Harbour 

Skidegate 

Skidegate Landing 

Sonora 

Sonora Harbor 

Sorel 

Port of Sorel 

Souris 

Souris Harbor 

Spragge 

Spragge Harbor 

Springdale 

Port of Springdale 

Riviere du Loup 

Riviere du Loup 

Harbor 

St. Andrews 

Port of St. Andrews 

St. Anthony 

St. Anthony Harbor 

St. Catharines 

Port of St. Catharines 

St. John's 

Port of St. John's 

St. Romuald 

St. Romuald Harbor 

Stephenville 

Port of Stephenville 

Stewart 

Port of Stewart 

Stormont 

Stormont Harbor 

Sturdies Bay 

Sturdies Bay Harbor 

Summerside 

Summerside Harbor 

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Shediac 

Port of Shediac 

Sheet Harbour 

Sheet Harbour 

Shelburne 

Port of Shelburne 

Tadoussac 

Tadoussac Harbor 

Tahsis 

Port of Tahsis 

Tangier 

Tangier Harbor 

Terrington Basin 

Terrington Basin 

Harbor 

Valleyfield 

Port of Valleyfield 

Wabana 

Wabana Harbor 

Walton 

Walton Harbor 

Welland 

Port of Welland 

Squamish 

Port of Squamish 

St Lawrence Seaway 

St Lawrence Seaway 

T 

Thorold 

Port of Thorold 

Thunder Bay 

Thunder Bay Port 

Authority 

Toronto 


V 

Vancouver 


W 

Whiterock Passage 

Burdwood Bay 

Whycocomagh 

Whycocomagh Harbor 

Wiarton 

Wiarton Harbor 

Sydney 


Trois Rivieres 

Port of Trois-Rivieres 

Tuktoyaktuk 

Tuktoyaktuk Harbor 

Twillingate 

Twillingate Harbour 

Victoria 

Port of Victoria 

Windsor 

Port Windsor 

Windsor 

Windsor Harbor 

Woodfibre 

Woodfibre harbor 

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Weymouth 

Weymouth Harbor 

Yaku 

Yaku Harbor 

Y 

Yarmouth 

Port of Yarmouth 


Port Detail 

The Fraser River Port is a complex network of shipping 

lanes, support services, and facilities on the Fraser River, 

the longest river in British Columbia, Canada. The port is 

linked to the greater Vancouver metropolitan area by the 

Queensboro Bridge, about 18 kilometers southeast of the 

city center. 

Since 1913, the Fraser River Port Authority managed port 

facilities and operations. In early 2008, three mainland port 

authorities were combined to form the Vancouver Fraser 

Port Authority, which they chose to rename the Port Metro 

Vancouver. To learn more about the city of Vancouver and 

its major port, please refer to Vancouver Port Detail here on 

World Port Source. 

Port Commerce 

Every year, the Fraser River Port handles 36 million tons of 

cargo, 95 thousand TEUs of containerized cargo, and 

almost 465 thousand vehicles. The port generates more 

than 16 thousand jobs and $730 million in wages for the 

economy of British Columbia. 

In 2007, the Fraser River Port handled 2.3 million metric 

tons of international exports dominated by logs, cement, 

and general cargo. During the same year, it handled almost 

1.9 million metric tons of international imports dominated by 

general cargo, steel, and automobiles. International trade 

included the movement of over 191 thousand TEUs of 

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containerized cargo. The port serviced 573 cargo vessels in 

2007. 

Domestic cargo was significantly greater in 2007. Over 11.2 

million tons of inbound cargo included mainly logs, 

aggregate, and general cargo, and almost 19.4 million tons 

of outbound cargo was dominated by general cargo, logs, 

and wood chips. 

The Fraser River Port’s general cargo terminal, located on 

the Surrey Properties site, has six deep-sea berths and 8.8 

acres of covered storage with direct rail connections served 

by five railways. The Fraser Surrey Docks handle general 

cargo, large volumes of steel and steel products, lumber, 

containers, and logs. 

The Fraser River Port Annacis Properties cover 59 

hectares at the eastern end of Annacis Island. An auto 

terminal occupies 42 hectares of this property and includes 

two berths connected to rail and road transportation 

networks. It includes an almost 86 thousand square foot 

facility for processing vehicles. 

The Richmond Properties operated by the Fraser River Port 

Authority are used by marine and transportation 

companies. Covering 281 hectares in southeast Richmond, 

the facilities boast easy access to road, rail, and the 

Vancouver International Airport. The port intends to add a 

deep-sea terminal to the properties. The Port Authority also 

leases several upland properties in Delta, British Columbia, 

where it may locate a deep-sea facility in the future to 

facilitate the movement of forest products. 

The Fraser River Port also hosts terminals that are 

privately-owned and operated including the Fraser Wharves 

that service the automotive industry. Being one of the 

closest ports to Japan and Asia, the Fraser Wharves can 

berth the world’s largest car carriers. The Seaspan Coastal 

Intermodal facility operates four roll-on/roll-off ferries, a tug, 

and a barge to support the movement of general freight 

products, regulated commodities, consumer goods, and 

automobiles. 

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Port Location: Fraser River 

Port Name: Fraser River Port 

Port Authority: Vancouver Fraser Port Authority 

Address: 400 - 625 Agnes Street 

New Westminster, British Columbia 

V3M 5Y4 

Canada 

Phone: 604-665-9500 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: info@vfpa.ca 

Web Site: www.frpa.com 

Latitude: 49° 11' 12" N 

Longitude: 122° 55' 12" W 

UN/LOCODE: CAFRR 

Port Type: River Port 

Port Size: Medium 


Port Detail 

The Port of Halifax is the capital of Canada's Nova Scotia 

Province. Lying on the shores of Halifax Harbor off the 

Atlantic Ocean in central Nova Scotia, the Port of Halifax 

rests on a rocky peninsula that divides the harbor into an 

inner and the outer basin that is home to the port. Located 

about 74 nautical miles northeast of the Port of Liverpool 

and about 100 kilometers southeast of Parrborough Harbor, 

the Port of Halifax is an important economic center for 

Canada and the business, government, and banking center 

for the maritime region. In 2006, over 372 thousand people 

called the Port of Halifax home. 

The most important contributors to the local economy and 

jobs are the Port of Halifax and the Department of National 

Defence. The city houses a growing manufacturing sector 

and multi-modal transportation center. The rural areas 

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surrounding the Port of Halifax include fishing, agriculture, 

forestry, mining, and extraction of natural gas. Mostly 

managed by Canada's Department of Fisheries and 

Oceans, many fishing harbors line the coasts of Nova 

Scotia and the Port of Halifax area. 

Port History 

The region of today's Port of Halifax and Halifax County 

was home to the indigenous Mi'kmaq peoples for 

thousands of years before Europeans arrived. 

Explorer Samuel de Champlain visited the harbor in 1605, 

but the site of the future Port of Halifax was not settled until 

the early 1700s when it was a small French fishing station. 

The British settlement was founded and fortified in 1749 by 

Edward Cornwallis who wanted to establish an English 

presence in the face of the French stronghold at Cape 

Breton. That year, the colonial capital was moved to the 

Port of Halifax from Annapolis Royal. 

Corwallis named the Port of Halifax settlement in honor of 

George Montagu Dunk, the 2nd Earl of Halifax and 

President of the Board of Trade and Plantations. The Port 

of Halifax was one of the most heavily fortified British army 

and navy bases outside Europe until the Canadian 

government took over the facilities in 1906. 

After Canadian ownership, the Port of Halifax was never 

attacked, but it did fall victim to a huge explosion of a 

munitions ship in 1917 that killed almost two thousand 

people and destroyed much of the north section of the city. 

Despite that disaster, the Port of Halifax was the country's 

most important and biggest naval base during both World 

Wars. 

The provincial government combined the municipal 

governments in Halifax County to create the Halifax 

Regional Municipality in 1996. The new municipality 

contains about 200 communities in 18 planning areas. 

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The modern Port of Halifax is the province's main industrial 

and commercial center. With an ice-free harbor, the Port of 

Halifax is an important exporter of fish, agricultural 

products, and lumber from the surrounding hinterlands. At 

the end point of two major railroads on the Atlantic Ocean, 

the Port of Halifax is connected to its hinterlands by rail and 

road. 

The Port of Halifax is also connected by ferry and 

suspension bridges with Dartmouth on the other side of the 

harbor. The major industries in today's Port of Halifax 

include oil refineries, foundries, ship builders, and fish 

processors. Manufacturers in the Port of Halifax produce 

food products, automobiles, paint and varnish, rope and 

twine, clothing, and furniture. 

Port Commerce 

One of the world's biggest and deepest natural harbors, the 

Port of Halifax's outer harbor is over a mile wide and almost 

five miles long. The inner harbor, Bedford Basin, is 60 feet 

deep at low tide. The Halifax Port Authority is responsible 

for developing, marketing, and managing the Port of 

Halifax's assets. 

In 2007, the Port of Halifax handled over 12 million tons of 

cargo, including 7.6 million tons of bulk cargo, 153 

thousand tons of breakbulk cargo, 245 thousand tons of 

roll-on/roll-off cargo, and over 4 million tons of 

containerized cargo. 

The Port of Halifax offers state-of-the-art facilities for 

shipping and cruise lines. Its Autoport is one of the largest 

vehicle shipment facilities in North America, handling 

almost 100 thousand vehicles a year. The CN Terminal 

provides on-dock rail service where double-stack trains 

operate daily. The CN Terminal can handle 150 TEUs a 

day. Located near CN Terminal's rail yards, the Fairview 

Container Terminal offers a 70-acre terminal with storage 

capacity for 12 thousand TEUs. 

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Pier 24 in the Port of Halifax provides open space for 

handling products like steel, project cargo, and heavy-lift 

operations. Shippers can load directly from rail to ship. Pier 

23 offers 53 thousand square feet of multi-purpose storage 

space. 

The Ocean Terminals in the Port of Halifax have deepwater 

berths, a combination of covered and open storage 

space, and access to both road and rail, and it handles 

diverse cargoes like forest products, rubber, and steel. In 

1998, Ocean Terminals was named a National Historic Civil 

Engineering Site and became the first port on the North 

American East Coast to receive a post-Panamax container 

vessel. 

A multi-use facility, Port of Halifax's Richmond Terminals 

specializes in breakbulk operations with direct on- and offloading 

to ship, rail, and storage. It offers over 85 thousand 

square feet of open space and 60 thousand square feet of 

shed space. The South End Container Terminal offers 

some of the deepest berths in all of North America. 

Cruising and Travel 

Life in the City of Halifax is all about the sea, but the Port of 

Halifax offers much more than fishing harbors and seafood 

restaurants. It's a city with a rich history and magnificent 

natural surroundings. The Port of Halifax is home to worldclass 

convention and meeting facilities, accommodations to 

fit any budget, fascinating historic properties, and some of 

the most breathtaking scenery in North America. 

Lying on Nova Scotia's Atlantic Coast, the Port of Halifax 

has a cooler milder climate than much of its neighboring 

inland territory. Like most coastal cities, the Port of Halifax 

gets plenty of rain throughout the year, slightly more from 

October through December. Temperatures range from an 

average high of 23 °C (73 °F) in July and August to an 

average low of -8 °C (17 °F) in January and February. 

Visitors to the Port of Halifax will want to check out the 

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Halifax Citadel, an old British-built fort that overlooks the 

harbor. Today, the fort houses a museum. The museum is 

open from May through October, but visitors can tour the 

grounds throughout the year. The modern citadel was 

finished in 1856, although it was first founded in 1749. The 

British Army garrisoned in the fort at the Port of Halifax until 

1906, and Canadian troops were stationed there during 

both World Wars. Although it was built to defend the city 

from land invasion coming from the United States, the huge 

star-shaped fortification was converted to protect both the 

land and the harbor until the turn of the century. Its major 

role was as a barracks during the 20th Century. Today, it is 

operated by Parks Canada as one of the country's most 

important historic sites, and it has been restored to the 

Victorian period featuring a living history program and 

guided tours. 

Another treat in the Port of Halifax is the Maritime Museum 

of the Atlantic on the waterfront of the Port of Halifax. The 

museum is chock-full of artifacts related to some of the 

devastating disasters of the early 20th Century as well as 

the regions maritime history. Highlights include the sinking 

of the ill-fated Titanic, the terrible munitions ship explosion 

of 1917, the 1913 hydrographic survey ship the CSS 

Acadia (moored in the harbor), and shipwrecks off Nova 

Scotia. Artifact collections focus on the maritime period 

from 1850 and include a wide range of items from sextants 

to binnacles and armaments. 

The Port of Halifax's Pier 21 is Canada's version of Ellis 

Island in New York City where more than a million 

immigrants entered Canada between 1928 and 1971. 

Today, the modern museum covers all topics related to 

Canadian immigration and nation-building in the original 

building with cement floors and tall ceilings. 

Travelers who want to visit the Port of Halifax and Nova 

Scotia by sea can find a long list of scheduled cruises on 

the Cruise Compete website. 

Port Location: Halifax 

Port Name: Port of Halifax 

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Port Authority: Halifax Port Authority 

Address: 1215 Marginal Road 

Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4P8 

Canada 

Phone: 902 426-8222 

800 Number: 

Fax: 902 426-7335 

Email: 

Web Site: www.portofhalifax.ca 

Latitude: 44° 39' 25" N 

Longitude: 63° 34' 44" W 

UN/LOCODE: CAHAL 

Port Type: Seaport 

Port Size: Large 


Port Detail 

The Port of Montreal is the second largest city in Canada 

and the busiest seaport on the St. Lawrence River and 

Seaway that links the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Port of Montreal is about 267 kilometers southwest of 

Canada's Port of Quebec and about 335 kilometers 

northwest of the Port of Portland, Maine, in the United 

States. Covering about 75% of Montreal Island, the Port of 

Montreal surrounds Mount Royal rising some 233 meters 

above sea level. The Montreal metropolitan area contains 

many cities and towns that rest on both shores of the St. 

Lawrence River. In 2006, over 1.6 million people lived in the 

Port of Montreal, and more than 3.6 million people resided 

in the greater metropolitan area. 

The Port of Montreal boasts the most productive economy 

in Quebec and the second most productive in Canada. It is 

a national center for culture, commerce, technology, 

finance, and technology. Industries in the Port of Montreal 

include pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, aerospace, 

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software engineering, electronics, printing and publishing, 

transpiration, and tobacco. The Port of Montreal also 

supports a strong service sector and a sizeable research 

and development component. In addition to all this activity, 

the Port of Montreal is the world's biggest inland port and 

one of Canada's most important ports as well as a hub for 

the country's rail network. 

Port History 

When explorer Jacques Cartier visited the site of today's 

Port of Montreal in 1535, the indigenous Huron people who 

lived there called it Hochelaga. The inhabitants welcomed 

him at the base of the mountain he called Mont Real 

(Mount Royal). It was another 50 years before French 

explorer Samuel de Champlain came to the Port of 

Montreal. The village of Hochelaga disappeared, and a new 

European settlement called Place Royale rested on the 

shores of the St. Lawrence. 

In 1642, today's Port of Montreal was founded by Paul de 

Chomedey who built a chapel, a hospital, dwellings, and 

other buildings surrounded by a stockade. He called the 

settlement Ville-Marie. King Louis XIV granted the 

community its first charter in 1644. By 1672, about 1500 

people lived in the settlement. 

Development of the modern Port of Montreal did not begin 

until the early 1700s when land grants were made and 

farms grew up outside the early stockade. For much of its 

early history, the Port of Montreal was a base for traders 

and explorers. By the end of the 1700s, several settlements 

had been established nearby that later became part of the 

Port of Montreal. 

In 1760, the Port of Montreal surrendered to the British and 

became, with all of New France, part of British North 

America in 1763. Soldiers from the American Revolutionary 

army occupied the Port of Montreal in late 1775 but 

retreated after Benedict Arnold's siege of Quebec failed. 

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Canada remained part of the British Empire. 

In 1809, the first Canadian steamship made the journey 

between Quebec and the Port of Montreal. The Bank of 

Montreal, Canada's first bank, opened in 1817. In 1821, 

construction began on the forerunner of the St. Lawrence 

Seaway, the Lachine Canal. 

From 1844 until 1849, the Port of Montreal was the capital 

of Canada. Unfortunately, a mob burned the Parliament 

building in 1949. In the early 1850s, several fires destroyed 

large sections of the Port of Montreal, initiating a serious 

economic decline that ended in many bankruptcies. In 

1853, shipping services between the European continent, 

Liverpool, and Port of Montreal began operating. Then in 

1858, the transatlantic cable to Europe appeared. The Port 

of Montreal's horse-drawn trams started operating in 1861. 

Between 1880 and 1903, the city acquired its electric 

lighting, electric tramways, automobiles, and cinemas. 

By the beginning of the 20th Century, 270 thousand people 

lived in the Port of Montreal, and the Port of Montreal 

began to annex communities at its outskirts. It also bought 

St. Helen's Island and two nearby manmade islands, which 

eventually were the site for Expo 67. In 1909, Montreal's 

famous ice-hockey team, the Canadiens, was founded. The 

Canadian National Railway Company, created by the 

merger of several railroads, selected the Port of Montreal 

as its headquarters in 1922. 

Both World Wars in the early 20th Century spurred the 

economy of the Port of Montreal. When the United States 

Prohibition changed life in America, the Port of Montreal 

profited greatly from the many Americans seeking alcohol. 

The Great Depression of the 1930s was hard on the Port of 

Montreal. Unemployment rates were uncomfortably high. 

During the Second World War, the Port of Montreal's 

Mayor, Camillien Houde was sent to a prison camp for his 

opposition to conscription when he encouraged the Port of 

Montreal's residents to refuse to register for military service. 

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He remained in the prison camp until 1944. 

In early 1947, the Canadian and U.S. governments started 

talking about building the St. Lawrence Seaway as a joint 

venture that was completed in 1959. Unfortunately, the 

Seaway allowed many vessels to by-pass the Port of 

Montreal, reducing the Port of Montreal's position of 

economic dominance. 

The popular Expo 67 brought international recognition to 

the Port of Montreal in 1967. The recognition won the first 

non-U.S. major league baseball franchise for the Port of 

Montreal, and the Montreal Expos played ball in the city 

from 1969 until 2004 when they were moved (as the 

Nationals) to Washington D.C. 

Hosting the Summer Olympics in 1967 proved to be a 

financial disaster for the Port of Montreal, as it acquired 

heavy debt burdens for the province. Exacerbating the Port 

of Montreal's problems, the Quebec separatist movement 

led many corporations to move their headquarter offices 

from the Port of Montreal to Toronto during the 1970s and 

1980s, largely due to the enforcement of French-language 

use "guidelines." The Port of Montreal's economy slowed to 

a near stand-still in the early 1990s, but it began to make 

gradual improvements when high-technology industries like 

electronics and aerospace engineering started growing. 

In 2002, all 27 municipalities on Montreal Island were 

merged into one vast city of Montreal. However, several 

districts did not agree with the merger. All citizens were 

allowed to vote on the action in 2005, and 15 elected to 

separate from the megappolis in 2006, becoming once 

again independent municipalities. 

Port Commerce 

The Montreal Port Authority (MPA), an autonomous federal 

agency, is responsible for making the Port of Montreal a 

competitive world-class seaport. The MPA constructs and 

maintains port infrastructure and leases properties to 

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private stevedoring companies and shipping lines. It also 

operates a grain terminal, a passenger terminal, and a 

railway with 100 kilometers of track that serves almost 

every berth in the Port of Montreal. The MPA's mission is to 

manage the Port of Montreal's infrastructure, facilitate 

transportation and logistics, promote trade, contribute to the 

local and national economies, and respect the environment. 

Pilotage services are required on the St. Lawrence River 

between the Les Escoumins pilotage station and the Port of 

Montreal. 

In 2008, the Port of Montreal welcomed 2096 vessels 

carrying 27 million tons of cargo, including 15.2 million tons 

of imports and 11.8 million tons of exports. The total cargo 

volume included 13.3 million tons of containerized cargo in 

1.5 million TEUs, 215.6 thousand tons of non-containerized 

general cargo, 5.5 million tons of dry bulk cargoes, and 8 

million tons of liquid bulk cargoes. The Port of Montreal also 

hosted 41 cruise vessels carrying 39.6 thousand 

passengers. 

The Port of Montreal's containerized cargoes included 

forest products, foodstuffs, metal products, construction 

materials, iron and steel products, vehicles and 

accessories, chemicals, textiles, ores, and a variety of other 

goods. Non-containerized general cargoes included metal 

products, roll-on/roll-off cargoes, iron and steel products, 

granite and sandstone, vehicles and accessories, forest 

products, and other goods. 

Liquid bulk cargoes handled in the Port of Montreal were 

dominated by gasoline, fuel oil, and diesel oil, but they also 

included jet fuel and asphalt. Dry bulk cargoes were 

dominated by included grain and iron ore, but they also 

included salt, raw sugar, fertilizers, zinc ore, scrap metals, 

copper ore, gypsum, dolomite, industrial sand, and other 

commodities. In 2008, the Port of Montreal's international 

trading partners accounted 21.3 million of the total 27 

million tons of cargo passing through the port. The major 

international partners were the United Kingdom and 

Continental Europe, the United States, the Mediterranean 

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region, Latin America. 

The berths in the Port of Montreal are a total of 11.7 

thousand meters in length with alongside depths ranging 

from 6.1 meters to 10.7 meters, and they contain a total of 

885.3 thousand square meters of open areas and 102.2 

thousand square meters of sheds. 

Berths specializing in handling containers in the Port of 

Montreal are a total of 3.6 thousand meters long and 

contain 591.6 thousand square meters of open area. Two 

container berths in the Bikerdike Terminal are a total 357 

meters in length with alongside depth of 8.8 meters, and 

they contain 9.6 thousand square meters open area). Four 

berths are located in the Cast Terminal with a total length of 

738 meters and alongside depths of 10.7 meters. The Port 

of Montreal's Cast Terminal also contains 197.1 thousand 

square meters of open area. 

The four container berths in the Port of Montreal's 

Maisonneuve Terminal are 827 meters long with alongside 

depth of 10.7 meters, and they contain a total 179 thousand 

square meters of open area. Nine container berths in the 

Racine Terminal at the Port of Montreal total 1.6 thousand 

meters in length with alongside depths ranging from 8.2 to 

10.7 meters, and they include 205.9 thousand square 

meters of open area. Five of the Racine Terminal berths 

have alongside depth of 10.7 meters. 

Fourteen berths in the Port of Montreal specialize in noncontainerized 

general cargoes and are a total 2.8 thousand 

meters in length with alongside depths ranging from 6.1 to 

10.7 meters. These berths also contain 147.6 thousand 

square meters of open area and 64.8 thousand square 

meters of covered shed space. The Port of Montreal's Noncontainer 

berths 22 through 28 all have alongside depth of 

8.8 meters and range in length from 152 to 200 meters. 

Non-container berths 48 through 52 all have alongside 

depth of 10.7 meters and range in length from 158 to 338 

meters. These berths include 91.1 thousand square meters 

of open area and 29 thousand square meters of covered 

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shed. 

The non-containerized general cargo berths in the Port of 

Montreal include two berths in the Contrecouer Terminal. 

Berth 1 in the Contrecoeur Terminal is 229 meters long with 

alongside depth of 10.7 meters and contains 3.7 thousand 

square meters of covered shed. Berth 2 in the Contrecoeur 

Terminal is 175 meters long with alongside depth of 6.1 

meters. 

The Port of Montreal berths handling dry bulk cargoes are a 

total of 2.7 thousand meters long and contain 146.1 

thousand square meters of open area and 37.4 thousand 

square meters of covered shed. Berths 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 

and 98 have alongside depth of 9.1 meters and range in 

length from 152 to 202 meters. These berths contain a total 

of 39.6 thousand square meters of open area. Berth 33 has 

a 3.7 thousand square meter shed. Dry bulk berth 39 is 183 

meters long with alongside depth of 9.4 meters, and it 

includes 8.7 thousand square meters of open area and a 

5.2 thousand square meter shed. 

Berth 43 in the Port of Montreal is 266 meters long with 

alongside depth of 10.2 meters, and it has 31.1 thousand 

square meters of open area. Berth 46 is 144 meters long 

with alongside depth of 10.2 meters, and it contains 4.7 

thousand square meters of open area and 4.9 thousand 

square meters of shed. 

The remaining Port of Montreal dry bulk berths (40, 41, 42, 

46SE, 71 and 1) are a total 1.2 thousand meters long with 

alongside depth of 10.7 meters, and they include a total 

35.1 thousand square meters of open area and 8.4 

thousand square meters of covered shed. These berths 

range in length from 162 to 229 meters long. Berth 81 has 

the largest open area of 27.3 thousand square meters. 

The Port of Montreal's Grain Terminal contains two berths. 

Berth 54/55 is 395 meters long with alongside depth of 10.7 

meters, and Berth 56 is 245 meters long with alongside 

depth of 8.2 meters. 

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Berths handling liquid bulk cargoes in the Port of Montreal 

total 1.9 thousand meters in length. They include berths 

specializing in non-petroleum liquid bulk (Berths 56-57 and 

57-58) are a total of 342 meters long. Berth 56-57 has 

alongside depth of 10.7 meters, and Berth 57-58 has 

alongside depth of 9.8 meters. 

The 11 liquid bulk berths specializing in petroleum in the 

Port of Montreal total 1.5 thousand meters in length and 

have a total capacity for 13.5 million barrels. Petroleum 

berths 74, 94, 95, 103S, and 109 all have alongside depth 

of 10.7 meters and range in length from 190 to 406 meters. 

Berths 96, 103N, and 105 have alongside depth of 9.7, 9.1, 

and 9.4 respectively. 

A favorite harbor for recreational boaters, the Port d'escale, 

the Quays of the Old Port of Montreal, is located minutes 

from downtown. With 110 berths for boats up to 7.5 meters 

draft, the marina offers tie-up and valet services, gated 

access and 24-hour patrol, power outlets, rates for hourly or 

daily stop-overs, pump-out facilities, free Wi-Fi access, and 

complete sanitary services. The Old Port of Montreal runs 

along the romantic De la Commune Street waterfront in the 

Port of Montreal's historic district. This birthplace of the 

350-year-old city is visited by over seven million visitors 

each year. The Old Port of Montreal Corporation, an 

autonomous federal agency, is responsible for managing, 

developing, and operating the Old Port of Montreal, 

including marine facilities and the tourist and cultural 

opportunities. Within the Old Port, the MPA operates the 

Iberville Passenger Terminal. 


The City of Montreal is a cultural and historical treasure 

with a well-deserved reputation as one of North America's 

liveliest cities. It is the third-largest French-speaking city in 

the World and perhaps one of the most gay-friendly cities in 

the New World. The Port of Montreal is safe, open, and 

inviting; with a wide range of things to see and do ? far too 

many to list in this article. For more information about the 

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attractions and activities available to visitors to the Port of 

Montreal, please visit the Port of Montreal's tourism 

website. 

The Port of Montreal has a humid continental climate with 

abundant winter snowfall and a wet summer (balanced by 

lots of sunshine). Temperatures average from a low of -5.7 

?C (22 ?F) in January to 26 ?C (79 ?F) in July, and 

nighttime temperatures can be significant lower than in the 

day. Summers are generally humid, and late hot "Indian 

summers" are normal. 

Visitors to the Port of Montreal will want to visit the Pointea-Calliere, 

the Museum of Archaeology, and History, which 

was built atop the ancient Port of Montreal. Visitors are 

treated to a multi-media program above the ruins of the old 

city and to underground remains of the camps of the 

indigenous first people and early French settlements. 

Sitting above evidence of over a thousand years of history, 

the museum is a unique treasure for those who love history 

and archaeology. The museum also contains exhibits 

covering ethno-historical objects from cultures and areas 

outside the Port of Montreal. 

The Port of Montreal's Musee des Beaux-Arts (Museum of 

Fine Arts) is one of the most famous museums in Canada. 

The original 1912 building has been enlarged with an annex 

across the street, and the two are joined by underground 

galleries. The museums holdings include some 35 

thousand paintings, sculptures, prints, drawings, 

photographs, and decorative arts ranging from antiquity to 

the 21st Century. Permanent exhibits include European art, 

Canadian art, decorative arts and design, Mediterranean 

archaeology, ancient cultures, and contemporary art. 

The Casino de Montreal located on the Port of Montreal's 

Ile Notre-Dame is Canada's biggest casino. Two of its three 

buildings were created for Expo 67. The casino offers more 

than 3200 slot machines, 120 gambling tables, four 

restaurants, four bars, and a cabaret. It also has space for 

meetings and banquets. The casino is open 24 hours a day 

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to adults 18 years of age and older. 

Every year, thousands gather to enjoy the Port of Montreal 

International Fireworks Competition. The festival lasts from 

mid-June to late July (Wednesday and Saturday nights). 

Spectators enjoy full-length fireworks displays from some 

dozen countries across the world. The exciting displays, 

visible from rooftops and open spaces around the city 

center, are synchronized with orchestral music. Praised by 

the New York Times as a "world-class competition," the 

fireworks competition is a must-do for any summertime 

visitor to the Port of Montreal. 

Travelers who want to visit the Port of Montreal by sea can 

find a list of scheduled cruises on the Cruise Compete 

website. 

Port Location: Montreal 

Port Name: Port of Montreal 

Port Authority: Montreal Port Authority 

Address: Port of Montreal Building, Wing No. 

1 

Cite du Havre 

Montreal, Quebec H3C 3R5 

Canada 

Phone: (514) 283-7011 

800 Number: 

Fax: (514) 283-0829 

Email: info@port-montreal.com 

Web Site: www.port-montreal.com 

Latitude: 45° 32' 37" N 


UN/LOCODE: CAMTR 




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Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Port Cartier in 

Port Cartier, Quebec - Canada 

Port Location: Port Cartier 

Port Name: Port of Port Cartier 

Port Authority: Quebec Cartier Mining Company 

Address: 24 des Iles Blvd. 

Suite 201 

Port Cartier, Quebec G5B 2H3 

Canada 

Phone: 418 766 2000 

800 Number: 

Fax: 418 768 2344 

Email: port@qcmines.com 

Web Site: www.qcmines.com 

Latitude: 50° 1' 57" N 


UN/LOCODE: CAPCA 


Port Size: Small 


Port Detail 

Prince Rupert Port lies on Kaien Island in western British 

Columbia’s Chatham Sound. Near the mouth of Canada’s 

Skeena River, it is 1500 kilometers northwest of Vancouver. 

Prince Rupert Port is an ice-free harbor that serves the 

lumber and mining industries as well as the surrounding 

agricultural area. Prince Rupert Port was a supply base and 

marshaling point for Allied forces during World War II. In 

2006, almost 13 thousand people called Prince Rupert Port 

home. 

Port History 

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Archaeological evidence suggests that the area was 

inhabited by the indigenous Tsimshian peoples for four to 

five thousand years before Europeans arrived there. Prince 

Rupert Port was named for the Hudson Bay Company’s 

first governor, Prince Rupert of the Rhine. Born as a tent 

city in 1906, it was founded in 1910 by the general manager 

of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway that came to town in 

1914. 

Resident Charles Hays once held great ambitions for 

Prince Rupert Port, but his plans died when he went down 

with the RMS Titanic in 1912. Promised a highway 

connection to the mainland by local politicians, the town 

grew slowly over the years. During World War II, American 

troops completed the highway, leaving support for the city’s 

major industries (fishing and forestry). 

In the 1950s, a pulp mill opened, followed closely by coal 

and grain shipping terminals in Prince Rupert Port. From 

the 1960s to the 1980s, the city added a civic center, public 

library, performing arts center, swimming pool, and golf 

course as it became a city. 

Economic hardship fell on the fishing and forest industries 

in the 1990s when disputes arose over fishing rights with 

Alaska and over lumber with the U.S. The subsequent 

closing of the pulp mill left many citizens out of work and 

the machinery unused. Reaching a peak of 18 thousand in 

the 1990s, Prince Rupert Port’s population began to 

decline. 

Until 2004, Prince Rupert Port suffered hard times. But in 

2004, a new cruise ship dock was opened, and a container 

port was announced in 2005. New owners took over the 

pulp mill, and shipping of coal and grain resumed. 

Port Commerce 

The Prince Rupert Port Authority, a federally-appointed 

locally-run agency, operates and manages port properties. 

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The Port Authority is responsible for over 965 thousand 

hectares of land holdings and 14 thousand hectares of 

owned harbor. Navigable waters encompass more than 350 

kilometers of coastline. 

Prince Rupert Port boasts state-of-the-art facilities including 

five world-class terminals and a natural deep-water harbor 

that can serve the biggest ocean-going vessels. The Prince 

Rupert Container Terminal covers 24 hectares and has 

capacity to move 500 thousand TEUs of containerized 

cargo per year. Its 22-meter wharf with alongside depth of 

18.7 meters accommodates ships that carry over 12 

thousand TEUs. The container yard, with capacity for 9 

thousand TEUs, has outlets for refrigerated containers. 

Expansions are underway that will raise capacity to two 

million TEUs. 

Ridley Terminals, Inc., in Prince Rupert Port operates a 

sophisticated 55-hectare coal loading/unloading terminal. 

Handling primarily thermal and metallurgical coal, wood 

pellets, and petroleum coke, its automated facility has 

capacity to handle nine thousand tons per hour and 24 

million tons per year. With storage capacity for 1.2 million 

tons, the facility boasts advanced environmental 

technology. 

Prince Rupert Grain Ltd. is an ultra-modern terminal that 

cleans grains as they are unloaded. It has the highest 

volume of output of any of Canada’s grain-cleaning 

elevators. The terminal can ship over seven million tons per 

year and can process four thousand tons of barley or wheat 

per hour. It can store 202 thousand tons of grain. The 

terminal is linked by 17 kilometers of rail tracks. 

The Prince Rupert Port’s Northland Cruise Terminal has a 

330-meter berth and a four thousand square foot terminal 

building that welcomed 60 cruise ships carrying 60 

thousand passengers in 2007. Located on beautiful Cow 

Bay, the near-downtown Cruise Terminal is Prince Rupert 

Port’s gateway to the pristine Canadian wilderness. The 

facility contains 8 mooring dolphins and can accommodate 

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cruise vessels up to 300 meters. 

The Atlin Cruise Terminal in Prince Rupert Port’s Cow Bay 

greets yachts and small cruise ships. The Atlin Terminal 

was created from the old Atlin Fish Plant, transforming the 

property into a trendy tourist center with a reception area, 

retail and office space, and customs. The terminal is within 

walking distance of Prince Rupert Port’s downtown. The 

Atlin Cruise Terminal is also a popular gathering place for 

residents of Prince Rupert Port. 


With about half its residents indigenous First Americans, 

Prince Rupert Port has a unique western atmosphere. It is 

also the rainiest city in Canada. 

There are many places in Prince Rupert Port where visitors 

enjoy a quiet stroll along its restored harbor and waterfront 

in Cow Bay. Prince Rupert Port offers some of the world’s 

best fishing, having been at one time the Halibut Capital of 

the World. 

Prince Rupert Port is Canada’s western gateway to a 

gloriously beautiful and largely unspoiled wilderness 

territory. Bears, eagles, and whales outnumber human 

wildlife, and the area hides over ten thousand years of First 

Nation’s history. 

Travelers interested in visiting Prince Rupert Port by sea 

should check out the schedule of cruises on Prince 

Rupert’s website. 

Port Location: Prince Rupert 

Port Name: Prince Rupert Port 

Port Authority: Prince Rupert Port Authority 

Address: 200 - 215 Cow Bay Rd. 

Prince Rupert, British Columbia V8J 

1A2 

Canada 

Phone: 250 627-8899 

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800 Number: 

Fax: 250 627-8980 

Email: pcorp@rupertport.com 

Web Site: www.rupertport.com 

Latitude: 54° 18' 35" N 

Longitude: 130° 20' 21" W 

UN/LOCODE: CAPRR 




Port Detail 

The Port of Quebec rests where the St. Lawrence and Saint 

Charles rivers meet about 240 kilometers northeast of 

Montreal in Quebec Province, Canada, and about 375 

kilometer north of Portland, Maine, in the United States. 

The capital of Quebec Province, the Port of Quebec 

economy is largely based on government and services, but 

it is also an important port for the nation of Canada. In 

2006, over 491 thousand people lived in the city, and more 

than 715 thousand lived in the Port of Quebec metropolitan 

area. 

With government and services as the largest employers in 

the city, the Port of Quebec economy also depends on 

tourism, commerce, manufacturing, shipbuilding, and 

transportation. Manufactured goods produced in the Port of 

Quebec include processed foods, pulp and paper, 

chemicals, wood and metal products, electronics, and 

printed materials. The Port of Quebec enjoys a healthy 

economy, with a significantly lower unemployment rate than 

its province or Canada. The Port of Quebec is one of the 

most popular tourist destinations in North America, the 

historic city center was recognized as a UNESCOWorld 

Heritage site in 1985. 

Port History 

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Before Europeans arrived in the region, the St. Lawrence 

Iroquois people had established a settlement they called 

Stadacona at the future site of the Port of Quebec. This 

village name was the genesis of the name for the nation of 

Canada. Historians believe that the Port of Quebec is one 

of the first settlements in the Americas that was established 

as a settlement rather than as a commercial or trading post. 

In 1535, Frenchman and explorer Jacques Cartier 

constructed a fort on the future Port of Quebec site for a 

winter refuge before he returned to France. He returned in 

1541 to establish a permanent settlement but was forced to 

abandon the new village in 1542 by a combination of harsh 

winter conditions and hostile natives. 

In 1608, Samuel de Champlain arrived at the longabandoned 

Iroquois village of Stadacona, recognizing the 

area's potential for a permanent colony. Over the course of 

the century, the Port of Quebec became an important fur 

trading center. By the second half of the 1600s, France 

sent Jean Talon to administer the new colony and expand 

trade. 

The Port of Quebec colony grew. When new shipyards 

were built, the Port of Quebec became a major trade center 

between Europe and the new French colony. At the time, 

lumber was a major export product and a mainstay of the 

local economy. 

British forces captured the Port of Quebec in 1759, holding 

it for four years until 1763. During the Seven Years' War, 

the British defeated the French at the Battle of the Plains of 

Abraham in 1759. By 1763, France surrender its colony of 

New France to Britain. 

At the beginning of British rule, the Port of Quebec was 

already a unique city with a population of about eight 

thousand. Surrounded by forests, pastures, and villages, 

the city contained a mix of monumental architecture and 

forts, muddy streets, mansions, and shacks. Though it was 

an urban capital, but it held on to its rural history. At the 

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Port of Quebec's two markets, farmers traded their goods 

and firewood for French imports. 

In 1775, troops attempted to overrun the British garrison 

during the American Revolution, and their defeat ended 

hopes that the Port of Quebec would become part of the 

new United States. In fact, the battle's outcome effectively 

split the former British colonies into two political units. After 

the battle, the British reinforced their defenses for the Port 

of Quebec by strengthening the walls, adding an artillery 

battery, and building a series of Martello towers outside the 

city walls. While the Port of Quebec was not attacked as 

expected during the War of 1812, British troops continued 

to use the citadel as a garrison until 1871. 

During the 1800s, the Port of Quebec began to develop into 

a modern city. In 1832, the city was incorporated, and it 

received its official charter in 1840. Trinity House was 

founded in 1805 to dredge the river to make it navigable to 

larger vessels. In 1858, a corporation was created to 

develop port facilities. In the second half of the 1800s, the 

Port of Quebec's Estuary Sector, the Bassin Louise, silos at 

Bunge, and railways were added to the port. 

The Province of Canada was created in 1840, and the Port 

of Quebec shared the role of capital with Montreal, Ottawa, 

Toronto, and Kingston. In 1867, Ottawa was chosen as the 

permanent capital of the Province. In 1864, the Port of 

Quebec was the site of the Quebec Conference where the 

colonies discussed the possibility of creating a Canadian 

Confederation. 

The Port of Quebec was important to the Allied efforts 

during World War II, as two conferences were held there. In 

1943, Winston Churchill (for the United Kingdom), Franklin 

Delano Roosevelt (for the United States), T.V. Soong (for 

China), and William Lyon Mackenzie King (for Canada) met 

to talked about their combined strategies at the First 

Quebec Conference. At the Second Quebec Conference in 

1944, Churchill and Roosevelt met in the Port of Quebec to 

talk about their plans for the D-Day Landings. 

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During the 20th Century, the Port of Quebec added facilities 

and capacity. The Anse au Foulon Sector was opened in 

1935. The Beauport Sector was finished in the 1970s. 

When the Port of Quebec diversified the cargo it handled, it 

became a vital transshipment point on the St. Lawrence 

Seaway and River. 

In 2001, the Summit of the Americas was held in the Port of 

Quebec where participants talked about the Free Trade 

Area of the Americas (FTAA). In 2002, New Quebec City 

was formed when 11 surrounding municipalities were 

incorporated into the Port of Quebec. In 2005, more than 11 

thousand athletes and 14 thousand companions met to 

participate in the World Police and Fire Games, a biennial 

world sporting event for active and retired law enforcement 

and fire fighting professionals. 

Port Commerce 

The Quebec Port Authority is responsible for promoting and 

developing maritime trade in the Port of Quebec and for 

supporting the local, provincial, and national economies 

while also producing profits and minimizing environmental 

impacts. The Quebec Port Authority is an independent 

federal agency with a board of seven directors representing 

the province, port users, and the municipality. In 2008, the 

Quebec Port Authority proudly celebrated its 150th 

Anniversary of its incorporation. The Port of Quebec 

supports some 6500 jobs in the city and generates about 

$350 million per year to the economy. 

In 2008, the Port of Quebec welcomed a total of 84 vessels 

carrying record 27.2 million tons of merchandise and 17.7 

thousand cruise passengers. This record high was the sixth 

year in a row of increases in cargo volume, making the Port 

of Quebec the second busiest port in Canada, behind only 

Metro Vancouver. The 84 vessels included 19 ships from 

13 different cruise lines. Solid bulk cargoes through the Port 

of Quebec included 3.1 million tons of grain, feed grain, and 

industrial and agricultural fertilizers. The Port of Quebec 

handled liquid bulk cargoes of 14.4 million tons. The Port of 

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Quebec also handled 83 thousand tons in general 

merchandise, almost all of which was destined for the 

Raglan and Voice Bay mines. General merchandise also 

included exports of steel products. 

The Quebec Metal Recycle Terminal in the Port of 

Quebec's Beauport Sector is operated by St. Lawrence 

Stevedoring. Operating for over 20 years, the terminal 

receives and stores ferrous scrap metal. A new terminal 

has been added for the shipment of scrap metal by the 

Canadian American Iron & Metal company that added over 

100 thousand tons of capacity to the Quebec Metal 

Recycling Terminal. 

The Port of Quebec's Estuaire Sector contains a grain 

terminal and a terminal for cement imports. Beton 

Provincial operates the only cement import terminal on the 

St. Lawrence. The wharf can accommodate Panamax 

vessels with capacity for up to 75 thousand tons. The 

terminal has road and rail connections for easy transfer of 

cargoes, and Beton Provincial has mixing facilities for 

added service. 

The Grain Terminal in the Port of Quebec's Estuaire Sector 

has been operated by Bunge of Canada for over 40 years. 

The terminal can load up to five thousand tons per hour and 

can store over 225 thousand metric tons of grain, 

complemented by convenient rail access. The Grain 

Terminal is the only terminal east of Thunder Bay that 

operates a grain-winnowing system, and it is a busy 

supplier of feed grain to agricultural producers and cooperatives 

in the eastern and central areas of Quebec 

province. 

Operating for over ten years, the Port of Quebec's Anse au 

Foulon Sector handles large volumes of dry cargoes 

serving the Great Lakes market. Huge amounts of sugar 

pass through the Port of Quebec bound for the largest 

sugar refinery in Ontario. Wharves 105 and 106 are 

dedicated to handling sugar cargoes. 

The Anse au Foulon Sector 's MidAtlantic Minerals 

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Terminal opened in the Port of Quebec in 1999, 

specializing in processing and storing limestone and 

dolomite. Operating in the Port of Quebec for 27 years, the 

Road-Salt Terminal is a distribution for many area 

municipalities and contractors over the winter. Selfunloading 

vessels supply the salt, and trucks distribute it to 

the customers. 

Coop Federee in the Port of Quebec's Anse au Foulon 

Sector has operated facilities with capacity to store 30 

thousand metric tons for agricultural and industrial fertilizers 

in the Port of Quebecsince 1991. The terminal handles 

imports and exports of urea, phosphate, and potassium that 

are handled by ocean-going vessels and by railroad. Trucks 

are used to distribute the products from the Port of Quebec 

to customers. Fertilizers are one the Port of Quebec's 

fastest growing cargo-handling areas. 

The Port of Quebec's Anse au Foulon Sector also contains 

the Sillery Distribution Centre, a grain terminal that 

specializes in feed grains that include barley, wheat, 

canola, soya, and corn. This fully-intermodal Port of 

Quebec terminal has capacity to store 75 thousand tons of 

cargo. Supplying many farmers and co-operatives in 

southern and eastern Quebec province, the terminal offers 

direct rail access to the Canadian National and Quebec 

Gatineau Railways. 

The Port of Quebec's North Shore Sector is home to the 

Canadian Coast Guard and the Societe des traversiers du 

Quebec. The Laurentian base of the Canadian Coast 

Guard in Quebec City was established in 1980. The Coast 

Guard provides icebreaker services for the Port of Quebec 

during the winter along the St. Lawrence. It also offers 

storage space and maintenance and repair facilities for 

buoys and other port equipment. The Coast Guard also 

participates in dredging the shipping channel, patrolling 

navigable waters, conducting rescue operations, and 

electronic navigation. 

The Societe des traversiers du Quebec, a subsidiary of the 

Quebec Department of Transportation, provides for the 

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efficient transportation of freight and passengers, including 

tourists, between the banks of the St. Lawrence and 

between the Port of Quebec and the city of Levis. 

The South Shore Sector in the Port of Quebec contains the 

Davie Quebec Naval Dockyard and the deep-water wharf 

serving the Jean-Gaulin Refinery in Levis. The Port of 

Quebec's dockyard has been an important part of the city 

for some 200 years. In earlier times, it was used for building 

steam and sailing ships. More recently, the dockyard 

focuses on building oil tankers, trawlers, cargo and naval 

vessels, and drilling rigs. The high-tech facilities and 

professional workforce at the Port of Quebec shipyard are 

important support for the deep-sea drilling, marine, and 

heavy industries as well as for Canada's national defense. 

The Davie Quebec is the biggest shipyard in eastern 

Canada. 

The Port of Quebec deep-water wharf supporting the Jean- 

Gaulin Refinery in Levis can accommodate tankers with 

capacity to carry up to one million barrels of crude oil. The 

Jean-Gaulin Refinery is one of the biggest in Canada, 

refining about 42 thousand cubic meters of crude oil per 

day. The refineries owner, Ultramar Ltd., also conducts 

research to produce low-sulfur gasoline and diesel fuel. 

The Port of Quebec's Cruise Terminal at Pointe-a-Carcy 

opened in 2002 to offer outstanding service to cruise liners 

and passengers. Wharves 19, 21, and 22 are dedicated to 

the Cruise Terminal and passengers, and the port can 

serve several cruise ships simultaneously. The Cruise 

Terminal also has space available for special functions that 

include conferences, exhibits, and other public activities. 

The Espaces Dalhousie, a division of the Quebec Port 

Authority, provides services supporting these special 

functions. 


Quebec City was part of a French colony for over 200 years 

before it fell into English hands. It is the only Canadian 

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province where French is the only official language, 

although more than 40% of the people in Quebec Province 

are bilingual. The Port of Quebec contains more attractions 

and activities than could possibly be described here. Old 

Quebec City alone offers the Place Royale, the Chateau 

Frontenac, the Musee de la Civilisation, and the Petit 

Champlain district as well as numberless antique shops, 

sidewalk cafes, art galleries, and sidewalk artists. The Port 

of Quebec is a clean, safe city where visitors can enjoy 

their trip in comfort and security. For details on the many 

vacation opportunities in the Port of Quebec, please visit 

the city's tourism website. 

The Port of Quebec has a humid continental climate with 

warm humid summers, snowy cold winters, and frequent 

rain. One of Canada's snowiest cities, the annual Quebec 

Winter Carnival each January offers a wide range of events 

and activities that take advantage of the snow. Autumn 

showers the region with a wonderful shows of colorful 

foliage, even though both autumn and spring are relatively 

short seasons. Temperatures range from an average high 

of 25 ?C (77 ?F) in July to an average low of -17.6 ?C (0 

?F) in January. 

Visitors to the Port of Quebec will want to see the Cartier- 

Brebeuf National Historic Site of Canada on the northern 

shore of the Saint Charles River where Jacques Cartier 

spent his first winter in the area in 1535 and the Jesuits 

missionaries to Quebec established their first residence in 

1625. The Interpretation Centre contains exhibits telling the 

historic story of the area, including a wonderful scale model 

of a 16th Century sailing ship. The Cartier-Brebeuf site 

focuses on the heritages of the European and Amerindian 

cultures that lived there and on the three voyages Jacques 

Cartier made to the infant city. Guided tours are available. 

One tour relives Cartier's second voyage and the mission's 

birth. Visitors can also take a ride on the little ship, The 

Mosquito, as it travels Amerindian territory. 

The wonderful Ecole de cirque de Quebec specializes in 

circus arts through workshops for children and tourists who 

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want to know what it is like to be a circus performer. The 

non-profit charity group that offers recreational activities 

and training programs at ultra-safe facilities with training 

professionals who are experienced with circus and 

performance arts and sports. This Port of Quebec 

adventure is the perfect place where children and adults 

can learn new skills that build concentration, strength, 

spatial awareness, flexibility, memory, coordination, 

discipline, and creativity. Weekend and night classes are 

available, and courses include conditioning, gymnastics, 

juggling, trampoline, trapeze, tightrope, balance beam, 

unicycle, stilts, and pyramids. Other courses focus on clown 

arts, dance, and theater. 

The Le Chemin du Roy near the Port of Quebec is a maple 

grove near the Saint Lawrence River and places of rich 

history. Visitors can enjoy a traditional sugar camp meal or 

other authentic country cooking menus while listening to 

traditional folk music. They can also tour the maple grove 

and buy home-made maple products. Le Chemin du Roy is 

open all year, and it offers cross-country skiing and hiking 

trails for nature lovers. It can accommodate as many as 

200 people, including people who need accessible facilities. 

Just 15 minutes from the Port of Quebec, reservations are 

recommended. 

Travelers who want to visit the Port of Quebec by sea can 

find a list of scheduled cruises on the Cruise Compete 

website or on the Port of Quebec's website, and don't forget 

to visit the tourism website for complete information on the 

many attractions in the Port of Quebec. 

Port Location: Quebec 

Port Name: Port of Quebec 

Local Port Name: Quebec Port Authority 

Port Authority: 

Address: 150 Dalhousie Street 

PO Box 2268 

Quebec, Quebec G1K 7P7 

Canada 

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Phone: 418-648-3640 

800 Number: 

Fax: 418-648-4160 

Email: marketing@portquebec.ca 

Web Site: www.portquebec.ca 

Latitude: 46° 48' 21" N 


UN/LOCODE: CAQUE 




Port Detail 

The Port of Sydney is part of the Cape Breton regional 

municipality in northeast Nova Scotia, Canada. Lying on the 

southeastern shores of Sydney Harbor on eastern Cape 

Breton Island, it is the largest urban center on the island. 

The Port of Sydney has an excellent harbor and several 

industries that make it a busy maritime center. In addition to 

a fishing and ship-repairing industry, the city is home to 

aluminum, concrete, woodworking, and auto assembly 

plants. It is connected by ferry to Newfoundland and to the 

rest of Canada by the Canadian National Railway and 

Trans-Canada Highway. In 2006, over 102 thousand 

people lived in the Cape Breton regional municipality. 

Port History 

The Port of Sydney was founded in 1785 by Colonel 

Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres, who was governor of 

the new Cape Breton Island colony. The group that landed 

with him included poor English citizens, disbanded soldiers, 

and Loyalists from New York fleeing the American 

Revolution. 

The Port of Sydney was capital of the Cape Breton Island 

colony until 1820 when the British merged it with Nova 

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Scotia to capitalize on the rich coal fields around Sydney 

Harbor. In 1826, the General Mining Association obtained 

the leases, and the Port of Sydney’s industrial development 

began. 

With many coal mines in the area, the Port of Sydney was 

home to one of the world’s biggest steel plants by the early 

20th Century and a major part of the Island’s economy. 

With connections to the mainland by rail, industrialization 

brought an economic boom, and the community was 

incorporated in 1903. 

Sydney Harbor was important to Canada’s World War II 

effort when a Royal Canadian Navy base was established 

there to supply Europe-bound convoys. Nazi U-boats 

patrolled the coast of Cape Breton and Newfoundland 

during the Battle of the Atlantic. The local iron and steel 

industry was an important supplier contributing to the Allied 

victory. Despite its role, the government did not make 

significant investments in the plants after the war. 

By the 1960s, the Port of Sydney’s coal and steel industry 

diminished and was taken over by the government, which 

closed the industries at the end of 2001. Loss of this 

important asset forced the Port of Sydney to diversify its 

economy. 

Today, the Port of Sydney is proudly hailed as the 

“Gateway to Scenic Cape Breton Island.” The Island is 

blessed with natural beauty, and it has inherited Celtic 

music and culture that make it unique in Canada. The Port 

of Sydney’s dockside pavilion is close to the Port of 

Sydney’s historic Old Town and many restaurants and 

shops. The Joan Harriss Cruise Pavilion is not only an 

outstanding facility for cruise passengers; it is the site for 

many musical performances, trade shows, conferences, 

and special events. 

Port Commerce 

The Port of Sydney is located at the Cabot Strait on the 

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northeast shore of Cape Breton Island. A 10-mile inlet is 

open year-round for shipping. The harbor covers 40 square 

kilometers, but most activity centers on five points: the 

Sydney Marine Terminal, the Syd-Port Industrial Park, 

Sydney Steel Corporation Wharves, North Sydney, and the 

International Coal Wharf. 

The Sydney Marine Terminal receives cruise ships and 

bulk, breakbulk, and project cargo as well as fuel. Located 

at the east side of Sydney Harbor, its main dock is 275 

meters long with alongside depth of 12 meters. A 50-meter 

pleasure craft dock is available as well. The Joan Harriss 

Cruise Pavilion is located at this terminal. 

In addition to being used as a cruise line terminal, the Syd- 

Port Industrial Park is handles bulk, liquid, and heavy-lift 

cargoes, petroleum, and containers. The fishing industry 

also uses the industrial park. Open storage is available 

here, and the main jetty is 260 meters long with alongside 

depth of 11.5 meters. Additional berths are available in the 

inner basin. 

The Sydney Steel Corporation Wharves contain two docks 

with a total length of 431 meters and alongside depth of 

12.5 meters. The International Coal Wharf is used for coal 

imports and export of bulk cargo. Its dock is 180 meters 

long with alongside draft of 180 meters. It also has storage 

for 200 thousand metric tons of bulk cargo. The North 

Sydney terminal operates daily passenger and freight 

services to Newfoundland. It also contains private wharves 

handling fish and general cargo. 


The Port of Sydney is the commercial and cultural center of 

Cape Breton Island, but it has few tourist attractions within 

its limits. Visitors will want to see two private homes in 

downtown that date to the earliest settlement and the 

newly-revived Wentworth Park. 

Most of the lodgings in the Port of Sydney are located near 

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Island attractions like Louisbourg, the home of the Fortress 

of Louisbourg National Historic Site. Glace Bay hosts a 

miners’ museum, and Baddeck is home to the Alexander 

Graham bell Museum. 

Other popular spots on Cape Breton Island include Cabot 

Trail, Cape Breton Highlands National Park, and Bras d’Or 

Lake. Highland Village in Iona is a 43-acre site preserving 

the Scottish Gaelic culture that Scot immigrants brought 

with them in the 1700s. 

Visitors can also enjoy the rare spectacle of taking a whalewatching 

cruise to see pilot whales, minkes, and the rare 

right whale. 

Cape Breton Island is an increasingly attractive tourist 

destination, and the Port of Sydney is its main point of 

entry. 

To learn about cruise schedules and local attractions, visit 

the Port of Sydney’s tourism website. 

Port Location: Sydney 

Port Name: Port of Sydney 

Port Authority: Sydney Port Corp Inc 

Address: PO Box 327 

Sydney, NS B1P 6H2 

Canada 

Phone: 902 564 6882 

800 Number: 

Fax: 902 564 0911 

Email: info@sydneyport.ca 

Web Site: www.portofsydney.ca 

Latitude: 46° 8' 31" N 


UN/LOCODE: CASYD 



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Port Detail 

The Port of Toronto is the biggest city in Canada and the 

capital of the Province of Ontario. It's Canada's commercial 

and financial center and one of its most important ports. 

Located on the northern shores of Lake Ontario just 94 

kilometers northwest of Buffalo, New York, it has access to 

the Atlantic Ocean and major US trading centers by the St. 

Lawrence Seaway (it's over 860 kilometers to Quebec). In 

2006, the city was home to over 2.5 million people, and 

more than 5.1 million people called the Toronto 

metropolitan area home. 

Port History 

Before Europeans founded the Port of Toronto, the area 

was inhabited by the Seneca and Mississauga indigenous 

peoples. It became a trading post in the 17th Century at the 

crossroads of ancient routes going to the Mississippi River 

to the west and Lake Simcoe to the north. These land and 

water routes were well-used by early fur traders, explorers, 

and missionaries. 

By the middle of the 1700s, "Toronto" referred to three forts 

built by the French to defend their trade routes. Although 

the forts were destroyed around 1759, the settlement 

continued to operate as a trading post. Canada fell under 

British rule at the end of its Seven Years' War with France, 

and the area was a refuge for loyalists fleeing the American 

Revolution in the latter part of the Century. 

Quebec's governor, Sir Guy Carleton, purchased the site 

for the Port of Toronto from three tribal Chiefs in 1787, 

trading axes and cloth for 100 thousand hectares of land. 

The modern location for the Port of Toronto was selected 

by Upper Canada's lieutenant governor, Colonel John 

Graves Simcoe, in 1793. Selected for its excellent harbor, it 

was also an important point for trade, military defense, and 

access to the rich natural resources of the wilderness. By 

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1795, Ontario's capital contained only 12 cottages and a 

small fortification at the border of the wilderness. 

The United States declared war on Britain while it was still 

fighting the French in Europe, and the Port of Toronto was 

relatively defenseless. US forces overran the village and 

held it for 11 days in 1813. Today, the Royal Standard they 

captured is held in the US Naval Academy at Annapolis, 

Maryland. 

Great Britain retook the village, but it suffered financial 

distress after the Napoleonic Wars. English citizens began 

to migrate to the New World, and the Port of Toronto grew 

from 720 people in 1816 to around nine thousand people in 

1834. That year, the city regained its original name of 

Toronto and was incorporated. 

When the railroad arrived in the 1850s, the Port of Toronto 

began a period of development. A trade treaty with the US 

in 1854 further enhanced the area's prosperity. In the latter 

half of the 1800s, the Port of Toronto grew by leaps and 

bounds as timber was harvested and land was converted to 

farms. In 1861, the population had grown to 45 thousand. 

Over two hundred thousand people lived there in 1901, and 

by 1921, the city was home to more than a half million 

people. 

Many of the Port of Toronto's historic buildings were built in 

the years between the city's incorporation and Canada's 

confederation in 1867. City size remained fairly stable 

during the 1800s, but annexations of nearby towns 

quadrupled its size by 1920. 

The 1930s Great Depression brought difficult economic 

problems to the Port of Toronto. Public debt was high, and 

public works had to be postponed. Post World War II 

population growth added more stress to municipal services. 

In 1954, the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto 

established a 25-member council and a federation of 13 

municipalities that is unique in North America. This 

facilitated municipal financing and helped establish a 

common tax rate and a more stable source of revenues. 

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The new form of local government allowed inter-city 

coordination and communication that eventually resolved 

many of the problems with sewer and water, transportation, 

education, and park systems. 

The Corporation of Metropolitan Toronto was reorganized 

in 1967 by reducing the number of municipalities from 13 to 

six while increasing the number of members from 25 to 33. 

Increased again in 1975 and 1980, the council undertook 

additional issues like urban development and housing for 

the elderly. In 1998, Ontario's legislature approved 

combining the six municipalities into a single city. 

Today, the Port of Toronto is Canada's economic capital 

and one of the world's top financial centers. Its strongest 

economic sectors include finance, telecommunications, 

aerospace, business services, publishing and 

entertainment media, software, education, sports, medical 

research, and tourism. 

The modern Port of Toronto is an international, 

cosmopolitan city and a magnet for immigrants to Canada. 

Almost half of the city's residents were not born in Canada. 

The city enjoys a low crime rate, a high standard of living, 

and environmental health. It has been consistently rated as 

one of the most livable cities in the world. 

Port Commerce 

The Toronto Port Authority (TPA) manages and operates 

not only the Port of Toronto but the city's City Centre 

Airport, including its MEDVAC service. The TPA owns and 

operates the Outer Harbor Marina and over 50 acres of 

paved cargo-handling area. The Port of Toronto is next to 

the city's industrial, business, and cultural centers and 

offers direct access to highway and rail networks for the 

metropolitan area and for a wider market that covers 

Ontario, Midwest Canada, Northwestern Quebec, and the 

northeast U.S. 

Port of Toronto operations cover over 20 hectares and 

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include seven marine berths, an almost 14 thousand 

square meter marine terminal, a 100 thousand square 

meter container terminal with heated storage with electrical 

connections, and a secured paved yard. 

Storage facilities at the Port of Toronto include Warehouse 

52, a heated indoor area with bays for containers and rail 

and truck services. The paved yard, which is protected by 

24-hour security, contains three sheds covering almost 21 

thousand square meters and two outdoor terminals 

covering over than 103 square meters. Large paved 

container yards contain several container cranes, electric 

plugs for reefers, and direct access to rail services. The rollon/roll-off 

dock features a fenced paved yard. In 2003, the 

Port of Toronto handled over 2 million tons of cargo, 

representing a 22% increase over the previous year. 

The major bulk cargoes distributed from the port include 

sugar, salt, cement, aggregates, asphalt and liquids. 

There was a time when cruising the Great Lakes was a 

profitable business. But the combined increasing size of 

cruise ships and limited size of the St Lawrence Seaway 

virtually ended cruise traffic for 25 years. In 1997, the 25year 

stand-still ended when the C.Columbus arrived, 

facilitating a rebirth of tourism for the Port of Toronto. 

Since 1997, cruise traffic has steadily increased. In 2008, 

14 cruise ships visited the port during the summer months, 

thanks to the Great Lakes Cruising Coalition of which the 

Toronto Port Authority was a founding member. 


The City of Toronto is a beautiful cosmopolitan city with a 

generous network of parks and cultural and recreational 

facilities. It is home to seven professional sports teams and 

one of the world's biggest English-speaking theater 

districts. A multi-cultural mixing port, over 80 ethnic 

communities represent Europe, Asia, and African cultures. 

Visitors to the Port of Toronto will not want to miss some its 

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most popular attractions. 

Casa Loma, the home of Sir Henry Pellatt, is a majestic 

castle with beautifully decorated suites, an 800-foot tunnel 

and secret passages, towers, stables, and five acres of 

gardens. Open from May to October, self-guided tours are 

available in eight languages. Casa Loma recalls Toronto's 

era of European elegance. 

The Black Creek Pioneer Village in northern Toronto is a 

historic site overlooking a tributary of the Humber River 

where visitors can experience life in 19th Century Ontario. It 

contains more than 40 historic buildings with furnishings 

from the period and costumed actors portraying life in the 

1860s. Visitors can stroll the site on their own and have 

guides explain individual structures. The best time to visit 

the village is on weekdays in the fall, after the busy tourist 

season. 

The Port of Toronto houses the Little Italy/Portugal Village 

where visitors get a taste of Western Mediterranean culture 

at one of the many coffee shops where residents gather, 

especially during the World Cup of Soccer when the 

communities' rivalry is at fever-pitch. 

The Distillery District, converted to a pedestrian-only 

village, is dedicated to arts and entertainment. Visitors will 

find many great restaurants and art galleries and enjoy the 

year-round festivals that take place there. 

The CN Tower is the tallest free-standing structure in North 

America. At over 600 meters, visitors can ride a glass 

elevator to the top and take in a breathtaking view of the 

region or visit the revolving restaurant and watch the sun 

set. 

The Port of Toronto's Hockey Hall of Fame, dedicated to 

the history of ice hockey, is also a museum. The theater 

district offers entertainment for every budget and taste. You 

can see big splashy shows, local performances, 

experimental theater, or British murder mysteries. 

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The Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts offers 

performances by the National Ballet of Canada and the 

Canadian Opera Company, and the Toronto Symphony 

plays in the renovated Roy Thompon Hall. Second City 

improv theater has a location in the Port of Toronto that 

tourists will want to visit. 

The Port of Toronto's Art Gallery of Ontario is Canada's 

biggest. It contains the biggest collection of Henry Moore 

sculptures in the world and many rare and precious 

European paintings as well as a fine collection of Canadian 

artists' work. 

Other attractions include the Ontario Science Center and 

the Canadian National Exhibition, Canada's largest 

agricultural fair. The 1910 Royal Ontario Museum is one of 

North America's biggest and best museums, and the 

Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art contains exquisite 

collections of ancient and modern ceramics. Visitors with a 

foot fetish will want to stop in at the Bata Shoe Museum 

that boasts a pair of Napoleon Bonaparte's socks and 

footwear from around the world. The Toronto Zoo is a 

world-class zoo with indoor and outdoor exhibits divided 

into zones representing the world's continents. 

The Port of Toronto also offers some great beaches, and 

the Toronto Island includes a clothing-optional beach for 

the more adventurous traveler. Bikers and walkers will 

enjoy the Lakefront and Toronto Island for great views of 

the city skyline, and the adjacent Harbourfront Center hosts 

many cultural events throughout the year. 

Travelers interested in taking a cruise to the Port of Toronto 

should check out the Port of Toronto's cruising website. 

Port Location: Toronto 

Port Name: Port of Toronto 

Port Authority: The Toronto Port Authority 

Address: 60 Harbour Street 

Toronto, Ontario M5J 1B7 

Canada 

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Phone: 416-863-2000 

800 Number: 

Fax: 416-863-4830 

Email: info@torontoport.com 

Web Site: www.torontoport.com 

Latitude: 43° 38' 3" N 


UN/LOCODE: CATOR 




Port Detail 

Port Metro Vancouver is located in western Canada's 

largest urban center in southwestern British Columbia 

between Burrard Inlet and the Fraser River and across the 

Strait of Georgia from Vancouver Island. Port Metro 

Vancouver is about 100 nautical miles north-northeast of 

the Port of Victoria, located on southern Vancouver Island, 

and about 71 nautical miles north-northwest of the Port of 

Bellingham in Washington State in the United States. In 

2006, over 578 thousand people lived in the City of 

Vancouver, and more than two million people lived in the 

metropolitan area. 

Port Metro Vancouver is a major seaport and a culturally 

diverse city. Over 40% of its residents speak a language 

other than English as their native tongue. Aside from the 

port, Port Metro Vancouver's economy is based on tourism, 

forestry, mining, and manufacturing. Oil refining and 

processing fish and forest and agricultural products are also 

important. Major manufacturers produce metals, boats, 

chemicals, trucks, and machinery to support forestry and 

mining activities in the area. More recently, the city has 

grown as a center for high-tech industries as well as 

productions for television and film. 

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Port History 

Archaeological evidence suggests that indigenous Coast 

Salish peoples inhabited the area around Port Metro 

Vancouver for between 4500 to 9000 years before 

Europeans arrived there. Native villages were located 

within what is now the city of Vancouver at Stanley Park, 

Burrard Inlet, and False Creek. 

In 1791, Spanish explorer Jose Maria Narvaez explored the 

coastline. In 1792, British explorer George Vancouver 

explored the inner harbor area at Burrard Inlet, giving 

British names to many natural features. 

The first Europeans to have landed at the site of Port Metro 

Vancouver were the North West Company's trader Simon 

Fraser and his crew when they traveled up the Fraser 

River. 

In 1858, the Fraser Gold Rush attracted more than 25 

thousand men to travel up the Fraser River, almost beyond 

today's Vancouver, in search of riches. In 1862, the first 

European settlement was created on the Fraser River to 

the east of the indigenous village of Masqueam. 

In 1863, a sawmill was established in what is now the City 

of North Vancouver which was soon followed by many 

other mills in the Port Metro Vancouver area. Captain 

Edward Stamp established Hastings Mill near the end of 

today's Gore Street, and the city grew up around the mill. 

When the Canadian Pacific Railway arrived in the 1880s, 

the mill became less important to the local economy, 

although it continued to be a mainstay through the 1920s. 

After 1867, the settlement called Gastown started growing 

around a tavern at the edge of the Hastings Mill site in what 

would become Port Metro Vancouver. The colonial 

government surveyed the area and laid out a town site it 

called Granville in 1870. 

The City of Vancouver was incorporated in 1886 when the 

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transcontinental railroad came to town, being named after 

George Vancouver. That year, an out-of-control slash/burn 

fire destroyed the new city; however it was rebuilt quickly. 

In 1881, about one thousand people lived in what would 

become Port Metro Vancouver. In 1898, the Klondike Gold 

Rush brought trade to merchants in Vancouver who sold 

equipment to prospectors. New department stores 

appeared that became the heart of Port Metro Vancouver's 

retail sector and endured as such for many years. 

Early Port Metro Vancouver depended on natural resources 

for its economy. Logging appeared first, then the seaport 

developed to export forest products and, over time, many 

different products. By the 1930s, Port Metro Vancouver was 

the most important economic sector in the city. 

Dominated largely by big businesses that had the capital 

necessary for developed, a strong and vocal labor 

movement grew up in Vancouver. Frank Rogers, a labor 

leader, was killed while picketing the docks in 1903. While 

relations between management and labor calmed through 

the 1920s, peace ended when the Great Depression 

began. Communist party organizers led many strikes. In 

1935, the strike era peaked when unemployed men 

swamped the city to protest the conditions in relief camps. 

In the end, the strikers were arrested and held in work 

camps until the Depression ended. 

Port Metro Vancouver was also influenced by the feminist, 

moral reform, and temperance movements. In 1918, activist 

Mary Ellen Smith was the first woman to be elected to a 

Canadian provincial legislature. 

In 1928, about 150 thousand people lived in the lower 

mainland surrounding Vancouver, many of whom lived in 

the South Vancouver and Point Grey municipalities. That 

year, these communities decided to merge with Port Metro 

Vancouver, effectively increasing the city's population by 

over 50% in one day. 

In the 1920s, the Asiatic Exclusion League stormed 

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Japantown and Chinatown. Investigations of the event led 

to the discovery that white women and Chinese men were 

going to opium dens in the city. This resulted in federal laws 

that banned opium for non-medical purposes. 

By 1941, over 400 thousand people lived in the Port Metro 

Vancouver metropolitan area. The impact of the Great 

Depression ended only with the coming of World War II. 

Local shipyards were soon busy, and Boeing Aircraft hired 

five thousand people to work on parts. After the Japanese 

bombed Pearl Harbor, the city's Japanese-Canadians were 

removed to government camps, and their property was 

taken with little compensation. Women came to the city to 

work in the Fraser River canneries. One thousand women 

worked at the Burrard Dry Dock where "Victory ships" were 

built. 

In the 1950s, the city continued to grow. The Vancouver 

airport began international flights, local highways were 

constructed, and new roads and bridges brought an end to 

the local streetcars. Shopping centers and industrial parks 

arose. Container ships arrived in Port Metro Vancouver, 

and an oil pipeline from Edmonton began operating. 

Port Metro Vancouver suburbs continued to grow through 

the 1960s when the metropolitan population reached over 

800 thousand. In 1967, the Greater Vancouver Regional 

District was born, bringing a new style of government to the 

area. By 1971, the area population reached over one 

million people. 

In the 1970s, a new coal port was opened at Delta's 

Roberts Bank, boosting Port Metro Vancouver's trade 

relations with Pacific Rim ports. City infrastructure 

improvements were made, and a new courthouse appeared 

downtown in 1979. 

By the early 1980s, only a third of the metropolitan 

population lived in Vancouver city, and the suburbs 

continued to grow. In 1986, the City of Vancouver 

commemorated its 100th anniversary with the opening of 

Expo 86, bringing over 21 million visitors to the city. After 

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Expo 86, the property was sold to Hong Kong's Li Ka-shing 

in one of Canada's biggest-ever real estate deals that 

started the biggest urban project in North America. 

The 1990s brought a return of population to the central city. 

In 1996, the residential population in downtown increased 

for the first time in several decades. 

Port Commerce 

The Vancouver Fraser Port Authority (VFPA) was created 

in 2007 when the earlier Fraser River Port Authority, the 

North Fraser Port Authority, and the Vancouver Port 

Authority were combined. Created by the Canadian 

government, the VFPA is a financially self-sufficient, nonshareholder 

corporation that reports to the federal Minister 

of Transport. A board of directors representing government 

and industry governs the VFPA, focusing on port users' 

needs and promoting long-term growth and 

competitiveness. The VFPA markets itself as Port Metro 

Vancouver. 

In 2008, Port Metro Vancouver served over 3000 vessels 

carrying 114.6 million tons of cargo, including 73 million 

tons of bulk cargoes, 20.6 million tons of breakbulk, 20.5 

million tons of containerized cargo in 2.5 million TEUs, and 

460 thousand tons of automobiles (456.4 thousand units). 

Port Metro Vancouver also welcomed 854.5 thousand 

cruise passengers. Foreign cargoes of 82.2 million tons 

included 13.9 million tons of imports and 68.4 million tons of 

exports. Port Metro Vancouver also handled 32.3 million 

tons of domestic cargo. 

Bulk cargoes through Port Metro Vancouver in 2008 

included coal (25.9 million tons); chemicals, metals, and 

minerals (11.7 million tons); fertilizers (11.2 million tons); 

grain, specialty crops, and feed (11.1 million tons); 

petroleum products (7.3 million tons); forest products (4.4 

million tons); machinery, vehicles, construction, and 

materials (825 thousand tons); and processed food 

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products (754 thousand tons). 

In 2008, Port Metro Vancouver breakbulk cargoes of 20.6 

million tons included logs (10.7 million tons), miscellaneous 

goods (4.6 million tons), paper and paperboard (1.7 million 

tons), and woodpulp (1.3 million tons). 

Among containerized imports of 8.7 million tons entering 

Port Metro Vancouver were household goods (3.2 million 

tons), parts and components (1.2 million tons), and smaller 

volumes of construction and materials, machinery, produce, 

metals, beverages, chemical industry products, wood 

products, and paper and paperboard. Containerized 

exports of 11.7 million tons leaving Port Metro Vancouver 

included woodpulp (2.6 million tons); lumber (2.2 million 

tons); specialty crops (1.7 million tons); and smaller 

amounts of metals; meat, fish, and poultry; chemical 

industry products; waste paper, paper and paperboard; 

animal feed; and logs. 

Port Metro Vancouver contains 17 terminals handling bulk 

cargoes that range from coal, potash, sulfur, chemicals, 

and fuel oil to grains. Bulk cargoes represent 75% of Port 

Metro Vancouver's throughput each year, and it is the 

busiest port in North America for foreign export volume. 

Port Metro Vancouver's bulk terminals offer modern 

efficient facilities and operators with extensive experience. 

Port Metro Vancouver's three breakbulk terminals have 

ample storage space, on-dock rail service, and customized 

inventory management. Breakbulk berths offer alongside 

depth of 15 meters at low tide. Breakbulk cargoes include 

pulp, plywood, lumber, and newsprint. Port Metro 

Vancouver has three container terminals, and containerhandling 

capacity should reach 4 million TEUs by 2012. 

Port Metro Vancouver contains facilities at four areas: 

Burrard Inlet East, the North Shore, Roberts Bank, and the 

South Shore. 

The Burrard Inlet East in Port Metro Vancouver is home to 

privately-owned operations that include Imperial Oil IOCO, 

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Kinder Morgan, Canexus Chemicals, Pacific Coast 

Terminals, PetroCanada, Shellburn, and Stanovan. Imperial 

Oil IOCO handles fuel oils and marine gas oil at two berths 

for barges and coastal tankers up to 15 thousand DWT and 

up to 135 meters long with maximum draft of 8.8 meters. 

Imperial Oil does not serve third party carriers. 

Kinder Morgan operates Port Metro Vancouver's Westridge 

Marine Terminal for export of crude oil and import and 

storage of jet fuels. The main dock face is 91.4 meters long 

with alongside depth of 11 meters, and it can accommodate 

vessels up to 250 meters long with maximum of 100 

thousand DWT. The storage tanks for jet fuel have capacity 

for 45 cubic meters, and the terminal is connected to offsite 

storage with capacity for about 120 thousand cubic 

meters of crude oil. The terminal has capacity to load 2.6 

thousand cubic meters per hour and to unload 1.6 thousand 

cubic meters per hour. 

CANEXUS Chemicals operates a chlor-alkali facility on the 

north shore of Port Metro Vancouver's Burrard Inlet where it 

can provide transportation and logistics options that meet 

customers' needs. The facility produces chlorine, sodium 

hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid and is committed to the 

Canadian Chemical Producers Association's "Responsible 

Care" initiative. The facility handles imports of bulk sea salt 

and exports of caustic soda and sodium chlorate at a 152meter 

long berth and mooring floats with alongside depth of 

10.6 meters. The facility has salt storage capacity to store 

22 thousand tons in tanks as well as surface pad storage 

for 61 thousand tons. The terminal is served by 7.6 meters 

of yard rail. 

Pacific Coast Terminals in the Port Metro Vancouver's 

Burrard Inlet area is the world's biggest, most automated 

marine terminal for the export of sulfur and bulk liquids. 

Pacific Coast Terminals loads over 3.5 million tons of sulfur 

and 750 thousand tons of ethylene glycol every year. The 

terminal covers 43 hectares and contains two berths. Berth 

1, handling bulk liquids, is 237 meters long with alongside 

depth of 12 meters. Berth 2, handling sulfur, is 293 meters 

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long with alongside depth of 12 meters and can handle 

Panamax vessels to 70 thousand DWT. The terminal has 

capacity to store 220 thousand tons of sulfur, 55 thousand 

tons of ethylene glycol, and an additional 11.2 thousand 

tons in currently unused tanks. Pacific Coast Terminals has 

infrastructure to store an additional 15 thousand tons. The 

terminal is served by four thousand meters of rail serviced 

by Canadian Pacific. The sulfur loading rate is five 

thousand tons per hour, and the ethylene glycol loading 

rate is 800 tons per hour. 

PetroCanada, one of Canada's biggest integrated oil and 

gas companies, operates its facility in Buraby in Port Metro 

Vancouver's Burrard Inlet. Handling petroleum products, 

the facility has two berths. The West berth is 45 meters 

long with dolphins that can accommodate vessels to 40 

thousand DWT with draft of 11.8 meters. The East berth is 

40 meters long with minimum depth of six meters. 

The Port Metro Vancouver facility operated by Shellburn 

handles petroleum products and styrene. The outer berth is 

122 meters long with alongside depth of 8.9 meters, and 

the Inner berth is 94 meters long with alongside depth of 

5.2 meters. 

The Stanovan Terminal at Burnaby in Port Metro 

Vancouver's Burrard Inlet is a 52-thousand barrel refinery 

producing gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and asphalt. The berth 

is 85 meters long with mooring buoys and alongside depth 

of 12.5 meters. 

Port Metro Vancouver's North Shore Terminals (Burrard 

Inlet) include Dow Chemicals, Fibreco, James Richardson 

International, Lynnterm, Neptune, Saskatchewan Wheat 

Pool, and Vancouver Wharves. 

The Port Metro Vancouver's 3-hectare Dow Chemicals 

terminal handles caustic soda solution, ethylene dichloride, 

and ethylene glycol. Its berth, Lynnterm No. 7, is 200 

meters long with alongside depth of 11.6 meters. Dow 

Chemicals maintains a tank farm with rail capacity for 24 

railcars. The facility can store 36 thousand tons of caustic 

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soda and 26 thousand tons of ethylene dichloride. 

Port Metro Vancouver's 9.3-hectare Fibreco Terminal is 

one of the world's biggest and most modern woodchip 

handling facilities. With capacity for handling two million 

tons of bulk wood chips per year, the berth can 

accommodate vessels to 265 meters in length with 

maximum draft of 11.5 meters. The terminal has storage 

capacity for 240 tons of wood chips. The facility can accept 

bulk cargoes from vessels with gear-to-onshore conveying 

systems. It can unload wood chips from truck, rail, barge, 

and ship. It can load cargoes onto barges and ships. 

The James Richardson International (JRI) terminal in Port 

Metro Vancouver exports an average three million metric 

tons of grain every year, including exports of canola and 

cereal grains to Pacific Rim countries. The JRI terminal 

handles wheat, canola, rye, barley, feed products, and flax. 

Its berth is 180 meters long with alongside depth of 15.24 

meters, and it has capacity to store 108 thousand tons of 

grain. 

Western Stevedoring operates Port Metro Vancouver's 

Lynnterm facility, the Pacific Northwest center for 

consolidating forest products, steel, and breakbulk cargoes. 

The terminal handles wood pulp, paper, lumber, logs, steel 

products, panel products, machinery, and project cargo. 

The facility has seven all-concrete berths a total of 1516 

meters long with alongside depths from 12 to 15 meters at 

low water. The 59-hectare site contains 81.7 thousand 

square meters of covered storage and 380 thousand 

square meters of open storage space. Its eight warehouses 

are used for forest products, general cargo, and steel. The 

Canadian National Railway provides direct service and 

connections to all major railroads, and the facility contains 

about 9 kilometers of tracks linking the berth to storage 

facilities. 

With capacity to handle 17 million metric tons of cargo per 

year, Port Metro Vancouver's Neptune Bulk Terminals is 

the biggest multi-product bulk terminal in North America. 

Located in the inner harbor, the 29-hectare facility provides 

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loading/unloading services and storage for a range of bulk 

commodities that include exports of thermal and 

metallurgical coal, potash, agricultural products, specialty 

grains, fertilizers, and canola oil. Berth 1 is 230 meters long 

with alongside depth of 15.24 meters and can 

accommodate vessels to 180 thousand DWT. Berth 2 is 

230 meters long with alongside depth of 13.7 meters and 

can accommodate Panamax vessels to 85 thousand DWT. 

Berth 3 is 100 meters long with alongside depth of 13 

meters and can accommodate vessels to 65 thousand 

DWT. Berth 1 has storage capacity for 600 thousand tons 

of coal. Berth 2 has capacity to store 300 thousand tons of 

potash and 19 thousand tons of canola oil. The facilities are 

served by eight kilometers of continuous loop trackage. 

The Saskatchewan Wheat Pool in Port Metro Vancouver 

handles wheat, canola, durum, barley, and grain byproducts 

at two berths. Each berth is 230 meters long with 

alongside depth of 15.5 meters, and the facility has 

capacity to store 240 thousand tons of grain. 

Port Metro Vancouver Wharves handle breakbulk and bulk 

cargoes. These wharves in Port Metro Vancouver's inner 

harbor have capacity to handle up to 10 million tons of 

cargo per year. The primary breakbulk cargoes are pulp 

and paper. Bulk cargoes include mineral concentrates, 

sulfur and fertilizers, liquids, specialty agricultural products, 

and other dry bulk commodities. The 45-hectare facility 

contains five deep-sea berths totaling 900 meters long with 

alongside depths from 11.2 to 13.7 meters. The wharves 

have capacity to store one million tons of cargo. Storage 

facilities have capacity for about 500 thousand tons of 

minerals, 175 thousand tons of sulfur, and 30 thousand 

tons of agricultural products. The facilities also include 35 

thousand square meters of covered storage for pulp, four 

tanks with total capacity for 10 million gallons of liquids, and 

ample land for additional storage. The wharves are served 

by several track areas and a loop track that can receive unit 

trains. 

Port Metro Vancouver's Roberts Bank Terminals include 

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Deltaport and Westshore Terminals. Deltaport is the largest 

container terminal in Port Metro Vancouver. Located 35 

kilometers south of the inner harbor, the terminal can 

handle the largest modern container ships and has 

container cranes that serve super post-Panamax vessels. 

TSI Terminal Systems Inc. has a long-term lease 

agreement with Port Metro Vancouver to operate Deltaport, 

which serves containers and project cargoes. The 65hectare 

facility contains two container berths that total 670 

meters long with alongside depth of 15.85 meters, and a 

third berth is being built. The container yard has capacity 

for 24 thousand full TEUs. The facility is served by eight 

thousand-foot rail tracks. 

Westshore Terminals at Port Metro Vancouver is the 

leading coal export facility in Canada and the biggest dry 

bulk terminal on the western coast of the Americas. The 40hectare 

Westshore Terminals handle coal and coke. Berth 

1 is 350 meters long with alongside depth of 22.9 meters 

and can accommodate vessels up to 260 thousand DWT. 

Berth 2 is 263 meters long with alongside depth of 20.8 

meters and can accommodate vessels to 150 thousand 

DWT. The facility has two loop tracks and two rotary rail car 

dumpers as well as an extensive high-speed conveyor 

system. 

Port Metro Vancouver's South Shore Terminals include 

Agricore United, Cascadia Terminal, Centerm, Pacific 

Elevators, and West Coast Reduction. Agricore United is a 

farmer-directed agri-business and one of the biggest grainhandling 

and –marketing businesses in Canada. Agricore 

United markets grain and grain products grain and grain 

products both internationally and domestically. The west 

berth is 213 meters long with alongside depth of 11.7 

meters, and the East berth is 213 meters long with 

alongside depth of 13.6 meters. The facility has capacity to 

store over 102 thousand tons of cargo, and it is served by 

two intercontinental railways. 

Saskatchewan Wheat Pool owns and operates Port Metro 

Vancouver's Cascadia Terminal under the name Viterra. 

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The Cascadia Terminal handles wheat, canola, barley, 

durum, rye, oats, and by-products. The berth is 274 meters 

long with alongside depth of 15.2 meters. The facility has 

capacity to store 282 thousand metric tons of cargo. Port 

Metro Vancouver's Pacific Elevators is also owned and 

operated by Viterra. Handling canola, peas, flax, agriforage, 

and by-products, the Pacific Elevators facilities 

contain three berths. Berth 1 is a lay berth of 185 meters 

long with alongside depth of 9.6 meters. Berth 2 is a 

loading berth of 215 meters long with alongside depth of 

13.7 meters. Berth 4 is 305 meters long with alongside 

depth of 10.2 meters. The Pacific Elevators facility includes 

storage capacity for 199 thousand metric tons of cargo, and 

it is served by rail. 

Centerm handles both breakbulk cargoes and containers in 

Port Metro Vancouver. Located in the inner harbor, 

Centerm is served by three railways and has immediate 

access to the nation's highway system. P&O Ports Canada 

Inc. operates the 28-hectare Centerm facility under a longterm 

lease with Port Metro Vancouver. Breakbulk cargoes 

include forest products and project and breakbulk cargoes. 

Centerm contains four general cargo berths that range from 

180 to 400 meters in length with alongside depths from 

12.2 to 15.5 meters. Two container berths total 650 meters 

in length. The Centerm facility contains two dry sheds of 

24.4 thousand square meters, enclosed storage for 41 

thousand tons of pulp, and open storage of 204.4 thousand 

square meters. The container yard has capacity to store 12 

thousand TEUs. 

Port Metro Vancouver's Rogers Sugar, a cane sugar 

refinery, is Western Canada's major processor, distributor, 

and marketer of sugar products that include granulated 

sugar, icing, yellow and brown sugars, and liquid sugars 

and syrups. The refinery can produce as much as 240 tons 

of sugar each year from imported raw cane sugar. At 130 

meters long with alongside depth of 9.1 meters, the Rogers 

Sugar berth receives bulk sugar imports. 

Port Metro Vancouver's Vanterm, a 31-hectare is a modern, 

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fully-equipped twin-berth container terminal with a five-track 

on-dock intermodal rail yard. Vanterm is operated by TSI 

Terminal Systems Inc. under a long-term agreement with 

Port Metro Vancouver. Vanterm handles containerized and 

project cargoes and bulk oils. The berths are 619 meters 

long with alongside depths from 15.2 to 15.5 meters. The 

container yard can accommodate seven thousand full 

TEUs. 

West Coast Reduction Ltd. in Port Metro Vancouver's 

South Shore is a rendering-industry leader operating a 

rendering plant and bulk storage terminal. Products are 

pumped underground to storage tanks before shipping. The 

facility also includes a commercial tank farm with capacity 

to store 57 thousand metric tons. The facility handles 

inedible tallow, poultry meal, feather meal, blood meal, fish 

meal, and fish oil. Its two berths can accommodate both 

container ships and large bulk tankers. 


The City of Vancouver is a young city with a wide range of 

attractions. Many landmarks and historic buildings are 

located in the city center, including Stanley Park, the 

Vancouver Aquarium, Canada Place, the Marine Building, 

the Hotel Vancouver, and Gastown. Port Metro Vancouver 

has too many attractions and activities to describe in this 

article. For more details on tourist destinations and popular 

activities, please visit the Vancouver tourism website. 

Vancouver has a mild climate compared to other Canadian 

cities. Summer months are sunny and comfortable, and 

winter is the rainy season. Temperatures range from an 

average high of 22 °C (72 °F) in July and August to an 

average low of 0 °C (32 °F) in January. 

Port Metro Vancouver's Stanley Park is one of the city's 

most popular places. The peninsular park is surrounded by 

a pedestrian seawall, and visitors will enjoy the one-hour 

carriage ride through the park. Vancouver's first park, this 

400-hectare wonderland near downtown features cedar, 

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hemlock, and fir trees and contains plentiful wildlife and a 

wide variety of flora. The 8.8-kilometer seawall is popular 

for walking, biking, and rollerblading. The totem pole 

display at Brockton Point is British Columbia's most-visited 

attraction. 

Port Metro Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Center, 

located in Stanley Park, houses more than 70 thousand 

aquatic species including beluga whales, Pacific whitesided 

dolphins, sea otters, and many other marine animals 

native to the Pacific Northwest. Visitors can enjoy personal 

encounters with dolphins in an interactive, hands-on 

training session. They can join training sessions for Beluga 

whales or go behind the scenes to meet, Schoona, the 

Aquarium's resident sea turtle. Accompanied by an 

interpreter, visitors can witness a Stellar sea lion training 

session or prepare sea otter treats in the marine mammal 

kitchen. 

The University of British Columbia (UBC) Anthropology 

Museum in Port Metro Vancouver boasts one of the most 

outstanding collections of First Nations art in North 

America. Founded over 50 years ago, the museum is 

housed in a beautiful building with a view of the mountains 

and the sea. Collections include about 535 thousand 

ethnographic and archaeological objects that include totem 

poles, spirit masks, and totemic objects as well as gold, 

silver, wood, ceramic, and other decorative. 

Travelers who want to visit Port Metro Vancouver by sea 

can find a long list of scheduled cruises at the Cruise 

Compete website or on Port Metro Vancouver's website. 

Port Location: Vancouver 

Port Name: Port Metro Vancouver 

Port Authority: Vancouver Fraser Port Authority 

Address: 100 The Pointe 

999 Canada Place 

Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 3T4 

Canada 

Phone: 604-665-9000 

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Fax: 604-665-9007 

800 Number: 866-284-4271 

Email: info@portmetrovancouver.com 

Web Site: www.portmetrovancouver.com 

Latitude: 49° 17' 52" N 


UN/LOCODE: CAVAN 

USA Ports 



Illinois 

United States 

Port Index 

Illinois has 11 ports 

The ports and harbors located in Illinois are listed below. 

Calumet, IL 

Calumet Harbor 

Most Popular 

Chicago, IL 

Port of Chicago 

Joliet, IL 

Port of Joliet 

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Beardstown, IL 

Port of Beardstown 

Calumet, IL 


Channahon, IL 

Port of Channahon 

Granite City, IL 

Port of Granite City 

Joliet, IL 


Lemont, IL 

Port of Lemont 

Peoria, IL 

Port of Peoria 

Quincy, IL 

Port of Quincy 

Waukegan, IL 

B 

C 

Chicago, IL 

Dusable Harbor 

G 

J 

L 

P 

Q 

W 

Chicago, IL 


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Port of Waukegan 


Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Calumet Harbor in 

Calumet, IL - USA 

Port Location: Calumet 

Port Name: Calumet Harbor 


Address: Calumet, IL 

United States 

Phone: 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: 

Latitude: 41° 44' 0" N 


UN/LOCODE: 

Port Type: Harbor 



Port Detail 

The Port of Chicago is the third most populous city in the 

U.S. and the largest city in the American Midwest. With 

almost 3 million people in Cook County alone, the 

metropolitan area is home to almost 10 million people in the 

States of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. Lying on the 

shores of Lake Michigan, the Port of Chicago is about 150 

kilometers south-southeast of the Port of Milwaukee and 

almost 350 kilometers west of the Port of Toledo. The Port 

of Chicago is the largest city on the Great Lakes. Among 

the 25 most populous urban areas in the world, it is 

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considered to be an "alpha world city" for its global 

influence. 

The economy of the Port of Chicago is highly diverse, 

giving it a balanced economy and making it the fourth most 

important business center in the world (according to the 

MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index). It is 

one of the world's richest cities and an important financial 

center. It has the second biggest business district in the 

United States. Home to three major financial and futures 

exchanges (Chicago Stock Exchange, Chicago Board 

Options Exchange, and Chicago Mercantile Exchange), the 

city is a center for innovation in the finance industry. 

The Port of Chicago metropolitan area has the second 

biggest labor force in the United States. Manufacturing, 

printing and publishing, and food processing are important 

to the economy, and it is home to several medical service 

and products companies. Having been an important port for 

grain and meat products since the mid-19th Century, the 

Port of Chicago is also home to many large meat 

companies like Armour and Company. One of the Port of 

Chicago's most important industries is tourism and 

conventions. McCormick Place is the world's third biggest 

convention center, and the city is only surpassed by Las 

Vegas and Orlando in the number of conventions held there 

each year. 

Port History 

The word "Chicago" is a French translation of the 

indigenous Miami-Illinois people's word shikaakwa. In the 

mid-1800s, the Potawatomis people inhabited the Port of 

Chicago region. The 1816 Treaty of St. Louis with the 

United States marked passage of the land from the 

Potawatomi, Ottawa, and Ojibwa peoples. 

The Port of Chicago's central location, linking the Great 

Lakes and the Mississippi River, has shaped its destiny for 

centuries. Indigenous peoples lived there when Father 

Jacques Marquette and explorer Louis Jolliet arrived there 

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in 1673. After that, explorers and missionaries either 

passed through or settled in the Port of Chicago area. 

Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable from Haiti was the first 

European to settle in the Port of Chicago area. In the 

1770s, he married a Potawatomi woman and founded a 

trading post that thrived at the mouth of the Chicago River. 

The United States constructed Fort Dearborn in the early 

1800s. The fort was destroyed in the War of 1812 and then 

rebuilt in 1816. 

Illinois became a State in 1818, but the Port of Chicago was 

still small. By 1833, the new town was home to 350 people; 

however, it housed over 4000 only seven years later. The 

City of Chicago was incorporated in 1837. Growth of the 

Port of Chicago waited on the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 

funded by the federal government, to link Lake Michigan 

and the Illinois River. The canal brought a boom and a 

second incorporation to the Port of Chicago on in 1837. 

Construction of the canal brought thousands of laborers to 

the Port of Chicago from Ireland who helped create a 75mile 

waterway. When the canal opened in 1848, grain and 

raw materials entered the state through the Port of 

Chicago. A locomotive also arrived by ship in 1848, 

introducing the Port of Chicago's railway age. By the early 

20th Century, at least 30 interstate rail routes passed 

through the Port of Chicago, leading to rapid commercial 

and industrial growth. The railroads brought passengers, 

raw materials, and consumer goods to the Port of Chicago 

and, along with them, a busy commercial life for hotels, 

taxis, restaurants, warehouses, and inland transportation 

companies. 

Offering relatively easy access to their markets, farm belt 

producers made the Port of Chicago a "golden funnel" 

shipping grain, meat, and lumber to the US East Coast and 

Europe. Healthy trade stimulated the development of 

support industries. During the early 20th Century, though, 

the Port of Chicago's meat-packing industry and giant 

Union Stock Yards made the Port of Chicago truly famous. 

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By 1850, almost 30 thousand people lived in the Port of 

Chicago. By 1860, that population had tripled. Poor 

neighborhoods in the downtown area were crowded and 

dirty, and fires were frequent. Then in October 1871, after a 

long drought, a disastrous fire broke out. By the time it was 

over, 300 people were dead and over 1700 buildings on 3- 

1/2 square miles had been destroyed. The disaster cost 

$200 million US in damages and left almost 100 thousand 

people homeless. 

Despite the tragic fire of 1871, the Port of Chicago quickly 

rebounded. By 1880, half a million people called in home. 

In response to public health threats, 1889 saw the 

beginning of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. When it 

opened in 1900, it allowed larger vessels to pass through 

the Port of Chicago, and it helped move pollutants away 

from the metropolitan area. 

A new generation of tall downtown buildings housing, 

department stores, and offices rose up in the Port of 

Chicago's central area. Industrial growth on the rivers was 

astounding, and a new Port of Chicago middle class 

created a suburban boom. In 1889, the City annexed about 

125 square miles. Despite rapid growth, the city center was 

still dominated by poverty and slums. Efforts by social 

reformers helped, but did not cure, the poor living 

conditions. In the late 1800s, labor violence was common. 

The Haymarket Riot of 1886 received world attention when 

a bomb exploded and killed seven policemen and many 

workers. Violence continued in the Port of Chicago through 

the end of the Century. 

The Port of Chicago's population exceeded one million in 

1890 when the US Congress approved the city hosting the 

World's Columbian Exposition to celebrate the 400th 

anniversary of Columbus' 1492 "discovery" of the New 

World. Opening in 1893, the event attracted almost 26 

million visitors to the Port of Chicago during its six-month 

run. 

Port activities continued to focus on the Chicago River until 

the first decades of the 20th Century. In 1909, the Port of 

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Chicago's Harbor and Waterways commission proposed a 

plan for several new piers, resulting in the Navy Pier. In 

1913, the General Assembly passed a law allowing the Port 

of Chicago to acquire, develop and operate port facilities 

within the city limits. 

By 1907, population had passed two million, and it passed 

three million in 1923. Modern urban congestion became an 

ongoing problem. During the famous "Roaring 20s," the 

Port of Chicago gained a reputation as a center for crime 

and corruption. Prohibition encouraged gangsters, and the 

Port of Chicago was home to some of the most famous: Al 

Capone and John Dillinger. The City's troubles were further 

exacerbated by the 1929 stock market crash. 

When World War II came, the Port of Chicago was in the 

position to capitalize on its diverse industrial base. The city 

boomed again. Military training facilities were located there, 

and the Port of Chicago hosted thousands of servicemen 

on leave from active duty. By the war's end, they had 

served 24 million meals at the historic Auditorium Building. 

After the war, the Port of Chicago reached its population 

peak of over 3.6 million. Richard J. Daley was elected 

mayor in the mid-1950s. By this time, the city was 

changing. The Port of Chicago began to see signs of 

industrial decline, and racial tensions were increasing. In 

the summer of 1967, racial tensions boiled over, and riots 

broke out. These were repeated with the assassination of 

Martin Luther King in 1968. Fear drove much of the Port of 

Chicago's white population to the suburbs. Further violence 

erupted at the 1968 Democratic National Convention when 

anti-Vietnam War protestors clashed with police. 

In spite of its problems, Mayor Daley's leadership saw a 

revival of the Port of Chicago city center. Dozens of new, 

modern office buildings sprang up, and O'Hare International 

Airport because a central hub for worldwide air 

transportation. By the 1970s, much of the downtown area 

was revived, and gentrification was beginning in central 

neighborhoods. 

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When Mayor Daley's son, Richard M. Daley, took office in 

1989, he placed even greater emphasis on attracting new 

corporations, conventions, trade, and tourism to the Port of 

Chicago. New residents came to downtown, and growing 

ethnic communities helped end the 50-year decline in 

population. By 2000, about 2.8 million people lived in the 

metropolis. After Mayor Daley was re-elected to a fifth term 

as mayor, the city was selected as the United States' entry 

to host the 2016 Olympic Summer Games, although it was 

not selected by the Olympic Committee. 

Port Commerce 

The Illinois International Port District is the port authority for 

the Port of Chicago. The Illinois International Port District 

operates Foreign Trade Zone No (FTZ) 22. The FTZ has 

two general purpose zones at Lake Calumet Harbor and 

near O'Hare Airport. The Calumet Zone contains 400 

thousand square feet of warehouse space and an 

additional 20 acres of land for development of 

manufacturing, assembly, handling, processing, and/or 

storage of foreign goods. 

The modern Port of Chicago was born in 1921 when the 

Illinois legislature passed the Lake Calumet Harbor Act 

authorizing a deep water port. Regular overseas shipping 

service began in 1935. In 1946, the US Congress 

authorized a project to encourage barge traffic between 

Lake Michigan and the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. 

Illinois' General Assembly created the Chicago Regional 

Port District in 1951 to oversee development. The next 

year, the State legislature made the District an independent 

municipal corporation with title to about 1500 acres at Lake 

Calumet. The Port of Chicago officially opened in 1958. 

The Port of Chicago is governed by a Board of Directors 

with nine members. Four of them are appointed by the 

State's Governor, and five are appointed by the Mayor. 

They are appointed for five years, and their appointments 

must be confirmed by the State Senate (for the Governor's 

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appointees) and by the City Council (for the Mayor's 

appointees). 

The Port of Chicago is a crossroads for the United States, 

making it a major transportation hub for all modes of travel. 

Six of the country's major railroads and five federal 

highways meet in the Port of Chicago, and the airports in 

Chicago are vital to the global aviation system. Long before 

airplanes, trains, and trucks moved cargo, the Port of 

Chicago was a major component of the Nation's 

transportation network. 

The modern Port of Chicago links the inland river system 

and the Great Lakes to the global market. Deep-draft 

commercial vessels travel the St. Lawrence Seaway 

between the Port of Chicago and the Atlantic Ocean, while 

barges carry goods between the Port of Chicago and the 

Gulf of Mexico on the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. 

As the leading port on the Great Lakes for general cargo, 

the Port of Chicago moves more than 26 million tons of 

goods and natural resources that are produced in central 

and Midwest America to the global market. Direct 

connections with city and national rail and highway 

networks, the Port of Chicago is an important inter-modal 

center that benefits from ongoing investments in port 

infrastructure by both the City and the State. 

Today, the Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminus specializes 

in intermodal container service. At the mouth of the 

Calumet River, the terminal covers 100 open paved acres 

and contains 3000 feet of ship and barge berths at 27 feet 

deep. The terminal has two transit sheds covering over 100 

thousand square feet each with direct truck and rail access. 

The Lake Calumet terminals are at the junction of the 

Grand and Little Calumet Rivers about six miles from Lake 

Michigan. On the southwest quadrant are more than 315 

thousand square feet of transit sheds and about 3000 feet 

of ship and barge berthing space. 

The Port of Chicago at Lake Calumet owns two grain 

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elevators with a combined capacity for 14 million bushels. It 

also has capacity to store 800 thousand barrels of liquid 

bulk. 

The Port of Chicago's widely diverse economic base and its 

central location on the North American continent made it a 

key distribution point for many different types of cargo. 

Among the cargoes most frequently handled there are 

steel, grain, scrap metals, graphite, zinc, silicon, stone, 

coke, lead, ore, cement, sugar, and vegetable oils. 


Being one of the largest cities in the United States, the Port 

of Chicago offers an almost unlimited variety of sights and 

activities for travelers. Lake Michigan is a huge fresh water 

lake, and the Port of Chicago's lakefront beaches are 

largely open to the public. While the Oak Street and North 

Avenue Beaches are posh spots for sunning, Rogers Park 

offers miles of more sedate beach. Rainbow Beach is a 

best-kept secret that city residents enjoy. For complete 

information on the many things to see and do in the Port of 

Chicago, please visit the city's tourism website. 

The Port of Chicago has a humid continental climate with 

four distinct seasons, including long snowy winters. 

Summers are warm and humid, and winters are cold, 

snowy, and windy with temperatures frequently falling 

below zero. Autumn and spring are mild with low humidity. 

Temperatures range from an average high of 29 °C (85 °F) 

in July to an average low of -8 °C (16 °F) in January. The 

Port of Chicago receives an average 274 millimeters (10.8 

inches) of snow in January. 

The Port of Chicago is blessed with lakefront parks with lots 

of opportunities for outdoor activities and organized sports. 

Further from the lake are amazing parks that offer 

entertainment for all. Grant Park has music festivals yearround, 

and Millennium Park is a great family destination. 

Midway Park on the south shore has skating and gardens 

open in summer and winter. Jackson Park, near the site of 

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the 1893 World Colombian Exposition, offers more beautiful 

gardens and golf courses. Washington Park is a favorite 

spot for community sports. 

The Port of Chicago is a crazy quilt of neighborhoods, each 

with their own special character and events. It's hard to find 

a time when there isn't a Port of Chicago neighborhood 

festival going on. The most well-know include the Taste of 

Chicago in Grant Park in July and four music festivals: the 

Blues Fest and Gospel Fest (June), Lollapalooza (August), 

and Jazz Fest (Labor Day weekend). 

The Port of Chicago has teams in every major professional 

sports league as well as university teams, so sports fans 

will never be bored. The Chicago Bears play football at 

Soldier Field. At the Union Center, the Chicago Bulls play 

basketball and the Chicago Blackhawks play hockey. The 

Chicago Cubs play baseball at the world-famous Wrigley 

Field, and the Chicago White Sox play at the US Cellular 

Field. Both of these baseball franchises have been 

operating for over 100 years. Smaller leagues operate in 

the Port of Chicago as well. You can enjoy watching the 

Chicago Fire play soccer in Bridgeview, the Chicago Rush 

play arena football in Rosemont, the Chicago Sky play 

women's professional basketball at the UIC Pavilion, or the 

Windy City Rollers roller derby in nearby Cicero. 

The Port of Chicago offers plentiful theater and arts 

experiences as well. Chicago is home to the famous 

Second City, which has produced some of the US's 

greatest comedians and almost filled the cast of television's 

Saturday Night Live. Second City still performs in the Port 

of Chicago's Old Town. Improvisational performance is an 

important part of Chicago's theater community. 

Theater-goers will get to enjoy the work of tomorrow's stars 

in the Port of Chicago. Landmark theater Steppenwolf in 

Lincoln Park was founded in 1976 and mixes young actors 

and a veteran cast (including power-house performers like 

Joan Allen, John Malkovich, and Gary Sinise) in presenting 

some of the best theatrical performances you'll ever see. 

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The Port of Chicago's famous Loop or the Near North 

neighborhood are home to most of the established theaters. 

No matter what's playing, you'll want to check out the 

Auditorium at the Loop. This is an architectural masterpiece 

designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. When it 

opened in 1889, it was the tallest building in the Port of 

Chicago and one of the tallest in the world. 

In the old days, it was common to see cruise ships on the 

Great Lakes. But by the end of the 1960s, luxury cruise 

lines had switched their focus to tropical international 

waters. Yet, you can still enjoy a Great Lakes Cruise 

through the Great Lakes Cruise Company based out of Ann 

Arbor, Michigan. Ports of call include the Port of Chicago, 

Windsor, Traverse City, historic Mackinac Island, and 

picturesque port cities in the northern wilderness. With 

cruise ships built specifically for the many connecting 

canals and locks, travelers are enchanted by top-notch 

crews and impeccable service. 

You can also choose from a variety of Port of Chicago Boat 

Tours, including shoreline sightseeing and romantic 

nighttime dinner cruises. Check out the Chicago Traveler 

website to learn about the variety of experiences available 

for Port of Chicago boat tours. 

Port Location: Chicago 

Port Name: Port of Chicago 

Port Authority: Illinois International Port District 

Address: 3600 East 95th Street 

Chicago, IL 60617 

United States 

Phone: 773-646-4400 

Fax: 773-221-7678 

800 Number: 800-843-7678 

Email: info@theportofchicago.com 

Web Site: www.iipd.com 

Latitude: 41° 41' 22" N 


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UN/LOCODE: USCHI 




Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Joliet in Joliet, IL 

- USA 

Port Location: Joliet 

Port Name: Port of Joliet 


Address: Joliet, IL 

United States 

Phone: 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: 

Latitude: 41° 31' 59" N 


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Indiana 

United States 

Port Index 

Indiana has 6 ports 

The ports and harbors located in Indiana are listed below. 

E 

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East Chicago, IN 

Indiana Harbor 

Gary, IN 

Port of Gary 

Jeffersonville, IN 

Port of Indiana- 

Jeffersonville 

Mount Vernon, IN 

Port of Indiana-Mount 

Vernon 

Portage, IN 

Port of Indiana - Burns 

Harbor 

Evansville, IN 

Port of Evansville 

G 

J 

M 

P 

Indiana Harbor 

Port Detail 

The Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal are located on the 

southwestern shore of Lake Michigan in East Chicago, 

Indiana. The artificial waterway connects the Grand 

Calumet River to Lake Michigan. The harbor is made up of 

two canals (the two-kilometer Lake George Branch and the 

three-kilometer Grand Calumet River Branch) that form the 

Indiana Harbor Canal. 

The Indiana Harbor runs along the two-kilometer stretch 

that connects to Lake Michigan. In 2002, the Indiana 

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Harbor handled over 12 million metric tons of cargo, making 

it the 45th busiest harbor in the U.S. The Indiana Harbor 

handles more cargo than any other of the 25 Lake Michigan 

Federal commercial harbors, and it is the second ranking 

harbor in volume of the 55 Great Lakes Federal commercial 

harbors. 

Port History 

In 1901, the Inland Steel Company accepted 20 hectares of 

free land along Lake Michigan in exchange for a promise to 

build a harbor and railroad there. Inland Steel agreed to 

build a steel mill there, and the railroad that was 

constructed is still called the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad. 

During the first decades of the 20th Century, the shoreline 

grew to be an important industrial area serving the Great 

Lakes and the City of Chicago. In 1901 and 1902, work 

began on the canal. Many new industries sprang up along 

the waterway. 

Mark Manufacturing established its East Chicago mill on 

the Indiana Harbor's west side in 1917, and Clayton Mark 

built a housing community for the company near the mill. 

The new development, Marktown, became a residential 

sanctuary in the middle of a heavily industrial zone that 

included a tin mill, a rolling mill, and a refinery. 

The United States government took responsibility for 

Indiana Harbor and the canal in 1914. The first lighthouse 

appeared in the harbor in 1920, and the current tower was 

added in 1935. 

Although Indiana Harbor has been hurt by foreign 

competition, it still produces steel, and mills continue to 

operate. Years of heavy industry have created a significant 

pollution problem in the Indiana Harbor and Canal, but 

plans are underway to dredge and clean up the waterway. 

Port Commerce 

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The Chicago District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

maintains the Indiana Harbor under the River and Harbors 

Act of 1913. Today, the Corps' project includes a 708 meter 

long concrete-capped breakwater accompanied by a 

eastern 61-meter rubble mound extension and a northern 

341-meter rubble mound breakwater. 

The Indiana Harbor has a 244-meter wide, 8.8 meter deep 

approach channel and a 8.5-meter deep anchorage and 

turning basin. The Indiana Harbor entrance channel is 85 

meters wide and 8.8 meters deep, and the main canal 

channel is 6.7 meters deep. Two branch channels are also 

6.7 meters deep. 

The Indiana Harbor and Canal has not been dredged since 

1972 because there is not an appropriate disposal facility 

for the highly-contaminated canal sediment. The new 

disposal facility will have capacity for 3.6 thousand cubic 

meters and will accommodate maintenance dredging for a 

20-year period. 

Today, Indiana Harbor is still in the heart of a crowded 

industrial area that includes ArcelorMittal Steel's two 

facilities. The former Inland Steel Company is now the 

Indiana Harbor Works lies on the east side of the canal. BP 

has a refinery nearby. 

Cargoes of iron ore and limestone move through the 

Indiana Harbor and Canal to the steel mills from the 

quarries and mines in the upper Midwest regions. Other 

cargoes moving through the port include coke, steel, 

gypsum, cement, concrete, and petroleum products. 

Port Location: East Chicago 

Port Name: Indiana Harbor 


Address: East Chicago, IN 

United States 

Phone: 

Fax: 

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800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.lrc.usace.army.mil/coo/Ind_Hbr.htm 

Latitude: 41° 40' 24" N 


UN/LOCODE: USECH 



Port of Evansville 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Evansville in 

Evansville, IN - USA 

Port Location: Evansville 

Port Name: Port of Evansville 

Port Authority: Evansville Port Authority 

Address: Evansville, IN 

United States 

Phone: 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.evansvillegov.org 

Latitude: 37° 58' 15" N 


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Port of Gary 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Gary in Gary, IN - 

USA 

Port Location: Gary 

Port Name: Port of Gary 

Port Authority: United States Steel Corporation 

Address: Gary Works 

One North Broadway 

Gary, IN 

United States 

Phone: 219-888-2000 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.uss.com 

Latitude: 41° 36' 58" N 


UN/LOCODE: 



Port of Indiana-Jeffersonville 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Indiana- 

Jeffersonville in Jeffersonville, IN - USA 

Port Location: Jeffersonville 

Port Name: Port of Indiana-Jeffersonville 

Port Authority: Indiana Port Commission 

Address: 5100 Port Road 

Jeffersonville, IN 47130 

United States 

Phone: 812-283-9662 

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800 Number: 

Fax: 812-282-7505 

Email: bsieg@portsofindiana.com 

Web Site: www.portsofindiana.com 

Latitude: 38° 16' 45" N 


UN/LOCODE: USJFV 



Port of Indiana-Mount Vernon 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Indiana-Mount 

Vernon in Mount Vernon, IN - USA 

Port Location: Mount Vernon 

Port Name: Port of Indiana-Mount Vernon 


Address: 2751 Bluff Road 

Mount Vernon, IN 47620 

United States 

Phone: 812-838-4382 

800 Number: 

Fax: 812-838-4377 

Email: pwilzbacher@portsofindiana.com 


Latitude: 37° 55' 20" N 


UN/LOCODE: 


Port Size: Very Small 

Port of Indiana - Burns Harbor 

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Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Indiana - Burns 

Harbor in Portage, IN - USA 

Port Location: Portage 

Port Name: Port of Indiana - Burns Harbor 


Address: 6625 S. Boundary Drive 

Portage, IN 46368 

United States 

Phone: 219-787-8636 

800 Number: 

Fax: 219-787-8842 

Email: smosher@portsofindiana.com 


Latitude: 41° 38' 20" N 


UN/LOCODE: USPOJ 



Michigan 

United States 

Port Index 

Michigan has 23 ports 

The ports and harbors located in Michigan are listed below. 

. 

Detroit, MI 

Detroit/Wayne County 

Port Authority 

Most Popular 

Menominee, MI 

Port of Menominee 

A 

Sault Ste Marie, MI 

Port of Sault Ste Marie 

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Algonac, MI 

Port of Algonac 

Bay City, MI 

Port of Bay City 

Charlevoix, MI 

Port of Charlevoix 

Detroit, MI 

Detroit/Wayne County 

Port Authority 

Escanaba, MI 

Port of Escanaba 

Ferrysburg, MI 

Port of Ferrysburg 

Grand Haven, MI 

Grand Haven Marina 

Holland, MI 

Holland Harbor 

Alpena, MI 

Port of Alpena 

B 

C 

Cheboygan, MI 

Port of Cheboygan 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

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Ludington, MI 

Ludington Harbor 

Manistee, MI 

Manistee Harbor 

Marquette, MI 

Port of Marquette 

Ontonagon, MI 

Port of Ontonagon 

Port Huron, MI 

Port of Port Huron 

Rogers City, MI 

Port of Calcite 

Sault Ste Marie, MI 


Wyandotte, MI 

Wyandotte Harbor 

L 

M 

Menominee, MI 


Monroe, MI 

Port of Monroe 

O 

P 

Presque Isle, MI 

Presque Isle Harbor 

R 

Rogers City, MI 

Rogers City Marina 

S 

W 

Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority 

Muskegon, MI 

Muskegon Harbor 

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Port Detail 

The Port of Detroit is the largest city in the State of 

Michigan. It is the seat of Wayne County and a major port 

serving the United States’ Midwest region. The only major 

US city that can look south to Canada, it is on the northern 

shore of the Detroit River, north of Windsor, Canada. 

Famous as a world automotive center, it is home to the “Big 

Three” United States automakers (General Motors, Ford, 

and Chrysler). Nicknamed Motown, it is also the birthplace 

of some of America’s most popular music. 

Port History 

French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadilac founded Fort 

Detroit there in 1701, establishing the city’s French 

heritage. Fort Detroit was surrendered to the British in 1760 

after the British took it during the French and Indian War. 

Not too long after that, several indigenous tribes led by 

Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa laid siege to the Fort, leading to 

restrictions on while settlement there. The Port of Detroit 

passed to the United States in 1796. 

The Port of Detroit was the capital of Michigan from 1805 to 

1847. Falling to British troops during the War of 1812, the 

United States recaptured the city in 1813 and incorporated 

it in 1815. Before the American Civil War, its proximity to 

the Canadian border made the Port of Detroit an important 

stop on the Underground Railroad. Lieutenant Ulysses S. 

Grant was stationed in the city at the time, and his home 

still stands on the Michigan State Fairgrounds. 

Many Port of Detroit residents volunteered to fight for the 

Union, and the “Iron Brigade” defended Washington D.C. 

early during the Civil War. During the War, the Michigan 

Brigade was led by George Armstrong Custer, who called 

them the Wolverines. 

Called the “Paris of the West,” the Port of Detroit held many 

mansions and buildings in the Gilded Age of the late 1800s. 

Its strategic location on the Great Lakes made it an 

important transportation hub for the Nation. Growing 

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steadily from the 1830s, it was home to industries engaged 

in shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing. Then, in 1896, 

Henry Ford built his first automobile in a workshop on Mack 

Avenue. The Ford Motor Company was founded in 1904. 

The Port of Detroit was soon the world’s automotive capital, 

home to pioneers like Henry Ford, William Durant, Walter 

Chrysler, and the Dodge brothers. It also attracted truck 

manufacturers. During the first half of the 20th Century, the 

Port of Detroit grew rapidly. New residents poured in from 

the South to find work in the new automobile plants. 

It was for a time the fourth largest city in the United States. 

European immigrants joined the population flooding into the 

city, creating stiff competition for housing and jobs and 

adding to social tensions. During prohibition, the Detroit 

River was a favorite pathway for Canadian alcohol into the 

U.S. 

In the 1930s, the labor movement was strong in the Port of 

Detroit. The United Auto Workers and the Port of Detroit’s 

auto manufacturers were involved in bitter disputes, and 

labor activism brought national attention to union leaders 

like Walter Reuther and Jimmy Hoffa. In the 1940s, the 

world’s first urban depressed freeway was constructed 

there, and World War II supported continued industrial 

growth. With thousands of workers moving into the city for 

work, housing was scarce. Racial tensions blossomed into 

a riot in 1943. 

A complex freeway system was constructed in the 1950s 

and 1960s that made commutes easier but also destroyed 

traditionally black neighborhoods, creating a stark decline in 

the inner city. In 1967, the Twelfth Street Riot, combined 

with the building of auto plants in the suburbs, further 

encouraged “white flight” out of the city. Shifting population 

and industry left the city with a limited tax base. Many 

businesses and homes were left abandoned, and the Port 

of Detroit suffered an era of decay and urban blight that 

lasted for decades. 

In the 1970s, further pressure arrived in the form of foreign 

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competition from auto makers who built small, gas-efficient 

cars. With the auto industry’s base eroding and high-paying 

jobs in manufacturing disappearing, the Port of Detroit 

seemed doomed. Drug use and drug-related violence rose, 

forcing the demolition of abandoned buildings that were 

used by drug dealers. Large areas of the city became an 

“urban prairie,” with wild animals seen migrating back into 

the city. 

“Renaissance” has been a local by-word for years, and in 

the late 1970s, the Renaissance Center was opened 

downtown. Even this complex of sophisticated skyscrapers, 

however, could not reverse the decline in the city’s 

downtown areas. 

In the late 1990s, a downtown revival began. New 

skyscrapers arose. Three popular casinos opened. New 

stadiums were built downtown for the local sports teams, 

the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions. The city hosted the 

MLB All-Star Game in 2005 and, in 2006, Super Bowl XL, 

and the World Series. 

Today, development of the city’s riverfront is a top priority. 

The first areas of the Detroit River Walk were opened in 

2007, with parks and fountains, to spur tourism and 

reinvent the local economy. Million-dollar condos are rising 

along the river today, and the future looks bright. 

Port Commerce 

By 1751, the Port of Detroit had a French population of six 

hundred, and it was an important fur-trading center. When 

dredging created navigational channels between the Great 

Lakes and the Hudson River and the Erie Canal opened in 

the early 1800s, the Port of Detroit became an important 

passageway to the promising Northwest Territory. 

Its central location made the Port of Detroit a perfect point 

for shipment of timber, wool, and field products from the 

north and west as well as manufactured goods from the 

east. With the discovery of ores and limestone in northern 

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Michigan and supplies of coal in southern Michigan, the 

Port of Detroit became the logical point for trade and 

transportation. With increasing traffic came bankers, 

importers, storage companies, and shipbuilders, and 

laborers followed these employers. 

The Detroit River and the Port of Detroit were critical to the 

city becoming a major manufacturing center in mid-20th 

Century America. In 1925, Michigan’s legislature 

authorizing the Port Districts to coordinate maritime 

activities. Then in 1933, the Detroit Wayne County Port 

District was established to govern the shoreline in Wayne 

County. The Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority was 

created in 1978 to concentrate on port activities as more 

development began. 

The St. Lawrence Seaway System is a link between the 

world and United States heartland industry and agriculture. 

Over 200 million tons of cargo travels this 2000-mile long 

system every year, and the Port of Detroit is part of the 

system. Located in southwest Detroit at the foot of Clark 

Street, the Port of Detroit is within easy access to Interstate 

highways 75, 94, and 96 as well as the Ambassador 

Bridge. Railroads bring intermodal transportation to the 

Port. 

Covering 35 acres, the Port of Detroit has over 2000 feet of 

docks and 27 feet of seaway depth. The 128 thousand 

square foot facility offers covered storage for cargo, and 

work is underway to restore a four-acre ten-story 

warehouse. 

The Nicholson Terminal & Dock Company operates 

Michigan’s largest terminal facility with 5500 feet of dock, 

80 acres of yard, and almost 200 thousand square feet of 

covered storage. Offering two terminals with services that 

include loading and unloading of truck, rail, and barge 

cargo; container handling; cargo sorting and assembling; 

and long-term storage. They also offer year-round vessel 

repair services. 

The primary commodities handled by the Port of Detroit 

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include crude materials, manufactured goods, coal, and 

petroleum and petroleum products. In 2003, the Port of 

Detroit handled almost six million tons of ore, two million 

tons of stone/aggregate, 1.5 million tons of coal, and 1.3 

million tons of cement. 

In 2004, the Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority broke 

ground on a new $11 million US Public Dock and Terminal 

to enhance the city’s Riverfront as a tourist destination. 


The City of Detroit has long influenced the world with the 

automotive assembly line, the birth of the Motown style, 

and modern techno and rock. The Port of Detroit has many 

attractions that visitors won’t want to miss. New 

developments and attractions complement world-class 

theaters and museums, and historic landmarks, museums, 

mansions, and neighborhoods offer a wide range of mustsee 

sights. 

Among the elegant and interesting mansions that rose 

during the Port of Detroit’s hey-day are the Berry Gordy (of 

Motown music fame) House, the Cranbrook house and 

gardens, the David Whitney house (now an elegant 

restaurant), the Edsen and Eleanor Ford house (open for 

public tours), the Henry Ford Estate in Dearborn (open for 

tours), the Lawrence P. Fisher Mansion, and the S.S. 

Kresge house. 

Landmarks not to be missed include the 1920s 

Ambassador Bridge. Belle Isle, the country’s biggest island 

park, contains 983 acres designed by world-class 

landscape architect Frederick Olmstead, the beautiful 

James Scott Fountain, and the world’s biggest marble light 

house. Belle Isle also offers a public beach, playgrounds, 

sports fields and tennis courts, picnic areas, a waterslide, 

and a nine-hole golf course. 

Port Location: Detroit 

Port Name: Detroit/Wayne County Port 

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Authority 

Port Authority: Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority 

Address: 8109 E. Jefferson Avenue 

Detroit, MI 48214 

United States 

Phone: (313) 331-3842 

Fax: (313) 331-5457 

800 Number: (800) 249-PORT 

Email: 

Web Site: www.portdetroit.com 

Latitude: 42° 15' 27" N 


UN/LOCODE: USDET 




Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Menominee in 

Menominee, MI - USA 

Port Location: Menominee 

Port Name: Port of Menominee 

Port Authority: City of Menominee 

Address: 2511 10th St 

Menominee, MI 49858 

United States 

Phone: 906 863-2656 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.cityofmenominee.org 

Latitude: 45° 6' 45" N 


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UN/LOCODE: USMNM 




Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Sault Ste Marie in 

Sault Ste Marie, MI - USA 

Port Location: Sault Ste Marie 

Port Name: Port of Sault Ste Marie 

Port Authority: City of Sault Ste Marie, Economic 

Development Corporation 

Address: 1301 West Easterday Avenue 

Sault Ste Marie, MI 49783 

United States 

Phone: 906 635-9131 

800 Number: 

Fax: 906 635-1999 

Email: 

Web Site: 

Latitude: 46° 30' 0" N 


UN/LOCODE: 



Minnesota 

United States 

Port Index 

Minnesota has 5 ports 

The ports and harbors located in Minnesota are listed below. 

D 

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Duluth, MN 

Port of Duluth 

International Falls, MN 

Port of International 

Falls 

Minneapolis, MN 

Port of Minneapolis 

Saint Paul, MN 

Port of Saint Paul 

Taconite Harbor, MN 

Taconite Harbor 

I 

M 

S 

T 

Port of Duluth 

Port Detail 

The Port of Duluth is the western terminus of the St. 

Lawrence Seaway and the largest port on the Great Lakes. 

With a population of over 86 thousand people, it is the seat 

for St. Louis County, Minnesota. It lies at the mouth of the 

St. Louis River on Lake Superior, across the river from 

Superior, Wisconsin. The two ports combine to surround 

the Duluth-Superior harbor. 

Port History 

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When French Daniel Greysolon, sieur Du Luth, visited the 

area, it was inhabited by the indigenous Lakota (commonly 

known as the Sioux) and Ojibwa peoples. Paleo-Indian 

cultures had lived there for thousands of years, and the 

“Old Copper” people followed. While Pontius Pilot ruled 

Jerusalem, the Woodlands people built burial mounds, 

created pottery, and grew wild rice here. 

Frenchmen first came to the area in 1659 looking for furs, 

but sieur Du Luth claimed the area for the French in 1679. 

The fur-trading outpost of Fond du Lac was soon 

established on the St. Louis River, and it remained active 

until the mid-1800s. German immigrant John Jacob Astor 

built a store on the St. Louis River. While the enterprise 

struggled at first, Astor convinced the US Congress to ban 

foreigners from trading in US territory, giving his American 

Fur Company a boost in 1816. 

George P. Stuntz was the first to settle the area in 1852. In 

1854, a treaty with the Lake Superior Ojibwa (also known 

as Chippewa) established an Indian reservation to which 

they were moved upstream from Duluth. Stuntz was soon 

followed by miners looking for copper, and the Port of 

Duluth was laid out in 1856. 

Prosperity came to the area when a railroad extension and 

the Duluth Ship Canal (1871) made lumbering and 

development of iron ranges profitable. A road connected 

the Port of Duluth to Minneapolis/St. Paul. Before long, 

eleven villages grew up on both sides of the River, 

establishing the roots of what would become Duluth. But in 

1857, as copper became rare, the local economy shifted to 

harvesting timber. Then a national economic crisis forced 

almost 75% of the early settlers to leave the area. 

On January 1, 1869, only fourteen families were there to 

celebrate the New Year. But the Lake Superior and 

Mississippi Railroad linked Duluth to St. Paul and opened 

the north and western regions to mining for iron ore. By July 

4th of the same year, 3500 people were there to celebrate. 

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The Port of Duluth thrived after that. 

In the 1900s, the Port of Duluth was for a time the busiest 

port in the United States, surpassing even New York City in 

gross tonnage. In the early 20th Century, US Steel 

established a huge plant and a company-town at Morgan 

Park, now a neighborhood in Duluth, bringing thousands of 

people to the area in search of work. 

During the 20th Century, the Port of Duluth attracted 

immigrants from around the world. It was home to a large 

community of Finnish people. Settlers also arrived from 

Ireland, Italy, England, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Poland, 

Serbia, Ukraine, Hungary, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, and 

Russia. 

Throughout most of the 1900s, the Port of Duluth was a 

busy industrial city and seaport. World War I brought a 

shipbuilding plant, and the Riverside neighborhood grew up 

around it. World War II brought similar growth, and 

population reached its peak of over 100 thousand people in 

1960. 

The closing of the US Steel plant in 1987 due to foreign 

competition was a heavy blow to the Port of Duluth. The 

closing started a movement of industry out of the city. 

Shipbuilding, heavy machinery manufacturers, and the local 

Air Force base closed. By the late 1990s, unemployment 

had reached 15%. 

With industrial decline, the Port of Duluth shifted its focus to 

tourism. At the beginning of the 21st Century, Duluth’s 

Canal Park is a tourist center of red brick streets, skywalks, 

and waterfront restaurants, cafes, and shops created from 

old warehouses. 

Port Commerce 

The Port of Duluth is managed by the Duluth Seaway Port 

Authority created by the Minnesota Legislature in 1955. The 

harbor covers 19 square miles of land and water, and the 

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waterfront area is 49 miles long, boasting 17 miles of 

dredged channels. Each year, 45 million net tons of cargo 

pass through the Port of Duluth. 

Over 1000 vessels call at the Port of Duluth each year 

carrying passengers and cargo. The Port of Duluth handles 

more ore and coal than any other US port and more grain 

than any other port of the Great Lakes. In 2005, the Port of 

Duluth was the 16th busiest port in the United States in 

total cargo handled. The port supports 2000 jobs and brings 

$200 million to the area every year, with $2 billion US in 

cargo shipped through the Port of Duluth’s docks. 

The Port of Duluth contains 15 major facilities, including six 

multi-purpose bulk terminals, a general cargo distribution 

center, two docks for ores, one dock for coal, and six grain 

elevators with capacity for 55 million bushels of grain. 

In 2007, the Port of Duluth handled almost 48 million tons 

of cargo, including 13.3 million tons of Canadian exports, 

almost 32 million tons of domestic cargo, and 2.4 million 

tons of overseas cargo. Of those 48 million tons, 19.8 

million were iron ore, 20.8 million were coal, and 3.2 were 

gains. 


The Port of Duluth is a member of the Great Lakes Cruising 

Coalition, a joint American-Canadian group that supports 

passenger cruising on the Great Lakes. Companies offering 

Great Lakes cruises include the Great Lakes Cruise 

Company, Classic Golf Cruises, American Canadian 

Caribbean Cruise Line Inc., Pearl Seas Cruises, and the St. 

Lawrence Cruise Line. Travelers can find cruise 

opportunities that will take them around the Great Lakes or 

up the St. Lawrence Seaway to the Atlantic Ocean and 

beyond. 

Visitors to the Port of Duluth will enjoy all the city has to 

offer. A cosmopolitan center for northeastern Minnesota, it 

boasts a ballet, symphony orchestra, and playhouse. It also 

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offers the Tweed Museum of Art and the Duluth Art 

Institute. Rail and shipping enthusiasts will want to visit the 

Lake Superior Railroad Museum and the Lake Superior 

Maritime Visitor Center. 

Visitors to the Port of Duluth will discover the country’s only 

all-freshwater aquarium, an enchanting zoo, and the 1908 

Glensheen, a 22-acre lakeside estate. Winter brings 

travelers to the ski resort. In February, you can enjoy the 

John Beargrease Sled Dog Marathon. 

Port Location: Duluth 

Port Name: Port of Duluth 

Port Authority: Duluth Seaway Port Authority 

Address: 1200 Port Terminal Drive 

Duluth, MN 55802 

United States 

Phone: 213-727-8525 

Fax: 218-727-6888 

800 Number: 800-232-0703 

Email: admin@duluthport.com 

Web Site: www.duluthport.com 

Latitude: 46° 45' 35" N 


UN/LOCODE: USDLH 



Port of International Falls 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of International Falls 

in International Falls, MN - USA 

Port Location: International Falls 

Port Name: Port of International Falls 

Port Authority: City of International Falls 

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Address: International Falls, MN 

United States 

Phone: 218-283-9484 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.ci.international-falls.mn.us 

Latitude: 48° 36' 17" N 


UN/LOCODE: 



Port of Minneapolis 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Minneapolis in 

Minneapolis, MN - USA 

Port Location: Minneapolis 

Port Name: Port of Minneapolis 

Port Authority: City of Minneapolis 

Address: 350 South Fifth Street 

Minneapolis, MN 55415 

United States 

Phone: 612 673-3000. 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us 

Latitude: 45° 0' 14" N 


UN/LOCODE: 


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Port of Saint Paul 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Saint Paul in 

Saint Paul, MN - USA 

Port Location: Saint Paul 

Port Name: Port of Saint Paul 

Port Authority: City of Saint Paul 

Address: 15 W. Kellogg Blvd. 

Saint Paul, MN 55102 

United States 

Phone: 651 266-8989 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.stpaul.gov 

Latitude: 44° 55' 10" N 


UN/LOCODE: 



Taconite Harbor 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Taconite Harbor in 

Taconite Harbor, MN - USA 

Port Location: Taconite Harbor 

Port Name: Taconite Harbor 


Address: Taconite Harbor, MN 

United States 

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Phone: 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: 

Latitude: 47° 31' 26" N 


UN/LOCODE: USTCH 



New York 

United States 

Port Index 

New York has 27 ports 

The ports and harbors located in New York are listed below. Most 

Popular 

Albany, NY 

Port of Albany 

Albany, NY 


Bay Shore, NY 

Bay Shore Harbor 

Cape Vincent, NY 

Port of Cape Vincent 

Greenport, NY 

Buffalo, NY 

Port of Buffalo 

A 

Alexandria Bay, NY 

Port of Alexandria Bay 

B 

Buffalo, NY 


C 

Catskill, NY 

Port of Catskill 

G 

New York, NY 

Port of New York 

Clayton, NY 

Port of Clayton 

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Greenport Harbor 

Kingston, NY 

Port of Kingston 

Mamaroneck, NY 

Mamaroneck Harbor 

New York, NY 


Ocean Beach, NY 

Ocean Beach Harbor 

Patchogue, NY 

Patchogue Harbor 

Port Chester, NY 

Port Chester Harbor 

Riverhead, NY 

Riverhead Terminal 

Sodus Point, NY 

K 

Kismet, NY 

Kismet Harbor 

M 

N 

Newburgh, NY 

Port of Newburgh 

O 

Ogdensburg, NY 

Port of Ogdensburg 

op 

P 

Port Jefferson, NY 

Port Jefferson Harbor 

R 

Rochester, NY 

Port of Rochester 

S 

Northport, NY 

Port of Northport 

Oswego, NY 

Port of Oswego 

Poughkeepsie, NY 

Port of Poughkeepsie 

Rouses Point, NY 

Port of Rouses Point 

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Sodus Point Harbor 

Troy, NY 

Port of Troy 

Yonkers, NY 

Port of Yonkers 

T 

Y 


Port Detail 

The Port of Albany is the oldest existing European 

settlement that was part of the first thirteen colonies in what 

was to become the United States. It is also the capital of 

the State of New York. The Port of Albany is also the 

northern end point of the Hudson River deep-water channel 

where goods are moved between ocean-going vessels to 

the routes of the New York State Canal System and the 

Great Lakes. Just 14 kilometers south of the Port of Troy, 

the Port of Albany is around 200 kilometers north of the 

Port of New York City. In 2000, more than 95 thousand 

people lived in the Port of Albany, and over 875 thousand 

lived in the greater Albany-Schenectady-Troy metropolitan 

area. 

As the state capital, the Port of Albany economy is based 

on state government. It has some industry, including plants 

that manufacture machine tools, industrial equipment, 

electronics, paper, clothing, chemicals, and dental 

products. The city has become a leader in the 

nanotechnology industry, and it is the heart of a 19-county 

region called "Tech Valley" in New York. 

Port History 

In 1609, Englishman Henry Hudson came to the area that 

would be Albany while exploring for the Dutch East India 

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Company. In 1614, Hendrick Christiaensen established the 

first Dutch fur trading post on Castle Island in today's Port 

of Albany. However, the new trading post was not wanted 

by the French colony in Canada or by the indigenous 

peoples of the area. A flood eventually destroyed the post. 

In 1624, the trading post (called Fort Orange) was rebuilt a 

little north of the original location, and the nearby village of 

Beverwyck was incorporated in 1652. The British took the 

lands in 1664, changing the name of the village to Albany 

after the Duke of York and Albany (who became King 

James II of England). The Dutch retook the settlement 

briefly in 1673-74. In 1686, the Port of Albany was 

chartered as a municipality by colonial Governor Thomas 

Dongan. 

In 1754, the Albany Congress saw representatives from 

seven colonies in North America meet to discuss the 

Albany Plan of Union, the first plan to unite the British 

colonies. While it was not adopted, it was the forerunner of 

the US Constitution. Philip Livingston, an Albany resident, 

was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 

Aaron Burr had a law office in the Port of Albany, and 

Alexander Hamilton was married there. 

By 1686, about 500 people lived in the Port of Albany, and 

it grew steadily to a population of 3498 in the first US 

census of 1790. By 1810, it was the country's 10th biggest 

city with a population of over 10 thousand. The Port of 

Albany became the State's capital in 1797. 

From its beginnings, the Port of Albany was an important 

hub of transportation. In 1807, Robert Fulton's steamboat 

line was launched from the Port of Albany traveling to New 

York. In 1825, a 1300-meter pier was built on the Port of 

Albany shoreline, and two bridges marked the port area of 

13 hectares. In the same year, the Erie Canal was opened, 

giving the Port of Albany waterborne access to the Great 

Lakes. In 1826, the Albany and Schenectady Railroad 

linked the two cities, eventually becoming part of the New 

York Central Railroad. After these events, the Port of 

Albany continued to grow in importance as a regional hub 

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for commerce and transportation. 

Port Commerce 

The Albany Port District Commission is the port authority 

for the Port of Albany. Since the Port of Albany was 

founded more than 300 years ago, it has been an important 

hub for transportation in the region. With traffic moving from 

the Hudson River to the state's far-reaching canal system 

and quick access to road and rail networks, the Port of 

Albany occupies a strategic position in the future 

development of the region. The Albany International Airport 

is only 15 minutes from the port. 

In 2007, the Port of Albany welcomed 72 vessels carrying a 

total of 768.8 thousand tons of cargo, including 648 

thousand tons of outbound cargo and 120.8 thousand tons 

of inbound cargo. The major cargo in 2007 through the Port 

of Albany was grain (458.5 thousand tons), but the port also 

handled scrap iron (173.8 thousand tons), wood pulp (44.4 

thousand tons), heavy-lift / project cargoes (33.5 thousand 

tons), and molasses (31 thousand tons). The port also 

handled smaller volumes of steel, liquid fertilizer, salt, and 

cement. 

The Hudson River is open to traffic throughout the year. 

Maximum draft at the Port of Albany is 9.5 meters, and it 

can accommodate ships up to 288.6 meters long and 33.5 

meters wide with a maximum air draft of 40.8 meters. The 

Hudson River Pilots Association offers 24-hour-a-day 

service to the Port of Albany. 

The Port of Albany's deep-water facilities are located on the 

west (Albany) and east (Rensselaer) sides of the Hudson 

River. Wharves on the Albany side are a total of 1280 

meters long and on the Rensselaer side a total of 335 

meters long. 

The wharf at the Rensselaer Terminal also includes a 4hectare 

open storage yard. The Port of Albany contains two 

backup warehouses and five transit sheds covering 32.5 

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thousand square meters of sprinkler-protected storage as 

well as a five-hectare road salt depot and a five-hectare 

scrap yard. 

The Port of Albany also contains a 21.7-million cubic meter 

grain elevator and capacity to store over 68 thousand cubic 

meters of bulk liquid cargo at two terminals. The Port of 

Albany is served by 32 kilometers of standard gauge rail 

tracks and can handle on-dock heavy-lift vessel-to-rail 

transfer. The Port of Albany offers super-sacking and 

debagging operations. 

The Port of Albany specializes in handling heavy-lift and 

project cargoes, dimensional cargoes, grain, cocoa beans, 

salt, forest products, steel and wind energy products, and 

millscale and gypsum. The Port of Albany has large foodgrade 

storage capacity equipped with fire sprinklers and 

fogging to control insects. With a central location in New 

York State for distributing cargoes to grinding plants 

throughout the region, the Port of Albany is focusing on 

importing, handling, and storing cargoes of cocoa beans. 

The Port of Albany is well-equipped to handle heavy-lift, 

dimensional, and project cargoes. With dockside rail, the 

Port of Albany offers on-dock capacity for one thousand 

pounds per square foot. It also contains over eight hectares 

of open storage for these cargoes. 

The Port of Albany is one of the country's outstanding small 

cities, and the Port of Albany focuses on developing its 

waterfront property along the Hudson River, not only for 

waterborne commerce but for public recreation as well. The 

Albany Port District Commission secured funding for and 

planned an ambitious riverfront development project called 

the Corning Preserve. The project contains 1.7 hectares of 

parkland, a new amphitheater, a walking and bike trail, 

floating boat docks, and a visitors center. The new trail is 

part of the 56-kilometer Mohawk-Hudson Bike-Hike Trail 

that extends north to the Town of Rotterdam on the 

Mohawk River and part of the planned statewide Canalway 

trail running parallel to the old Erie Canal. 

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The City of Albany is undergoing a major revitalization effort 

for its downtown and waterfront areas. It is already a 

treasure for history-buffs. For information on the many 

attractions in the Port of Albany, visit the city's tourism 

website. 

The Port of Albany has a humid climate with cold snowy 

winters and hot wet summers. Snowfall normally exceeds 

1.5 meters, although it does not accumulate at that level. 

Winters are very cold, with temperatures dropping to -18 °C 

(0 °F) in the evening. Summers can be humid and hot, with 

temperatures exceeding 32 °C (90 °F). While 

thunderstorms are common, tornadoes are rare. 

Architecture buffs will find many interesting buildings in the 

Port of Albany. The New York State Capitol building is a 

work of art, and Albany City Hall was designed by famous 

architect H.H. Richardson. The 1736 Quackenbush House 

is the oldest Dutch building in the Port of Albany. 

The Port of Albany is home to the New York State Museum, 

the biggest state museum in the United States with dozens 

of permanent and unique exhibits that enchant visitors. 

Plan to spend at least one full day exploring the museum. 

One exhibit explores the many archaeological excavations 

that have uncovered artifacts from the early Dutch 

settlement and the colonial period. Another exhibit tells the 

story of New York when it was home to dinosaurs. 

The Port of Albany's New York State Museum also features 

the Harlem in the 20s exhibit that portrays the rich culture of 

that New York City neighborhood in its heyday. Kids of all 

ages will enjoy the full-size carousel made in the early 20th 

Century. The Fire Engine Hall contains fire-fighting 

equipment from the 18th, 19th, and 20th Centuries. 

Metropolis Hall tracks the history of New York City from the 

early natural harbor to the busy port and modern 

skyscrapers of modern times. The Native Peoples of New 

York exhibit looks at the cultural and natural history of the 

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state over the last twelve thousand years. A relatively new 

exhibit tells the story of the September 11th attack on the 

World Trade Center and the heroic rescue and recovery 

efforts that followed. 

In 2002, the Port of Albany's Hudson River Way opened to 

provide a pedestrian walkway from the city's historic 

waterfront to downtown. Both a great architectural 

achievement and an outdoor museum, the River Way is 

lined with engraved bricks from the people and groups that 

contributed to the walkway and with ornate old-fashioned 

lampposts that are also unique works of art depicting the 

historic artifacts that have been discovered in 

archaeological digs of the city. 

The Washington Park Historic District in the Port of Albany 

was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 

1972. It contains Washington Park, its lake, and 

surrounding properties. Renowned landscape architect 

Frederick Law Olmstead designed the park which includes 

the Park Playhouse offering free musicals and plays 

through the summer months. Each May, the Tulip Fest 

celebrates the area's Dutch heritage. 

Port Location: Albany 

Port Name: Port of Albany 

Port Authority: Albany Port District Commission 

Address: Administration Building 


Albany, NY 12202-1089 

United States 

Phone: 518-463-8763 

800 Number: 

Fax: 518-463-8767 

Email: rhendrick@portofalbany.us 

Web Site: www.portofalbany.com 

Latitude: 42° 37' 26" N 


UN/LOCODE: USALB 

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Port Detail 

The Port of Buffalo lies on the far-northeastern shores of 

Lake Erie where it meets the Niagara River in western New 

York State. The Port of Buffalo is about 125 kilometers 

south of the Port of Toronto (across Lake Ontario) and 110 

kilometers south-southwest of the Port of Rochester, New 

York. It is the second biggest city in the State and the 

center of a large metropolitan region that includes 

Lackawanna, Niagara Falls, Amherst, Lancaster, and many 

other New York towns. In 2000, over 292 thousand people 

called the Port of Buffalo home, and almost 1.2 million 

people lived in the urban area from Buffalo to Niagara Falls 

some 28 kilometers to the northwest. 

Historically, the Port of Buffalo was home to heavy 

industries that included railroad and Great Lakes shipping, 

steel and automobile manufacturing, and grain storage. 

However, many of these industries have left the city since 

the middle 20th Century. The Port of Buffalo is the United 

States' busiest inland port and its second largest rail center. 

Today, the Port of Buffalo's economy is mixed with 

important service, high-tech, light manufacturing, and 

industrial sectors. The city continues to grow as a center for 

human genome research and bioinformatics as well. 

Port History 

The Port of Buffalo was home to The Neutrals (or the 

Attawandaron), a tribe of the Iroquois Nation, until it was 

overrun by the Senecas of the Iroquois Confederacy. In 

1804, an agent of the Holland Land Company, Joseph 

Ellicott, designed a street plan for the new Port of Buffalo, 

one of three radial street plans in the United States. British 

troops burned the village of Buffalo in 1813 during the War 

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of 1812. 

In 1825 when about 2400 people lived in the Port of 

Buffalo, the Erie Canal was finished with the Port of Buffalo 

as its western terminus. Opening of the Canal brought a 

flood of people and business to the Port of Buffalo, and it 

was incorporated as a city in 1832 with a population of 

about ten thousand. 

The Port of Buffalo has been home to a sizeable African- 

American community for many years. In 1845, the 

Macedonia Baptist Church was built, and it became an 

important meeting place for abolitionists before the 

American Civil War. Several leaders of the abolitionist 

movement lived in the Port of Buffalo, and it was a stop on 

the Underground Railroad where escaping slaves crossed 

the Niagara River into Fort Erie in Ontario. 

The Port of Buffalo continued to grow during the 1840s 

when it served around 93 thousand passengers moving 

west. Increasing shipments of grain and commercial 

products resulted in many expansions of the harbor. The 

Port of Buffalo was the site of one of the firs steampowered 

grain elevators that made it possible to unload 

lake freighters faster. 

In 1861, future President Abraham Lincoln visited the Port 

of Buffalo on his way to Washington DC, staying at the 

American Hotel. During the Civil War, the city's population 

continued to grow. The Port of Buffalo sent many recruits to 

join the Union effort, and Buffalo manufacturers sent war 

supplies and materials to help. The Niagara Steam Forge 

Works made parts for the famous ironclad ship, the USS 

Monitor. 

As the 20th Century began, hydroelectric power generated 

from the Niagara River supplied local mills, and the Port of 

Buffalo won the nickname "City of Light" due to its liberal 

use of electric lighting. It added the first electric street lights 

in the United States in 1881. The Port of Buffalo was also a 

major player in the infant automobile industry, being home 

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to the early Pierce Arrow and the Seven Little Buffaloes. 

In 1901, United States President William McKinley was 

assassinated at the Pan-American Exposition in the Port of 

Buffalo. When he died eight days later, Theodore Roosevelt 

was sworn in as President at the Wilcox Mansion in Buffalo. 

When the St. Lawrence Seaway was opened in 1957, the 

Port of Buffalo was effectively cut off from important trade 

routes. The area began to lose important industries, and 

residents began to move to the suburbs. The Port of 

Buffalo's economy went into decline. Its population of onehalf 

million people in the 1950s declined by half in the 

following decades. 

The modern Port of Buffalo is enjoying a 21st Century 

rebound with new investment and economic development. 

The downtown core is being renovated, and the city once 

again offers a promising job market. 

Port Commerce 

The Gateway Metroport owns and operates the Port of 

Buffalo, which is the seventh busiest port on the Great 

Lakes and the United States' 28th busiest seaports. Just 35 

kilometers east of Port Colborne in Ontario, Canada, the 

Port of Buffalo is the first port of call in the United States for 

vessels entering or leaving the Great Lakes. Its central 

location makes it an excellent distribution point for goods 

that reach 75% of the Canadian population. 

The Port of Buffalo contains piers with alongside depth of 

8.2 meters that can accommodate up to seven vessels at 

the same time. The Port of Buffalo offers over 80 hectares 

for storage of bulk cargoes at or near the deep-water 

facilities and ample heavy-lift equipment and conveyor belt 

systems to facilitate the efficient movement of cargo. 

Foreign Trade Zone #23 at the Port of Buffalo has reached 

its capacity, and new satellite foreign trade zones are now 

operating near the international airport and in Amherst. 

The Port of Buffalo is open for navigation from early April 

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until late December each year. Vessels travel about 487 

meters from the breakwater to the harbor. Gateway 

Metroport is located at the lakefront, and there are no 

pilotage or approach restrictions. The harbor at the Port of 

Buffalo has a depth of 8.2 meters at each of the public 

terminals. 

The public use terminal facilities at the Port of Buffalo 

consist of a 1.1 thousand square meter dock area served 

by both road and railway. The facility is served by a 230-ton 

capacity crawler crane and a 55-ton capacity gantry crane. 

The South Buffalo Railroad supports the terminal and the 

harbor area. Salvage equipment and towing facilities are 

available, but vessel repair facilities are limited. 

The Port of Buffalo's Gateway Metroport is a full-service 

facility located near downtown Buffalo, offering efficient and 

fast access to markets in southern Ontario and the 

northeastern United States. The Metroport has more than 

2.7 meters of dock space that can accommodate eight 

large vessels, and no tugboat service is needed to reach 

the berths. 

The Port of Buffalo Gateway Metroport Dock at the West 

Side of the Lackawanna Canal is 1.2 thousand meters long 

with alongside depth of 8 meters. The dock includes 

storage capacity for 40 thousand tons of coke, 25 thousand 

tons of salt, and 100 thousand tons of steel. The Port of 

Buffalo's Gateway Metroport Dock on the East Side of the 

Lackawanna Canal is also 1.2 thousand meters long with 

alongside depth of 8 meters and has capacity to store 300 

thousand tons of stone, 200 thousand tons of steel, and 25 

thousand tons of salt. 

The Terminal Building at the Port of Buffalo's Gateway 

Metroport offers over 3.7 thousand square meters of heated 

warehouse and distribution space and easy access to rail, 

road, and water routes. The Gateway Metroport offers more 

than eight hectares of storage space for bulk cargoes and 

an additional four-hectare paved open storage area. 

Additional land area is available for general cargo, and the 

Port of Buffalo will build to suit on port lands available for 

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warehousing, distribution, and manufacturing activities. 

The terminal is located on a busy New York State railroad 

interchange that serves five Class I rail lines. The New York 

State Interstate-90 is minutes from the Metroport and from 

the Peace Bridge to Canada. The Port of Buffalo's Gateway 

Metroport is within a New York State Development Zone 

and a US Foreign Trade Zone that offer many advantages 

to businesses using the Port of Buffalo to move their 

cargoes. 


The City of Buffalo is the economic and cultural hub for the 

Western New York region with a metropolitan population of 

over 1.2 million people. While it was once a busy industrial 

center, the Port of Buffalo is now home to world-famous 

architecture, outstanding universities, outstanding art 

galleries, and a diverse entertainment community. Modern 

Buffalo has been recognized as America's third cleanest 

city. It has won the "All-America City Award" two times, and 

USA Today's called it the "City with a Heart." It was also 

recognized by the National Trust for Historic Preservation 

as one of the 2009 Dozen Distinctive Destinations, and the 

New York Time says it is one of the 44 places to visit in the 

US. 

The Port of Buffalo is well-known for its snow-laden winters. 

Its relatively humid continental climate has a maritime 

feeling influenced by the Great Lakes. The Port of Buffalo 

has short transitional seasons and a harsh winter. Average 

temperatures range from a high of 27 ?C (80 ?F) in July to 

a low of -8 ?C (18 ?F) in January. 

In 1901, Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as the 26th 

President of the United States after the death of President 

William McKinley from an assassin's bullet. Four areas 

within the Port of Buffalo's Wilcox Mansion, the site of the 

inauguration, have been preserved and are now open for 

tours. In the Christmas season, the historic landmark home 

is decorated in grand Victorian style with a unique holiday 

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boutique where visitors can find one-of-a-kind gifts. 

Delaware Park is part of the larger Olmsted Park system 

designed by renowned landscape architect Frederick Law 

Olmsted and his firm. This 141-hectare Port of Buffalo park 

with meadows and forests also contains facilities for 

jogging, tennis, golf, basketball, yoga, and Tai Chi. At its 

heart is the beautiful Hoyt Lake. During the summer, the 

public enjoys the "Shakespeare in Delaware Park" festival. 

Just 12 kilometers north of the Port of Buffalo, visitors will 

find the Herschell Carrousel Factory Museum, the only 

such museum in the world, located in the original factory 

building. The museum has a working 1916 carousel and a 

Kiddies' Carousel from the 1940s. The entire first floor of 

the facility contains exhibits that explain the factory 

operations, and the museum hosts some 15 thousand 

visitors each year. Visitors can also join woodcarving 

classes, family events, and guided tours of the factory. The 

fascinating museum exhibits include carving and restoring 

the carousel horses and making the band organ rolls. 

Port Location: Buffalo 

Port Name: Port of Buffalo 

Port Authority: Gateway Metroport 

Address: 2544 Clinton Street 

PO Box 880 

Buffalo, NY 14224 

United States 

Phone: 716 826-7310 

800 Number: 

Fax: 716 826-1342 

Email: info@portofbuffalo.com 

Web Site: www.portofbuffalo.com 

Latitude: 42° 50' 47" N 


UN/LOCODE: USBUF 


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Port Detail 

The Port of New York is the biggest city in the United 

States and an important seaport. Located at the mouth of 

the Hudson River, the Port of New York is about 122 

kilometers northeast of the Port of Philadelphia and some 

345 kilometers southwest of the Port of Boston. Containing 

five boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx, Manhattan, and 

Staten Island), the Port of New York metropolitan area 

covers Manhattan and Staten Islands, western Long Island, 

and a small part of New York State's mainland. Its 

boroughs are almost like different countries in this truly 

international city. It is North America's most-used gateway 

to the world. Covering almost 79 thousand hectares, the 

Port of New York's population was over 8.2 million in 2007, 

and more than 18.8 million people lived in the New York- 

Northern New Jersey-Long Island metropolitan area. 

The enormous Port of New York is a worldwide center for 

business and commerce and one of three centers (with 

London and Tokyo) for the world economy. Home to the 

United Nations, it has received millions of immigrants from 

around the world over the past centuries. The Port of New 

York is the largest regional economy in the United States, 

with a gross metropolitan product of over $1 trillion per 

year. The Port of New York is perhaps the United States' 

most influential financial, business, real estate, media, and 

arts center. The Port of New York is home to 43 Fortune 

500 companies and has more foreign corporations than any 

other American City. Out of every 10 private sector jobs in 

the Port of New York, one is with a foreign company. The 

Port of New York is also the location of some of the world's 

most valuable and expensive real estate. Property on Park 

Avenue has sold for over $17 thousand per square meter. 

Manhattan alone contains over 3.2 thousand hectares of 

office space. 

The Port of New York's Midtown Manhattan is the biggest 

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central business district in the country. Lower Manhattan is 

the third largest central business district in the country, and 

it is home to Wall Street and the New York Stock Exchange 

and NASDAQ. More than a third of the Port of New York's 

wages come from the financial services industry. The Port 

of New York has the biggest television and film industry in 

the United States after Hollywood, and its creative 

industries are a growing and vital part of the Port of New 

York's economy. Other growing economic sectors in the 

Port of New York include biotechnology, software, game 

design, internet services, medical research and technology, 

non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing is still 

a large part of the Port of New York economy, but it is has a 

shrinking share of the jobs. Products produced in the Port 

of New York include chemicals, metals, processed foods, 

and furniture. The Port of New York exports some $234 

million worth of chocolate exports per year. 

Port History 

In 1600, seven Wappinger tribes with about eight thousand 

members lived in 30 villages in the Hudson River Valley 

and on what would become the Port of New York and the 

New York-Connecticut border. After Europeans arrived, that 

population quickly began to shrink. Smallpox arrived in the 

mid-1630s and again in 1692. 

By 1700, their population was perhaps 10% of its original 

size after having one epidemic after another (including 

malaria) sweep over their lands. Some 1600 Wappinger 

were killed during the Wappinger War of 1643-1645. After 

1700, only a few hundred of the indigenous people 

remained in the Hudson Valley. By 1758, almost all had left 

what would be the Port of New York. One group remains of 

what may be Wappinger peoples, the Ramapough 

Mountain People, in northern New Jersey. 

The first two Europeans to see the Port of New York Harbor 

were Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and Henry Hudson in 

1609. When Hudson reported the protected harbor and rich 

farmland to the Dutch West India Company, they decided to 

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establish a trading post on the southern shores of what was 

called Manna-hata Island. By 1626, the Dutch settlement of 

New Amsterdam, and the Port of New York, had been 

established. The future Port of New York was not the first 

Dutch settlement in the New World, but it was the most 

prized. 

Peter Minuit arrived to purchase the land for the future Port 

of New York in 1626 for goods worth about 60 guilders from 

the natives that lived there. Minuit and those that followed 

were sent to get furs and build trade, and this mission led to 

the development of one of the world's greatest cities. In 

1638, the Port of New York was clearly active as the Dutch 

governor reported that a quarter of all buildings were grog 

shops serving sailors. 

Slowly, the Port of New York moved to the north. Farms 

were laid out, and trade with New England and the rest of 

the world despite clashes with the indigenous peoples. 

Peter Stuyvesant is probably the most famous Dutch 

governor. With a military background, Stuyvesant brought 

order to the unruly Port of New York. In 1653, as the 

Director General of New Netherland, he recognized New 

Amsterdam as an independent city. 

Attempting to impose his country's religion on the 

increasingly multi-cultural area resulted in conflicts with the 

Quaker population that had settled Flushing in 1657. 

Stuyvesant was ordered to turn away from dissenters as 

long as they did not interfere with trade or civil society in the 

Port of New York. This was difficult for Stuyvesant, and he 

created hard feelings with his town burghers. 

When the British arrived off Gravesend in 1664, he found 

himself alone in the fight for the Dutch Port of New York. He 

surrendered without a shot being fired. Stuyvesant then 

took an oath of allegiance to the British crown and 

remained in the future Port of New York for the rest of his 

life. The Dutch took the Port of New York briefly in the mid 

1670s after it had been renamed to honor James II, the 

former Duke of York. 

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Resident Dutch and arriving English merchants worked well 

together, and were the Port of New York elite well into the 

1800s. English governors of the Port of New York believed 

that its busy commerce would make their fortunes. In 1680, 

the Port of New York was declared the only port of entry for 

the colony, and its merchants happily conducted 

international trade. In 1686, Roman Catholic governor 

Thomas Dongan granted a royal charter to the Port of New 

York, promoting religious tolerance and representative 

government for the colony. 

By 1700, almost five thousand people lived in the Port of 

New York. The Kings Bridge was built to connect the 

mainland Port of New York to the Bronx. Merchants, who 

had become aristocrats in the Port of New York, avoided 

imperial trade regulations, and royal governors were bribed 

to ignore their activities. By the early 1700s, class and 

ethnic conflict was becoming evident in the Port of New 

York. 

A spirit of independence was also growing in the Port of 

New York. A 1735 libel suit against a local journalist on the 

part of Governor William Cosby ended in a finding of not 

guilty, signaling the coming importance of a free press and 

the growing boldness of colonial citizens. In 1756, 

assembly leaders forced the royal governor of the Port of 

New York to accept a set salary, a humiliating action. 

In 1765, the Port of New York was the scene of the Stamp 

Act Congress, and the Sons of Liberty used violence to 

fight the imposition of excise-tax stamps. The Port of New 

York's merchant community forced repeal of a British nonimportant 

program in 1766, and the assembly would not 

deliver food to British soldiers in the Port of New York. By 

the early 1770s, violent conflict between the British and the 

Sons of Liberty were almost constant. In 1770, the first 

battle of the coming revolution took place on Golden Hill 

south of the Port of New York current City Hall. 

In 1774, just months after the Boston Tea Party, the Port of 

New York's tea party was held in the light of day and 

without costumes. New York called for the Continental 

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Congress, and the Port of New York's residents forced the 

governor to flee to a ship in the harbor. 

Despite its bravado, the Port of New York was not "heroic" 

during the American Revolution. While George Washington 

knew the Port of New York was of vital strategic 

importance, he could not defend it. The Port of New York 

was occupied by the British for seven years. During that 

time, its population shrank, and two fires destroyed many 

buildings in the Port of New York. 

In 1783, the British finally left the Port of New York, and 

Washington returned to the city. Quickly rebuilt, the Port of 

New York was both the state capital until 1797 and capital 

of the United States' early Confederation from 1785 until 

1790. In 1789, George Washington was inaugurated as 

President in the Port of New York, and it was the site of the 

first meeting of Congress and the first sessions of the 

Supreme Court. In 1790, the United States capital was 

moved to Philadelphia when John Adams was President. 

Even though it lost status as the Nation's capital, the Port of 

New York population boomed between 1781 and 1800 

when it became the country's biggest city. Trade also 

boomed, and even the War of 1812 could not slow Port of 

New York development. When an auction system was 

established in 1816, the Port of New York's position as a 

power economy was established. 

When the Erie Canal opened in 1825, the Port of New York 

enjoyed even greater commercial success as trade from 

the country's interior flowed across its piers. At the same 

time, legal, insurance, and manufacturing industries were 

growing fast in the Port of New York. 

By the middle of the 19th Century, the Port of New York 

handled more people and cargo than all other American 

combined. The Port of New York contributed more soldiers 

to the Union than any other city during the American Civil 

War, and it was the scene of the Draft Riot of 1863. 

The Port of New York riots lasted four days when poor 

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immigrants rose in protest over a new draft law that would 

allow draftees to buy their way out of service. The Port of 

New York was overcome with murder, looting, and arson. 

Blacks were hanged from trees and streetlights. Rioters 

fought police, national guardsmen, and the army while 

warships aimed their guns at the Port of New York. Over 

two thousand people died during the riots, and thousands 

were wounded. Of course, business came to a halt. 

The Port of New York benefited from steam ships, cheap 

rail and canal transportation, almost unlimited cheap labor, 

and a skilled professional base. Even with the financial 

crises of 1837 and 1893, the Port of New York continued to 

be an economic powerhouse. By the beginning of the 20th 

Century, it was one of the richest cities in the world. 

Despite its wealth, the riches of the Port of New York's 

Manhattan area were not distributed evenly. The coming of 

the Democratic Party and Tammany Hall ended 200 years 

of domination by the merchant aristocrats. The party 

supported popular reforms that offered some protection to 

less fortunate Port of New York citizens. Tammany also 

struck against the anti-Catholic sentiments that had 

dominated the Port of New York in the past. With more and 

more poor immigrants arriving, Tammany Hall built a power 

base that continued for over 100 years in the Port of New 

York. 

After the Civil War, pressure grew for the future boroughs of 

Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island, and Queens to merge. 

Not wanting Tammany Hall corruption, Brooklyn (a city in 

itself) resisted the merger. The Democratic machine held 

sway in the Port of New York, though. The merger was 

finally approved by voters in 1898, adding almost 1.5 million 

people to the Port of New York's population overnight. After 

the vote, the "machine" ruled the metropolitan area of 

Greater New York, and continuing waves of new 

immigrants maintained its popular support. 

In the early 19th Century, the Port of New York machine 

created new and improve urban infrastructure. Subways, 

bridges, and a park system appeared. The Port of New 

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York continued to grow, stimulated by the thriving garment 

industry, ongoing construction, and diverse manufacturing 

that provided jobs. The Port of New York's educational 

system trained millions of people for white-collar and 

government jobs that would become more important to the 

economy as the century progressed. By the 1920s and 

1930s, Tammany Hall was hit with a series of scandals 

under the Port of New York's Mayor James Walker that 

brought reform. 

In 1921, the Port of New York Authority was established to 

administer the shared harbor interests of New York and 

New Jersey's Port of Newark. The authority was the first 

inter-state agency created under the Constitutional clause 

allowing compacts between states. The port authority's first 

responsibility in the 1920s and 1930s was to build interstate 

crossings including the George Washington Bridge 

among several others. In 1937, the authority completed the 

first tube of the Lincoln Tunnel. 

The administration of Mayor Fiorello La Guardia was a high 

point in the history of the Port of New York. In spite of the 

Great Depression and World War II, the Port of New York 

received huge amounts of New Deal funding for 

construction and other projects. Tammany Hall was brought 

under control, and the Port of New York government was 

centralized. The subway system was completed. The 

mayor was hard on crime. When he retired, Tammany Hall 

began to retake control. 

After World War II, the Port of New York faced serious 

problems. The port lost its long-time dominance in oceanborne 

commerce. Manufacturing began to decline. The Port 

of New York's resources shrank as demands for services 

grew and the municipal bureaucracy multiplied. Mayor 

Vincent Impellitteri started a housing program in the 1950s 

and allowed Port of New York workers to form unions. He 

broke with Tammany Hall and destroyed the power 

machine forever. While he made some major visible 

changes, he did little to address the Port of New York's 

growing urban problems. Impellitteri was defeated by 

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Republican John Lindsay in 1965. 

In the decades of the 1950s and 1960s, the port authority 

played a critical role in the Port of New York region's postwar 

boom by improving and expanding the trade and 

transportation infrastructure, creating new terminals, 

tunnels, bridges, airports, and seaports. The port authority 

further promoted trade and ports when it constructed the 

World Trade Center , two towers that became a hallmark 

for the Port of New York until the tragedy of 2001 brought 

them down. 

While Mayor Lindsay tried to bring order to the chaos, the 

Port of New York continued to deteriorate over his two 

terms. Strikes were called, attempts to reorganize municipal 

government resulted in more bureaucracy, and attempts to 

encourage minority participation in government and schools 

led to ethnic conflict. While he increased taxes, he was 

unable to control the Port of New York's sky-rocketing 

budget. Winning re-election as a Liberal-Independent and 

then later a Democrat, Lindsay found himself isolated while 

the Port of New York continued to decline. 

Old-time politics had its last hurrah in the Port of New York 

when Abraham Beame was elected in 1973. Unfortunately, 

his stay in office was a disaster. The Port of New York was 

near bankruptcy, and the State took control of the city's 

budget in 1975. Jealous people all over the country 

cheered and predicted that the "Big Apple" could not 

recover. 

The port authority's name was changed in 1972 to the Port 

Authority of New York and New Jersey, better reflecting its 

bi-state role. In the 1980s, the port authority undertook 

industrial redevelopment in the Port of New York region, 

implementing several projects in both states that included 

the Teleport in Staten Island, a resource-recovery plant, 

and industrial parks and waterfront developments. 

Mayor Edward Koch brought the Port of New York back 

from the financial brink in the late 1970s in just one term. 

He worked with state officials, controlled spending, and 

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established a modern system of accounting. He was so 

successful that both major parties in the Port of New York 

nominated him for re-election in 1981. Clearly, the politics 

in the Port of New York had changed. However, the mayor 

did not continue his love-affair with the city. He was 

intolerant, outspoken sometimes impulsive, and arrogant. 

His third term was a disaster when some of his 

appointments and elected officials were embroiled in 

scandals. 

He lost his bid for a fourth term as Mayor of the Port of New 

York to in the Democratic primary to David Dinkins, an 

African American. While Dinkins was the fulfillment of a 

dream for many, he was not a good administrator. Crime 

and ethnic tension in the Port of New York increased during 

his only term, for which he was not re-elected. 

In 1993, Republican Rudolph Giuliani was elected Mayor of 

the Port of New York, although party affiliation was not a 

major factor in the election. Giuliani had a good reputation 

as a career prosecutor. He promised to improve city 

services, control crime, and reduce taxes. Successful in his 

campaign against crime, he quickly won a national 

reputation. The Port of New York's welfare caseload 

decreased as a workfare alternative was established. 

However, the mayor could not solve other Port of New York 

social problems. Courts did not support all of his initiatives, 

and some people blamed him for reported excessive Port of 

New York police force. 

Still, the 1990s brought renewed growth in both economy 

and population. New immigrants continued to flood the Port 

of New York while Wall Street enjoyed a sustained boom 

that benefited the entire city. Infrastructure improvements 

were finished, and the Port of New York was on the road to 

recovery. Yet the Port of New York was still vulnerable. In 

1993, a bomb exploded in the parking garage of the World 

Trade Center. A thousand people were wounded, and 

several were killed. 

In the 1990s, the port authority of the Port of New York 

focused on transportation and trade projects. Among the 

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improvements were the one-dock ship-to-rail transfer 

terminal at the Port of Newark Elizabeth-Port Authority 

Marine Terminal in New Jersey. 

In September 2001, the Port of New York flashed to 

international attention when two terrorist attacks on the 

World Trade Center complex killed almost three thousand 

people and destroyed the twin towers and one other 

complex building. Despite this tragedy, the reputation and 

influence of the Port of New York did not diminish. The 

residents of the Port of New York quickly resolved to more 

than recover in defiance of the terrorists. As the world 

moved into the 21st Century, the Port of New York 

continued to be one of the world's most important centers 

and a global tourist destination. 

As the 21st Century began in the Port of New York, the port 

authority created a plan to rebuilt the World Trade Center, 

built a new rail tunnel, enhance port facility security, and 

upgrade the seaports to handle increasing international 

cargo volumes. 

Port Commerce 

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey manages 

and operates the Port of New York. It is responsible for 

planning, administering, constructing, operating, and 

maintaining port infrastructure for the transportation 

network of the Port of New York and the bi-state region. 

In 2008, the Port of New York and New Jersey handled a 

total of 88.9 million tons of cargo, including almost 67.4 

million tons of imports and over 21.5 million tons of exports. 

The Port of Newark handled more than 33.6 million tons of 

ocean-borne general cargo and almost 55.3 million tons of 

ocean-borne bulk cargo. Cargoes through the Port of New 

York and New Jerseyincluded more than 5.2 million TEUs 

of containerized cargo and over one million motor vehicles 

(including nearly 654.7 thousand imports and 376.8 

thousand exports). 

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The Port of New York Container Terminal is located on 

Staten Island. Its primary cargoes are containers and 

general and breakbulk. The terminal covers an area of 58 

hectares and contains 918 meters of berthing space. Of 

that, 381 meters have alongside depth of 13.7 meters, 320 

meters have alongside depth of 12.8 meters, and 213.4 

meters have alongside depth of 11.3 meters. The terminal 

offers maintenance and repair services for containers and 

chassis. 

American Stevedoring operates the Port of New York's ASI 

Terminal. Specializing in containers and roll-on/roll-off and 

breakbulk cargoes, the terminal is located in Brooklyn. This 

Port of New York terminal covers an area of 32 hectares 

and includes 634 meters of berthing space for 

containerized cargoes and over one kilometer of berthing 

space for breakbulk cargoes. All berths have alongside 

depth of 12.8 meters. 

The Port of New York's Brooklyn Port Authority Marine 

Terminal includes the Red Hook Terminal and the Brooklyn 

Piers. The port authority acquired and redeveloped this 

complex of Port of New York waterfront properties in the 

1950s and 1960s. The piers are currently under lease for 

stevedoring and warehousing of mostly breakbulk cargoes. 

Piers 6 through 8 and Pier 12, in Brooklyn, handle bulk and 

neo-bulk cargoes at a 16.2 hectare terminal. The terminal 

has berths of a total of over 1.5 kilometers in length. Piers 6 

through 8 have alongside depths from 9 to 10 meters, and 

Pier 12 has alongside depths from 9 to 12 meters. 

The Port of New York's Red Hook Container Terminal in 

Brooklyn handles containers and roll-on/roll-off and 

breakbulk cargoes. The terminal covers 32 hectares and 

includes 634 meters of berths for containers and over a 

kilometer of berths for breakbulk cargoes. All berths have 

alongside depth of 12.8 meters. This Port of New York 

terminal, which has 72 reefer plug slots, is also served by 

near-dock connections with the New York Cross Harbor 

Railroad. 

The South Brooklyn Marine Terminal in the Port of New 

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York is being renovated as a multi-purpose terminal in 2009 

for roll-on/roll-off and breakbulk cargoes. Axis Group Inc. 

operates this Port of New York facility, which is undergoing 

a modernization program that includes a new berth, three 

new sheds, and rail access. This Port of New York terminal 

has the shortest sailing time than any other facility in the 

harbor to the open ocean. The terminal covers almost 30 

hectares and includes 213 meters of berths with alongside 

depth of 10.1 meters. The terminal also offers almost two 

hectares of shed space. 

The Port of New York plans significant investments that will 

help the port meet expected cargo volumes. The port 

authority will expand the ExpressRail system and improve 

inland rail connections with the goal of being more 

competitive as a gateway for inland destinations in the 

United States' Midwest and New England regions and in 

Canada. Launched in 2007, ExpressRail Staten Island 

gives the New York Container Terminal ship-to-rail service 

by linking to the Nation's rail freight network through five 

tracks. The 15.8 hectare Port of New York rail transfer yard 

can handle at least 100 thousand containers per year and 

has room for expanded services. 

The port authority is also working with the U.S. Army Corps 

of Engineers to deepen the harbor to accommodate new 

generation deep-draft vessels in the Port of New York and 

enhance the port's ability to handle greater volumes of 

international cargo. Work on the Kill Van Kull and Newark 

Bay channels was completed in 2005, ahead of schedule. 

Now, the Port of New York Harbor Deepening Project is 

working on deepening key channels to 15.2 meters which is 

expected to be completed in 2014. 

The Port of New York has converted what was a brownfield 

site in to Howland Hook, one of the East Coast's most 

efficient intermodal terminals. This Port of New York 

terminal is linked to transcontinental rail routes by on-dock 

rail through the ExpressRail Staten Island. The port 

authority plans to expand the intermodal yard to increase 

cargo-handling capacity and add a fourth berth. 

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The City of New York, also known as the Big Apple, is the 

United States' biggest and most exciting urban area. The 

metropolitan area stretches over three states from New 

Jersey through New York to Connecticut. With a 

metropolitan population of almost 19 million people, the 

Port of New York is the fifth largest city in the world. It is a 

huge city with five distinctive boroughs, each of which 

contains attractions, restaurants, nightlife opportunities, and 

lodgings. This global city is a center for politics, finance, 

film, fashion, music, and multi-national culture. It contains 

many world-class art galleries, museums, and, of course, 

theaters. Who hasn't heard of Broadway? The Port of New 

York is home to immigrants from more than 180 countries, 

making it a cornucopia of culture. There are far too many 

opportunities for visitors to describe in this article. For more 

information on the many things to see and do in the Port of 

New York, please visit the Port of New York's tourism 

website. 

The Port of New York has a humid subtropical climate that 

enjoys sunshine over 230 days per year. It is the 

northernmost city in North America in the humid subtropical 

climate zone. Summers are usually hot and humid, and 

head advisories are not unusual. Winters are cold and 

windy, although the influence of the Atlantic Ocean keeps it 

warmer in the Port of New York than in nearby inland cities 

and cities at the same latitude. Spring and fall are 

unpredictable but are normally comfortable and relatively 

dry. The Port of New York does get snow each year, and 

while hurricanes and tropical storms are rare, they do 

happen occasionally. Temperatures range from an average 

high of 29 °C (84 °F) in July to an average low of -3 °C (26 

°F) in January. Snowfall occurs primarily in January, and 

rain is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year, although 

it is slightly less from September through November. 

Infrequent visitors to the Port of New York may want to start 

their trip by taking the Circle Line Sightseeing Cruise, a 

two-hour, half-island cruise of Manhattan that passes the 

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Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, the United Nations, and the 

Empire State and Chrysler Buildings. The cruise moves up 

the East River and passes under the Brooklyn, Manhattan, 

and Williamsburg bridges. There is also a three-hour fullisland 

cruise that circumnavigates Manhattan and explores 

three rivers, seven bridges, and over 25 world-famous 

landmarks. 

A definite must-see in the Port of New York is the Statue of 

Liberty and Ellis Island. A ferry leaves Battery Park every 

25 minutes and stops at Liberty Island and Ellis Island. 

Advance reservations are necessary to enter the museum 

at the base of the statue and climb to the top, and there are 

strict security procedures to get into the museum. The 

Immigration Museum at Ellis Island offers free admission. 

Both islands are open every day except December 25th 

and have extended summer hours. The Port of New York's 

Liberty Island is an almost five-hectare island where the gift 

from the people of France, the Statue of Liberty 

Enlightening the World, celebrated her hundredth birthday 

on July 4, 1986. The Americans built the pedestal, and the 

French built the statue and assembly. In 1984, the United 

Nations designated the Statue of Liberty as a World 

Heritage Site. 

In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson added Ellis Island to 

the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Ellis Island 

became the country's main federal immigration station in 

1892, and it operated through 1954. Over its lifetime, the 

station processed more than 12 million immigrants. 

Abandoned for 30 years, the building was restored and reopened 

as a museum in 1990. More than 40% of 

American's today have ancestors who entered through Ellis 

Island. This small island just off the New Jersey coast, in 

the shadow of the Statue of Liberty, started as a 1.3 

hectare island that was expanded over the years to over 11 

hectares by landfill. The island has a rich history that began 

with the local indigenous people's name of Kioshk or Gull 

Island. The island offered rich oyster beds and fishing 

grounds. Already called Oyster Island by many generations 

of Dutch and English colonists, Samuel Ellis bought the 

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island in 1770. The Federal government bought the 

property in 1801 as a site for fortifications. The island 

became part of the harbor defense system. In the latter half 

of the 19th Century, problems in Europe drove new waves 

of immigrants to the United States and the Port of New 

York. New York State's immigration station was 

overwhelmed, and the Federal government constructed a 

new Federal station on Ellis Island and opened it in 1892. 

First- and second-class passengers arriving in the Port of 

New York were not processed through Ellis Island unless 

they were ill nor had legal problems. Steerage, or thirdclass 

passengers, however, had to go through an 

inspection process to assure that the unsanitary conditions 

in which they traveled did not come with them into the 

United States. For healthy immigrants without legal 

problems, the process lasted from three to five hours. 

The Port of New York's Ellis Island Immigration Museum 

contains the American Family Immigration History Center 

where people can research their ancestors. The museum 

also offers self-guided exhibits about the Ellis Island role in 

US immigration history, with memorabilia, photographs, and 

mementos. The American Immigrant Wall of Honor faces 

the Statue of Liberty and contains over 700 thousand 

names of people who were processed here. The Ellis Island 

Living Theater has programs by professional actors that run 

through the warmer months. The actors bring the 

experiences of immigrants to life in 30-minute plays based 

on actual personal immigration stories. 

Rockefeller Center is also a world-famous attraction in the 

Port of New York. The complex covers almost nine 

hectares and contains 19 commercial buildings between 

48th and 51st Streets. Declared a National Historic 

Landmark 1987, the Rockefeller Center has over 74 

hectares of buildings that include Radio City Music Hall, the 

Rockefeller Center Ice-Skating Rink, and the complex 

centerpiece, the Art Deco Skyscraper GE Building. 

Radio City Music Hall opened in the Port of New York in 

1932. At the time, it was one of the world's most modern, 

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lavish theaters. Named "Radio City" instead of 

"International" because the new studies of NBC and the 

RCA Building were well known. Before it was over, the RCA 

Building was called by many Radio City. The Music Hall 

has seating for six thousand people, and it eventually 

became the biggest tourist draw in the Port of New York. 

Restored to a fault in 1999, the interior of the Hall is a 

wonderful Art Deco design. In 1979, the theater converted 

from showing movies and stage shows to presenting 

special events and touring performance. During the holiday 

season, the Port of New York's Radio City Christmas 

Spectacular is a 70-year-old tradition. Over 300 million 

people have attended performances there since it opened. 

The Rockefeller Center Ice-Skating Rink opened on 

Christmas Day 1936 on the former site of a Port of New 

York shopping courtyard. More than 250 thousand people 

come to the skate rink each winter. Open from October until 

April the almost 669 square meter rink can only hold 150 

people at a time. Reservations are not required, and skates 

are available for rent. 

The Port of New York's GE Building is the centerpiece of 

Rockefeller Center. The 70-story building was known in the 

past as the RCA Building. It is also called "30 Rock." Most 

of the National Broadcasting System's (NBC) studios in 

New York are housed here, including the studies for 

Saturday Night Live and The Today Show. Visitors can take 

the NBC Studio Tour any day of the week or go to the 

rooftop observation deck to get 360-degree views of the 

Port of New York. One of the most famous skyscrapers in 

the Port of New York, the Art Deco façade combines style 

with functionality. Unlike other Art Deco buildings of the era, 

the GE Building does not have a spire on the roof. The 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 

has a weather radio station that operates for the tri-state 

area from the top of the building. 

Travelers who want to visit the Port of New York by sea can 

find a long list of scheduled cruises on the Cruise Compete 

website. 

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Port Location: New York 

Port Name: Port of New York 

Local Port Name: Port of New York and New Jersey 

Port Authority: The Port Authority of New York and 

New Jersey 

Address: 225 Park Avenue South 

New York, NY 10003 

United States 

Phone: 212-435-4200 

Fax: 

800 Number: 888-767-8696 

Email: 

Web Site: www.panynj.gov 

Latitude: 40° 41' 18" N 


UN/LOCODE: USNYC 

Port Type: Deepwater Seaport 

Port Size: Very Large 

Port of Alexandria Bay 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Alexandria Bay in 

Alexandria Bay, NY - USA 

Port Location: Alexandria Bay 

Port Name: Port of Alexandria Bay 

Port Authority: City of Alexandria Bay 

Address: NY 

United States 

Phone: 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.alexandria-bay.ny.us 

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Latitude: 44° 20' 13" N 


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Port of Cape Vincent 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Cape Vincent in 

Cape Vincent, NY - USA 

Port Location: Cape Vincent 

Port Name: Port of Cape Vincent 

Port Authority: Village of Cape Vincent 

Address: 127 E. Joseph St. 

PO Box 337 

Cape Vincent, NY 13618 

United States 

Phone: 315-654-2533 

800 Number: 

Fax: 315-654-2775 

Email: 

Web Site: www.capevincent.org 

Latitude: 44° 7' 42" N 


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Port of Catskill 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Catskill in 

Catskill, NY - USA 

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Port Location: Catskill 

Port Name: Port of Catskill 

Port Authority: Town of Catskill 

Address: 439 Main Street 

Catskill, NY 12414 

United States 

Phone: 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.townofcatskillny.gov 

Latitude: 42° 12' 44" N 


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Port of Clayton 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Clayton in 

Clayton, NY - USA 

Port Location: Clayton 

Port Name: Port of Clayton 

Port Authority: Town of Clayton 

Address: 405 Riverside Drive 

Clayton, NY 13624 

United States 

Phone: 

Fax: 315 686-3512 

800 Number: 315 686-2651 

Email: 

Web Site: townofclayton.com 

Latitude: 44° 14' 11" N 

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UN/LOCODE: USCLY 



Port of Kingston 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Kingston in 

Kingston, NY - USA 

Port Location: Kingston 

Port Name: Port of Kingston 

Port Authority: City of Kingston 

Address: 420 Broadway 

Kingston, NY 12401 

United States 

Phone: 845-331-0080 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.kingston-ny.gov 

Latitude: 41° 55' 26" N 


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Port of Newburgh 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Newburgh in 

Newburgh, NY - USA 

Port Location: Newburgh 

Port Name: Port of Newburgh 

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Port Authority: City of Newburgh 

Address: 83 Broadway 

Newburgh, NY 12550 

United States 

Phone: 845-569-7300 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.newburgh-ny.com 

Latitude: 41° 29' 27" N 


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Port of Ogdensburg 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Ogdensburg in 

Ogdensburg, NY - USA 

Port Location: Ogdensburg 

Port Name: Port of Ogdensburg 

Port Authority: Ogdensburg Bridge and Port Authority 

Address: One Bridge Plaza 

Ogdensburg, NY 13669 

United States 

Phone: 315-393-4080 

800 Number: 

Fax: 315-393-7068 

Email: obpa@ogdensport.com 

Web Site: www.ogdensport.com 

Latitude: 44° 41' 57" N 


UN/LOCODE: USOGS 

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Port of Oswego 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Oswego in 

Oswego, NY - USA 

Port Location: Oswego 

Port Name: Port of Oswego 

Port Authority: Port of Oswego Authority 

Address: P.O. Box 387 

Foot of East First Street 

Oswego, NY 13126 

United States 

Phone: 315 343 4503 

800 Number: 

Fax: 315 343 5498 

Email: shipping@portoswego.com 

Web Site: www.portoswego.com 

Latitude: 43° 27' 49" N 


UN/LOCODE: USOSW 



Port Chester Harbor 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port Chester Harbor in 

Port Chester, NY - USA 

Port Location: Port Chester 

Port Name: Port Chester Harbor 

Port Authority: Village of Port Chester 

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Address: 222 Grace Church St. 

Port Chester, NY 10573 

United States 

Phone: 914-939-5202 

800 Number: 

Fax: 914-937-3169 

Email: 

Web Site: www.portchesterny.com 

Latitude: 40° 59' 28" N 


UN/LOCODE: USUXZ 



Port of Poughkeepsie 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Poughkeepsie in 

Poughkeepsie, NY - USA 

Port Location: Poughkeepsie 

Port Name: Port of Poughkeepsie 

Port Authority: City of Poughkeepsie 

Address: 62 Civic Center Plaza 

Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 

United States 

Phone: 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: 

Latitude: 41° 42' 18" N 


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Port of Rochester 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Rochester in 

Rochester, NY - USA 

Port Location: Rochester 

Port Name: Port of Rochester 

Port Authority: City of Rochester 

Address: City Hall 

30 Church Street 

Rochester, NY 14614 

United States 

Phone: 585-428-5990 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: info@cityofrochester.gov 

Web Site: www.cityofrochester.gov 

Latitude: 43° 15' 10" N 


UN/LOCODE: USROC 



Port of Rouses Point 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Rouses Point in 

Rouses Point, NY - USA 

Port Location: Rouses Point 

Port Name: Port of Rouses Point 

Port Authority: Village of Rouses Point 

Address: 139 Lake Street 

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PO Box 185 

Rouses Point, NY 12979 

United States 

Phone: 518 297-5502 

800 Number: 

Fax: 518 297-3818 

Email: 

Web Site: www.rousespointny.com 

Latitude: 44° 59' 42" N 


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Sodus Point Harbor 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Sodus Point Harbor in 

Sodus Point, NY - USA 

Port Location: Sodus Point 

Port Name: Sodus Point Harbor 

Port Authority: Village of Sodus Point 

Address: 8356 Bay St . 

P.O. Box 159 

Sodus Point, NY Sodus Point 

United States 

Phone: 315 483-9881 

800 Number: 

Fax: 315 483-0913 

Email: 

Web Site: www.soduspoint.info 

Latitude: 43° 16' 8" N 


UN/LOCODE: 

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Port of Troy 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Troy in Troy, NY - 

USA 

Port Location: Troy 

Port Name: Port of Troy 

Port Authority: City of Troy 

Address: One Monument Square 

Troy, NY 12180 

United States 

Phone: 518-270-4401 

800 Number: 

Fax: 518-270-4609 

Email: 

Web Site: www.troyny.gov 

Latitude: 42° 44' 24" N 


UN/LOCODE: 



Port of Yonkers 

Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Yonkers in 

Yonkers, NY - USA 

Port Location: Yonkers 

Port Name: Port of Yonkers 

Port Authority: City of Yonkers 

Address: 40 South Broadway 

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Yonkers, NY 10701 

United States 

Phone: 914-377-6000 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: www.cityofyonkers.com 

Latitude: 40° 56' 18" N 


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Ohio 

United States 

Port Index 

Ohio has 9 ports 

The ports and harbors located in Ohio are listed below. 

Lorain, OH 

Port of Lorain 

Ashtabula, OH 

Port of Ashtabula 

Cincinnati, OH 

Port of Cincinnati 

Most Popular 

Sandusky, OH 

Port of Sandusky 

A 

C 

Cleveland, OH 

Port of Cleveland 

F 

Toledo, OH 

Port of Toledo 

Conneaut, OH 

Port of Conneaut 

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Fairport Harbor, OH 

Fairport Harbor 

Huron, OH 

Port of Huron 

Lorain, OH 


Sandusky, OH 


Toledo, OH 


H 

L 

S 

T 


Port Detail 

The Port of Lorain lies at the mouth of the Black River on 

the southern shores of Lake Erie in Ohio. The Port of Lorain 

is about 40 kilometers west of the Port of Cleveland and 

about 35 kilometers east of the Port of Huron, both of them 

located in the State of Ohio. In 2000, the Port of Lorain was 

home to more than 68.5 thousand people. 

The Port of Lorain is an important shipping center in the 

Midwest for coal, limestone, and iron ore. It is also home to 

manufacturers of steel bars and tubes, cranes, power 

shovels, gypsum products, bearings, and clothing as well 

as plants that assemble automobiles and trucks. 

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Port History 

In 1964, the US Army Corps of Engineers provided $22 

million to improve the harbor at the Port of Lorain. In 1967, 

the American Shipbuilding Company built a 305-meter dry 

dock facility, and Allied Oil constructed fuel storage tanks 

on the Black River in 1974. In 1976, city and Port of Lorain 

officials worked with the US Army Corps of Engineers to 

build a 23-hectare diked disposal site in the port. 

In 1980, Republic Steel ( LTV Steel ) built the new Lorain 

Pellet Terminal facility for transshipment of ore. In 1981 and 

1892, an interim floating tire breakwall was build along the 

Port of Lorain's east pier to protect the port until the 

permanent structure could be finished in 1987, and the 

Marine Harbor Patrol program started operating. 

In the mid-1980s, a Strategic Development Plan was 

published calling for public and private investment to 

support redevelopment of the eastside waterfront. The 

permanent breakwall along the east pier was inaugurated in 

1987, setting the stage for a full-scale marina to be 

developed in the harbor. 

Marina International was constructed in 1988, and it was 

expanded to 600 slips in 1989. That year, the Port of Lorain 

acquired property to provide public access to the lakefront, 

and the community approved a five-year operating levy. 

The Lakeside Landing two-hectare public access park was 

opened on the Lake Erie shoreline. An additional riverfront 

park was constructed near the Charles Berry Bascule 

Bridge in the early 1990s. 

In 1991, the Lorain Port Authority created the Port of Lorain 

Foundation to renovate the Lorain Lighthouse, and the 

foundation began a capital fund-raising campaign. 

In 1995, LTV Steel gave a 10-hectare riverside plot to the 

Port of Lorain to create a civic center, intermodal 

transportation, public access areas, and festival grounds. In 

1996, the Port of Lorain constructed a new boat launch 

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facility on the Black River, and the port authority completed 

an agreement to develop an industrial park that would 

attract new businesses and help existing businesses 

expand, creating new jobs for the Port of Lorain community. 

The 10-hectare Colorado Industrial Park was completed in 

1998, and the 6.3 thousand square meter Advanced 

Automotive Systems (AAS) manufacturing was built in the 

industrial park. As the first project tenant, AAS created 130 

jobs. In 199, the US Postal Service completed a new 

distribution center in the industrial park. 

In 2000, the AAS facility was expanded by 1.8 thousand 

square meters, and an additional 3.7 thousand square 

meters was added in 2001. The Port of Lorain broke ground 

for construction of the new Black River Transportation 

Center in 2001. 

The new Black River Landing was inaugurated in 2003, and 

more than 300 thousand people attended festivals and 

events celebrating the opening. The Port of Lorain now 

owned almost seven hectares of land in the waterfront 

area. 

In 2004, the Port of Lorain celebrated its 40th Anniversary, 

and the Port of Lorain Foundation leased the Riverside 

Marina building and docks to use as a Lighthouse Museum 

. 

In 2005, a new Farmers' Market was opened at the Black 

River Landing. The following year, the Black River Landing 

Stage was constructed, and the Port of Lorain entered into 

a partnership with the Palace Theater for a summer 

entertainment series of movies and concerts. 

In 2007, the Port of Lorain began a new program of tours 

by shuttle boat to the Lorain Lighthouse and for nature 

tours of the Black River. The Port of Lorain also entered 

into a partnership to create a waterfront development plan 

that would cover more than 40 hectares of waterfront 

property to encourage tourism and use of the port facilities. 

The Lorain-Vermilion Water Trail Project was also started to 

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encourage tourism and cultural and educational activities 

on the Black River, Vermilion River, and Lake Erie. 

In 2008, the Port of Lorain began a ferry service between 

Lorain and the nearby Lake Erie Islands, and they acquired 

a new $1.6 million ferry boat for excursions between Lorain 

and the Lake Erie Islands . 

Port Commerce 

The Lorain Port Authority owns the Port of Lorain properties 

and operates the public facilities in the port. It was the 

second port authority created by the State of Ohio. The port 

authority promotes waterborne commerce and economic 

development for the City of Lorain and provides public 

access to the waterways. 

The Port of Lorain is in transition from a heavy industrial to 

a mixed-use waterfront, and the port authority acquires 

lands as they become available for waterfront development. 

The Port of Lorain is a deep-draft commercial harbor with 

depths of 8.5 meters in the outer harbor and 8.2 meters in 

the inner harbor. The Port of Lorain is protected by four 

kilometers of breakwaters. 

In 2007, the Port of Lorain handled almost three million tons 

of cargo. Major stakeholders in the Port of Lorain include 

the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Lorain Port Authority, 

the US Coast Guard, Amcor Marine, Gold Bond/US 

Gypsum, the American Metal Chemical Corporation, Jonick 

Dock and Terminal, Lorain Tubular Company, Republic 

Technologies, Ready Mix, and National Gypsum. 

Ten 304-meter vessels operate on the Great Lakes, five of 

which were built in Lorain. These vessels can carry up to 60 

thousand tons of iron ore. 

The Black River Landing Transportation Center is a 

meeting facility available for business and private use and 

events. The Port of Lorain's Lakeside Landing Park has two 

pavilions for public use as well as facilities for picnics. The 

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Black River Waterfront Boat Launch serves boaters and 

fishermen with six ramps. The Launch area also contains 

picnic facilities free for public use. Riverside Park has a 

fishing pier and two pavilions equipped with electricity and 

restrooms, a playground, and large open grassy areas for 

recreation and special events. 

Toledo, Lorain & Fairport Company has an unloading 

facility for iron ore and a loading facility for coal in the Port 

of Lorain. United States Steel Corporation has a facility for 

unloading iron ore and limestone. Erie Sand & Gravel 

Company unloads sand, and Lorain Elyria Sand Company 

unloads gravel, sand, and stone. 

The United States Steel Corporation has facilities for 

loading slag and coke breeze, and National Gypsum 

operates a facility at the Port of Lorain. Toledo, Lorain & 

Fairport Company operates a facility for loading and 

unloading scrap iron. 

Terminal Import-Export operates facilities loading and 

unloading general cargo and unloading calcium chloride. 

Terminal Ready-Mix, Inc. operates a facility for unloading 

sand. 

Port Location: Lorain 

Port Name: Port of Lorain 

Port Authority: Lorain Port Authority 

Address: 611 Broadway Avenue 

Lorain, OH 44052 

United States 

Phone: 440-204-2269 

800 Number: 

Fax: 440-204-2269 

Email: 

Web Site: www.lorainportauthority.com 

Latitude: 41° 28' 5" N 


UN/LOCODE: USLOR 

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Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Sandusky in 

Sandusky, OH - USA 

Port Location: Sandusky 

Port Name: Port of Sandusky 

Port Authority: Sandusky Dock Corp 

Address: 2705 W Monroe St 

PO Box 899 

Sandusky, OH 44870 

United States 

Phone: 419 626 1214 

800 Number: 

Fax: 419 483 1296 

Email: 

Web Site: 

Latitude: 41° 27' 37" N 


UN/LOCODE: USSKY 




Port Detail 

The Port of Toledo lies at the mouth of the Maumee River 

at the southwestern tip of Lake Erie in northwestern Ohio. 

About 75 kilometers southwest of the Port of Detroit (in 

Michigan) and 83 kilometers northwest of the Port of Huron 

(in Ohio), the Port of Toledo is the seat of Lucas County 

and the heart of a large metropolitan area. In 2000, the Port 

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of Toledo was home to more than 313 thousand people, 

and over 659 thousand lived in the metropolitan area. 

The Port of Toledo is a major Great Lakes seaport. Until the 

coming of the Industrial Revolution, the port was the 

mainstay of its economy. When automobiles were invented, 

the Port of Toledo became better known for industrial 

manufacturing. Chrysler and General Motors both have 

plants in the metropolitan area, and the Port of Toledo is a 

center for the manufacture of auto parts. The Port of Toledo 

is also home to several important companies, including 

Owens Corning and the Dana Corporation, and it is a 

leader in the glass industry. The Port of Toledo is a retail 

center and transportation hub. In addition to its seaport, the 

Port of Toledo is the United States' third busiest rail center 

and a major center for air cargo transportation. 

Port History 

Europeans first came to the Toledo area to establish Forth 

Industry in 1794 after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, where 

the US Army soundly defeated the Western Lakes 

Confederacy, an alliance of Native American tribes. The 

Confederacy included members of the Delaware, Ottawa, 

Miami, Ojibwa, Wyandot, Potawatomi, and Mingo Nations. 

Many white settlers left the area during the War of 1812. In 

1817, a group from Cincinnati bought an almost four square 

kilometer tract of land on the Swan Creek, naming it Port 

Lawrence, while a second group founded the town of 

Vistula to the immediate north. 

In 1825, when the Ohio legislature decided to build the 

Miami and Erie Canal to connect Cincinnati to Lake Erie, 

many towns along the Maumee River competed to be the 

last stop for the canal on Lake Erie. In 1833, the towns of 

Port Lawrence and Vistula merged to gain a competitive 

edge for the canal. The new combined city was named 

Toledo. While Toledo was not selected, the town of 

Manhattan was – just a half mile to the north. 

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At first, growth for the Port of Toledo was slow. In 1835, just 

over 1200 people lived there, and the population hardly 

changed for several years. When the canal was finished in 

1843, canal boats were too large for the shallow waters at 

Manhattan, and the Port of Toledo was born. 

By 1860, almost 14 thousand people lived in the Port of 

Toledo, and the city consumed Manhattan by the 1880s. 

During the late 1800s, railroads began to compete with the 

canals as the mode of transportation. The Port of Toledo 

was soon the hub for several railroads with a fast-growing 

industrial community made up of companies that made 

furniture, carriages, glass, and beer. Immigrants were 

attracted to the Port of Toledo by the new factory jobs 

opening. 

By 1880, the Port of Toledo was one of Ohio's biggest 

cities, and it continued to grow rapidly into the early 20th 

Century. Introduced by Michael Owens and Edward Libbey, 

glass-making became an important part of the economy. 

Because the local economy had become dependent on 

manufacturing, the Great Depression brought severe 

hardship to the Port of Toledo. Growth slowed dramatically, 

and jobs were scarce until World War II. The Port of Toledo 

became a production center during World War II. The Willys 

Jeep was manufactured there among many other wartime 

products. 

Today, the Port of Toledo is an important industrial, 

commercial, and transportation center for the north central 

United States. The port is connected to the St. Lawrence 

Seaway that brings traffic from the Atlantic Ocean to the 

Great Lakes. The Port of Toledo handles huge volumes of 

bituminous coal, and its free trade zone handles large 

amounts of grain, machinery and tools, metal ores, 

vehicles, and industrial equipment. The industrial profile of 

the Port of Toledo is diverse and contains makers of glass, 

cars (Jeeps are still made there), auto parts, furniture, 

cabinets, rubber, plastics, machinery, tools, and petroleum 

products. 

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Port Commerce 

The Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority governs and 

operates the Port of Toledo. Founded in 1955, it was the 

first port authority in the State of Ohio. (Today, there are 

over 20 port authorities in the state.) The port authority is 

responsible for three areas: maritime and aviation 

transportation and development. 

The Port of Toledo is the largest seaport by area on the 

Great Lakes, and it is well-placed as an inland distribution 

center linked to North American markets by rail, road, 

water, air, and pipeline. The international seaport is trading 

partner to Mexico, Canada, Europe, Russia, and Asia. 

The Port of Toledo offers over 11 kilometers of seaway 

draft waterfront with direct links to the full range of 

transportation modes. The Port of Toledo handles all types 

of cargo, including bulk, breakbulk, containers, and project 

cargo. Cargoes range from corn to coal and metal products, 

and the Port of Toledo offers a team of experienced 

stevedores and professionals able to provide complete and 

outstanding services to their customers. The Port of Toledo 

Shipyard contains dry dock and a high-bay fabrication shop 

to repair, maintain, inspect, and construct vessels. 

The Grain and Aggregates Complex at the Port of Toledo 

handles corn, wheat, and soybeans at three riverfront grain 

terminals with capacity to store over 35 million cubic meters 

of cargo. The Toledo area has total grain storage capacity 

for more than 88 million cubic meters. The Andersons, 

Kuhlman Drive Facility can accommodate vessels up to 

304.8 meters long with alongside depth of 8.1 meters, and 

it has storage capacity for over 11 million cubic meters. It is 

served by direct rail with a 65-car track loading capacity. 

The Andersons, Edwin Drive Facility in the Port of Toledo 

can accommodate vessels to 274.3 meters long, and 

capacity to store over nine million cubic meters, and is 

served by direct rail with 100-car track loading capacity. 

The ADM Grain Company facility in the Port of Toledo has 

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two berths with capacity to serve all seaway draft ships. 

The facility can load vessels at 3000 metric tons per hour 

and can serve self-unloading vessels at a rate of 1600 

metric tons per hour. The ADM facility has capacity to store 

330 thousand metric tons and offers 228 storage bins to 

segregate commodities. 

The Hansen Mueller Company's Port of Toledo Facility 

processes oat and barley cargoes, with capability to clean, 

bag, grind, process, and store bulk grain cargoes. Kraft 

Foods' facility at the Port of Toledo, which serves selfunloading 

lake trading vessels and barges, has capacity for 

over eight million metric tons of grain. 

Cement cargoes at the Port of Toledo are handled by three 

operators: St. Marys Cement Inc., Kuhlman Cement, and 

Lafarge Cement. St. Marys Cement's dock is 80.8 meters 

long with seaway draft and storage capacity for about 13 

thousand metric tons. Lafarge Cement, a wholesale cement 

distribution facility, offers 158.5 meters of dock for standard 

use with draft of 5.8 meters at dock's edge and 9.1 meters 

at the channel. The Lafarge facility has capacity for 10.9 

metric tons of cargo. 

Arms Dock handles aggregates at the Port of Toledo, with 

6.1 hectares of paved storage and 5.4 thousand square 

meters of warehouse capacity. The facility has on-dock rail 

connections with CSX and in-house trucking for bulk 

materials. Midwest Terminals operates a rail ballast dock of 

609.6 meters and draft of 8.2 meters. The facility covers 6.1 

hectares and offers on-dock rail service. The City Dock 

contains bulk storage of salt for use by the city. 

The Port of Toledo boasts a world-class Coal and Iron Ore 

Center. Its modern facilities at the mouth of the Maumee 

River have one of the world's greatest capacity for handling 

these products. The facilities serve self-unloading lake 

vessels of up to 304.8 meters long from Lake Superior and 

overseas ports, and the ore goes directly to steel mills in 

Ohio. 

Coal is loaded at the Port of Toledo CSX Transportation 

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Docks. The CSX coal-loading facility contains a 304+ meter 

dock with seaway draft and on-dock rail service. The CSX 

iron ore receiving facility in the Port of Toledo serves selfunloading 

vessels at a 304+ meter dock with seaway draft. 

The iron ore facility has on-ground capacity for one million 

tons of cargo, and handling capacity for up to six million 

tons a year. 

The Port of Toledo's Overseas Cargo Center is an 

important intermodal hub that serves the Midwest United 

States with connections to marine, road, rail, and air 

transportation. The 60-hectare cargo center borders over 

1.5 kilometers of straight-line wharf on the mouth of the 

Maumee River on Lake Erie. The Cargo Center at the Port 

of Toledo handles widest variety of cargoes of the Great 

Lakes ports, and it offers abundant covered and open 

storage. The Cargo Center is a foreign trade zone area, 

and the port authority will customize sites for specific 

international trade needs. 

The Port of Toledo handles general cargoes that include 

bulk, breakbulk, heavy-lift and project cargoes, containers, 

metals, steel, and lumber. Some of the grain cargoes 

through the Port of Toledo include corn, beans, wheat, 

oats, fertilizers, and distillers dried grains. The Port of 

Toledo handles a wide range of liquid cargoes that include 

jet fuel, biofuels, and liquid asphalt. Aggregate cargoes 

include sand, salt, stone, rail ballast, and many others. 

General cargo facilities in the Port of Toledo are operated 

by Midwest Terminals of Toledo International and Kuhlman. 

The Midwest Terminal complex at the mouth of the 

Maumee River covers over 44 hectares of land, including 

more than 62 thousand square meters of warehouse, 

including temperature controlled space. The complex 

contains seven berths on 1.3 thousand meters of dock and 

is equipped with the latest equipment to provide efficient 

service. On-dock rails serve all berths, and the complex is 

protected by a comprehensive security system. Part of the 

Port of Toledo Foreign Trade Zone #8, the Midwest 

Terminals facility is listed on the London Metal Exchange 

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and the New York Mercantile Exchange. The Kuhlman 

general cargo facility contains about 200 meters of berthing 

space, over one hectare of covered warehouse with 

segregated bins, and almost six hectares of outside dock 

storage. 

Five operators handle petroleum products. BP-Husky 

Refining LLC operates the Toledo Refinery Marine Dock in 

the Foreign Trade Zone. Among others, the facility handles 

gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel and is equipped with barge 

and pipeline access. Arc Terminals Holdings LLC-Toledo 

operates a petroleum products distribution center. Shelly 

Liquid Division handles specialty asphalt products and is 

served by truck and barge. Seneca Petroleum Company 

has docking facilities with a draft of five meters and pipeline 

for barges. The Sunoco MidAmerica M&R facility is served 

by truck and barge and has a draft of 4.9 meters. 

Ironhead Marine, Inc. operates the Port of Toledo Shipyard, 

offering full-service marine repairs that include construction, 

conversion, and re-powering. The shipyard facility contains 

two graving docks of 234.1 maximum length for survey 

barge shipments of heavy fabrications. A new 1.9 thousand 

square meter High Bay Fabrication Shop is now open. 


The modern City of Toledo is not a popular tourist 

destination, but it offers a wide range of attractions and 

activities that visitors will enjoy. Near downtown are the Old 

West End and the Toledo Museum of Art. Further out is the 

world-class Toledo Zoo. The Port of Toledo has a healthy 

Polish neighborhood dotted with fantastic restaurants. In 

fact, visitors can find almost any ethnic cuisine in the Port of 

Toledo from Polish and Hungarian treats to Middle East 

and Indian cuisine. 

The popular Toledo Museum of Art is one of the country's 

best. Containing over 30 thousand works of art, the 

museum offers over 35 galleries, a sculpture garden, and a 

new glass pavilion. The museum displays works by the 

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world's greatest artists and sculptors from Cezanne and 

Degas to Calder and Picasso as well as many ancient 

masterpieces and Asian treasures. 

The Port of Toledo's historic Old West End is a wonderful 

step back into time with 25 blocks containing one of the 

biggest groups of late Victorian homes still standing in the 

United States. The area contains unspoiled examples 

Colonial, Italian Renaissance, Second Empire French, 

Queen Ann, and Georgian architecture. Just north of the Art 

Museum, the old mansions surrounded by 100-year-old 

trees are open at Christmas for wonderful holiday tours. 

The Port of Toledo Zoo holds a treasure trove of over six 

thousand creatures representing more than 750 species 

displayed in creative animal-friendly exhibits where visitors 

can get close without disturbing the living displays. The zoo 

is active in many conservation efforts to preserve 

endangered and threatened species of all types, including 

some breeding programs. 

Port Location: Toledo 

Port Name: Port of Toledo 

Port Authority: Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority 

Address: One Maritime Plaza 

Suite 700 

Toledo, OH 43604-1866 

United States 

Phone: 419.243.8251 

Fax: 419.243.1835 

800 Number: 866-888-7678 

Email: jcappel@toledoportauthority.org 

Web Site: www.toledoseaport.org 

Latitude: 41° 41' 43" N 


UN/LOCODE: USTOL 



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Pennsylvania 

United States 

Port Index 

Pennsylvania has 6 ports 

The ports and harbors located in Pennsylvania are listed below. 

Chester, PA 

Port of Chester 

Eddystone, PA 

Penn Terminals 

Marcus Hook, PA 

Port of Marcus Hook 

Philadelphia, PA 

Port of Philadelphia 

C 

E 

Erie, PA 

Port of Erie 

M 

P 

Pittsburgh, PA 

Port of Pittsburgh 

Port of Erie 

Port Detail 

The Port of Erie lies on the southeastern shores of Lake 

Erie in northwestern Pennsylvania in the United States. The 

Port of Erie is about 140 kilometers southwest of the Port of 

Buffalo (New York) and about 150 kilometers eastnortheast 

of the Port of Cleveland (Ohio), two other major 

ports on Lake Erie. The Port of Erie is the seat of Erie 

County and the State's only port on the Great Lakes. In 

2000, the Port of Erie was home to over 103 thousand 

people, and more than 280 thousand called the 

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metropolitan area home. 

The city is home to a diverse manufacturing community that 

makes locomotives, electrical equipment, plastics, 

machinery and metal products, hospital equipment, 

chemicals, paper, and rubber products. Being 

Pennsylvania's only port on the St. Lawrence Seaway, the 

Port of Erie is in a strategic location for the transport of 

coke, steel, iron ore, stone, salt, and scrap metal. 

Port History 

Before it was the Port of Erie, the Seneca Nation and the 

Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy inhabited the area. 

In 1753, Fort Presque Isle was built by the French near 

modern Erie to protect New France from the encroaching 

British colonists. The French left Fort Presque Isle in 1760, 

and the British moved in the same year, three years before 

the Seven Years' War ended. 

For a time, the patch of land on which the Port of Erie rests 

was claimed by the States of Pennsylvania, New York, 

Massachusetts, and Connecticut. The United States 

government sold the land to Pennsylvania after the other 

states withdrew their claims. 

In 1789, the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy sold 

their land for $2 thousand from the State and $1.2 thousand 

from the federal government. The Seneca Nation settled 

their claims for land against Pennsylvania in 1971 for $800. 

People from the new United States began to settle the area 

in 1795 when Colonel Seth Reed and family moved to the 

Port of Erie from Geneva, New York. 

The British controlled Lake Erie during the early part of the 

War of 1812. To undermine that control, President James 

Madison had a naval fleet constructed at the Port of Erie, 

and four schooner-rigged gunboats and two brigs were 

made. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry led the squadron in 

the Battle of Lake Erie which won control of the Lake for the 

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United States. 

In addition to the port, the Port of Erie was a major hub for 

railroads in the 19th Century. However, the track gauges 

were not the same, and commerce and travel were slowed 

by the transfer of people and goods from one line to 

another. Despite the inconvenience, this service provided 

many jobs for Port of Erie residents. When the national 

standard gauge was proposed, the citizens of Erie engaged 

in riots that are now called the Erie Gauge War. 

By the beginning of the 20th Century, the Port of Erie's 

importance was fading as the golden era of trade and 

commercial fishing at Lake Erie diminished. However, the 

city compensated for this loss with the growth of industry 

and manufacturing in the region. The Port of Erie's 

downtown district continued to grow throughout the 20th 

Century. 

As the Port of Erie entered modern times, it fell victim to the 

nationwide movement to suburbs. What was once a center 

for heavy manufacturing has shrunk to a limited industrial 

sector. Although the Port of Erie of the 21 Century has a 

more diverse economy, it is also focusing on tourism as a 

major contributor to the local economy. Over four million 

visitors come to Presque Isle State Park every year to enjoy 

the water and visit the new casino. 

Port Commerce 

The Erie-Western Pennsylvania Port Authority was created 

to plan, acquire, build, maintain, and operate facilities and 

projects to improve and develop the operations of the Port 

of Erie. The port authority's charge is to promote 

commercial, industrial, and recreation opportunities on 

Presque Isle Bay and adjacent waters. While the port 

authority seeks long-term balanced growth of the bayfront 

areas in the Port of Erie, it also strives to assure 

ecologically-sound uses of the Bay and a healthy balance 

between industrial and recreational uses of the waterfront. 

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The Port of Erie has an excellent natural harbor protected 

by the 10-kilometer peninsula called Presque Isle. Being 

the State's only port on the Great Lakes, the Port of Erie is 

a valuable center for commercial and recreational 

opportunities for customers worldwide. The Port of Erie 

includes the biggest dry dock and crane on the Great 

Lakes, a modern full-service shipyard, a Foreign Trade 

Zone, 1.8 thousand meters of deep-draft docks, 27.9 

thousand square meters of warehouse space, and the 32hectare 

Keystone Opportunity Zone. 

O-N Minerals Erie operates two warehouses in the Port of 

Erie of 4.6 and 3.3 thousand square meters, respectively. 

The warehouses are equipped with heavy-lift crawler 

cranes and ample cargo-handling equipment, and the 

facility also offers over six hectares of lay-down area. The 

warehouses are served by CSX rail sidings. The wharf 

offers 442 meters of berthing space equipped for heavy-lift 

and general cargoes. 

Erie Shipbuilding, LLC, offers a complete ship repair and 

ship building service at the Port of Erie. The facility covers 

almost 18 hectares and has 18.6 thousand square meters 

in three buildings. With six berthing docks, the shipyard's 

381 by 40 meter drydock includes 46 meters of covered 

dock and cranes with capacity for 100 and 20 tons. In 

addition to offering fabricating capability for ships, this Port 

of Erie facility can fabricate large units, generators, 

turbines, and pressure vessels for Great Lakes and 

overseas shipping. 


The City of Erie is the perfect destination for families 

looking for a beach, couples seeking a romantic hide-away, 

and sportsmen in search of that big catch. The Port of Erie 

has something for everyone at every time of year. Most 

visitors come to the Port of Erie during the spring and 

summer to enjoy one of the many beaches, explore the 

trails, go bird-watching, or enjoy a picnic. But autumn is a 

treat in the Port of Erie as the forests blaze with the rich fall 

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colors. In the winter, skiers, tubers, and snowmobile lovers 

find the Port of Erie area a snowy delight. 

The Port of Erie has four clearly distinct seasons. 

Temperatures range from an average high of 25.5 °C (78 

°F) in August to an average low of 7.7 °C (18 °F) in 

January. Summers are comfortable, if a little humid. 

Winters see a lot of snow and many opportunities for 

outdoor recreation. Spring and autumn are glorious. 

Being Pennsylvania's only Great Lakes port, the Port of 

Erie is excited about its revitalized waterfront area. The Port 

of Erie is a favorite place for recreational boaters on Lake 

Erie. The Bayfront District waterfront contains restaurants, 

entertainment, shopping, and recreational opportunities. 

Within walking distance of the Bayfront District are several 

museums and art galleries. Boaters will find that the Port of 

Erie offers a wide range of charter services for people who 

want to fish, sail, take a riverboat ride, or service their own 

boat. 

The Port of Erie's Presque Isle State Park, a 1.3 hectare 

peninsula protects the harbor and forms the bay. This 

sandy National Natural Landmark supports many rare 

species and offers 11 kilometers of unspoiled beaches. 

Visitors to the State Park enjoy the many opportunities to 

swim, fish, hike, bicycle, boat, body surf, and skate. Water 

taxis at the Bayfront's Dobbins Landing and Liberty Park 

carry visitors to the park. 

The Port of Erie Maritime Museum is also located in the 

Bayfront District, and it is home to the US Brig Niagara, the 

official flagship of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Built 

to commemorate the 175th anniversary of the Battle of 

Lake Erie, the Niagara is now a floating museum with 

interactive exhibits that tell the story of Erie's role in the 

War of 1812. 

Port Location: Erie 

Port Name: Port of Erie 

Port Authority: Erie-Western Pennsylvania Port 

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Authority 

Address: 208 East Bayfront Parkway 

Suite 201 

Erie, PA 16507 

United States 

Phone: 814-455-7557 

800 Number: 

Fax: 814-455-8070 

Email: 

Web Site: www.porterie.org 

Latitude: 42° 8' 32" N 


UN/LOCODE: USERI 



Port of Pittsburgh 

Port Detail 

The Port of Pittsburgh lies where the Allegheny and 

Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River in 

southwestern Pennsylvania in the Unites States. This 

inland port is the second busiest of its kind in the United 

States and the 19th busiest port of any kind in the country. 

It is located about 186 kilometers south of the Port of Erie 

and about 182 kilometers southeast of the Port of 

Cleveland, Ohio. In 2000, over 334 thousand people lived 

in the Port of Pittsburgh, and over 2.3 million lived in the 


In the past, the Port of Pittsburgh was famous for being the 

hub of the steel industry, but things have changed. The Port 

of Pittsburgh is a city of parks, valleys, and hills, but it is 

also the center of a large urban industrial region that 

includes 12 surrounding counties. Today, the Port of 

Pittsburgh economy is based on healthcare, technology, 

education, robotics, and finance. The city has successfully 

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redeveloped old abandoned industrial sites with housing, 

shops, and offices. Although the Port of Pittsburgh suffered 

hard times in the 1970s when the steel industry weakened, 

it has rebounded. 

Port History 

Before Europeans came to the area, the Port of Pittsburgh 

region was inhabited by Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples. 

France and Britain competed for control of the area in the 

18th Century. In 1758, General John Forbes and his British 

troops drove the French out of Fort Duquesne that they had 

build four years earlier. 

The British constructed Fort Pitt, naming it for statesman 

William Pitt the Elder, in 1761 to make sure they dominated 

the source of the Ohio River. In 1763, the military defeated 

the indigenous peoples led by OttawaChief Pontiac who 

then agreed to allow white men to settle the area. Settlers 

began to enter the area, and after the American Revolution, 

the Port of Pittsburgh became an important last stop for 

pioneers heading west on the Ohio River. 

During the 1800s, the Port of Pittsburgh's valuable location 

and the abundance of natural resources in the area drove 

significant growth and industry. In 1792, George Anschutz 

built a blast furnace there that foretold the coming of the 

iron and steel industry. In 1834, both the Portage Railroad 

and the Pennsylvania Canal began operating, opening 

huge new markets for shipping and trade. By 1850, the Port 

of Pittsburgh was called "Iron City." 

After the American Civil War, immigrants from Europe 

flooded the city, and Golden Age industrialists like Andrew 

Carnegie and Thomas Mellon established their steel 

empires in the Port of Pittsburgh. The Port of Pittsburgh 

became the center for conflict between management and 

labor. In 1881, the American Federation of Labor was born 

in the Port of Pittsburgh. 

By the beginning of the 20th Century, the Port of Pittsburgh 

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was home to more than 320 thousand people. The city 

continued to grow through the end of World War II. The war 

brought a new flood of prosperity to the Port of Pittsburgh. 

By 1950, over 675 thousand people lived there, one quarter 

of them African Americans. 

During the mid-20th Century, the Port of Pittsburgh gained 

its reputation as a dirty and polluted industrial collection of 

smoke stacks. By the 1950s, city leaders were addressing 

pollution problems. In 1957, the Port of Pittsburgh became 

the first city in the United States to have nuclear-generated 

electricity. 

Due to the combination of decreased demand and foreign 

competition, the Port of Pittsburgh's steel industry had all 

but disappeared by the early 1980s. Unemployment was 

high, and the future looked dark. However, the Port of 

Pittsburgh was able to diversify its economy by 

emphasizing light industry and high technology. Factories 

began to produce chemicals and plastics, and research 

laboratories began to develop new environmental and 

biomedical technologies. 

Today, much of the downtown Golden Triangle area has 

been rebuilt, and it contains many popular and wellattended 

sports and entertainment venues. The city is 

home to several major institutions of higher education. The 

Port of Pittsburgh is home to the Carnegie Museums of 

Pittsburgh, a fine arts, natural history, and science center 

that enriches the city's cultural base. The Port of Pittsburgh 

is also home to some of the United States' major sports 

teams including the Pittsburgh Pirates (baseball) and the 

Pittsburgh Steelers (gridiron football). 

Port Commerce 

The Port of Pittsburgh Commission is the port authority 

responsible for helping create jobs and improve the quality 

of life for residents of southwestern Pennsylvania by 

promoting commercial use and development of the State's 

inland waterways and intermodal transportation systems. 

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The Commission was created by the Pennsylvania 

Legislature in 1992. It contains four members appointed by 

the Legislature and eleven members appointed by the 

Governor. 

The Port of Pittsburgh District covers a 12-county area and 

over 300 kilometers of commercially navigable waterways 

within the State of Pennsylvania. A system of 17 locks and 

dams make the waterways navigable. The Port of 

Pittsburgh supports more than 200 public and private 

terminals and service suppliers. The Commission is a onestop 

shipping link for port customers who need information 

about the river system and available services. 

In 2007, the Port of Pittsburgh handled more than 38 million 

tons of cargo, including 28 million tons of coal, 5.8 million 

tons of non-fuel crude materials, 2.2 million tons of primary 

manufactured goods, 1.2 million tons of petroleum and 

petroleum products, and 794 thousand tons of chemicals 

and chemical products. Other cargoes included food and 

farm products and manufacturing equipment and products. 

The Port of Pittsburgh is the United States' second busiest 

inland port, handling more cargo than the ports of 

Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Norfolk. It also supports some 

34 thousand jobs in the southwestern Pennsylvania area. 

The Port of Pittsburgh sits at the origin of a 16 thousand 

kilometer waterway system that serves markets in 24 

states. The port is served by two major railroads and four 

interstate highways. Today, the Port of Pittsburgh is 

engaged in a major project to improve commercial shipping 

on the Monongahela River by renovating three small locks 

and constructing a new dam and lock. 


The City of Pittsburgh is not the gritty steel town you may 

envision. The Port of Pittsburgh has faced issues of 

pollution and economic stress head-on and come out 

ahead. In a time when other urban centers are dealing with 

urban blight and unemployment, the Port of Pittsburgh 

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thrives. Despite a nationwide mortgage crisis, the Port of 

Pittsburgh housing market is relatively stable. Forbes 

magazine named the Port of Pittsburgh the country's 10th 

cleanest city in 2007, and it named it the 13th best city for 

young professionals in 2008. In 2007, the Places Rated 

Almanac named the Port of Pittsburgh "America's Most 

Livable City." 

The Port of Pittsburgh is at the northern limits of the humid 

subtropical zone. It has four distinct seasons with long, 

snowy winters and hot humid, sometimes rainy summers. 

Temperatures range from an average high of 28°C (83°F) 

in July to an average low of -7°C (20°F) in January. 

There are far too many wonderful attractions in the Port of 

Pittsburgh to describe here, but there are also some things 

to see and do that visitors will not want to miss. For more 

information about the many attractions in the Port of 

Pittsburgh, visit the city's tourism website. 

The Port of Pittsburgh's Carnegie Museum of Art contains 

fantastic collections of contemporary art (including film and 

video), works from American artists of the late 19th 

Century, French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist 

paintings, and 17th Century decorate arts. The Heinz 

Architectural Center has a fascinating collection of 

architectural drawings and models, and the Hall of 

Architecture contains one of the world's biggest collections 

of plaster casts of architectural landmarks. There are few 

places in the United States with more impressive 

collections. 

The Port of Pittsburgh is also home to the National Aviary, 

one of the first zoos to house its exhibits in free-flight rooms 

with natural atmospheres in more than 2.3 thousand square 

meters of space. Saved from destruction by a group of 

concerned citizens, the Aviary was privatized in 1992. A 

year later, the US Congress designated the honorary title of 

National Aviary in Pittsburgh to the facility. The National 

Aviary has received many awards for its avian breedings, 

educational programs, and avian veterinary program. This 

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is a must-see adventure. 

In 2007, the Port of Pittsburgh's Duquesne Incline 

celebrated 130 years of operation, having served both 

commuters and tourists continuously since 1877. This 

historic cable car carries people up Mt. Washington to an 

unparalleled view of the city. The Incline is not only a 

popular tourist attraction. It is also the best way for 

residents of Mt. Washington to commute to work downtown 

or to shop in Station Square. In December 2006, the 

Duquesne Incline celebrated its 20 millionth rider! 

Port Location: Pittsburgh 

Port Name: Port of Pittsburgh 

Port Authority: Port of Pittsburgh Commission 

Address: 425 Sixth Avenue 

Suite 2990 

Pittsburgh, PA 15219 

United States 

Phone: 412 201-7330 

800 Number: 

Fax: 412 201-7337 

Email: mail@port.pittsburgh.pa.us 

Web Site: www.port.pittsburgh.pa.us 

Latitude: 40° 26' 57" N 


UN/LOCODE: USPIT 



Wisconsin 

United States 

Port Index 

Wisconsin has 10 ports 

The ports and harbors located in Wisconsin are listed below. 

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Ashland, WI 

Ashland Harbor 

Ashland, WI 


Green Bay, WI 

Port of Green Bay 

Kenosha, WI 

Port of Kenosha 

Manitowoc, WI 

Manitowoc Harbor 

Port Washington, WI 

Port Washington 

Marina 

Racine, WI 

Port of Racine 

Sheboygan, WI 

Port of Sheboygan 

Most Popular 

Green Bay, WI 


A 

G 

K 

M 

Marinette, WI 

Port of Marinette 

P 

R 

S 

Superior, WI 

Port Superior 

Milwaukee, WI 

Port of Milwaukee 

Milwaukee, WI 


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Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Ashland Harbor in 

Ashland, WI - USA 

Port Location: Ashland 

Port Name: Ashland Harbor 

Port Authority: City of Ashland Harbor Commission 

Address: Ashland City Hall 

601 Main Street W 

Ashland, WI 54806 

United States 

Phone: 715 682 7049 

Fax: 

800 Number: 

Email: 

Web Site: 

Latitude: 46° 35' 53" N 


UN/LOCODE: USASX 




Port Detail 

Information and contact details for Port of Green Bay in 

Green Bay, WI - USA 

Port Location: Green Bay 

Port Name: Port of Green Bay 

Port Authority: Brown County Harbor Commission 

Address: 2561 S. Broadway 

Green Bay, WI 54304 

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United States 

Phone: 920-492-4950 

800 Number: 

Fax: 920-492-4957 

Email: haen_dr@co.brown.wi.us 

Web Site: www.portofgreenbay.com 

Latitude: 44° 30' 49" N 


UN/LOCODE: USGRB 




Port Detail 

The Port of Milwaukee is in southeast Wisconsin in the United 

States where the Kinnickinnic, Menomonee, and Milwaukee 

Rivers join to flow into Milwaukee Bay on the western shores 

of Lake Michigan. Located about 150 kilometers northnorthwest 

of Chicago, the Port of Milwaukee is the heart of a 

five-county metropolitan area that stretches some 50 

kilometers south to Racine. The State's biggest city, the Port 

of Milwaukee is part of a large industrial region that reaches 

through Chicago, Illinois, into northwestern Indiana. In 2000, 

almost 597 thousand people lived in the Port of Milwaukee, 

and almost 1.7 million lived in the Milwaukee-Racine 


Thirteen Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in the 

Port of Milwaukee suburbs and has more Fortune 500 

company headquarters than all but four other cities in the 

United States. The fastest-growing sectors in the Port of 

Milwaukee economy are services and management, and the 

healthcare industry provides almost a third of the city's jobs. 

Over a fifth of the Port of Milwaukee's workers are employed 

in the manufacturing sector. 

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Port History 

Before European settlers arrived, the area around the Port of 

Milwaukee was the home of several indigenous tribes: 

Menominee, Ojibwe, Winnebago, Mascouten, Suak, Fox, and 

Potawatomi. The first Europeans in the region were French 

traders and missionaries who ventured through in the late 

17th and 18th Centuries. The word "Milwaukee" means 

"Good/Beautiful/Pleasant Land" and derives from the 

Algonquian word Millioke. 

Three towns were originally established in what would 

become Milwaukee. French Canadian Solomon Juneau 

founded Jueautown in 1818. Byron Kilbourn established 

Kilbourntown on the west side of the Milwaukee River to 

compete with Juneau. George Walker claimed land to the 

south of the river in 1834 which became known as Walker's 

Point. By the 1840s, the three settlements had grown, as had 

their rivalry. Conflicts ended in the Milwaukee Bridge War of 

1845, when the three towns were united. Solomon Juneau 

was the first elected mayor of the new Port of Milwaukee. 

The Port of Milwaukee was born in 1835 as a Great Lakes 

port when commercial cargo vessels came to the new village. 

European settlers came to the area due to its easy access to 

the frontier via the three rivers flowing into Lake Michigan at 

the harbor. Those same streams are now the focus of 

significant commercial and industrial development, extensive 

dredging, and thick dock facilities that handle millions of tons 

of cargo each year. 

Unlike other Great Lakes ports, the Port of Milwaukee 

recognized early on that the river channels could not 

accommodate significant cargo traffic indefinitely. The city 

created a comprehensive plan to acquire lakefront areas and 

develop an outer harbor under the control of the city. 

During the middle and late 1800s, the area became home to 

many German immigrants who fled the Revolution of 1848 in 

the German States and Austria. Here, they found cheap land 

and freedom. In the 1850s, many German Jews arrived in the 

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Port of Milwaukee and Wisconsin, many of whom became 

quite successful in banking and retail businesses. While the 

German communities in the Port of Milwaukee remained 

strong after the American Civil War, other immigrants came to 

the city as well. 

Polish immigrants began to arrive, escaping poverty and 

political oppression. In the Port of Milwaukee, they found 

work, and soon the Port of Milwaukee became the home of 

one of the United States' biggest Polish communities. By the 

early 20th Century, only New York City rivaled the Port of 

Milwaukee in the percentage of foreign-born residents in the 

United States. 

In 1857, a new harbor entrance was finished and the new port 

outlet moved 0.8 kilometers to the north. Due to the many 

shipping disasters on Lake Michigan in the mid-1800s, the US 

Congress approved the development of a Harbor of Refuge in 

the Port of Milwaukee in 1881, funding an extension of a 

breakwater across the Bay. 

In 1900, the Port of Milwaukee's mayor proposed that docks 

and terminals be built in the deep waters off Jones Island 

because the rivers were being overwhelmed with traffic. While 

the federal District Army Engineer initially opposed the 

project, the mayor persisted, and a Permanent Harbor 

Improvements Committee was formed. After study, the 

Committee recommended improvements to the inner harbor 

channels but did not address the Jones Island proposal. 

In 1903, the Engineer proposed several improvements that 

would allow larger vessels to moor at the port. The city would 

secure the lands to widen channels, and the federal 

government would do the necessary dredging. The proposal 

was adopted by Congress in 1905, though little happened 

after the city acquired the property. 

In 1908, the city recognized the eventual need for more and 

better harbor facilities, and a committee proposed an outer 

harbor on Jones Island. The US District Engineer 

recommended a plan that acknowledged the likely need for 

an outer harbor in the near future. Still, little action followed, 

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and plans for an outer harbor were postponed. 

In 1912, the Harbor Commission was formed and 

recommended the immediate acquisition of Jones Island 

because it was the only place where the municipality could 

still acquire and develop its waterfront and build a terminal. In 

1913, Jones Island was condemned and taken by the city. 

In 1914, many improvements to the Port of Milwaukee were 

approved and the State Legislature granted the city the 

authority to create a Board of Harbor Commissioners. In 

1920, plans for the Milwaukee harbor project were finally 

approved. The city formed the Board of Harbor 

Commissioners with authority to employ workers and award 

contracts for the maintenance and operation of the port. 

By 1926, work had begun on the Jones Island port facilities in 

the Port of Milwaukee. Dredging and filling on Jones Island 

began in 1927 as the first step in developing a car-ferry 

terminal. The Port of Milwaukee Board of Harbor 

Commissioners has operated continuously since 1920. 

In the early 20th Century, the Port of Milwaukee was the 

center of the United States' socialist movement. Three 

socialist mayors were elected from 1910 to 1960, and the Port 

of Milwaukee is still the only city in the United States to have 

elected socialist mayors. 

While at one time, the Port of Milwaukee was known for its 

breweries and manufacturing plants, the city has been 

changing. Over the last decades, the city has added many 

cultural attractions in attempts to upgrade its image. These 

include the Milwaukee Riverwalk, Miller Park, Pier Wisconsin, 

and the Midwest Airlines Center. The city has also expanded 

the Milwaukee Art Museum and renovated Milwaukee 

Auditorium. Today, the city sports new condos and new 

skyscrapers along the lakefront and the rivers. 

Port Commerce 

The Port of Milwaukee Board of Harbor Commissioners is the 

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port authority responsible for planning, developing, operating, 

maintaining, and promoting the Port of Milwaukee. 

The Port of Milwaukee handles a wide range of cargoes that 

include dry and liquid bulk, project, roll-on/roll-off, general, 

heavy lift, and containerized cargoes. The Port of Milwaukee 

contains sixteen vessel berths, each with a draft of 8 meters 

and length of 304.8 meters. The Port of Milwaukee also has 

two barge berths with over 5.5 meters draft. The Port of 

Milwaukee offers immediate access to Interstate 794 and the 

national highway network, and it is served by the Union 

Pacific Railroad and the Canadian Pacific Railway. 

Located on Lake Michigan, the Port of Milwaukee is a 4-1/2 

day journey along the St. Lawrence Seaway from the Port of 

Montreal. The Port of Milwaukee is the northern-most point an 

inland river barge can navigate from or to New Orleans, 

Houston, and all inland rivers between those two ports. The 

hopper barges using these routes can carry up to 2100 

thousand tons. 

Interlake deck barges travel the Great Lakes moving large 

volumes of cargo between the United States and Canada. 

Bulk products entering the Port of Milwaukee include coal, 

sand, asphalt, salt, cement, and construction aggregates. The 

Port of Milwaukee is also connected by liquid pipeline at 

South Pier 5 and South Pier 1. 

Lake vessels that do not leave the Great Lakes ship from 

March to January or February. Ocean-going vessels traveling 

through the St. Lawrence Seaway travel from March until the 

end of December, usually carrying steel and machinery 

imports and locally-grown grain exports. Inland river barges 

travelling the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers carry cargoes 

from as far away as Vietnam. These cargoes include grain 

and oversized pieces moving south and overseas. 

The Port of Milwaukee's container services are linked to the 

Far East through the Port of Vancouver, saving shippers from 

paying the US Harbor Maintenance Tax. The Port of 

Milwaukee's intermodal container yard covers four acres 

along the inner harbor at Jones Island. This facility, called the 

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City Heavy Lift Dock, sports a 70-ton gantry crane and a 200ton 

stiff-leg derrick. Since 1986, the Port of Milwaukee has 

enjoyed daily train service to and from the Port of Montreal. 

The Port of Milwaukee's Intermodal Terminals offer additional 

service that include stripping, stuffing, repairing, and selling 

shipping containers. The Port of Milwaukee specializes in 

handling heavy containers, saving shippers additional costs. 

With convenient and competitive connections to Vancouver 

and Montreal, the Port of Milwaukee offers an attractive 

alternative to the busy port of Chicago. 

Lake Express is the Port of Milwaukee's high-speed autopassenger 

ferry that operates on routes in the Great Lakes 

and the Continental US. The aluminum-hulled catamaran was 

launched in 2004 on its route between Milwaukee and 

Muskegon, Michigan. 

The Port of Milwaukee is cultivating the wind industry based 

on its history of successfully handling wind energy equipment. 

Positioning itself as an international crossroads for wind 

energy cargoes, the Port of Milwaukee offers ample staging 

areas and easy access to interstate highways and to the 

increasing Midwest wind farms. 


The City of Milwaukee is proud to contain some of the United 

State's most recognizable corporations like Harley Davidson 

and Miller Brewing. At every fifth anniversary, Harley 

Davidson holds a huge celebration that attracts millions of 

riders to the city. At one time, the Port of Milwaukee was 

home to four world-class breweries and was the world's most 

productive beer-making city. Today, the Miller Brewing 

Company remains, providing employment to over two 

thousand city residents. There is much too much to see and 

do in the Port of Milwaukee to list in this article. For more 

information about the many attractions available to visitors, 

visit the Port of Milwaukee's tourism website. 

The Port of Milwaukee boasts of being the "City of Festivals." 

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Each year, Summerfest on the lakefront attracts about a 

million visitors to twelve stages in the "largest music festival in 

the world." Throughout the summer, smaller ethic festivals 

feature the many different cultural communities in the Port of 

Milwaukee. Visitors can enjoy the music and food of the city's 

German, Polish, Italian, Greek, Irish, Serbian, Croatian, 

Arabic, Asian, French, African-American, and Native 

American communities. 

Located in the Great Lakes Region, the Port of Milwaukee 

has quickly-changing weather. Temperatures range from an 

average daytime high of 28 °C (82 °F) in July to an average 

daytime low of -3 °C (27 °F) in January. In the winter, 

nighttime lows can plunge to -11 °C (13 °F). The Port of 

Milwaukee has the second-coolest average annual 

temperature of any large city in the United States except 

Minneapolis. 

The Domes in Mitchell Park is one of the Port of Milwaukee's 

most famous landmarks. These three glass domes contain 

the city's horticultural gardens and include a rainforest, a 

desert, floral gardens, and several themed exhibits. The Arid 

Dome contains a magnificent collection of arid-land plants 

that include succulents, shrubs, cacti, pampas grass, and 

desert palms. The Tropical Dome displays diverse plants from 

five continents' rainforests surrounding a wonderful waterfall 

and supporting many colorful tropical birds. The Floral Show 

Dome is vibrant with color and seasonal displays. 

The Port of Milwaukee is renowned for its many sports teams. 

Hank Aaron hit most of his home runs here. The hometown 

Bucks are the youngest team to win an NBA title. In addition 

to many college teams, the Port of Milwaukee is the proud 

home of the famous Brewers' baseball team, the Bucks 

basketball champions, the Admirals AHL hockey franchise, 

and the Bonecrushers indoor football team. The Milwaukee 

Wave is North America's oldest operating professional soccer 

club, and the Milwaukee Mile is the world's oldest operating 

motor speedway. 

While the Pabst Brewery on the northeast of downtown is no 

longer operating, the facility next door to the Milwaukee 

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Country Courthouse is a much-loved icon of the city. 

Currently being renovated, the facility will soon hold 

restaurants, shops, offices, residences, and entertainment 

venues. 

Port 

Location: 

Milwaukee 

Port Name: Port of Milwaukee 

Port 

Authority: 

Port of Milwaukee Board of Harbor 

Commissioners 

Address: 2323 South Lincoln Memorial Drive 

Milwaukee, WI 53207 

United States 

Phone: 414-286-3511 

800 Number: 

Fax: 414-286-8506 

Email: ereine@milwaukee.gov 

Web Site: www.milwaukee.gov/PortofMilwaukee307.htm 

Latitude: 43° 0' 56" N 


UN/LOCODE: USMKE 



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Appendix A 

Motorcycle Club Glossary & Terminology 

TERMINOLOGY USED BY DANGEROUS MOTORCYCLE GANGS 

1%ers - The 1% symbol is derived from a statement by the American 

Motorcycle Association (AMA) that 99% of the country's motorcyclists 

belong to the AMA and are law-abiding individuals. The 1% symbol 

has thus become the mark of the outlaw bike rider and they display it 

on their colors, and many have it tattooed on their person. 

13 - Patch worn on an outlaw member's colors, symbolizing that the 

biker either smokes marijuana, deals in it, or has contactq for 

methamphe tamine. 

666 - Patch worn on an outlaw member's colors, or tattoo, 

symbolizing the mark of Satan. 

69 - Patch worn on an outlaw member's colors, or tattoo, symbolizing 

that the wearer has committed cunnilingus or fellatio with witnesses 

present. Having been in prison. 

A.M.A. - American Motorcycle Association. It's composed of average 

people who like motorcycles and the companionship of club activity. 

They are seldom intentionally a problem to police and are usually 

willing to cooperate with law enforcement. According to the A.M.A., 

they constitute 99% of the nation's cyclists. 

Citizen - A cyclist who belongs to the A.M.A., not a member of the 

1% club. 

Class - To do something out of the ordinary, usually an act which is 

violent and/or shocking to the public. 

Colors - The official uniform of all outlaw motorcycle gangs. The 

colors consist of a sleeveless levi or leather jacket, with club patch on 

the back, and various other patches, pins, and Nazi metals attached 

to the front. Colors belong to the club, are worn only by male 

members, and are always held sacred by outlaw gang members. 

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Crash Truck - A van, panel truck, or converted school bus that 

follows the motorcyclegangs runs, and picks up broken down bikes. 

Also known to carry the club's weapons, drugs, supplies, and 

camping gear. Usually driven by one of the females. 

Cross - An emblem worn by 1%ers, either as an earring,.patch or pin 

attached to the colors. 

White cross - Earned when a person digs open a grave, removes an 

article from the deceased with witnesses present, and wears it on his 

colors. 

Red cross - Earned by committing homosexual fellatio with 

witnesses present. 

Cutie - A female picked up off the street and taken to the clubhouse 

or other place for a party. She is the victim of a gang bang, rape and 

beating. Later, she is released with threats on her life and family if 

she talks to police. 

D.F.F.L. - Dope Forever Forever Loaded 

Dresser - Large Harley-davidson motorcycle with custom trim, saddle 

bags; used in bike shows. 

Eightball - Patch worn on colors, earned by committing homosexual 

sodomy with witnesses present. 

Fash Truck - Same as crash truck. This term comes from Canada. 

Fly Colors - To ride on a motorcycle wearing colors. 

Free Rider - An individual who shares the same values and enjoys 

the same life-style as outlaw gang members but who prefers to keep 

a degree of freedom of choice by not formally belonging to one 

specific club. 

F.T.W. - Standing for "Fuck the World," these intitials are found on 

membership cards, as tattoos, and are patches or pins on colors. 

Garbage Wagon - A stock motorcycle with standard parts intact, 

loaded with saddle bags and chrome, as distinct from a chopper. 

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Hardtail - A rigid motorcycle frame with no shock absorbing device 

on the rear. 

Heat - Law enforcment officer, also known as The Man. 

Hog - Harley-Davidson motorcycle. 

Jap-Scrap - Japanese motorcycles or foreign made bikes. 

Knucklehead - A type of Harley-Davidson engine manufactured prior 

to 1948, which was characterized by large nuts on the right * side of 

engine above the cylinders. Appearance is somewhat similar to 

knuckles. 

Legal Name - Most outlaw motorcycle club members have 

nicknames or club names which are called "Legal Names" by club 

members. They are also called "Street Names." 

Loner - See "Free Rider." 

Mama - A girl available to all club members, usually.sexually. 

M.C. - Patch on colors, meaning motorcycle club. 

Nomad - They are members of a motorcyle gang and will wear the 

club's colors. The bottom rocker will read "Nomad." In some clubs 

they are the enforcers. They do not belong to any one chapter. He 

will attend club meetings and pay required dues to different chapters, 

depending on his travels. 

O.F.F.O. - Outlaws Forever Forever Outlaws 

Old Lady - Wife or steady girlfriend of a club member. 

originals - A member's first set of colors which are never to be 

cleaned. 

Participate - To aid a member in a fight by ganging up on the 

opponent. 

P.O.B.O.B. - Pissed Off Bastards of Blooming ton - the original gang 

that later developed into the Hell's Angels. 

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P.P.D.S.P.E.M.F.O.B.B.T. - "Pill Popping Dope Smoking Pussy 

Eating Mother Fucken Outlaw Brothers Biken Together" found on 

tattoos, colors, and business cards. 

Probate - Club membership hopefuls, who ride with the gang during 

their probationary period. After this time a unanimous vote must be 

cast by the membership for acceptance, initiation, and awarding of 

colors. 

Prospect - A prospective member. 

Pull a Train - For a girl to have sexual inter course with each man in 

the group, any way he would like it, one after another. 

Run - A club sanctioned outing for a day, weekend, or week, to a 

certain location for a party, camping, or special event. sometimes with 

other chapters and/or clubs. 

Sheep - Same as "Mama." 

Sissy Bars -Bars, often high bars, on the rear of a motorcycle used 

as a back-rest for a passenger. 

Static - Trouble or harassment from law enforcement authorities or 

other members of motorcycle clubs. 

Striker - A prospective member; term normally used by Canadian 

clubs. 

Suck to the Bulls - Talk or act friendly towards policemen. 

The Man - Police or Law Enforcement Officer 

Turn Out - When all members come together in the case of an 

initiation for a new member, or for a girl to pull a train for the first time. 

War Wagon - A vehicle used to transport the club's arsenal during an 

outing when trouble is expected from other clubs. 

White Power Fist - Patch worn on colors which displays the gang's 

racial ideals and philosophies of White supremacy. 

Wings - emblem worn by 1%ers, as a pin or patch (cloth) attached to 

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the colors. All wing earning must be witnessed. 

Black Wings - Earned when the wearer performs cunnilinguson a 

Black woman. 

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Appendix B 

Jamaican Posse Slang 

j slash k, Becky: When jokingly speaking you can use j slash k to tell the person 

you are kidding. 

Example: Your turn to pay. J slash k, Becky. 

J'Cadian: A person of Jamacian decent born in Canada. 

Example: Lisa: Are you Jamacian? 

Fitzroy: No, I'm actually J'Cadian. 

J-Lo: Butt. 

Example: I've got a huge J-Lo from eating all of these doughnuts. 

J.J. McTitty's: Referring to how a woman with large breasts got them. 

Example: She must have visited J.J. McTitty's. Her hooters are bloody huge! 

j/v: (adj) One who is not ready for a serious relationship. (Ref: Junior Varsity.) 

Example: Nate won't admit that we've ever been on a date. He is so j/v. 

jabartism: (int) Exclamation of joy, referring to a good thing that has happened. 

Example: Jabartism! I just got promoted. 

jabbaent: (adj) Idle, inactive, lazy, slothful or sluggish. From Jabba the Hutt of the 

Star Wars movie series. 

Example: That jabbaent six-year-old should do some work in the real world. 

jabbaist: (n) Someone who has become one with the couch. From Jabba the Hutt 

of the Star Wars movie series. 

Example: Get off the couch and stop being such a jabbaist, yelled her mother. 

jabber: To talk endlessly about nothing. 

Example: My mom came over last night and jabbered for about 2 hours! 

jabitzer (tm): A pool (pocket billiards) term. The foul committed when the cue ball 

is struck twice. Specifically when that first little touch is followed by a reflexive jab at 

the cue ball. This is a portmanteau word--that is, a word carrying two meanings. 

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The stroke is a jabitzer; the cueist is also a jabitzer. This invented word won a $25 

prize for best new word of the week--partly because its creator wrote I think it's a 

transitive verb. Didn't look like a verb to me. 

Example: That was a jabitzer, DeWayne. Ball in hand. 

jabooblescube: A type of lolly that is both sugary and jelly-like at the same time. 

The word originated as an attempt to describe onomatopoeiacally the taste of them! 

Example: On the way to Sydney, can we stop at the corner shop and get some 

jabooblescubes? 

jacentary: Just as sedentary comes from the Latin word for to sit, jacentary is 

comes from the Latin word for to lie down, taking the concept a step further. 

Example: She says she lives a sedentary lifestyle? Jacentary, I'd say. 

jack: jack - money, cash, 

Example: To buy that car would take some major jack. 

Jack Palance: Jack Palance (Verb)- To accidentally inhale sharply through both 

the nose and mouth at the end of a statement, a la actor Jack Palance. This is due 

either to an oncoming burp or hiccup,or other change of internal pressure. 

Example: So yesterday I fell off of the toilet.(gasp)...Wow, I just Jack Palanced at 

the end of that sentence 

Jack(ie) Horner: A busybody, from the nursery rhyme--one who has to have a 

thumb in every one else's pie; 

also one who horns in. 

Example: Watch what you say in front of her--she's a compulsive Jackie Horner. 

Jack-o-Lapple: A fruit carved to look like a Jack-O-Lantern. 

Example: Ms. Alavi has a Jack-O-Lapple in her room. 

jackalope: Someone who is acting without common sense, a dumb person. 

(Also Lepus-temperamentalus, the dreaded pygmy-deer killer-rabitt cross. See 

http://www.sudftw.com/jackcon.htm) 

Example: What a jackalope! He's hitting on Matt's girl right in front of Matt. And 

Matt is huge! 

jackassery: Acting like a complete jackass. 

Example: Derek was displaying some quality jackassery in the bar last night. 

jacked: Wholly unacceptable. Used to describe a practical joke or act of revenge 

that has gone too far. 

Example: You set his mom on fire? That's hecka jacked. 

jacked: Quite strong, muscular. 

Example: Did you see that bouncer, he was jacked. 

jacked: Malfunctioning, not operating properly, or just plain screwed up. 

Example: Yea, that computer's always crashing; it's totally jacked. 

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jackerwhad: To make askew. 

Example: I bumped into a door and my glasses were all jackerwhad on my face. 

jackfucker: Someone whose action indicate she possesses the heinous attributes 

of both a jackass and a motherfucker. 

Example: You're directly behind a woman in line at a fast food drive-through who is 

sorting through her purse, letting other people get in front of her, and drastically 

increasing your wait. She then drives off without ordering. Jackfucker! 

jackleg: Someone who is a wannabe or who 

appears to be a fraudulent in her representation of herself. 

Example: Be wary of jackleg preachers trying to take money from unsuspecting 

Christians. 

jacknine: Jacknine is a conjunction of the terms jackass and asinine. Meaning that 

some one or something is both jackass and asinine. Can also be used to descibe a 

situation. 

Example: Chris, you are jacknine! Stop driving like a maniac! 

This whole day was jacknine--first my alarm didn't go off, then I was fired, and on 

top of it all my wife left me. 

Screw it, my alarm didn't go off, but my wife did! And just because she caught me in 

bed with Charlene. 

jackoff, jerkoff: Someone who does nothing productive. A procrastinator or a 45 

year-old living in a parent's basement. 

Sometimes hyphenated. 

Example: I wish you'd get a job. You're such a jackoff. 

jackol: n., (jak-ol) a loud kiss. (smack!) 

Example: Hello honey. I'm home! can you give me a jackol? 

jackrod: Someone whose jackassedness is extremely, unforgivably pronounced. 

Example: Our Hero: What do you mean I can't enter Canada with my cat today? 

Border Guard: To secure the safety of our citizens, live animals must be 

quarantined for a period before entry. 

Our Hero: Stupid Canuck, I'm entering, anyway. 

Border Guard: Only to the turnaround up ahead. Go any farther and you'll be 

arrested, jackrod. 

jackson: To change in color gradually; to mutate, or to desexualize . 

Example: After hiding from the sun and misusing chemicals for years, I had finally 

jacksoned myself. 

Jackson Pollock: To vomit profusely--due to the resemblance to the work of 

abstract artist Jackson Pollock. 

Example: I drank a fifth of tequila, and then Jackson Pollock'd all over the rug. 

jackson-five: A u-turn. 

Example: Pull a jackson five up here and then take a left. 

Jacksons: Twenty dollar bills. 

Example: I paid for the clothes with some Jacksons. 

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jactaid: Substance found crusted on one's lips upon awakening after a night of 

drooling. 

Example: He had so much jactaid on his face that morning, it looked as if a slug 

had slithered out of his mouth. 

jacudi: Butt. 

Example: My jacudi doesn't fit in these pants. 

jadoo: A figure of speech used when asking someone what they did in any 

situation.....another words...what did you do? 

Example: Hey Al, jadoo last night. 

JAFO: Just Another Fucking Observer. Paramedic term for all those student ridealongs 

who just want to watch. 

Example: Tom and Kurt couldn't figure out why the new JAFO kept showing up for 

*their* shift. 

jagger: The prickly thorns on certain types of shrubbery 

Example: How many times have I told you to stay out of the jagger bushes 

because they tear your clothes. 

Jagger: To throw a wild, flamboyant, violent-looking tantrum. Possibly while 

dancing. 

Refers to the dances steps (ex. The Rooster) that Mick Jagger from The Rolling 

Stones used to do. 

Example: Paul: Hey look at Albert over there on the dance floor. 

Rich: Yeah, he is freakin' out Jagger-style. 

jairce: The smell of rain on the wind 

Example: You are to me jairce and the wind rising. 

Jake: To be used when you see a completely gorgeous guy. Comes from Molly 

Rigwald's be-all-end-all crush in _Sixteen Candles_. 

Example: He's the dreamiest thing I've ever seen. He's a Jake if ever there was 

one. 

jake: Completely and utterly boring or lame. 

Example: This movie's jake. Let's get out of here. 

jake brake: emergency break on a car 

Example: You gonna pull the jake brake to stop us? 

Jaked: to be ripped off by someone without paybacks 

Example: That ho must have jaked my wallet while I was asleep! 

jakes: Police. 

Example: Watch out for the jakes. 

jakey: To fix something in a lazy or sloppy manner, rigging something 

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Example: Using duct tape combined with coat hangers to fix anything is extremely 

jakey 

Jalexy: In reference to a vast ammount of space. 

Example: Texas is one big jalexy. 

jam: To depart or leave. 

Example: Its getting late, I gotta jam soon. 

jam (1): To cancel pre-arranged plans close to or at the very moment the event is 

to occur. Other known usages of the verb include (2. jam, v) to attempt to play 

instruments in a band-like fashion when few if none of the performers actually 

possess any musical ability whatsoever. This practice is indigenous to the parental 

garage. Continuous Jamming (1. 2.) activity may result in loss of friends and loss of 

hearing. 

Example: 

jam (the): can be used to ways, as an adjective and a verb. 

Example: this song is my jam this song jams 

jam ass: To move with considerable speed. (From my stepbrother Garrett, who 

most likely does come from Salinas, CA. So does the word.) 

Example: A. You should have seen us. We were jamming ass the whole way here. 

B. If you visit Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, be sure to ask all the ride 

operators, Does this ride jam ass? 

Especially the ones on foreign exchange from other countries. 

jamass: Someone who isn't up to partying 

Example: A. Let's go to the bar tonight. B.Naw. A. Jeez, you're a jamass tonight. 

jamdealie: Another word to use as substitution for something for which you can not 

remember the name. 

Usually used after other generic words have already been used. 

Example: So once you have the thingie talking to the doohickie, 

you need to get them talking to the jamdealie over here. 

James: A person who continually lies even if she knows the person she is lying to 

knows she is lying. 

Example: You James! 

james blonde: someone acting stupid 

Example: He paid $500 for a PDA without e-mail! What a James Blonde move! 

jamjams: Pajamas. 

Example: Come here Bart and put on your jamjams. 

jamm-sandwich: Two pieces of bread jammed together after you discovered you 

were out of lunchmeat. 

Example: My two course meal was a jamm-sandwich. 

jamoke: Another word meaning idiot. 

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Example: Look at that jamoke--he tripped over his own feet. 

jamp: past tense of the word jump 

Example: Last week me and the boys jamp gopher mounds out beyond the 

cornfeilds. 

jampacted: (adj) Combines the senses of jammed and compacted. 

Example: We finally had to leave because it was gettin' jampacted. 

jander: A word used to refer to marijuana. 

Example: Let go smoke some jander. 

jandle: To leave or finish with something, especially when your interest in the thing 

or peson has dwindled. 

Example: This party is getting boring, let's give it the jandle. 

That egg is rotten, you had bettter give it the jandle. 

janglefish, jinglefish: To surf the Internet for online music. 

Example: Do you janglefish? 

Get hooked up with janglefish. 

jank: Unlikely occurrence derived form incredible amounts of luck. 

Example: Hitting on a 19 to make 21 was pure jank. 

JANK.: EXTREMELY ANNOYING SLANG, COMMONLY USED IN 

TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA. I HAVE NEVER HEARD ANYONE SAY THIS 

OUTSIDE TUSCALOOSA. TO JANK MEANS TO ANNOY,TAUNT,IRK,ECT. 

Example: WHO YOU JANKIN'? 

jankie: Something that is either put together very poorly and could fall apart at any 

time. Something that is a pile of junk 

Example: 1. Steve's car is jankie. 

2. That house we went into is so jankie I could have cut my leg off just getting in the 

door. 

3. That is one big jankie job you did on that bike you put together 

jankout: To actively create trouble, turmoil, thoughtfulness, or depression. 

Example: The melancholy episode of _Dawson's Creek_ gave me a jankout. 

Janky: unsuitable, inadequate, not matching up to set standards, cheap 

Example: The girl was wearing a janky outfit from Wet Seal. 

janky: Intensely repellent or unpleasant (esp. a person); disgusting in the extreme. 

Example: That girl you hooked up with last night was janky. 

janta: People in general, acquaintances 

Example: I was at the party around 9ish, but janta came around 11. 

japaneseum: Anything small, electronic, and Japanese. (Not to be confused with 

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the element japanesium.) 

Example: Sony makes great japaneseum. 

Japes: similar to joke 

Example: just japesing or you're having a japes 

Jar: (Jar) v. To silence someone so completely they cannot come up with a retort. 

Example: Hah! I jarred you. 

Jarch: Adjective describing something that is a bluish-green color. 

Example: On rainy days, the tree has a jarchish color to it. 

jargodleygook: Any number of words of phrases used by internet scam artists 

(such as hucksters bilking venture capitalists) to make the online product or service 

they are selling or promoting sound more technically important and necessary than 

it really is or ever could be. 

Example: So this product has an on-time demand for real user interface 

capabilities enmeshed with superior networking spaciality. 

Just spare me all that jargodleygook, son, and tell me when this is going to start 

making money. 

jargon: Word or sentence that doesn't make sense. 

Example: Shut it! You are talking jargon! 

Jargon Shock: If someone wants you to anwser a technical question, and you 

don't really want to anwser, you spew technical jargon 

at her until she gives up and goes away. 

Example: Dumb person: How do we install an operating system? 

Tech guy: To accomplish that we'd have to take down the server, flash the CMOS, 

pull the Level 2 Cache, 

Zap the P-RAM, and defrag all the hard drives on IDE busses one and two. 

Dumb guy: Ahh! Jargon shock! Run away. Run away. 

jarhead: *Jock or male athlete, usually in high school and on the football team. 

Tend to get drunk and the only thing they can talk about IS football. 

Example: Did you see that fight in the caf? Jon and Mike are such jarheads. 

jarjarred: To take something perfectly acceptable as is, and add to it something 

unnecessary and annoying. 

(adjective) Jarjarred: Having annoying, superfluous features. 

Example: Microsoft Word 2000 is so jarjarred up I can't write a simple memo 

anymore. 

I really hope George Lucas doesn't jarjar up his next Star Wars movie. 

Jark: Anything that is super amazingly cool, in an unusual, offbeat sort of way is 

jark. 

Example: That guy CAM is jark. 

jark: A mystical half-jar, half-shark creature--very friendly and crazy. 

Example: That man's head resembles a jark. 

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Jasmine's business: The backyard. When our dog Jasmine is put out, she's told 

to go do her business. Thus two-year-old Alec thought the backyard was called 

Jasmine's business. 

Example: Dina: Alec, where's your daddy? Alec: Jasmine's business. 

jason: Derogatory term. Can be used in name-calling, insult, or other. 

Example: John is being a jason. 

Jason's Ireland: A midget with the ability to jump abnormally high or portray 

extreme strength is termed as having reached Jason's Ireland status. 

Example: Minime just pole vaulted 40 feet high. He's gotta have made Jason's 

Ireland. 

jaundiced monkey: Extreme liar, expects you to believe totally bizarre stuff. 

Example: You saw a talking dog? You're a jaundiced monkey. 

Java-ed: A verb that mean you're hyper from drinking too much coffee 

Example: Sorry I can't sit still, I just got java-ed at starbucks 

javules: the tiny granules of coffee bean at the bottom of the cup when you finish 

your cup of coffee 

Example: In a desperate attempt to wake up before his early morning meeting, 

Boris consumed every drop of the espresso, even to the point of forcing his tongue 

deep inside the cup in order to savor every single javule. 

jawba: A non-physical matter that is responsible for a most rancid smell, a smell 

that transcends the English language. 

Example: Your feet smell like freaking jawba. 

jawjacking: To talk. Used by Marine Corps Drill Instructors in boot camp. 

Example: Quit jawjacking, girls. 

jawn: A person, a place, or a thing. Generic word. 

Example: Did you see the back on that jawn?...It was off the hook. 

Jawn Blazey: An exceedingly attractive human female. 

Example: Yo, that Jawn Blazey was checkin' your skillz. 

jawsome: Contraction of just awsome. 

Example: You won that singing award. Jawsome! 

jaxomlotus: (adj) Carrying a very strong scent of lotus blossoms, or male 

pheromones. 

Example: His suit was unusally jaxomlotus, causing her to gasp for air. 

Jaysus jumppin' on a pogo stic: Say this instead of jeez or jesus or anything like 

that. 

Example: Jaysus jumppin' on a pogo stick! That looked like it hurt! 

jazz: stuff 

Example: '...and all that jazz' 

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jazzed: Excited. Happy. 

Example: I'm certainly jazzed about going to the beach next week. 

jazztalc: Talking slurred and losing your balance after consuming a little too much 

alcohol. 

Example: He`s acting a little funny--must have been at the jazztalc. 

jazzuall: Jazzuall is having a sense of style and sophistication while still remaining 

thoroughly comfortable. 

Example: We went to Betatone's martini bar to soak in some of the jazzuall 

atmosphere...and to get loaded. 

JBUG: Just Between Us Girls. Indicates highly confidential discussion or 

information. 

Example: Listen, this is strictly JBUG. It goes no farther. 

JCR: Jenny Craig Reject. Overweight. Used to avoid hurting feelings of those 

within earshot. 

Example: This party is full of JCRs, let's get outa here. 

Jean Genies: A young adult feminist. 

Example: I'm protesting with the Jean Genies this weekend. 

jean-o-liptus: the too-tight disease that smiles at you...vertically of course, more 

prevalent in the 80's 

Example: Check out the stonewash jean-o-liptus, poor thing. 

(Please! It's not camel toe, it's a disease people.) 

jeanius: Someone who is a fashion expert when it comes to jeans. 

Example: My mom is a jeanius. 

jeaporsy: A variation on the word jeapordy: such as to be in a bad state of affairs 

or in danger. 

Example: We suddenly found ourselves in a state of jeaporsy. 

Jebus: Used to replace the word Jesus. Originally from the Simpsons. 

Example: Sweet Jebus! That's a funny looking car, or If your up there please save 

me Jebus 

jed: a very regional Canadian dialect of the saying of the letter j (jay) as in z=zed 

Example: 

jedi: Describes a trick of extreme skill, or slickness. From Jedi mind trick. 

Example: The way you pulled that tailslide off the helicopter blade was truly jedi. 

jeebs: Basically a synonym for teeth, or the act of biting someone or something. 

History: Originated as part of a cat's name (Mr. Jeebers) and it somehow evolved or 

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mutated into a word that desrcibes teeth or biting. 

Example: That ice cream made my jeebs hurt. When he tossed me that quarter it 

hit me right in the jeebs. I can't wait to jeeb into that pizza. 

Jeepers Cripes!: A term used in disbelief. 

Example: Jeepers cripes! How much salt did you put on this popcorn? 

jeet: compressed form of Did you eat? 

Example: Jeet yet? We're set to go. 

jeet?: one word question about eating 

Example: Hey Bill, jeet? Bill: Naw, I'm not hungry. 

jeet?(jooeet?): Have you eaten yet? 

This is new england speak. W 

e try to say an entire sentence in one word. Another example would be lesgo. 

Short for Let's leave this place. 

Example: We're all meeting at the wildwood steakhouse--jeet? OR 

We are leaving for the movies in ten minutes--jooeet, you wanna go? 

jeetyet: Did you eat yet? 

Example: (You're with a friend)...I'm kinda hungry, jeetyet? 

jeevus: Jesus. 

Example: Jeevus, what is wrong with you? 

jello: A material possession that designates someone as particularly wealthy and 

sophisticated; also, the state of being particularly wealthy and sophisticated. Gelatin 

was discovered in Victorian times, but only the most wealthy Victorians could afford 

it. They were actually more interested in crafting it into elaborate molds than in 

eating it; the more elaborate the mold, the more sophisticated the Victorian. 

Example: Wow, Sarah, that outfit is really jello! 

jelloboy or jellogirl: Person of small mental prowess. Stalks the internet in search 

of chat boards 

where he tries to drag people in to pointless arguments. His contributions serve 

only as examples of his low mental capacity. Also know as a Troll. 

Example: I was having a rational argument online today until this stupid jelloboy 

reared his ugly head. 

jellybaby: A small, chewy candy available in many fruity flavors. Extremely useful 

for getting out of bad situations. This candy is only carried by time-travelers. 

Example: (To a supervillain): I see fifty years of hibernation hasn't cured your 

megalomania. Have a jellybaby. 

jen-debt: 1. Any sum of money owed to you that will most likely never be paid. 

2. A personal loan which is paid back so slowly, you may forget about it (which, of 

course, is the hope of the person who owes it to you). 

Example: 1. Jim: Did Mark ever pay back that $50 you loaned him? Dan: Oh, hell 

no. It a jen-debt now. I'll never see that money. 

2. Dave owes me 400 bucks, but he's only paid me $3 a week for the last 4 months. 

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The jerk has made it a jen-debt. 

jenga: To make a precarious and unnecessary stack or pile. 

Example: Rather than replace the bag and take the full one out, Andy and his 

roommates once again jenga'd the trash. 

jennavator: A wild willing girl, incapable of blushing or being sexually offended. A 

friend to all willing to experiment. Sorta' like Jenna Jameson? 

Example: That girl is a real jennavator. 

jerichoholic: Hardcore Chris Jericho fan. 

Example: Q. Do you like Benoit? 

A. No, I'm a big jerichoholic. 

Jerk (pull) your chain: To tease or needle someone just to get a reaction from her. 

(ED. Common slang usage.) 

Example: Don't take him seriously, he's just jerking your chain, trying to get you 

angry. 

Jerkfoot: Word used to replace a profanity in an expression of pain or when you do 

something wrong. 

Example: Ah, Jerkfoot!. I just hit my thumb with the hammer. 

jerkier: More than a jerk. 

Example: You are more jerkier than I am. 

jerkin': Cool, neato, groovy, etc. 

Example: Jackie, your orange shoes are...jerkin'! 

jerknoise: Conversation between two people that those nearby find to be annoying 

and jerk-like. 

Example: The jerknoise was unbelievable as they elbowed each other getting to 

the bargain bins. 

jerkoholic: Someone addicted to behaving like a jerk. 

Example: Chris doesn't need to be drinking so much. He's already a jerkoholic. 

jerkosaurus, jerkosaur: (n) A jerk of immense proportions. Submitted for Alec by 

his grandfather--since Alec is only three years old and doesn't type that well yet. 

Probably came from TV, but has been heard coming only from Alec. 

Example: He's the tyrannosaurus rex of jerks; he's a jerkosaurus. 

jerkwater: A combination of jerk and backwater. Used to describe someone or 

something that is stupid and jerky. 

Example: I gotta get out of this jerkwater town. 

Used at: http://www.myentireass.com/forum/1021016933,78386,.shtml 

Jerky: A person who drives too slow, or uses her brakes too much due to 

tailgating. 

Example: Hey, jerky, why don't you get off my bumper a bit. 

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Jerry Fargos: The long, wispy hairs on the back of your neck . 

Example: I don't need a haircut, I really just need to get rid of the Jerry Fargos. 

jerry springer mosiac: When a picture is pixelated to censor it. From 

www.exploitationnow.com issue 7.17.2000S 

Example: That movie was garbage. It had Jerry Springer mosaics in all the good 

scenes. 

Jerrytown: Deadheads who don't have anything to do anymore and show up at 

other band's concerts--and do their little whirling fish disease dance. 

Example: Great concerts--until the Jerrytown started showing up. People, get 

some rhythm. 

jersey cow: chow - food 

Example: I'm starving, I need to get me some jersey cow. 

Jerusalem Cruisers: Any old looking sandal (such as Birkenstocks) that look like 

they might have been worn by Jesus 

Example: Hey, you shouldn't step in puddles with your Jerusalem cruisers 

jesan: Term for rabid right-wing Christians, commonly applied to those whose 

wardrobe consists exclusively of 

WWJD apparel and whose vehicles are plastered with Jesus-fish. 

Example: Looks like the jesans hardcore pamphletted my Merkur XR4TI again. 

Guess they didn't like the atheist vanity plates. 

jesus: a verb used to describe the act of doing something so effortlessly that it 

seems to be a miracle. used most effectively when the jesuser has no idea how it 

worked so well. see blink. 

Example: how'd you get here so fast through that traffic? i jesussed myself here. 

Jesus-sneakers: sandals or flip-flops. 

Example: Hey, who said that you could borrow my Jesus-sneakers? 

jet: To leave quickly. 

Example: OK, time to jet. 

Jetset Netpet: An incrowd rich guy or girl that you meet on the internet. 

Example: I don't want a netpet; if I did, he'd have to be a jetset netpet. 

jetto: Extremely cheap, tacky, or half-assed. Worse than ghetto and ghetmo. 

Example: Ames is the ultimate jetto store. 

jewbilation: 1. The thrill a Jew feels upon finding out a favorite celebrity is Jewish. 

2. The thrill a Jew feels upon finding other cool thingss about Jews in the public 

eye. 

Example: I experienced jewbilation when I discovered Billy Joel was Jewish. 

Jewbu: A Jewish Buddhist 

Example: Did you see the Jewbu in the shrine room today? (I'm Jewish and got my 

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MA in Buddhist Studies, so I heard the term alot) by the way, it's not derogatory. 

jewfro: An afro on a jewish person. very popular with jewish ultimate frisbee 

players. 

Example: Half of their team was sporting a jewfro. 

jewish holiday: Days off (usually from school) when there is no real reason we 

know of to have a free day. 

Example: Tomorrow we don't have classes. I'm not sure why. Probably some 

Jewish holiday. 

Jezzarizer: A procrastinator that likes to manipulate friends into the evil world of 

lies. Don't be fooled by their use of big words, they do this to hypnotise you into 

believing they know so much, when really they know so little. 

Example: 

JF Hair, Head: Just fucked hair. The front is perfect but the back is a rat's nest. 

Example: Q. Aren't you going to comb your hair? It's looks like JF Hair? 

A. Why bother? Who looks at the back of my head? 

jibba: Awesome; sweet; excellent. 

Example: Those M&M's were jibba. 

Jibba Jabba: Some talk so damn much you just want slap them. This was mainly 

used by Mr.T. 

Example: She needs to shut up talking all that Jibba Jabba. 

jibba-jabba: Excessive conversation. 

Example: That fool has got to stop that jibba-jabba! 

jick: refers to any substance that is worthless, such as rotten food 

Example: Get that filthy jick out of this house right now! 

jig: To cooperate. | To function properly, as in a piece of equipment or a computer. 

Example: My computer wouldn't jig and save my manuscript, so I've got to type it 

all over again. 

Jigger: From the latin Do-Jigger Inserted when you can't remember a word. 

Example: Hand me that Jigger. 

Jiggerypokery: Jiggerypokery is when you are trying to insert something into 

a hole or something and you have to kind of tweak it to get it to fit. 

It never works the same way twice. 

Example: Just put pin A in that hole. Hmm...it doesn't fit right. Oh well, a little 

jiggerypokery and it will go 

in just fine. 

Jiggusiming: to eat or drink quickly 

Example: Whoa, shes jiggusiming that foot long. 

jimjam: a person who is self loving and unaware of the finer things in life 

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Example: jimjam is empty 

jimmy-arm: To thrash violently in your sleep. Usually involves whacking your 

significant other with an elbow. 

Example: That chick jimmy-armed me all night. 

jimmy-hoffa-conversion: When something is handed off or given and magically 

vanishes without a trace. 

Named after Jimmy Raxasena & Jared Hoffa in a track relay. 

Also refers to Jimmy Hoffa. (Penn. fame) 

Example: They pulled a jimmy-hoffa, muttered Assistant Coach Brisco. 

Jing: Money. So named for the sound change makes in your pocket. If you are out 

of jing, you are quiet 

Example: Let's hit the ATM so I can grab some jing 

Jing: Used in place of the word hippie. 

Example: Who's the jing down the block? 

Jinglish: A person born in England of Jamaican decent. 

Example: Thorald: Are you Jamaican? 

Peta-Gae: No, I'm actually Jinglish. 

jingophobia: A morbid fear of ostentatious displays of patriotism. 

Example: He had a jingophobic reaction to the President's speech. 

jings: An exclamation of surprise. Originates from Oor Wullie as chronicled in the 

Sunday Post (Uk) 

Example: Jings, would you look at the size of that. 

Jings!: Scottish expression of surprise. 

Example: Jings! It's you again! 

Jinky: Expression of suprise--like wow, geez, dang. 

Example: Big Scary Monster: Boo! 

You: Jinky! 

jipes: Combination of old classics jeepers! and yikes! updated for today's modern 

world. 

Best used followed by an exclamation mark and accompanied with a gasp. 

Example: A: The Taliban have declared war on Australia! B: Jipes! 

jipp: a term for sayin you got ripped off or a bad deal 

Example: Man that cabbie jipped me for 5 bucks 

jiraw: Sounds like Ira. Being so extremely tired that your jaw tires 

of holding the weight of your mouth up. 

Usually indicated by a slack-jawed look and a tounge sticking out. 

Example: I hadn't slept in 3 days. I was jiraw. 

jirkus: A situation which can be compared to a circus full of performing jerks. 

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Example: Jane: Let's go hang out at Jerry's place. 

Algernon: I don't want to go to Jerry's. It's a jirkus. 

jitty: A pathway that goes between two houses and joins two roads. Would tend to 

be used as a 

shortcut between the two roads. Similar to an alley, but predominantly residential. 

Example: Take the jitty--it's quicker than going round on the roads. 

jive turkey: One who sees herself as much cooler than she actually is. 

Often used as an insult. Or just calling someone crazy. 

Example: Did you see what he was wearing. He's a jive turkey. 

Hey, jive turkey, nice move. 

Jiz-tasta-mablasta-ma-rang: Means that nothing on this earth could possibly 

compare to this item, or sensation, or person...etc. 

Example: WHOA! that was jiz-tasta-mablasta-ma-rang! Do it again! 

jizmoglobin: An unidentified liquid substance that appears to have organic as 

well as possible alien or arcane properties. 

Example: What's that crazy blue glowing slime stuff on your hand? Ewww, 

jizmoglobin. 

jizz: Word that can be used to describe any emotion. 

Example: I'm feeling quited jizzed at the moment. 

jobacle: An unfortunate situation. 

Example: He tripped and fell down the stairs--it was quite a jobacle. 

jobber: Someone who has a low level of skill in a given area. 

Example: That jobber just dropped a perfect pass. 

jobbernowl: A stupid fellow. A blockhead. Not a neologism, but a good word 

nonetheless. The website given sends out a newsletter; this cool word was in a 

recent one. 

Example: Only a jobbernowl would quote from the World Wide Words newsletter 

without reproducing the copyright notice...and the paragraph granting permission to 

reproduce...and also getting prior permission for quoting online on a web page. 

Wonder if anyone's ever screwed up on that one? 

jobbie: Used for something you can't remember a name for. Can mean anything 

you want it to. 

Example: Can you place that jobbie right over there? 

jock blocking: When somebody is completly acting like someone else's shadow 

and not leaving that person alone. 

Example: I was trying to talk to Daenelle yesterday, but Janysha was jock blocking 

her. 

jocker: A really bad situation. 

Example: I'm in a bit of a jocker here. I'm a week late on the rent and payday's not 

till Friday. 

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jockfrost: Condition brought about from driving with a cold drink between your 

legs. Results in one very chilly nether area. 

Example: This Mt. Dew gave me a bad case of jockfrost on the way over here. 

jockney: A scotsman who has lived in London for a long time 

Example: Billy came to London from Glasgow in the seventies, by the nineties, he 

was a genuine jockney 

jockular: To behave in a brutish fashion. A little more macho than one would 

desire. 

Example: Josh is so jockular. He is constantly mauling girls in the cafeteria. 

Jocuronomous: Utterly and totally ridiculous and unbelieveable. 

Example: My 300-pound cousin's claim to the figure skating championship of any 

arena is totally jocuronomous. 

joe: A fat belly. Sometimes used for a person where everything else is relatively 

thin. Comes from mother kangaroos who carry a baby joey in their stomach pouch. 

Example: Harold's joe is getting bigger. 

joe boo: any dim witted person or groups of such people 

Example: Quantum Physics isn't something just any Joe boo is going to 

understand. Check out Joe Boo over there trying to change his tire with a toothpick. 

joejob: Originally a deception undertaken by someone named Joe; however, the 

word is now receiving more common usage for all deceptions. Joejobbed: To be 

deceived by someone named Joe. 

Example: Let's charge her for a new Pentium but sell her a 286. She'll never know 

she was joejobbed. 

joey: A pretty girl. 

Example: That Samantha sure is a joey. 

john alex: a person with two first names for their name 

Example: Tom Fred is an example of a john alex. 

John Blaze: To leave with great speed and urgency. Usually used when one has 

forgotten an important appointment or date. 

Example: Sweet mother Mary, look at the time! I need to John Blaze if I'm going to 

make it in time to see Shep. 

john deere: To cut someone's grass, steal someone's girlfriend. 

Example: That john deere's taking my girl out tonight. 

John Woo moment: (n) Dangerous situation where everything seems to move in 

slow motion. Seconds seem to last 10s of seconds. 

Example: I had a John Woo moment as the car spun out of control. 

johnandyoko: When two people are so in love that you'd think that they are one 

person. This is how John Lennon and Yoko Ono were. 

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Example: Jesus, Sally and Jon have spent the last two months not letting each 

other of sight. It's full johnandyoko, y'know? 

johnny: Youth allowance payments for university students. 

All welfare payments to needy students are said to be courtesy of johnny--John 

Howard, 

Prime Minister of Australia. 

Example: Adam. Got any coin to go to the casino with? 

Ryan. Yep, johnny came in yesterday, you beauty. 

Johnny Cashew: Someone who is a rabid fan of classic country music, especially 

Johnny Cash and his contemporaries. (Implies that one is nuts about Johnny Cash) 

Especially applicable to punk rock kids who love Mr. Cash. 

Example: Josh just bought Live at Fulsom Prison on vinyl, he's such a Johnny 

Cashew. 

johnny on the dildo: someone who always speaks in sexual innuendos 

Example: None of the girls like Chris because he's so johnny on the dildo. 

Johnny Po-po: Pronounced as in Edgar Allen Poe. Also, just Po-po. A policeman. 

Suzie Po-po is a police woman. 

Example: You'd better stop speeding. Johnny Po-po is waiting around this curve. 

Johnny-no-stars: A man of substandard intelligence, i.e. the typical adolescent 

who works in a burger bar. 

The no-stars comes from the badges displaying stars the staff at fast-food 

restaurants wear which show their level of training. 

Example: Did you see what Johnny-no-stars did on the last calculus test? How did 

he get in the class? Must have been some affirmative action sort of thing for the 

less intelligent. 

join the club: Me too. Used used when referring to something negative. Best if 

spoken in a semi-sarcastic tone. 

Example: A. I'm so tired today. B. Join the club. 

join the cult!: Convincing someone to do something 

Example: Go to class and join the cult! 

jojojinkinjamer('s): You (your). 

Example: Let's go to jojojinkinjamer's house. 

joker: One who canot be taken seriously and is often a slacker. Friendly insult. 

Example: I can't believe that joker ditched us like that. 

Jones's Mullet: Any guy who drives a large-engined 80s car, listens to Motley 

Crue or the _Rocky_ theme, thinks he knows what women want, and has a mullet 

over a foot in length. 

Example: Look at that guy in the '86 Camaro, Jones's Mullet all the way. 

jonesin: to yearn for something, a craving 

Example: I am jonesin for a cigarette. 

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jooch: A large and ungainly individual--such as Manute Bol or Shaquille O'Neal. 

Example: Although I'd been tall all my life, I was nothing compared to the jooches 

on the college basketball team. 

Jook: Verb meaning to decieve or set a trap for. Can also be used as noun with 

appropriate suffix. 

Example: He jooked Chris out on the play. He gave him the jook'ems. 

jorgin: (v) To take someone to lunch, etc.--then, at the last possible minute, tell 

them you don't have any money and they'll have to buy. 

Example: Mary asked me to lunch today, and I'm sure she's jorgin me again. She 

does it at least three times a week. Oh, well, that's what friends are for--to take 

advantage of. 

jork: A dork and a joke at the same time. 

Example: You're a jork. 

Jorts: Jean shorts, not including cutoffs. 

Example: Since it was so hot out, Justin decided to wear a pair of jorts instead of 

jeans. 

josh: To joke. 

Example: I'm just joshin ya! 

jot: Pertaining to anything bad, pathetic, cheesy, or lame. 

Example: That _Pearl Harbor_ film was so jot. 

Jota: An expression of joy or relief 

Example: Jota! My wife's baby is actually mine. 

jourdiaire: To adjust one's coat or jacket collar. Possibly from the French actor 

Louis Jordan when he was suave. 

Example: He should really jourdiaire his jacket. He looks like a slob. 

jourdiare: To adjust one's coat or jacket collar. 

Example: Excuse me, you need to jourdiare. 

journalism: the belief that what you think is true becomes true once your write it 

down 

Example: His research paper received an A+ and it's all journalism. 

Journicle: A contraction of journal article, used most when stressed and unable to 

speak coherently. 

Example: We need to get some journicles from the library. 

Joust: Playful fighting or sparring. 

Example: They are not really angry. They are just jousting with each other. 

joust: To attempt, have a go at, to do or do not. 

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Example: Let's 'ave a joust at that, Bob. 

Joute: One who behaves inappropriately or is so grossly insensitive to his or her 

environment as to say or do stupid things. 

Other derivatives: Joutness - Capacity to be a Joute, or Joute act after the fact. 

Joutineo - Periperal joute act resulting from prime (Joute) act 

Jouterria - Collection of Joute acts. 

Joute Salitzi - One who can only perfom Joute acts and nothing but Joute Acts -- 

One who is certain to behave in a Joute fashion. King of the Joutes. 

Example: During his speech at the synagogue, Craig again demonstrated his 

tendency to be a joute by remarking on the good qualities and benefits provided by 

Adolph Hitler. 

Joysey: An abbr. of NEW JERSEY 

Example: Later, I'm off to JOYSEY. 

jpsoftco: Term for some company that makes generic, poor quality software. 

Example: The Compaq came with Windows and some games from jpsoftco. 

jsssk: Just Kidding. Usually follows an insult made in jest towards a friend or 

something stupid that one may say. 

Example: Ernie: (to Bert) You are such a loser. Jssk.OR Ernie: I am the greatest 

basketball player ever. Jssk. 

jub: Used when reading a word or phrase that cannot be usally spoken in any 

language, especially in comic books with phrases such as!?! 

Example: We have to find the orb-!?(spoken as jub) 

jubberlator: One that jubberlates, as: 

An electronic or mechanical device for the performance of physics jubberlation. 

A person who operates such a machine or otherwise makes jubberlations. 

A set of mental tables used to aid in jubberlations. 

Example: 1: An expert at jubberlation or at operating jubberlation machines-reckoner, 

figurer, estimator, jubberlator. 

2: A small machine for mathematical jubberlations--jubberlating machine. 

jubblies: Beautifully rounded breasts. Not perfect or fantastic, but nice. 

Example: She has lovely jubblies. 

jubiss: to figure as in suspect 

Example: When Joe called in sick this morning, I jubissed that he just wanted a 

mental health day. 

judas priest: Euphemism for Jesus Christ. 

Example: Judas Priest, this stupid computer is slow. 

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juggalo: 1.a carny term for jugglers, a combination of juggler and gigolo. 2.a fan of 

the Insane Clown Posse, but more someone who has his own style and doesn't 

care what people think of him/her. 

Example: That juggalo just smacked that traffic cop in the face! 

juhybun: 1. A large rodent. 

2. Sticky buns. 

3. Bad vibes. 

Example: 1. Scottley was attacked by a rabid juhybun. 

2. I squeezed the juhybuns to see if they were ready to eat. 

3. Get your juhybuns away from me! 

juice: Energy. 

Example: I'm all outa juice. I need a break. 

juice: gossip 

Example: Tell me the juice on him. 

Juice code: Unintelligible, neologic, gibberish, absurd piece of computer program. 

Example: That's real Juice code! or That code is juicy! 

juice-chicken: A term of affection for a spouse or significant other. 

Example: Yo, Brady, your juice-chicken called again. 

juice-isimo: 1. The juiciest 2. Delicious. (From a Spanish-language Starburst ad 

campaign in Southern California.) See Dulce-electrico. 

Example: That Minute Maid lemonade is juice-isimo. 

juiced: Adjective used to describe the condition of feeling better after taking 

medication. 

Implies the notion that the subject is now ready to to go out, 

whereas subject previously did not feel up to it. 

Example: I felt like crap, but I had some Theraflu and now I'm juiced. 

juicewell: A great resource of creative juice, something that will keep you inspired 

for a while. 

Example: I just saw a juicewell. Gotta go home and create somethin'. 

jujifruitfulness: An overwhelming artificial flavour 

Example: After eating that box of candy, I was overwhelmed by jujifruitfulness. 

Juju: A general feeling or vibe, usually negative (bad juju). Can be used in 

reference to karma, etc. 

Example: I'm getting some bad juju from that cop. I think he's going to arrest me. 

OR 

I'm not surprised I broke my arm; I've still got some bad juju from that time I hacked 

pseudodictionary.com. 

juke: To twitch uncontrolably. Akin to a seizure without the tongue swallowing. A 

juke will usually begin in the thumb of one hand and often occurs wile face down on 

the floor. 

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Example: Cleatus didnt pull the 720 so he layed on the ramp and started to juke. 

JUKEY: something that is goofy 

Example: This deal is jukey. 

Julember: Used when someone wants to pin you down to a particular date when 

something will be completed and you don't want to give an exact date. It is 

surprising how often people don't notice right away they've been bamboozled. 

Example: Your new home should be ready to move into, some time in late 

Julember. 

julyonaise: old mayonaise way past expiration date 

Example: Phew! This mayonaise is julyonaise. 

Jumanji: This word is an accidental bastardization of too much, often exclaimed 

when playing pool after one has overdone the speed or spin of a shot 

Example: I can win the game with this shot...JUMANJI! I should have used less 

spin 

jumanjiized: Very over-grown or jungle-like. 

Example: Our neighbor's lawn is so full of weeds it's jumanjiized. 

jumongo: Code word for expressing the fact that you can't talk about something 

now because a person that it 

might offend is within earshot and you can talk about it later. 

Example: Yeah, Mike, do you have any....Whoa, jumongo.--(Mike knows that you 

are not asking him 

because your mom just walked in) 

jump the shark: The precise moment when you know a tv show, rock band, or 

actor has gone downhill. 

Example: The Brady Bunch jumped the shark the day Cousin Oliver joined the 

cast. 

Jumping someone elses train: Copying someone elses style, or just agreeing 

with what they say and believe to fit in. 

Example: What a jerk. Tom started wearing his hat backwards like John, just so he 

would like him. He is jumping John's train. 

jungle juice: A collection of all the alchohol you can get mixed into a jug when you 

can't get enough of one certain kind. 

Example: We ran out of hooch, so Ernie and I made up a batch of jungle juice to 

go around. 

junioritis: The sleep-deprived, zombie-like disease of a high-school junior who has 

overdosed on AP or honors classes and extracurriculars. 

A person with junioritis exhibits characteristic tendencies such as caffeine 

dependence, poor posture, a bleak social life, and basic hatred for anyone without 

homework. Used as a noun or occasionally as an expletive, if said with enthusiasm. 

Example: I was up until three this morning writing an argumentative essay and 

studying for an AP history exam. 

I've got horrible junioritis. 

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OR Junioritis! Who the heck drank all the Pepsi? 

junk: Used to describe anything in this world bad. The opposite of Jiz-tastamablasta-ma-rang.. 

Example: That was junk. 

junk in the trunk: A large bottom, especially when the person attached otherwise 

attractive. 

Example: She is pretty cute, but she's got a lot of junk in the trunk after eating 

dorm food all year 

junt: A word popularized by 3-6 mafia to mean an item or thing. 

Example: Hell no, not at all. Y'all the type that make me throw my junt into the wall. 

junts: 1. A collection of juices. As in, I am going to go to the store to buy more 

junts. 

2. Groceries, in general. As in, I am going to go to the store to buy more junts. 

Example: Shoot, we're out of junts. Well, I guess I am going to go to the store to 

buy more junts. 

jurz: your's 

Example: it's jurz 

justafriend: A person that someone is obviously dating, 

which is obvious to every single person in the world except said victim, er, person. 

Example: So, you hanging out with Kristen tonight? Nope, her justafriend is taking 

her to dinner and movies. 

Oh. 

Justified: People acting or dressing or singing like Justin Timberlake of 'NSync. 

Example: Did you see that girl in the baby blue bandana? She's justified. 

juu: You. 

Example: Juu smell like fresh plastic. 

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Appendix C 

Glossary of Shipping Terms 

OCEAN CARGO 

INSURANCE GLOSSARY 

OF TERMS 

THIS GLOSSARY CONTAINS DEFINITIONS OF TERMS COMMONLY USED 

IN CONNCETION WITH OCEAN CARGO INSURANCE. THIS INFORMATION 

WAS COMPILED FRO THE 2002 A to Z OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 

PUBLISHED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, 

VARIOUS PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MARINE 

UNDERWRITERS AND OTHER SOURCES.USED AS AN INTERNAL 

REFERENCE GUIDE TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE NOMENCLATURE OF 

THE OCEAN CARGO INSURANCE MARKET. 

THIS INFORMATION IS CURRENT AS OF FEBRUARY 2007. 

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Ocean Cargo Glossary 

ABI: An abbreviation for "Automated Broker Interface", an EDI facility available to Customs Brokers for 

the reporting of customs entry information to U.S. Customs and which facilitates release of cargo. 

Abaft: "Aft"- Towards the rear (stern) of a vessel. 

Abandonment: In marine insurance, a term used to define the act of an insured giving up the proprietary 

rights in insured property to the underwriter in exchange for payment of a constructive total loss. 

Abeam: At right angle to a vessel's centerline. 

ABS: An abbreviation for "American Bureau of Shipping", the classification society of the USA. Also, their 

publication listing the names and particulars of vessels classed by them and others. 

Absolute Exclusion: A clause in an insurance policy that excludes certain types of losses or causes of 

loss without qualification (Example: excluding shortage, leakage or contamination). 

Access Trunk: The passageways between the various vessel decks, for example from the weather deck 

to the tween deck or from the tween deck to the lower hold. 

Accident: In marine insurance, an unforeseen occurrence or event; a fortuitous event, usually resulting in 

physical damage to a conveyance or cargo. 

Accident To A Conveyance: An accident to the vessel or other conveyance transporting cargo that 

usually results in damage to the conveyance and/or cargo. 

Accumulation Clause: A clause in a cargo policy which automatically increases the policy limit (usually 

to twice the amount) if shipments accumulate at some point or place during transit without the assured's 

(or assignee's, if any) knowledge or consent. 

Acknowledgement: In marine insurance, a form issued to acknowledge that insurance is in effect for a 

specific shipment. Usually issued to a consignee by the shipper or someone acting on their behalf, such 

as a freight forwarder. The issuer may not have details of the actual coverage provided by the policy. 

Actinic Degradation: The diffusion of light and impedance of heat rays. 

ACS: An abbreviation for "Automated Commercial System". an electronic system of U.S. Customs which 

allows on line access to certain trade information. 

Actual Cash Value: "ACV" - In general, the actual value of the subject matter at the time of loss. Usually 

its cost when new less depreciation, but including covered expenses/costs. 

Actual Total Loss: An actual total loss exists when the shipment has been completely destroyed, or 

damaged to such an extent that it is "no longer the thing that it was", or is lost without any chance of 

recovery. 

ACV: "Actual Cash Value" - In general, the actual value of the subject matter at the time of loss. Usually 

its cost when new less depreciation, but including covered expenses/costs. 

Addendum: "Endorsement" - In general, an attachment to an insurance policy which adds, deletes or 

changes coverage provided by the basic policy form. An addendum. 

Ocean Cargo Glossary - PMM Dept - Version 3: February 2004 Page 1 

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Adjuster: Individual charged with the responsibility of determining if a particular loss is covered by the 

insurance policy and, if so, the amount which will be paid to the claimant. May be a company employee or 

independent (public) adjuster acting on the company's behalf. 

Admitted Insurance: Insurance which must be placed in a domestic insurance market with an 

appropriately licensed insurance company. 

Ad Valorem: In general, any charge based on a monetary value. 

Ad Valorem Bill of Lading: "Valued Bill of Lading" - A bill of lading issued by the carrier which indicates 

an amount which the shipper has declared as the value of merchandise. The carrier will be liable for this 

amount in the event he is found liable for loss or damage to the merchandise. 

Ad Valorem Duty: Customs duty assessed on the value of the goods. 

Advance: Part of the formula used to determine insured value. It is an agreed percentage increase 

applied to the total of invoice and ocean/air freight. This provides for unknown expenses at the time of 

shipment, such as port fees, clearance charges and inland freight in the country of destination, and a 

portion of the assured's profit. It also may be used to develop sufficient value on the merchandise in order 

to prevent coinsurance in the event of a General Average. 

Advanced Freight: Freight paid to the carrier by the shipper or consignee (depending upon the terms of 

sale) or someone acting on their behalf, such as a freight forwarder, when merchandise is accepted for 

shipment. Not refundable, even if the vessel and/or cargo does not arrive at the intended port of 

discharge. Also referred to as Prepaid Freight. 

Advising Bank: A bank, usually in the country of origin, that receives a letter of credit from the issuing 

bank and advises the shipper, or other party named in the letter of credit as the beneficiary, that a letter of 

credit has been opened in their favor and of the steps they must take to collect payment. The advising 

bank assumes no obligation to pay the credit. 

AES: An abbreviation for "Automated Export System", an EDI facility enabling exporters to electronically 

file SED data with multiple federal agencies simultaneously. 

AFT: "Abaft" - Towards the rear (stern) of a vessel. 

Affreightment: "Contract of Affreightment", "Contract of Carriage" - A contract which sets forth the 

obligations of both a shipper and a carrier concerning transportation of the merchandise. The most 

common forms of affreightment are known as Bills of Lading and Waybills. 

Agency For International Development: An agency of the US government that subsidizes private 

shipments of goods and services to foreign countries. 

AICC: An abbreviation for "American Institute Cargo Clauses", a set of standard insurance clauses 

adopted by the American Institute of Marine Underwriters for voluntary usage by member companies. 

These clauses have worldwide recognition and acceptance. 

AID: An abbreviation for "Agency For International Development", an agency of the US government that 

subsidizes private shipments of goods and services to foreign countries. 

AIMU: An abbreviation for "American Institute of Marine Underwriters", a non-governmental, non-profit 

trade association representing ocean marine insurers in the United States. Primarily through committees 

comprised of individuals from member companies, AIMU establishes voluntary standards for insurance 

coverage wording, vessel classification criteria, loss control practices and claim procedures. Through a 

series of bulletins, AIMU advises member companies of current shipping and trade practices and 

regulatory issues which may affect their industry. 


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Air Bags: "Inflatable Dunnage" - Heavy rubber, or other non-porous material, bags that can be inflated 

and are used to fill gaps between stacks of cargo to prevent their shifting during transit. Usually used in 

trucks, railcars and containers, but can be used in holds of vessels. 

Air Carrier: Refers to regularly scheduled and charter airlines, airfreight forwarders and air cargo 

integrators, who combine both forwarding and transport functions, that accept cargo for shipment by this 

mode. 

Air Waybill: "AWB" - A contract of affreightment issued by an airline acknowledging receipt of 

merchandise and indicating conditions for carriage. 

All Cargo Aircraft: An aircraft that is designed specifically for the carriage of cargo and cargo only. Also 

called a "freighter". Cargo is loaded into both the main cabin and lower decks of the plane. 

Allision: The striking, or collision, of a moving vessel of a stationary object. 

All Other Like Perils: A phrase used in a Perils Clause to denote that perils other than those listed but of 

the same nature are also insured. May also be stated as "all other perils and misfortunes." 

All Other Like Perils and Misfortunes: A phrase in cargo policies meaning perils of the same nature as 

those enumerated in the basic Perils clause. May also read "all other perils and misfortunes..." which has 

been given the same meaning in American courts. 

All Risks: "A/R" - An insuring term meaning that coverage is provided for loss due to fortuitous events, not 

just from named perils, unless the loss or cause of loss is excluded in the policy or by an implied exclusion. 

All Water Transportation: Refers to a method of vessel routing that eliminates the need for landbridge 

operations. For example, at the present time (July 2002) there are several ocean carriers that are 

transporting cargo directly from the Far East to the east coast of the United States via the Panama Canal 

in lieu of discharging it on the west coast and then shipping it by rail to destination. 

Ambient: The temperature, relative humidity and other climatic conditions present in any given location. 

American Bureau of Shipping: "ABS" - The classification society of the USA. Also, their publication 

listing the names and particulars of vessels classed by them and others. 

American Institute Cargo Clauses: "AICC" - A set of standard insurance clauses adopted by the 

American Institute of Marine Underwriters for voluntary usage by member companies. These clauses have 

worldwide recognition and acceptance. 

American Institute of Marine Underwriters: "AIMU" - A non-governmental, non-profit trade association 

representing ocean marine insurers in the United States. Primarily through committees comprised of 

individuals from member companies, AIMU establishes voluntary standards for insurance coverage 

wording, vessel classification criteria, loss control practices and claim procedures. Through a series of 

bulletins, AIMU advises member companies of current shipping and trade practices and regulatory issues 

which may affect their industry. 

Amidship: At, or in, the middle of a vessel; located midway between the forward and aft perpendiculars 

of the vessel. 

AMS: An abbreviation for "Automated Manifest System", an EDI facility enabling carriers and port 

authorities to file required ship's manifest information with U.S. Customs. 


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Angle of Repose: The angle at which a dry bulk cargo settles in the hold of a vessel. It is the angle 

formed between the horizontal plane of the hold's floor and the conical slope of non-cohesive (freeflowing) 

granular material. The smaller the angle of repose the greater the chance of the cargo shifting 

within the hold of the vessel. 

Anti-dumping: A term used to denote laws enacted to penalize anyone involved in the unfair trade 

practice of dumping. Penalties may be imposed in the form of additional duties, fines, penalties or 

imprisonment. 

Antioxidant: The material, typically ethoxyquin or butylated hydroxytoluene, that is used as a stabilizer to 

prevent the spontaneous combustion of cargoes such as fishmeal and iron ore briquettes. The antioxidant 

has to be applied in certain amounts (parts per million) and at certain times (during production but not 

more than 12 months prior to shipment) in order to achieve effectiveness. 

Application: In general, a document submitted by an assured, or their insurance broker if permitted by 

law, to an insurance company setting forth the full particulars of a risk for which they wish to obtain 

insurance. 

Apron: The portion of a pier, dock, wharf or quay directly adjacent a vessel on which cargo is assembled 

prior to loading or subsequent to discharge. 

A/R: An abbreviation for "All Risks", an insuring term meaning that coverage is provided for loss due to 

fortuitous events, not just from named perils, unless the loss or cause of loss is excluded in the policy or 

by an implied exclusion. 

Assailing Thieves: A marine peril meaning the forcible taking of the vessel or cargo as opposed to 

clandestine theft. 

Assignee: A party to whom certain rights or benefits have been transferred. 

Assignment: In general, the transfer of a right or benefit to another party. An assured may transfer 

certain of their rights under a cargo policy to another usually by issuing a Special Cargo Policy or 

Certificate of Insurance. 

Assured: The party insured by a marine policy of insurance. The Insured. 

Assurer: The company providing insurance under a marine policy of insurance. The Insurer. 

Astern: "Abaft" - Towards the rear (stern) of the vessel. 

Athwarthships: Across the vessel from side to side. Usually refers to cargo stowed facing side to side in 

the vessel's hold, as opposed to lengthwise, or fore to aft. 

Atmospheric Conditions: Essentially these are ambient conditions or weather experienced at a given 

location at a given time. 

Atmospheric Pollution: The contamination of cargoes by airborne particulates. This can range from dust 

to acid rain to fallout from chemical processing facilities. 

Auto Carrier: "Car Carrier" - A RO/RO vessel especially designed to carry automobiles. 

Automated Broker Interface: "ABI" - An EDI facility available to Customs Brokers for the reporting of 

customs entry information to U.S. Customs and which facilitates release of cargo. 


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Automated Commercial System: "ACS" - An electronic system of U.S. Customs which allows on line 

access to certain trade information. 

Automated Export System: "AES" - An EDI facility enabling exporters to electronically file SED data with 

multiple federal agencies simultaneously. 

Automated Manifest System: "AMS" - An EDI facility enabling carriers and port authorities to file 

required ship's manifest information with U.S. Customs. 

Average: Partial loss or damage. 

Average Adjuster: One who specializes in settlement of marine claims. 

Average Agreement: Document signed by cargo owners whereby they agree to pay General Average 

contributions due so that cargo will be released after a General Average has been declared by the carrier. 

A "Bond", or other financial guarantee, may also be required. In lieu of a "Bond", Average Adjusters will 

often accept a General Average Guarantee signed by an insurance company. Some adjusters may 

provide a combined average agreement/bond/guarantee which would be signed by the cargo owner and 

his insurer. 

Average Clauses: In marine insurance, policy clauses which stipulate the coverage which applies. See 

Insuring Terms. In other forms of insurance, average refers to co-insurance. 

AWB: An abbreviation for "Airway Bill", a contract of affreightment issued by an airline acknowledging 

receipt of merchandise and indicating conditions for carriage. 

Back To Back Letter of Credit: The practice of using a letter of credit as collateral to open a second 

letter of credit in favor of the ultimate supplier. Usually used by a middleman selling goods of others. 

Baffles: The vertical or upright members of a tank that serve to separate the cargo space into smaller 

compartments. These are particularly important in preventing sloshing, and possible resultant loss of 

stability, of bulk liquid shipments in less than full tank trucks, vessel tanks or rail cars. 

Bale Capacity: The total cubic capacity of a vessel's hold available for the carriage of cargo which is not 

capable of filling the spaces between the frames of a vessel. It is a measurement expressed in cubic 

meters or feet and used by countries to assess port charges on vessels. 

Ballast: Any substance, usually seawater, carried in the ballast tanks of a ship to ensure stability and 

handling. Liquid cargoes may also be used as ballast. 

Ballast Tanks: Any tank or compartment of a ship used, primarily, for carrying ballast. 

Banded: The process of securing or unitizing items through the application of metal or plastic straps. 

While items can be banded to each other, typically, bands are used to secure multiple items to a skid or 

pallet. 

Bareboat Charter: A charter party whereby the charterer obtains use of the vessel only and must supply 

the crew and be responsible for navigation and all other operations and liabilities of a shipowner. 

Bare Surfaces: Refers to uncoated, exposed surfaces of materials such as metal. Surfaces that are bare 

generally require some protection from rust, oxidation and corrosion. 

Barge: Usually a flat bottom vessel used to carry cargo on rivers and short sea voyages; and used as 

lighters. Barges can be self-propelled but most are not and must be towed or pushed during operation. 


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Barge Carrier: An ocean going ship that carries barges. Barges are loaded with cargo at distant points 

and towed to the overseas vessel where they are loaded on board. 

Barratry: A marine peril meaning the fraudulent, criminal, or wrongful taking of the ship or cargo by the 

captain or crew; or loss or damage resulting from such taking. 

Barrier Bag: Refers to moisture/vapor barrier bag that is used to protect items susceptible to water 

damage. The item to be protected is placed inside a metal foil barrier bag. The air within the bag is 

removed by a vacuum pump and then the bag is heat sealed to ensure its integrity. 

Basic Policy: In general, a term used to denote an insurer's standard insurance policy with no specific 

additions or deletions unique to an individual insured. 

Bast: The cellular fibers that are in the outer layer of the stems or stalks of plants. It is used to make 

ropes and mats. 

B/B: An abbreviation for "Breakbulk Cargo", in general, a term used to denote cargo that is not carried in 

containers, or which is not shipped as liquid or dry bulk. 

Beam: The maximum width of a vessel at its widest part, usually amidships, measured from the outer hull. 

Beaufort Scale: A rating scale (1 through 17) for measuring and defining sea conditions at varying wind 

speeds. 

Belly Pits: "Belly Holds" - Compartments located beneath the cabin of an aircraft and used for the 

carriage of cargo, mail and passenger baggage. 

Belly Holds: "Belly Pits" - Compartments located beneath the cabin of an aircraft and used for the 

carriage of cargo, mail and passenger baggage. 

Bending: Forming an arc or curve. To assume a direction or shape other than as intended. 

Bilge: A hollow area at the lowermost portion of a vessel or hold where liquids drain to. 

Bill of Exchange: "Draft" - A method of payment whereby a payment order is prepared by a seller 

instructing the buyer to pay the face amount at a certain time. Presentation of the draft to the buyer is 

usually done by a bank and payment is required either at the time of presentation (Sight Draft) or within a 

specified period of time (Time Draft). See Documentary Collection. 

Bill of Lading: "BOL", B/L" - The most common form of affreightment. It can serve three purposes: 

1. As a receipt for merchandise shipped. 

2. As a contract of carriage which sets forth the responsiblities and the liabilities of shipper and carrier. 

3. As a negotiable document in that interest in the merchandise described can be assigned to someone 

other than the original party of contract. 

(See Ocean Bill of Lading and Ocean Waybill also.) 

Bill of Lading Number: A unique number shown on a Bill of Lading by the carrier at the time 

merchandise is accepted for shipment. 

Binder: Completed application stipulating the particulars of the risk and the conditions of coverage which 

and has been signed by both the underwriter and the individual offering the risk, and is evidence that 

insurance is in effect pending issuance of a formal contract. 


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Bitumen Paper: A paper fabricated of Kraft-type material sandwiched around a core of asphaltic material 

and used to line packages to provide a degree of water resistance. This material has fell into dis-use and 

has been replaced with more modern, and effective, technology. 

Bitumen Tape: The alternative name for a tape used to seal corrugated cartons known as K/A/K. This 

was a paper tape fabricated of Kraft-type material sandwiched around a core of asphaltic material and 

used to provide some degree of weather-resistance. This method of closure has been replaced by 

pressure-sensitive or filament-reinforced paper tape. 

BKG or BKGE: An abbreviation for "breakage", the exposure to loss/damage resulting in most instances 

from improper or rough handling but the level of protective packaging is a factor. Certain categories of 

cargoes, such as glass and china, are particularly prone. 

BKGE or BKG: An abbreviation for "breakage", the exposure to loss/damage resulting in most instances 

from improper or rough handling but the level of protective packaging is a factor. Certain categories of 

cargoes, such as glass and china, are particularly prone. 

B/L: An abbreviation for "Bill of Lading", the most common form of affreightment. It can serve three 

purposes: 






Blank Endorsement: "Endorsement in Blank" - By endorsing the reverse of a Special Cargo Policy or a 

Certificate of Insurance, the assured may assign his rights to insurance to another party. The assured's 

name is typed or stamped on the back of the document and it is signed by the individual authorized to 

execute the Special Policy. Order Bills of Lading are negotiated in the same manner. 

Blind Markings: Refers to those package (cartons, drums, bags, crates, etc.) markings that are 

designed to conceal the true nature of the contents. These marks, which may be codes, are particularly 

important when high value and/or attractive/target commodities are being shipped. Blind markings are the 

opposite of descriptive markings. 

Blister Pack: A method of interior packaging that uses plastic to encapsulate the items. This is 

commonly used in retail ready or P-O-P (Point-of-Purchase) packaging. Typically, the packaging is formed 

by drawing a heated plastic film over a vacuum forming apparatus. 

Blister Packages: "Blister Pack" - A method of interior packaging that uses plastic to encapsulate the 

items. This is commonly used in retail ready or P-O-P (Point-of-Purchase) packaging. Typically, the 

packaging is formed by drawing a heated plastic film over a vacuum forming apparatus. 

Block Stow: The method of placing packages in a cargo space. The items are stacked to make use of 

all available cubic capacity with no voids in the stow. 

Blocking: The term used to describe various means and materials used to prevent movement of the 

cargo within the package and the package within the cargo space. 

Blue Stain: A bluish or grayish stain on lumber caused by microscopic fungi that feeds on the sapwood of 

trees. It does not affect the strength of the wood, just its appearance. 

Blue Water: A term used in marine insurance to denote that coverage applies only to voyages involving 

ocean transit or long sea passages. 


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Board Feet: A measurement term for timber and lumber. A board foot being equal to a dimension of one 

foot wide by one foot long by one inch thick. 

BOL: An abbreviation for "Bill of Lading" - the most common form of affreightment. It can serve three 

purposes: 






Bonded Shipments: Shipments on which duty is payable, but which are permitted to travel to inland 

destinations before customs inspection is made and duty is actually paid. 

Bonded Warehouse: A warehouse authorized by Customs Authorities for the temporary storage of 

imported goods without payment of duties. Duties would be paid once the goods are entered into the 

country of importation. No duty would be charged if goods are re-exported. 

Borings: The residue of metal borings, usually with a high concentration of volatile chemicals used in the 

boring process which, if not removed, present a severe exposure to combustion. 

Bow: The curved portion of a vessel's hull where the two sides of the vessel meet at the forward end 

(stem) of the vessel. 

Bow Ramp: A ramp at the front of a RO/RO vessel which allows vehicles to be driven on and off. 

Bow Thruster: A small propeller housed in a tunnel at the bow of the vessel below the waterline which is 

used to improve side to side maneuverability at slow speeds, usually while docking. 

Box: A term used to denote any type of container. 

Boxmaker's Certificate: A statement printed on a corrugated or solid fiberboard box identifying the 

manufacturer of the box and the construction features such as bursting test and gross weight limits. In 

addition, it also verifies that the box was constructed according to the applicable freight classification. 

Bracing: The process of providing physical and/or mechanical protection to cargo by means of materials 

such as wood timbers and inflatable air bags. These devices are positioned to prevent any movement of 

the cargo within the conveyance (vessel, railcar, airplane, container or truck) and serve to distribute or 

transfer concentrated loads over a broader supporting area. 

Breakage: Refers to the exposure to loss/damage resulting in most instances from improper or rough 

handling but the level of protective packaging is a factor. Certain categories of cargo, such as glass and 

china, are particularly prone. 

Breakbulk Cargo: "B/B', Conventional cargo" - In general, a term used to denote cargo that is not 

carried in containers, or which is not shipped as liquid or dry bulk. 

Brix: The term used to describe the sucrose level and polarity of raw sugarand other sucrose bearing 

substances. 

Broken Lots: Usual to the apparel trade. Refers to lots of goods which are missing a part of the original 

make up of the lot; for example a lot of goods may originally consist of pre-sorted sets, such as a range of 

styles, colors or sizes but a portion of the lot was lost or damaged and is no longer available. The entire 

remaining 'broken lot' is sold as a single unit. 


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Brown Water: A term used in marine insurance to denote that coverage is confined to inland and/or 

coastal waters only. 

Bucket Crane: "Grab" - A crane equipped with a device which, when lowered into the hold of a ship 

grabs a quantity of cargo. Used to load and unload bulk cargoes. Also called a clamshell or bucket crane. 

Bulbous Bow: A rounded projection at the lower forward end of a vessel designed to reduce water 

resistance when the vessel is in ballast. 

Bulk Cargo: A term used to denote any unpacked dry cargo shipped in bulk such as grain, coal and ore. 

Bulk Carrier: "Bulker" - A ship designed specifically for the carriage of dry bulk cargoes. 

Bulk Container: An overseas container designed for the carriage of dry bulk cargo. Usually fitted with a 

hatch in the roof for loading cargo and a hatch in the door for unloading. May also be of open top design 

fitted with a full width door that swings open when the other end is tipped up. 

Bulk/Container Carrier: A ship designed to carry either bulk cargoes or containers, or both. 

Bulker: "Bulk Carrier' - A ship designed specifically for the carriage of dry bulk cargoes. 

Bulkhead: The walls on the inside of a ship which divide the interior into compartments. 

Bulkhead Doors: Watertight doors let into a bulkhead to allow movement from one compartment to 

another. 

Bulk Packaged: Refers to individual items that are loose but placed unwrapped within a carton. Often 

commodities such as fruits and vegetables and nails are packed in this manner. 

Bumbershoot: A marine insurance term used to indentify an insurance policy which insurers marine 

liability exposures in excess of a primary insurance policy as well as incidental non-marine liability 

exposures. 

Bung: A plug used to seal the fill opening in a barrel, cask, keg or drum. Commonly called a 'plug' when 

referring to a steel drum closure. 

Bung Hole: A small opening in a barrel, cask, keg or drum through which product is let into or out of the 

unit. 

Bunker Tanks: The tanks on a vessel used to store the fuel (bunkers) that their engines will consume 

during a voyage. 

Burning: In marine insurance, refers to the actual burning of a vessel's structure by fire. 

Burnt: In marine insurance, refers to damage by fire to any part of a vessel's structure. 

Bursting Strength: The strength of fiberboard material used in the construction of boxes (cartons); 

expressed in pounds per square inch as measured by testing. For export quality boxes, a minimum 

bursting strength is 275 pounds psi. 

Bursting Of Boilers: A basic marine peril included in marine policies as a specific peril or as part of an 

Inchmaree Clause. Refers to the rupture of steam boilers or their piping through excessive pressure or 

defects. 


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C&F: "Cost and Freight" - A former INCO Term replaced by the abbreviation "CFR" - A term of sale 

whereby the seller quotes a price that includes the cost of the merchandise and the cost of all 

transportation to a named port of destination. Although the seller bears all charges incurred in 

transporting the merchandise to the port of destination, he is only responsible for loss or damage to the 

merchandise until loaded on board the vessel at port of shipment. The buyer bears all costs in unloading 

the merchandise at the port of discharge, including any duties or taxes, and all subsequent costs in moving 

the merchandise to a final location. The buyer is responsible for loss or damage to the merchandise once 

it has been loaded on board the vessel at port of shipment. CFR can only be used for vessel shipments. 

CA: An abbreviation for "Controlled Atmosphere", usually refers to containers that carry a mixture of 

gases, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide that are released within the cargo space so that the 

atmosphere can be maintained at a pre-set level to meet the carrying requirements of certain commodities. 

The purpose of these units is to extend the post-harvest and storage life by retarding the ripening process 

of the commodity; usually used on shipments of fruits and vegetables. 

Cable Layer: A vessel designed for the purpose of laying cable along sea bottoms. Cable is held on reels 

in the holds of the vessel and played out over devices affixed to the bow or stern of the vessel while the 

vessel is underway. 

Cabotage: The practice of a country to allow only vessels owned by its nationals and registered in their 

country to carry cargo and passengers in purely domestic trades. 

Caking: The forming of a material into a hardened mass. Many powdered or granular commodities will 

cake at the surface when contacted by any form of moisture. 

Calibration: Refers to the means used to balance or adjust machinery or instrumentation to ensure 

accuracy. 

Capesize Vessel: A ship which is too large to transit the Suez and Panama Canal and must therefore 

transit the "Capes" of South American and Africa in moving from one ocean to another. 

Car Carrier: "Auto Carrier" - A RO/RO vessel especially designed to carry automobiles. 

Cardboard: A, usually, thin, pliable, laminated or compressed layer of paperboard used for packaging 

items for marketing, sale or ease of handling, or as separators in larger cartons. Cardboard is not an 

applicable term for referring to material used in shipping containers although the term is incorrectly used 

as a synonym for corrugated fiberboard. 

Cargo Handlers: Personnel assigned to physically handle cargo either manually or through the use of 

mechanical handling equipment. 

Cargo Insurance: "Ocean Cargo Insurance" - In general, the insurance on goods being shipped in 

international trade by vessel, aircraft or overland conveyance. 

Cargo Quilt: The specially designed insulating blanket-like material used to protect temperature-sensitive 

products from damage due to exposure to climatic extremes. Their manufacturer, Q Sales and Leasing, 

claim that this rolled material "keeps frozen product frozen, cool products cool and warm products warm." 

Cargo Sweat: "Condensation" - A term used to denote moisture that forms on cargo when a vessel sails 

from a cooler climate to a warmer one and the air around the cargo warms up quicker than the surface of 

the cargo. 

Carnet: An international customs document allowing for temporary importation of goods into a country, 

usually for exhibition or display, without paying duty or without having to post a bond for duties payable on 

goods permanently imported. Usually issued by a national Chamber of Commerce. 


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Carriage and Insurance Paid To (Named Place of Destination): "CIP" - A term of sale similar to CIF 

except that the price quoted includes transportation to the named place of destination (vs port of 

destination under CIF) and delivery is made to the named carrier at an agreed upon place in the country of 

origin (vs port of shipment under CIF). CIP can be used for any mode of transportation. 

Carriage Of Goods by Sea Act: "COGSA" - The U.S. equivalent of The Hague Rules. All shipments of 

cargo, for which Bills of Lading are issued between the United States and foreign ports, are subject to the 

provisions of this act. 

Carriage of Goods by Water Act: "COGWA" - The Canadian equivalent of the Hague Visby Rules. All 

shipments of cargo, for which Bills of Lading are issued between Canada and foreign ports, are subject to 

the provisions of this act. 

Carriage Paid To (Named Place of Destination): "CPT" - A term of sale similar to CFR except that the 

price quoted includes transportation to the named place of destination (vs port of destination under CFR) 

and delivery is made to the named carrier at an agreed upon place in the country of origin (vs on board the 

vessel at port of shipment under CFR). CPT can be used for any mode of transportation. 

Carrier: In general the firm that transports merchandise from one point to another. May be a vessel 

owner/manager/operator, an airline, a truck operator or a railroad. In marine insurance, carrier is used to 

denote the ocean carrier. See Direct Carrier and In-direct Carrier. 

Cartons: A rigid shipping container having closed faces and completely enclosing the contents. Generally 

cartons are constructed of corrugated material but solid fiberboard cartons are also used. 

Cases: In general, a fully enclosed shipping package constructed of nailed or screwed solid wooden 

boards or sheets. Usually affixed to a wooden pallet or skids. 

Cash Against Documents: Similar to "Sight Draft" - A draft issued by the seller which sets forth the 

purchase price for the merchandise shipped. Upon payment of this amount by the buyer the seller will 

release the documents needed to take delivery of the merchandise from the carrier. May be a separate 

method of payment, or used in conjunction with other forms, especially Letters of Credit. Cash Against 

Documents may or may not involve a bank. 

Cash in Advance: A method of payment whereby the buyer agrees to pay the seller before merchandise 

is shipped. Normally used for one-time shipments, or where the credit worthiness of the buyer is not 

ascertainable. 

CAT Funding: A term used in cargo insurance to refer to that portion of premium required to fund for CAT 

losses. 

CAT Loss: A term used in cargo insurance to broadly identify losses attributable to FPA and shock 

losses. 

Cataloge Sales: In marine insurance, this term refers to a form of valuation whereby the basis of value of 

the goods is tied to the vendor price list of the importer (insured) that is in effect at the time of shipment. 

Also, sales of merchandise through cataloges supplied by retailers as opposed to in-store shopping. 

Cause of Loss: "Nature of Loss" - A phrase used to identify the peril or action that caused loss or 

damage to merchandise. Sometimes used to describe resultant loss. For example, steel products may 

arrive rusted because of having been wetted during transit. The cause of loss may be identified as rust 

because the actual peril (rain, condensation, seawater or moisture) may not be determinable. 

Cautionary Markings: Marks on the exterior of a package that are designed to provide cargo handlers 

with information concerning the susceptibility to damage of the contents as well as instructing them on the 


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optimal way to handle the package. Some customary cautionary markings include " Fragile, Handle with 

Care", "Use No Hooks", "Keep Dry", "Lift Here", "Do Not Stack", "Top Heavy" and "Center of Gravity". 

Cellular Containership: A vessel designed to carry standard intermodal containers in cells formed by a 

system of guides below deck. On hatchless container ships, the cell guides extend above the main deck. 

Cement Carrier: A ship specially designed for the carriage of cement. Most are equipped with selfunloading 

equipment. 

Centerline: An imaginary line running along the center of a vessel between the midpoints of the bow and 

stern, essentially dividing the vessel into two halves along its length. 

Center of Gravity: The fixed physical center of the combined weight of the cargo, or the shipping 

container and its cargo. 

CERT: An abbreviation for "Certificate of Insurance", a document containing an abstract of the most 

important provisions of an open policy which is presented by the insurance company or assured as 

evidence to a third party that insurance is in effect. The assured may assign his rights under this 

negotiable document to a third party, usually the consignee, by endorsing the reverse of the certificate in the 

same manner as a personal check. See Endorsement in Blank. 

Certificate of Cleanliness: The document provided by a competent authority, such as the U.S. Coast 

Guard, or an independent marine surveyor, attesting that the cargo space, typically a vessel tank or hold is 

clean and suitable for the loading of intended cargo. This certificate is normally given after a physical 

inspection of the cargo space. If for some reason this inspection cannot take place, the ship's master is 

asked to provide a waiver, stating that they affirm that the cargo space is clean, dry and altogether ready to 

accept/transport cargo. 

Certificate of Inspection: A document issued by an independent survey company certifying that goods 

are of the quantity, quality and pricing specified in the contract. Some countries require pre-shipment 

inspections as a condition of importation. 

Certificate of Insurance: "CERT" - A document containing an abstract of the most important provisions of 

an open policy which is presented by the insurance company or assured as evidence to a third party that 

insurance is in effect. The assured may assign his rights under this negotiable document to a third party, 

usually the consignee, by endorsing the reverse of the certificate in the same manner as a personal check. 

See Endorsement in Blank. 

Certificate of Origin: A document required by government agencies which certify the actual country of 

origin of the goods. May be incorporated as a clause appearing on a Commercial Invoice. Usually require 

validatation by a consulate office of the country of destination or a local chamber of commerce office. 

CFR (Cost and Freight-Named Port of Destination): "C&F" - A term of sale whereby the seller quotes a 

price that includes the cost of the merchandise and the cost of all transportation to a named port of 

destination. Although the seller bears all charges incurred in transporting the merchandise to the port of 

destination, he is only responsible for loss or damage to the merchandise until loaded on board the vessel 

at port of shipment. The buyer bears all costs in unloading the merchandise at the port of discharge, 

including any duties or taxes, and all subsequent costs in moving the merchandise to a final location. The 

buyer is responsible for loss or damage to the merchandise once it has been loaded on board the vessel 

at port of shipment. CFR can only be used for vessel shipments. 

CFS: An abbreviation for "Container Freight Station", a facility designated by a carrier as the place for 

receiving breakbulk cargo for loading by them into containers, or the place they will deliver containers to for 

unloading cargo from containers and for delivery to the consignee. Usually shown on ship's documents. 


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CFS/CFS: "Container Freight Station" - A term used to indicate that cargo has been carried in containers 

only from the carrier's freight station in the country of origin to their freight station in the country of 

destination. Also referred to as Pier to Pier. 

Change In Flavor: In marine insurance, a term that refers to the altering of the flavor of a product 

brought about by passage of time or contact with foreign substances or odors, water, humidity or dryness. 

Charter: A contract between a shipowner and another party for the use of a vessel for one or more 

voyages or for a specific period of time. Terms of the charter party govern the rights and obligations of 

each party, and may not contain the same responsibilities that exist under other contracts of affreightment. 

There are three common types of charters, but variations exist. Cargo insurers must look to the terms of a 

charter party to determine who is responsible for loss or damage to cargo. The three most common types 

of charters are: 

Bareboat Charter: A charter party whereby the charterer obtains use of the vessel only and must 

supply the crew and be responsible for navigation and all other operations and liabilities of a 

shipowner. 

Time Charter: A charter party whereby the charterer contracts with the vessel owner to use the 

vessel and its crew for a specified period of time. The owner being responsible for the carriage of 

the cargo and navigation and most other responsibilities and liabilities of a vessel owner. 

Voyage Charter: A charter party whereby the charterer contracts with the vessel owner to use the 

vessel and its crew for a specific voyage. The owner being responsible for the carriage of the 

cargo and navigation and most other responsibilities and liabilities of a vessel owner. 

Charter Broker: A firm that arranges a charter between a vessel owner and charterer. 

Charter Freight: The monies paid by a charterer to the vessel owner under a voyage or space charter. 

Charter Hire: "Hire" - The monies paid by a charterer to the vessel owner under a bareboat or time 

charter. 

Charter Party: The actual contract between a vessel owner and a charterer setting forth the rights, 

obligations and liabilities of each. 

Charterer: The person, or firm, to whom a vessel is chartered to by a vessel owner. 

Chassis: In general, a trailer on which containers are carried. 

Chemical Carrier: A ship specifically designed to carry liquid chemicals with tanks constructed of or 

coated with stainless steel. 

Chilling Injury: Damage to refrigerated products due to low, but not freezing temperatures. 

Chime: In general, the rim that projects above the cover of a cylindrical container such as a metal or fiber 

can, a metal, fiber, or wooden drum, or cask. 

Chipboard: A paperboard generally made from reclaimed/recycled paper stock. This is used for many 

purposes but works best as inner plies for solid fiberboard panels or partitions/dividers. This is not a 

recommended material for construction of boxes to be used in shipping. The material does not hold up well 

during handling and transit, especially if exposed to moisture. 

Chipping: A form of cargo damage evidenced by the removal of a piece of the surface material usually 

through impact with something else. 


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Chlorides: Refers to chemical compounds found in salt or seawater. The presence of chlorides in a silver 

nitrate test usually indicates that the items being tested have been contacted by salt or seawater. 

CIF: An abbreviation for "Cost, Insurance and Freight", a term of sale whereby the seller quotes a price 

that includes the cost of the merchandise, all transportation charges to the named port of destination and 

the costs of insurance coverage. The obligation of the seller and buyer are the same as those under 

"CFR" except that the seller provides insurance, on behalf of the buyer, from the point of origin to the final 

place of destination named in the contract. Title to this insurance is usually transferred from seller to 

buyer through the use of a negotiable Special Cargo Policy, or a Certificate of Insurance. CIF can only be 

used on vessel shipments. 

CIP: An abbreviation for "Carriage and Insurance Paid To", a term of sale identical to CIF except that the 

price quoted includes transportation to the named place of destination (vs port of destination under CIF) 

and delivery is made to the named carrier at an agreed upon place in the country of origin (vs port of 

shipment under CIF). CIP can be used for any mode of transportation. 

CISG: An abbreviation for "Contracts For International Sale Of Goods" - a Convention sponsored by the 

United Nations and signed in Vienna, the CISG establishes uniform rules for developing international sales 

contracts and the legal rights and obligations of a seller and buyer under such contracts. CISG applies 

automatically to all contracts for the international sale of goods if the countries of the seller and of the 

buyer have ratified the CISG unless the contract states that all or a portion of CISG do not apply or if 

expressed in the contract that laws other than CISG will apply. The United States ratified CISG in January 

1989 and, therefore, CISG is applicable to trade between the U.S. and other countries that have ratified 

the Convention unless the sales contracts states otherwise. 

CKD: An abbreviation for "Completely Knocked Down", Usually referring to vehicles that are shipped in 

pieces in packages for assembly at destination. 

Claim Representative: Usually an overseas representative of the insurance company that a claimant can 

contact in the event of loss or damage. This may be an office of the company or an independent 

surveyor. 

Claimant: An individual filing a claim with an insurance company for loss or damage to merchandise. 

Clamp: The special cargo handling attachment of a forklift truck. This device, actually two semi-circular 

arms, are used to handle rolled products, such as paper. 

Clamshell: "Grab" - A crane equipped with a device which, when lowered into the hold of a ship grabs a 

quantity of cargo. Used to load and unload bulk cargoes. Also called a clamshell or bucket crane. 

Classification Clause: A clause appearing in, or attached to, a cargo policy which sets forth criteria 

which vessels used by an assured for their shipments must meet. Shipments by the assured on vessels 

which do not meet this criteria may not be covered by the insurance policy; or may be covered but subject 

to an additional premium charge. The AIMU has developed the following Classification Clause which is 

used voluntarily by most of its members: 

AIMU Classification Clause (May 1993) 

1. metal-hulled, self-propelled vessels which are not over 20 years of age nor less than 1000 net 

registered tons and which are classed A1 American Record or equivalent by a Member of the 

International Association of Classification Societies; or 

2. vessels over 20 years of age which are approved by this Company, and which are not less than 1000 

net registered tons and classed as in (1) above, but only while operating in their regular trades; 

but in either case excluding vessels built: 

(a) for service on the Great Lakes; 

(b) solely for military or navel service; or 


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(c) for the carriage of dry bulk or liquid bulk cargoes, and which are more than 15 years 

of age, unless specifically approved by this Company. 

Classification Society: A non-governmental maritime organization which set standards for the design, 

construction and maintenance of vessel's hulls, machinery and equipment. Vessels are usually built to the 

design specification of a particular classification society whose surveyors oversee the building, equipping, 

launching and sea trials of the vessel. Once built, and having met all the criteria set by the classification 

society, the society will issue a Certificate of Classification to the vessel. Continued certification during the 

life time of a vessel is dependent upon its adherence to the society's standards which are enforced through 

periodic inspections at regular intervals by Classification Society surveyors. 

Claused Bill of Lading: "Foul Bill of Lading" - A bill of lading on which exceptions have been noted as to 

the condition and quantity of the goods received. See Clean Bill of Lading. 

Clean Bill of Lading: A Bill of Lading on which the carrier has made no indication of any problems with 

the condition or quantity of the cargo at the time of acceptance for carriage. See Foul Bill of Lading. 

Clean Receipt: A delivery receipt upon which no exceptions for damage or shortage have been noted by 

the party receiving the merchandise. 

Clingage: The property of a substance that causes it to adhere to surfaces with which it comes into 

contact. The higher the viscosity of the substance, the greater the amount of adherence. 

Clip-on: A term used to denote a portable power unit which can be attached to a refrigerated container. 

Clone Products: Usual to electronics industry. Refers to a product that replicates the properties and 

workings of a 'brand name' product. For example, IBM and Apple computers were original brand name 

desk top computers. PC's, marketed by firms such as Dell and Compaq were originally referred to as 

'clones' of these 'brand names'. 

Close of Season: Refers to end of season items such as highly seasonal merchandise like wearing 

apparel. Once these items go past the normal retail period, they lose value as their desirability has 

diminished. 

Coaming: "Hatch Coaming" - A short steel structure on all sides of a hatch opening extending up from the 

deck and designed to prevent free running water and waves from entering the hatch and to offer 

protection to persons working around open hatches. 

Coastal: "Coastwise" - The body of water directly adjacent to a single coast of a country. Also, a voyage 

confined to ports within a single coast of a country. 

Coastwise: "Coastal" - The body of water directly adjacent to a single coast of a country. Also, a voyage 

confined to ports within a single coast of a country. 

COFC: An abbreviation for "Container On Flat Car" - A form of piggyback cargo service whereby an 

intermodal container is lifted off its chassis or truck bogie and loaded and secured on to a railroad flat car. 

Today, we have single stack, double stack (one container being secured to the top of another per railcar) 

and even triple stack. 

COGSA: "Carriage of Goods by Sea Act" - The U.S. equivalent of The Hague Rules. All shipments of 

cargo, for which Bills of Lading are issued between the United States and foreign ports, are subject to the 

provisions of this act. 

COGWA: "Carriage of Goods by Water Act" - The Canadian equivalent of the Hague Visby Rules. All 

shipments of cargo, for which Bills of Lading are issued between Canada and foreign ports, are subject to 

the provisions of this act. 


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Co-insurance: An insurance principal whereby an insured is obligated to insure the subject matter for at 

least its full value or else share in any loss which may occur. A clause in an insurance policy which 

obligates an insured to maintain a specified level of insurance and provided that level is maintained, no coinsurance 

will be invoked. A term used to denote that a risk is insured by more than one insurer. 

Cold Treatment: A quarantine treatment required by certain countries for citrus products grown in areas 

susceptible to fruit fly infestation. The treatment requires that the cargo be stored for a specified continuous 

period of time at a specified temperature (usually below 36 deg F [2.2 deg C]) depending upon the type of 

fruit, place of origin and specie of fruit fly. It is usual for treatment to take place on the vessel for the 

specified time period immediately prior to arrival at port of destination. 

Collapse, Subsidence Of Docks or Wharves: In marine insurance, a phrase referring to the actual 

collapse or settlement of all or a part of a dock, pier quay or wharf through natural causes, including 

normal wear and tear, or defect in materials. 

Collect Freight: Freight charges paid to a carrier by the shipper only if the cargo is delivered at the 

agreed place of destination. Cargo which is delivered in a damaged condition is considered delivered 

unless it is "no longer the thing that it was." 

Collier: A vessel built specifically for the carriage of coal. 

Collision: In marine insurance, a term to describe the coming together, or contact, of a moving vessel 

with another moving vessel or other moving object. In the early development of marine insuring terms, 

'collision' was intended to only refer to contact between moving vessels, not other objects or any stationary 

object or vessel. See Allision also. 

Collision With Another Vessel: In marine insurance, an insurance term referring to contact between 

moving vessels only. This term was devised to limit the ordinary meaning of the term 'collision' which, at 

some point in time, was expanded by courts to include any form of contact between a vessel and any other 

moving object. See Allision also. 

Combi Aircraft: "Combination Aircraft" - An aircraft capable of transporting both passengers and cargo 

on the same flight. 

Combination Aircraft: "Combi Aircraft" - An aircraft capable of transporting both passengers and cargo 

on the same flight. 

Combination Carrier: In general, a ship designed to carry liquid and dry bulk cargoes. Also, a ship 

designed to carry bulk cargo and containers on deck, or in specially constructed portable racks in the hold. 

Comingling: A term used to refer to bulk cargoes shipped or stored in a single tank intended for multiple 

receivers. Also refers to the inadvertent mixing together of cargoes of differing quality, or species. 

Commercial Invoice: A document issued by the seller to the buyer which clearly indicates the terms of 

sale, the merchandise being sold, type of packaging used, number of units being shipped, per unit cost 

and the total cost up to the point named in the terms of sale. It should also include names of seller and 

buyer. 

Commercial Risk: A term used to denote the financial risks a seller assumes when extending credit to a 

buyer and when no other recourse , such as insurance, in availed of. 

Commercial Set: A term used to denote the basic documents required to satisfy letters of credit or drafts. 

This usually includes the Commercial Invoice, the Bill of Lading or Waybill and a Special Cargo Policy or 

Certificate of Insurance. 


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Common Carrier: Any shipowner or other carrier who offers his vessel or other mode of transportation to 

the public, in general, for the purpose of transporting merchandise for a fee. 

Commodity Classification: A rating scale (I [Low] - V[Severe]) used by Chubb to designate the severity 

of exposure of a commodity, or a Commodity Group, to loss or damage. Current ratings are: 

Code Explanation 

I Low theft, water and handling exposure 

II Moderate theft, water and handling exposure 

III High theft and water exposure; special handling requirements, 

temperature/atmospheric control requirements 

IV Severe theft and water exposure; highly sensitive machinery and equipment 

V Severe handling and stowage exposures; items shipped on bulk vessels; unusual 

hazards 

Commodity Code: A four digit numerical code assigned by Chubb to individual commodities. Used to 

facilitate gathering of statistics. These are proprietary codes not associated with Industry codes such as ISO 

or Census/Customs. 

Commodity Name: The name of the commodity within Chubb systems to which a Commodity Code has 

been assigned. 

Completely Knocked Down: "CKD" - A term referring to vehicles that are shipped in pieces in packages 

for assembly at destination. 

Compound Duty: Customs duty assessed on the value of the goods and some other factor such as 

weight or quantity. 

Compressed Bales: The method of packing baled commodities such as cotton and rags in such a way 

that their dimensions can be reduced by mechanically squeezing the contents under heavy pressure and 

securing them into a package form by applying a series of banding straps or wires. 

Compression: The application of force applied to opposite sides of a box to show deflection or 

deformation. Relates to the forces a Package will encounter during transit and storage. 

Compression Damage: This refers to damage to bottom-stowed cargo due to the weight of 

superimposed loads in stacks or stow. The damage is usually in the form of crushing and/or deformation. 

In many instances only the exterior packaging is affected and the contents are undamaged. 

Condensation: "Sweat" - A physical phenomenon that occurs through the movement of ambient air in a 

cargo space (ocean vessel, warehouse, container etc), the moisture content of the cargo, and differences 

in temperature between the atmosphere/climate of the cargo space and the cargo over a period of time. 

Condensation, suspended moisture, occurs when there are differences in temperature caused by changes 

in latitude, the presence of artificially warm or cold metal surfaces and spontaneous internal "heating" of 

the cargo. This can, and often, does result in water damage to cargo. Condensation can also occur within 

cargo packages when contents contain high levels of moisture. The two most general form of 

condensation (sweat) are Cargo Sweat and Ship's Sweat. Container Sweat is a variation of Ship's Sweat 

in that the interior structure of the container reacts to temperature changes in the same manner as do 

vessel cargo compartments. 

Cargo Sweat: Occurs when a vessel sails from a cooler climate to a warmer one and the air 

around the cargo warms up quicker than the surface of the cargo causing condensation to form on 

the cargo itself. 


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Ship's Sweat: Occurs when when a vessel sails from a warm climate to a cooler one and the 

interior metal surfaces of the ship cool faster than the ambient air in the compartment causing 

moisture to form on the ship's interior surfaces and which, without proper ventilation or 

dehumidification, would condense and drip onto the cargo. 

Conditional Exclusion: A clause in an insurance policy that excludes certain types of losses or causes of 

losses unless certain events or actions take place (Example: excluding shortage, leakage or 

contamination unless caused by stranding or collision of the vessel). 

Conditional Warranty: A warranty in a policy which imposes certain obligations, or stipulates that certain 

conditions exist, in order for insurance coverage to apply. 

Conference: An affiliation of shipowners servicing the same shipping routes and agree to operate under 

the same rate tariff and other terms of carriage. 

Confirmed Irrevocable Letter of Credit: Essentially means that the confirming bank guarantees 

payment of the credit to the beneficiary regardless of whether or not the issuing bank meets their 

obligation to pay. 

Confirming Bank: A bank, usually in the country of origin that, in addition to performing the same 

functions as an advising bank, assumes an obligation to pay the amount of the credit upon presentation of 

certain documents at an agreed time and place. 

Confiscation: In general, the taking of another's property by a government or by an agency authorized to 

act on a government's behalf. 

Connecting Conveyance: Any conveyance used to transport goods to or from the principal conveyance. 

Could be a vessel, truck, aircraft, or rail. See Lighter and Feeder Vessel. 

Consequential Loss: An insurance term used to denote a loss that is not directly caused by an insured 

peril but which occurs as an indirect result. Consequential losses are not covered by insurance policies 

unless expressly stated in the policy. 

Consignee: The party that is intended to receive the goods. The receiver. May be the buyer of the 

goods or a third party. 

Consignor: The party that ships the goods. The shipper. May be the seller of the goods or a third party. 

Consolidated: A term originally used to describe the idea that individual items of breakbulk cargo 

shipped by one entity have been combined with other like items shipped by others and stowed together in 

an ocean container, air container or other unit load device. The term is more commonly used today to refer 

to breakbulk cargo of a single entity which has been stowed into a container by someone other than the 

shipper after leaving the original point of shipment but before being loaded onto a vessel. 

Consolidation: A term used to denote breakbulk cargo that has been consolidated. 

Consolidator: A person or firm that performs the cargo consolidation process. It can be done by 

steamship lines, airlines, freight forwarders or other third parties, such as "Container freight 

Stations"(CFS). Regardless of who actually completes the task, they are responsible to both load and 

secure the cargo by proper blocking and bracing. 

Constructive Total Loss: "CTL" - Not an actual total loss, but a loss to which its becoming a total loss 

can only be prevented by incurring costs for recovering and/or repairing the damaged merchandise that 

exceed the actual value of the merchandise. 


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Consular Declaration: Similar to a "Consular Invoice", a special invoice required by some countries to 

control merchandise shipped to them. The form required may vary from country to country, and it must be 

notarized or validated by the country's consulate prior to shipment of merchandise. 

Consular Invoice: "Consular Declaration" - A special invoice required by some countries to control 

merchandise shipped to them. The form required may vary from country to country, and it must be 

notarized or validated by the country's consulate prior to shipment of merchandise. 

Consumption Entry: "Customs Entry Form" - A form required by U.S. Customs for all merchandise 

entering the United States. It indicates country of origin, description of merchandise and amount of 

estimated duty to be paid. It must be filed with Customs before merchandise will be released , unless 

other arrangements have been made. 

Contact With Other Cargo: A type of cargo damage referring to damage caused by actual physical 

contact with other cargo. 

Container: "Freight Container", "Intermodal Container" - Any of a variety of ocean and air cargo unit load 

devices designed for the overseas transport of cargo and which allows multiple items to be shipped 

together and travel between and on different modes of transportation without the need to de-stow and restow 

the cargo. Standard ocean containers are usually of metal construction, twenty to forty foot lengths, 

eight feet wide and high, fully enclosed with full height rear doors and plywood lined floors with lashing 

points welded to the bottom side rails. Non-standard containers in 45 and 53 foot length are also available 

as are special purpose containers such as reefers, flat racks, open tops, and bulk. Each container in use 

usually has a unique identifying number assigned to it. Originally designed to reduce handling time of 

loading and unloading. Used on door-to-door shipments, well maintained containers with cargo properly 

stowed and secured inside, offer excellent protection to the cargo from exposure to the elements, handling 

damage and theft. The most common types of containers are: 

Bulk Container: An overseas container designed for the carriage of dry bulk cargo. Usually fitted 

with a hatch in the roof for loading cargo and a hatch in the door for unloading. May also be of 

open top design fitted with a full width door that swings open when the other end is tipped up. 

Controlled Atmosphere Container: "CA" - These containers carry a mixture of gases, such as 

nitrogen and carbon dioxide that are released within the cargo space so that the atmosphere can 

be maintained at a pre-set level to meet the carrying requirements of certain commodities. The 

purpose of these units is to extend the post-harvest and storage life by retarding the ripening 

process of the commodity; usually used on shipments of fruits and vegetables. 

Half Height Container: An open top intermodal container that has the same dimensions as 

standard containers but only half as high. It is used for very dense cargoes. 

Modified Atmosphere Container: "MA" - These containers carry a mixture of gases, such as 

nitrogen and carbon dioxide that are released within the cargo space so that the atmosphere can 

be maintained at a pre-set level to meet the carrying requirements of certain commodities. The 

purpose of these units is to extend the post-harvest and storage life by retarding the ripening 

process of the commodity; usually used on shipments of fruits and vegetables. 

Enclosed Container: The most available intermodal container that is a fully structural unit that 

has a steel, or aluminum framework with wood or plywood sheathed inner walls and flooring. 

They come in both the more common end loading with access doors at the rear or side loading with 

the cargo space accessed through side doors, more useful on rail sidings. These units are 

designed for all types of general cargo that does not require any controlled temperature or 

environment during transit. 

Flat Rack Container: Refers to the style of intermodal container designed especially for heavy 

loads and overwidth cargo. These 20 and 40-foot units have strong bottom construction with fixed 


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endwalls but no top or sides. There are numerous very strong lashing devices on the corner 

posts, longitudinal rails and on the floor for securing purposes. 

High Cube Container: The common name for "Extended Height Container" - These intermodal 

shipping units are 9.5 feet in height (as opposed to the standard 8.5 feet) and are particularly well 

suited for high volume, low weight goods such as garments, and can significantly increase the 

cubic space available for cargo stowage. 

Insulated Container: These intermodal units are provided in either ventilated or non-ventilated 

models and are often used in conjunction with containers that have mechanical refrigeration 

properties. They are constructed with extra insulation between the wall panels to protect cargo 

against heat loss or gain. Internally, they are equipped with t-section flooring to allow for air flow. 

Open Top Container: An otherwise standard container but without a roof. Usually used for 

cargoes that cannot be easily loaded through the end doors. Once cargo is stowed in the 

container a tarpaulin is used to cover the open top. Machinery and scrap are two cargoes usually 

carried in open top containers. Cargoes that are too high for standard height containers are often 

shipped in open top containers often without adequate thought being given to special handling, 

stowage or transport consideration leading to damaged contents. 

Refrigerated Container: "Reefer" - an intermodal unit fitted with its own refrigeration equipment, 

powered by direct electrical connection or by diesel or gasoline powered generator sets. These 

units are primarily used for food products but can also serve a host of perishable commodities 

such as pharmaceuticals and others requiring a temperature and humidity controlled environment. 

Tank Container: "Tanktainer" - A cylindrical tank, usually of 5-6000 gallon capacity, built within 

the framework of a 20 foot container for the carriage of bulk liquid cargoes on containerships. Its 

construction allows it to be shipped and handled in the same manner as other containers. 

Ventilated Container: An intermodal container equipped with ventilation ports along the top rails 

and are used for heat-generating cargo such as coffee, cocoa and potatoes that require protection 

from condensation. The vents are either fitted with baffles or offset from internal vents to prevent 

water ingress. 

Containerboard: The paperboard components; e.g. linerboard, corrugating material and filler chip, from 

which corrugated and solid fiberboard are manufactured. 

Container, Bulk: An overseas container designed for the carriage of dry bulk cargo. Usually fitted with a 

hatch in the roof for loading cargo and a hatch in the door for unloading. May also be of open top design 

fitted with a full width door that swings open when the other end is tipped up. 

Container, Controlled Atmosphere: "CA" - These containers carry a mixture of gases, such as nitrogen 

and carbon dioxide that are released within the cargo space so that the atmosphere can be maintained at 

a pre-set level to meet the carrying requirements of certain commodities. The purpose of these units is to 

extend the post-harvest and storage life by retarding the ripening process of the commodity; usually used 

on shipments of fruits and vegetables. 

Container, Enclosed: The most available intermodal container that is a fully structural unit that has a 

steel, or aluminum framework with wood or plywood sheathed inner walls and flooring. They come in both 

the more common end loading with access doors at the rear or side loading with the cargo space 

accessed through side doors, more useful on rail sidings. These units are designed for all types of general 

cargo that does not require any controlled temperature or environment during transit. 

Container, Flat Rack: Refers to the style of intermodal container designed especially for heavy loads and 

overwidth cargo. These 20 and 40-foot units have strong bottom construction with fixed endwalls but no 


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top or sides. There are numerous very strong lashing devices on the corner posts, longitudinal rails and on 

the floor for securing purposes. 

Container Freight Station: "CFS" - A facility designated by a carrier as the place for receiving breakbulk 

cargo for loading by them into containers, or the place they will deliver containers to for unloading cargo 

from containers and for delivery to the consignee. 

Container, Half Height: An open top intermodal container that has the same dimensions as standard 

containers but only half as high. It is used for very dense cargoes. 

Container, High Cube: The common name for "Extended Height Container" - These intermodal shipping 

units are 9.5 feet in height (as opposed to the standard 8.5 feet) and are particularly well suited for high 

volume, low weight goods such as garments, and can significantly increase the cubic space available for 

cargo stowage. 

Container, Insulated: These intermodal units are provided in either ventilated or non-ventilated models 

and are often used in conjunction with containers that have mechanical refrigeration properties. They are 

constructed with extra insulation between the wall panels to protect cargo against heat loss or gain. 

Internally, they are equipped with t-section flooring to allow for air flow. 

Container, Modified Atmosphere: "MA" - These containers carry a mixture of gases, such as nitrogen 





Container Number: A unique identifying number affixed to a container. Container numbers, as well as 

the container seal number, should be shown on all documents issued in conjunction with a shipment. 

Parties taking delivery of a container should verify against their documents that the container number and 

seal number are correct. It is also important to be certain that the seal has not been tampered with. 

Exceptions should be noted if any discrepancies exist. 

Container On Flat Car: "COFC" - A form of piggyback cargo service whereby an intermodal container is 

lifted off its chassis or truck bogie and loaded and secured on to a railroad flat car. Today, we have single 

stack, double stack (one container being secured to the top of another per railcar) and even triple stack. 

Container, Open Top: An otherwise standard container but without a roof. Usually used for cargoes that 

cannot be easily loaded through the end doors. Once cargo is stowed in the container a tarpaulin is used to 

cover the open top. Machinery and scrap are two cargoes usually carried in open top containers. Cargoes 

that are too high for standard height containers are often shipped in open top containers often without 

adequate thought being given to special handling, stowage or transport consideration leading to damaged 

contents. 

Container, Refrigerated: "Reefer" - an intermodal unit fitted with its own refrigeration equipment, 

powered by direct electrical connection or by diesel or gasoline powered generator sets. These units are 

primarily used for food products but can also serve a host of perishable commodities such as 

pharmaceuticals and others requiring a temperature and humidity controlled environment. 

Container Seal: A metal, steel, aluminum or plastic device affixed to the locking mechanism of a 

container door to deter unauthorized opening. Usually affixed by the party packing the container for 

shipment. Each seal is numbered and may contain a code identifying the manufacturer and user. 

Container numbers, as well as the container seal number, should be shown on all documents issued in 

conjunction with a shipment. Parties taking delivery of a container should verify against their documents 

that the container number and seal number are correct. It is also important to be certain that the seal has 

not been tampered with. Exceptions should be noted if any discrepancies exist. 


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Container Seal Number: An identifying number embedded or embossed onto a "Container Seal". May 

contain a code identifying the manufacturer and/or user. 

Container seal numbers, as well as the container number to which it is affixed, should be shown on all 

documents issued in conjunction with a shipment. Parties taking delivery of a container should verify 

against their documents that the container number and seal number are correct. It is also important to be 

certain that the seal has not been tampered with. Exceptions should be noted if any discrepancies exist. 

Containership: A vessel designed to carry overseas containers in specially constructed cells below deck, 

and on deck in cells or stacked one atop another and lashed to the deck. Usually not equipped with cranes 

and must be loaded and unloaded with shore based equipment. 

Container Shortage: In general, refers to any containerized shipment that arrives at destination missing a 

portion of the cargo said to have been loaded into the unit. This situation can occur due to container 

tampering and cargo pilferage or be the result of intentional or unintentional short shipment at origin. 

Container Sweat: A term for the moisture, which condenses on the metal surfaces of the container when 

these metal surfaces cool faster than the ambient air in the container. Cargo can be damaged by 

container sweat if the the condensed moisture drips onto the cargo within the container. 

Container, Tank: "Tanktainer" - A cylindrical tank, usually of 5-6000 gallon capacity, built within the 

framework of a 20 foot container for the carriage of bulk liquid cargoes on containerships. Its construction 

allows it to be shipped and handled in the same manner as other containers. 

Container, Ventilated: An intermodal container equipped with ventilation ports along the top rails and are 

used for heat-generating cargo such as coffee, cocoa and potatoes that require protection from 

condensation. The vents are either fitted with baffles or offset from internal vents to prevent water ingress. 

Container Yard: "CY" - A facility operated by steamship lines in the country of origin at which stuffed 

containers are received for shipment, or that are located in in the country of destination where loaded 

containers are released for delivery to customers. 

Containerized: The term used to indicate that cargo has been placed inside an ocean (often referred to as 

intermodal since they are interchangeable between transportation modes-ocean, rail and road) container 

or air cargo unit load device. 

Contamination: Refers to transit damage occasioned when cargo has been tainted by contact with a 

foreign substance or by absorption of odors (See "Noxious Odors") from adjacent cargo, fuel or other 

source material, including industrial and atmospheric pollutants. 

Contingency Insurance: A secondary insurance coverage which will protect an assured's financial 

interest if the primary insurance coverage effected by others does not respond for a covered loss. 

Contract of Affreightment: "Affreightment" - A contract which sets forth the obligations of both a shipper 

and a carrier concerning transportation of the merchandise. The most common forms of affreightment are 

known as Bills of Lading and Waybills. 

Contract of Carriage: "Affreightment" - A contract which sets forth the obligations of both a shipper and a 

carrier concerning transportation of the merchandise. The most common forms of affreightment are 

known as Bills of Lading and Waybills. 

Contracts For International Sale Of Goods: "Vienna Convention" - Commonly known as CISG. A 

Convention sponsored by the United Nations and signed in Vienna, the CISG establishes uniform rules for 

developing international sales contracts and the legal rights and obligations of a seller and buyer under 

such contracts. CISG applies automatically to all contracts for the international sale of goods if the 


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countries of the seller and of the buyer have ratified the CISG unless the contract states that all or a 

portion of CISG do not apply or if expressed in the contract that laws other than CISG will apply. The 

United States ratified CISG in January 1989 and, therefore, CISG is applicable to trade between the U.S. 

and other countries that have ratified the Convention unless the sales contracts states otherwise. 

Contribution: In general, the proportion of a loss parties which share a loss must pay. A co-insurer's 

portion of a loss. Monies one party must pay to another in General Average. 

Contributory Value: The value of property saved as a result of General Average Act which forms the 

basis for determining each party's contribution in General Average. 

Controlled Atmosphere Container: "CA" - These containers carry a mixture of gases, such as nitrogen 





Controlled Atmosphere Packaging: A packaging method in which selected atmospheric concentrations 

of gases are maintained throughout the storage, shipping, and display process in order to extent product 

shelf life. Gas may either be evacuated or introduced to achieve the desired atmosphere. 

Conventional Cargo: "Breakbulk Cargo" - A term used to denote packaged cargo that is lifted on and off 

a vessel by conventional means such as by ship's cranes and requires no special handling or stowage 

requirements. 

Conventional Container: Any standard twenty or forty foot freight container used for the transport of 

cargo. 

Conveyance Clause: A clause in a cargo policy which enumerates the types of conveyances on which 

insured cargo can be transported. Shipments on conveyances other than those enumerated would not be 

insured. 

Cornerpost: A steel support member affixed to the top and bottom side rails of an intermodal container 

at each of the four corners of the container for structural support. 

Correspondent Bank: A bank which performs certain functions on behalf of another bank, such as 

accepting payments or dispersing funds to others. 

Corrosion: Rust damage to metal surfaces resulting from extended exposure to atmospheric moisture, 

condensation, rain or seawater. 

Corrugated Board: Linerboard or paperboard, plain or kraft, with fluted ridges glue to one or more flat 

face panels of board. May be: single wall - one corrugated inner member glued between two flat facings; 

double wall - three flat facings with two intermediate corrugated members; or triple or tri-wall - having four 

flat facings and three intermediate corrugated members. Used for making cartons, separators and 

stiffeners. 

Corrugated Carton: A carton made of corrugated board. May be: single wall - one corrugated inner 

member glued between two flat facings; double wall - three flat facings with two intermediate corrugated 

members; or triple or tri-wall - having four flat facings and three intermediate corrugated members. 

Cosmetic Damage: Refers to damage that is deemed to be superficial and without deleterious effect on 

the cargo. 

Cosmoline: One of the contact preservatives applied to bare, uncoated metal surfaces in order to protect 

from deterioration resulting from exposure to environmental conditions during shipment and storage. 


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Cost, Insurance and Freight (Named Port of Destination): "CIF" - A term of sale whereby the seller 

quotes a price that includes the cost of the merchandise, all transportation charges to the named port of 

destination and the costs of insurance coverage. The obligation of the seller and buyer are the same as 

those under "CFR" except that the seller provides insurance, on behalf of the buyer, from the point of 

origin to the final place of destination named in the contract. Title to this insurance is usually transferred 

from seller to buyer through the use of a negotiable Special Cargo Policy, or a Certificate of Insurance. 

CIF can only be used on vessel shipments. 

Count Bill of Lading: A bill of lading which shows the actual number of units being shipped. Especially 

important on lumber shipments, which are normally shown in number of board feet (although actually 

shipped in bundles). A count bill of lading would show the actual number of bundles shipped. 

Countertrade: The practice of accepting goods or services as payment for goods. The goods or services 

May be supplied by the original buyer or another in the country of importation. Usually used in trades with 

countries whose currencies are not easily convertible, or which lack adequate financing facilities, or which 

are seeking export markets for domestic products. 

Country Damage: In general, a phrase used to describe damage or contamination to cargoes which 

results from exposure to the environment in which it is grown, processed, packaged or stored prior to 

shipment. Most associated with shipments of cotton and other baled goods. 

Country Exposure: "Country Risk" - A term used, in general, to refer to certain hazards or perils unique 

to a specific country or group of countries. These could be naturally occurring hazards, but more often 

"man made". 

Country Risk: "Country Exposure" - A term used, in general, to refer to certain hazards or perils unique to 

a specific country or group of countries. These could be naturally occurring hazards, but more often "man 

made". 

Cover Note: A non-negotiable document evidencing insurance which may or may not indicate the terms 

of coverage.. Cover notes may be issued for individual shipments or as evidence of an Open Policy. May 

also be a document issued by an insurance company pending issuance of a formal open policy. The 

Cover Note summarizes in some detail the coverages agreed to. In some insurance markets, the 

insurance broker prepares the Cover Note for signature by the insurer. 

CPT: An abbreviation for "Carriage Paid To", a term of sale similar to CFR except that the price quoted 

includes transportation to the named place of destination (vs port of destination under CFR) and delivery 

is made to the named carrier at an agreed upon place in the country of origin (vs on board the vessel at 

port of shipment under CFR). CPT can be used for any mode of transportation. 

Cracking: Through separation of part of the surface of an object due to impact or stress. 

Cradle: Refers to a foundation used to facilitate handling, blocking and bracing and transportation of 

heavy, out-sized or uniquely configured cargo, such as yachts. 

Craft: I n general, a barge, or boat or a ship not designed for deep water navigation. 

Craft Clause: A clause appearing in some cargo policies which extends coverage on cargo while being 

transporting to or from the overseas vessel by craft or lighter. This clause is unnecessary if the 

Conveyance Clause of the policy includes connecting conveyances. 

Crates: Rigid shipping containers, usually constructed from wood, plywood or combination of the two, 

consisting of structural members fastened together to protect its contents. The two most common crates 

are the fully sheathed and the open or skeletal types. 


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Credit Insurance: :Export Credit Insurance" - Insurance a seller may purchase which responds in the 

event a buyer does not pay for goods received. 

Crimping: A term referring to damage to the surface of an object through the creation of ridges or folds. 

Cross Delivered: Refers to situations when shipments are discharged at the incorrect ports or delivered to 

the wrong consignee. This usually results when packaged cargo comes adrift and/or shipping marks are 

obliterated, making delivery difficult but can also be caused by administrative mistakes. 

Cross Voyage: In general, the carriage of cargo from one country to another neither of which is the 

domicile of the seller or buyer of the cargo. 

Crushing: Refers to a loss/damage category usually occasioned by rough handling in the form of poor 

stacking (heavy superimposed cargo atop lighter packages) during storage or stowage 

CTL: An abbreviation for "Constructive Total Loss", a loss that is not an actual total loss, but a loss to 

which its becoming a total loss can only be prevented by incurring costs for recovering and/or repairing the 

damaged merchandise that exceed the actual value of the goods. 

CTNR: An abbreviation for "Container" - Any of a variety of metal boxes designed for the overseas 

transport of cargo. Originally designed to reduce handling time of loading and unloading. Used on door-todoor 

shipments, well maintained containers, with cargo properly stowed and secured inside, offer 

excellent protection to the cargo from exposure to the elements, handling damage and theft. Standard 

container sizes are twenty to forty foot lengths, eight feet wide and high, fully enclosed with full height rear 

doors and plywood lined floors with lashing points welded to the bottom side rails. Non-standard 

containers in 45 and 53 foot length are also available as are special purpose containers such as reefers, 

flat racks, open tops, and bulk. Each container in use usually has a unique identifying number assigned to 

it. 

Cube: "Cubic Capacity" - The usable internal load-carrying space within an intermodal container, air 

cargo container, truck trailer, barge or vessel hold. This is expressed in cubic feet, meters, gallons or 

liters. 

Cubic Capacity: "Cube" - The usable internal load-carrying space within an intermodal container, air 

cargo container, truck trailer, barge or vessel hold. This is expressed in cubic feet, meters, gallons or liters. 

Cushioning Material: This refers to a wide variety of interior packaging materials used to protect cargo 

from damage by effectively absorbing the energy of shocks, impacts and vibrations. These materials can 

range from wadded paper all the way to highly engineered plastic foams. Each of the materials commonly 

used in export packing has its own unique characteristics that make it particularly suited for certain 

applications. 

Customs Broker: A firm which specializes in clearing imported merchandise for transit to the interior. 

Normally responsible for obtaining and submitting all documents for clearing merchandise through 

customs and arranging inland transport as well as paying all charges related to these functions. 

Customs Declaration: A written statement attesting to the accuracy of the description, quantity, value and 

other characteristics of a shipment that is required by some governments for importation. 

Customs Entry Form: "Consumption Entry" - A form required by U.S. Customs for all merchandise 

entering the United States. It indicates country of origin, description of merchandise and amount of 

estimated duty to be paid. It must be filed with Customs before merchandise will be released , unless 

other arrangements have been made. 


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Customs Invoice: An invoice, separate from the Commercial Invoice, which certain countries require for 

tariff purposes. 

CY: "Container Yard" - A term used by carriers to denote that cargo was delivered to them in a container 

at their container receiving facility ("Container Yard") at the place of shipment named in the bill of lading, or 

that cargo which they carried in a container will be delivered to the consignee in that container. Usually 

used in conjuction with another term, e.g. CY/CFS meaning goods are in a container when received by the 

carrier and will be delivered to the carrier's "Container Freight Station" at destination for de-stuffing. 

CY/CY: A term used by carriers to denote that cargo was received by them in a container at their 

container receiving facility ("Container Yard") and that they will deliver that container to the consignee. 

Cyclone: Any atmospheric system characterized by the rapidly spiraling movement of air towards a low 

pressure center. Cyclones spiral counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the 

Southern and may, or may not, be accompanied by rain. 

D/A: An abbreviation for "Deductible Average", used in conjunction with insuring terms. It is a specific 

dollar amount, or percentage of the insured value of the shipment, that will be deducted from all losses 

recoverable under a policy. It is normally used to correct adverse loss ratios by eliminating small or 

frequently occurring claims and their loss handling expense. It may apply to all losses, or only to specific 

types of losses. 

DAF: An abbreviation for "Delivered At Frontier", a term of sale whereby the seller quotes a price that 

includes all costs of the merchandise and transportation charges to a named point or place, cleared for 

export, at a frontier or border. This place could be at the country of origin, destination or somewhere in 

between. The actual place of delivery should be precisely named in the sales contract. This term is usually 

used for overland shipments, but can be used with any mode of transportation. 

Damage Survey: A survey conducted by a surveyor authorized by the insurer to determine the cause and 

extent of loss or damage. 

Damage Survey Threshold: Usually a stipulation in an insurance policy which sets a monetary amount of 

estimated damage above which a damage survey will be required. 

Dampening Material: Refers to those cushioning materials designed to minimize the effects of shock and 

vibration on cargo. These can range from bound fiber, wadded paper based products, corrugated and solid 

fiberboard, any number of foams to rubber and can come in a myriad of forms. 

Dampness: Cargo damage caused by the presence of high levels of humidity or moisture laden air. 

Dangerous Goods: "Hazmat" - In general, goods which pose a health or safety hazard and which require 

specialized packaging and handling during transport. 

Date Draft: "Time Draft" - A draft issued by the seller, usually through the seller's bank, to the buyer's 

bank. Sets forth the purchase price for the merchandise shipped. The buyer's bank will release the 

documents needed to take delivery of the merchandise from the carrier to the buyer and the buyer agrees 

to make payment within an agreed upon number of days as stipulated in the draft. May be a separate 

method of payment, or used in conjunction with other forms, especially Letters of Credit. 

D/D: An abbreviation for "Door To Door", refers to merchandise shipped in containers, trailers or vans 

from the original point of manufacture to the final destination. Also referred to as House to House and 

CY/CY. 

DDP: An abbreviation for "Delivered Duty Paid", a term of sale whereby the seller quotes a price that 

includes the cost of the merchandise and all costs to deliver the merchandise to the agreed point at the 

place of destination, including payment of duties and taxes. The seller is responsible for loss or damage to 


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the merchandise until delivered as agreed. The buyer being responsible from that point on. The actual 

place of delivery could be within the port area or at the buyers warehouse or anywhere in between. The 

sale contract should clearly state the exact point at which delivery is to take place. DDP can be used for 

any mode of transportation. 

DDU: An abbreviation for "Delivered Duty Unpaid", a term of sale whereby the seller quotes a price that 

includes the cost of the merchandise and all costs to deliver the merchandise to the agreed point at the 

place of destination, excluding payment of duties and taxes. The seller is responsible for loss or damage 

to the merchandise until delivered as agreed. The buyer being responsible from that point on. The actual 

place of delivery could be within the port area or at the buyers warehouse or anywhere in between. The 

sale contract should clearly state the exact point at which delivery is to take place. DDU can be used for 

any mode of transportation. 

Deadfreight: Cargo space on a chartered vessel that is not used. 

Deadweight: A measurement term to denote the maximum amount of weight a vessel can carry which 

includes cargo, fuel, stores, ballast, crew and passengers. 

Debris Removal: In cargo insurance, a term used to identify an additional insurance coverage which will 

pay the costs of removing the debris, or residue, of a cargo damaged by an insured peril. Some insurers 

provide coverage as part of their basic policies, others do not. A separate limit is usually applied to this 

coverage. 

Deck Cargo: Cargo that is actually carried on deck of a vessel, or cargo that must be carried on deck 

because of its nature. 

Decking: Refers to the base of a pallet or skid base. Usually consist of solid wood members sized in 

relation to the weight of the cargo. 

Deck Line: A line painted on the outside of the hull of a vessel at midship and parallel to the load lines. It 

indicates the position of the uppermost continuous deck running from stem to stern. 

Declaration: Form supplied by insurance companies, and used by assureds in reporting shipments 

under an Open Cargo Policy when no evidence of insurance is required. 

Deconsolidation: In marine insurance, a term used to denote that cargo has be unloaded from a 

container at a place other than its final destination for delivery as breakbulk cargo to its final destination. 

Deductible: Used in conjunction with insuring terms. It is a specific dollar amount, or percentage of the 

insured value of the shipment, which will be deducted from all losses recoverable under a policy. It is 

normally used to correct adverse loss ratios by eliminating small or frequently occurring claims and their 

loss handling expense. It may apply to all losses, or only to specific types of losses. Sometimes referred to 

as Deductible Average. 

Deductible Average: "D/A" - Used in conjunction with insuring terms. It is a specific dollar amount, or 

percentage of the insured value of the shipment, which will be deducted from all losses recoverable under 

a policy. It is normally used to correct adverse loss ratios by eliminating small or frequently occurring 

claims and their loss handling expense. It may apply to all losses, or only to specific types of losses. 

Deep Tanks: Tanks situated between the holds of a vessel used primarily for the carriage of ballast, fuel, 

water or liquid cargo. 

Delamination: Separation or splitting of layers of material caused by lack of adhesive, inadequate 

adhesion or by mechanical disruption, especially wetting. 


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Delay: In general, refers to a shipment's arrival at destination beyond the anticipated delivery date. While 

this may well have economic/financial repercussions to the parties to the shipping transaction (shipper, 

consignee and transportation carrier), this usually is not a covered cause of loss under a basic insurance 

contract. 

Delay Clause: A paramount warranty in a cargo policy that excludes coverage for losses due to delay 

even if the delay was caused by an insured peril. 

Delivered At Frontier (Named Place): "DAF" - A term of sale whereby the seller quotes a price that 

includes all costs of the merchandise and transportation charges to a named point or place, cleared for 

export, at a frontier or border. This place could be at the country of origin, destination or somewhere in 

between. The actual place of delivery should be precisely named in the sales contract. This term is usually 

used for overland shipments, but can be used with any mode of transportation. 

Delivered Duty Paid (Named Place of Destination): "DDP" - A term of sale whereby the seller quotes a 

price that includes the cost of the merchandise and all costs to deliver the merchandise to the agreed point 

at the place of destination, including payment of duties and taxes. The seller is responsible for loss or 

damage to the merchandise until delivered as agreed. The buyer being responsible from that point on. The 

actual place of delivery could be within the port area or at the buyers warehouse or anywhere in between. 

The sale contract should clearly state the exact point at which delivery is to take place. DDP can be used 

for any mode of transportation. 

Delivered Duty Unpaid (Named Place of Destination): DDU - A term of sale whereby the seller quotes a 

price that includes the cost of the merchandise and all costs to deliver the merchandise to the agreed point 

at the place of destination, excluding payment of duties and taxes. The seller is responsible for loss or 

damage to the merchandise until delivered as agreed. The buyer being responsible from that point on. The 

actual place of delivery could be within the port area or at the buyers warehouse or anywhere in between. 

The sale contract should clearly state the exact point at which delivery is to take place. DDU can be used 

for any mode of transportation. 

Delivered Ex Quay (Named Port of Destination): "DEQ" - a term of sale whereby the seller quotes a 

price that includes the cost of the merchandise and all transportation charges and costs up to the point of 

discharge from the vessel onto the quay (dock/wharf) at the named port of destination. The seller 

therefore being responsible for loss or damage to the merchandise until so delivered; including during 

unloading of the vessel and during lighterage if required. DEQ can only be used for vessel shipments. 

Delivered Ex Ship (Named Port of Destination): "DES" - A term of sale whereby the seller quotes a 

price that includes the cost of the merchandise and all transportation charges up to arrival of the vessel at 

the named port of destination. The seller is responsible for loss or damage to the merchandise until the 

vessel arrives at the point of unloading of the overseas vessel at the named port. The buyer being 

responsible from that point on; including during unloading of the vessel and during lighterage if required. 

DES can only be used for vessel shipments. 

Delivery Order: A document issued by a shipper, consignee or carrier directing to whom goods are to be 

released. Usually used when a shipment is to be released to multiple receivers. 

Delivery Receipt: A document used by carriers to signify delivery of the merchandise to the intended 

party. May be a copy of the Bill of Lading or Waybill. 

Demise Charter: Another term for "Bareboat Charter", a charter party whereby the charterer obtains use 

of the vessel only and must supply the crew and be responsible for navigation and all other operations and 

liabilities of a shipowner. 

Demurrage: A term used to denote excess time taken to load or unload a vessel, or clear goods from the 

port in a prescribed time period, or to return containers within a prescribed time period. 


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Denting: Refers to cargo damage (deformation) typically to metal surfaces caused by improper or rough 

handling. It is a common type of loss on vehicles, metal cabinetry and canned goods. 

DEQ: An abbreviation for "Delivered Ex Quay", a term of sale whereby the seller quotes a price that 

includes the cost of the merchandise and all transportation charges and costs up to the point of discharge 

from the vessel onto the quay (dock/wharf) at the named port of destination. The seller therefore being 

responsible for loss or damage to the merchandise until so delivered; including during unloading of the 

vessel and during lighterage if required. DEQ can only be used for vessel shipments. 

Derailment: The act of a train coming off its tracks. 

DES: An abbreviation for "Delivered Ex Ship" - a term of sale whereby the seller quotes a price that 

includes the cost of the merchandise and all transportation charges up to arrival of the vessel at the named 

port of destination. The seller is responsible for loss or damage to the merchandise until the vessel arrives 

at the point of unloading of the overseas vessel at the named port. The buyer being responsible from that 

point on; including during unloading of the vessel and during lighterage if required. DES can only be used 

for vessel shipments. 

Descriptive Markings: Shipping marks that appear on the exterior packages that specifically identify the 

contents. These marks can take the form of product name but also to highly recognizable company 

names, logos or trademarks. Descriptive narkings are not recommended, when high value and/or 

attractive goods are being shipped. 

Desiccant: Materials, such as silica gel or clay, designed to absorb ambient water vapor (moisture) within 

a shipping package. They come in various styles and sizes. 

De-stuffing: A term used to denote the removal of goods from an overseas container. 

Detention: In general, any time merchandise is stopped in transit short of final destination. 

Detentions: Used in the plural, a term that describes merchandise prohibited entry into the United States 

by the Food and Drug Administration or other government agency. 

Deviation: A vessel's going to some other point or taking some course other than that described in the Bill 

of Lading. 

Deviation Clause: A clause in a cargo policy which allows for certain delays or deviations in transit or for 

other acts of the vessel owner which affect the normal route of the vessel to the intended destination, 

without which the implied warranty of No Deviation would void coverage. 

Dew point: The temperature at which air or other gases become saturated with vapor, causing the vapor 

to deposit as a liquid. For example, the temperature at which 100% relative humidity is reached. 

DIC: An abbreviation for "Difference In Conditions", a secondary insurance coverage which provides 

coverage for perils which are not included under the primary insurance effected by others. 

Difference in Conditions: "DIC" - A secondary insurance coverage which provides coverage for perils 

which are not included under the primary insurance effected by others. 

Difference in Weight: The loss from original quantity of a bulk or bagged commodity due to leakage, 

spillage, infestation, sifting or natural causes. The difference is best determined through comparison of 

load and discharge weights by a recognized method, scale weight or draft survey being the most common. 

Also referred to as Loss of Weight. 

Direct Carrier: A carrier that owns or operates their own conveyances. 


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Dirty Cargo: This refers to certain commodities such as carbon black, camphor, essential oils and 

hides/skins that if in contact with other cargo will almost certainly result in immediate, if not permanent, 

adverse effect. These cargoes are also called "obnoxious" and should be segregated from most other 

consignments. 

Disaster: In marine insurance, any calamitous event causing widespread damage. 

Discoloration: Refers to damage that can occur to certain commodities when they are contacted with any 

form of moisture, other substances, even adjacent cargo and ambient moisture and atmospheric 

impurities. 

Distortion: Refers to cargo loss/damage usually experienced by sensitive electronics/electrical 

equipment or components. This usually results from poor interior or exterior packaging, improper handling 

or improper design, or the combination of the three. 

DOC: An abbreviation for "Document of Compliance", a document issued by an independent authority 

(such as an IACS member) certifying that a vessel owner's shore based management has developed a 

satisfactory "Safety Management System" as required the "International Safety Management Code" 

established by IMO. 

Dock Receipt: A form issued by a carrier or his representative as evidence that merchandise was in fact 

received by the carrier for shipment. Often referred to as a Received For Shipment Bill of Lading. 

Documentary Collection: A method of payment whereby shipping documents are given to the buyer 

either upon payment of the purchase price, or upon acceptance of the documents with a promise to pay 

within a specified period of time. See Draft. 

Document of Compliance: "DOC" - A document issued by an independent authority (such as an IACS 

member) certifying that a vessel owner's shore based management has developed a satisfactory "Safety 

Management System" as required the "International Safety Management Code" established by IMO.See 

ISM. 

Documents Against Acceptance: Essentially the same as a "Time Draft". A draft issued by the seller, 

usually through the seller's bank, to the buyer's bank. Sets forth the purchase price for the merchandise 

shipped. The buyer's bank will release the documents needed to take delivery of the merchandise from 

the carrier to the buyer and the buyer agrees to make payment within an agreed upon number of days as 

stipulated in the draft. May be a separate method of payment, or used in conjunction with other forms, 

especially Letters of Credit. May, or may not involve a bank. 

Documents Against Payment: Essentially the same as a "Sight Draft". A draft issued by the seller which 

sets forth the purchase price for the merchandise shipped. Upon payment of this amount by the buyer the 

seller will release the documents needed to take delivery of the merchandise from the carrier. May be a 

separate method of payment, or used in conjunction with other forms, especially Letters of Credit. May or 

may not involve a bank. 

Domestic Transit: In general, a term used to denote transit within the contiguous boundaries of a single 

country. 

Door to Door: Refers to merchandise shipped in containers, trailers or vans from the original point of 

manufacture to the final destination. Also referred to as House to House and CY/CY. 

Double Bottom: A term used to denote the space between the bottom of the lowest hold or tank of a 

ship and the ship's bottom. Its purpose is to prevent the entry of water into the holds if the ship's bottom is 

ruptured and to prevent leakage of cargo into the sea if a hold is ruptured. Ballast, however, is often 

carried in these spaces. Not all vessels have double bottoms. 


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Double Stack Trains: Containers or trailers stacked two high on specially designed railcars used 

extensively on the mini-landbridge service connecting west and east coasts of the United States. 

Draft: A method of payment whereby a payment order is prepared by a seller instructing the buyer to pay 

the face amount at a certain time. Presentation of the draft to the buyer is usually done by a bank and 

payment is required either at the time of presentation (Sight Draft) or within a specified period of time (Time 

Draft). See Documentary Collection. 

Draft Surveys: The method to determine the quantity of cargo loaded onto a vessel. This is done through 

reading of a vessel's draft marks that indicate the depth that it is immersed in the water and measuring 

liquid levels of all tanks- potable water, bunker fuel, etc. 

Drawback: A refund of duties paid on imported goods which are substantially further processed and reexported. 

D-rings: One of the many cargo tie-downs devices used to secure cargo in place and prevent any free 

movement during handling or transportation. These devices are generally structurally integral to shipping 

conveyances: ocean vessel, rail car or truck but can also be present in containers. 

Drop Test: Determines the resistance of a filled package to shocks caused by dropping on corners, 

edges, faces onto a solid surface. Used to measure protection afforded contents against handling. 

Drupe: "Stone Fruit" - A fruit with a hard stone like substance enclosing the seed of the fruit. 

Dry Cargo Vessel: A vessel designed for the carriage of all types of cargoes except liquids in bulk. 

Dry Marine: A term used to refer to land based only transportation exposures usually insured as Inland 

Marine. 

Due Course of Transit: "In Transit" A phrase used in marine insurance which means that once goods 

leave the place of origin they will be transported to the intended destination over the most common or 

usual route without delay or interruption. Intentional delays or interruptions of transit, or changes in the 

most common or usual route of transit may void the insurance. Delays or interruptions which are normal or 

usual during transport, however, would not void coverage. Quite often, policies will contain clauses which 

excuse certain delays or interruptions, usually when they occur for reasons beyond the control of the 

assured or assignee. See Deviation Clause, Marine Extension Clauses, South American Clause, 

Warehouse to Warehouse Clause and Warehouse to Warehouse Transit Clause. See In Transit. 

Dumping: The selling of goods at a price below the cost of the goods or at an unusually low price in order 

to gain a competitive advantage. This is considered an unfair trade practice by most international trade 

organizations. 

Dunnage: Any material, but usually wood, used to brace, separate, and secure cargo in the hold of a ship 

or in a container. 

DWT: An abbreviation for "Deadweight", a measurement term to denote the maximum amount of weight 

a vessel can carry which includes cargo, fuel, stores, ballast, crew and passengers. 

Ecommerce: The ever developing practice of transacting business via "EDI" using proprietary systems 

interface or the internet. 

Edge Damage: This refers to defects found on cargo due to improper handling, shifting in stow or other 

untoward events. Certain commodities are particularly susceptible, notably plywood, paper and steel 

goods. 


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Edge Protection: The disposable outer layer of packaging used to protect edges of cargoes such as 

plywood, paper and steel products from being damaged through handling, stowage or other untoward 

events. 

EDI: In the broadest sense, the exchange of data directly from one business partner's computer to 

another's. 

EIR: An abbreviation for "Equipment Interchange Release". A document which allows trailers and 

containers on chassis to travel across borders of countries without payment of duties. A carnet for trailers 

or containers on chassis. A form used by terminal operators to document the condition of trailers and 

containers on chassis accepted or released by them. See TIR. 

Electronic Data Interchange: "EDI" - In the broadest sense, the exchange of data directly from one 

business partner's computer system to another's. 

Electro Static Discharge: "ESD" - refers to sudden and unexpected discharge of electrical current. One 

of the most potentially debilitating exposures to electronics damage. 

Embargo: In general, a governmental order prohibiting the shipment of goods to or from specified 

countries. 

Enclosed Container: The most available intermodal container that is a fully structural unit that has a 

steel, or aluminum framework with wood or plywood sheathed inner walls and flooring. They come in both 

the more common end loading with access doors at the rear or side loading with the cargo space 

accessed through side doors, more useful on rail sidings. These units are designed for all types of general 

cargo that does not require any controlled temperature or environment during transit. 

End Caps: The cargo protective devices used to prevent or, at least, minimize damage to cargo ends 

such as lengths of steel pipe and rolls of paper. 

End of Season: This refers to the produce (fruits and vegetables) that is picked and shipped at/near the 

end of the normal growing season. The conventional wisdom toward these shipments is that they have 

less transit & shelf life and are less hearty. These two factors make end of season goods more likely to be 

damaged, and have less salvage value if they are damaged. 

Endorsement: "Addendum", "Rider" - In general, an attachment to an insurance policy which adds, 

deletes or changes coverage provided by the basic policy form. 

Endorsement in Blank: "Blank Endorsement" - By endorsing the reverse of a Special Cargo Policy or a 

Certificate of Insurance, the assured may assign his rights to insurance to another party. The assured's 

name is typed or stamped on the back of the document and it is signed by the individual authorized to 

execute the Special Policy. Order Bills of Lading are negotiated in the same manner. 

Environmental Contamination: Contamination of cargo through exposure to pollutants in the 

environment or from industrial fallout or from natural occurring liquid, gaseous or solid elements contained 

in the environment to which the cargo is exposed. 

Equipment Interchange Release: "EIR" - A document which allows trailers and containers on chassis to 

travel across borders of countries without payment of duties. A carnet for trailers or containers on chassis. 

A form used by terminal operators to document the condition of trailers and containers on chassis 

accepted or released by them. See TIR. 

ESD: An Abbreviation for "Electro Static Discharge", refers to sudden and unexpected discharge of 

electrical current. One of the most potentially debilitating exposures to electronics damage. 

ETA: An abbreviation for estimated time of arrival. 


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Ethylene: A gas given off during respiration of agricultural products. Presence of this gas hastens 

ripening. 

Evidence of Insurance: In general, written confirmation of insurance coverage required by third parties. 

In cargo insurance this is usually a Special Cargo Policy or Certificate of Insurance or a Cover Note. 

Ex: From something; e.g. Ex Works, Ex dock; Ex ship. 

Exception Warranty: A warranty in a policy which excludes certain types of losses or certain causes of 

loss. 

Exceptions: Notations on a delivery receipt, made by the person receiving the merchandise, stating that 

the container or shipping package or merchandise was received in a damaged condition or that total 

quantity was not received. Establishes evidence that the shipment was not sound, or complete, at time of 

delivery. If no exceptions are taken during the course of shipment, it may be difficult for a claimant to 

prove that a loss actually occurred prior to their receiving the merchandise. See Foul Bill of Lading. 

Exclusion: A term used to denote certain types of losses or causes of loss which are not covered by an 

insurance policy. Exclusions may be expressed in a policy or implied by law or custom. In general, there 

are two types of exclusions: 

Absolute Exclusions state that certain types of losses or causes of loss are excluded without 

qualification (Example: excluding shortage, leakage or contamination); 

Conditional Exclusions state that certain types of losses or causes of loss are excluded unless 

certain events take place (Example: excluding shortage, leakage or contamination unless caused 

by stranding or collision). 

Expediting Expenses: In general, extra expenses incurred to expedite repairs to or replacement of lost 

or damaged property. Usually not covered by an insurance policy unless specifically stated or agreed to at 

the time of adjustment of the loss. 

Export Contingency Insurance: A secondary insurance coverage available to sellers who have not 

been paid for merchandise at the time it has been shipped and who is not responsible for providing ocean 

marine insurance under the terms of sale. Under the terms of this insurance, the seller's policy will 

respond for covered losses only if the buyer or the buyer's insurer will not. 

Export Credit Insurance: "Credit Insurance" - Insurance a seller may purchase which responds in the 

event a buyer does not pay for goods received. 

Export Declaration: A document required by a government agency of the country of exportation which 

identifies the goods being exported, to whom and their value. May also refer to a form used by insureds to 

report shipments to their insurer. 

Export Grade: Refers to the level of protective packaging designed for international shipments. This 

usually translates into more robust packaging (fiberboard cartons with higher levels of bursting test 

strength, nailed wood crates with larger structural members, etc.) to protect for added handling, longer 

transit and storage and specific protection against water damage, particularly seawater 

Export Management Company: An organization established primarily to export goods and services, of 

others or to provide export related services to others. 

Export Packer: An individual or entity that specializes in preparing shipments for export shipment. 

Express Warranty: A clause in a marine policy which stipulates that certain actions will or will not be 

taken , or that certain conditions will or will not exist in order for coverage to apply. 


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Extended Height Container: Commonly called "high-cube" containers. These intermodal shipping units 

are 9.5 feet in height (as opposed to the standard 8.5 feet) and are particularly well suited for shippers of 

light, voluminous cargo such as apparel. Also available in refrigerated models. 

Extent of Loss: The dollar amount (insured value) of the merchandise lost or damaged. 

Extreme Temperatures: This refers to the range of temperatures at the high (hot) or low (cold) end that 

can cause damage to cargo. 

EXW: An abbreviation for "Ex Works", a term of sale whereby the buyer and seller agree on a place and 

time that the merchandise becomes the risk of the buyer. Under these terms, the price quoted applies 

only to the costs of the merchandise at the point of origin. The seller may assist the buyer in obtaining 

documents issued in the country or origin. "Ex Works" indicates that the buyer's responsibility for loss or 

damage begins at the plant, warehouse, mill, etc. of origin. 

Ex Works: "EXW" - A term of sale whereby the buyer and seller agree on a place and time that the 

merchandise becomes the risk of the buyer. Under these terms, the price quoted applies only to the costs 

of the merchandise at the point of origin. The seller may assist the buyer in obtaining documents issued in 

the country or origin. "Ex Works" indicates that the buyer's responsibility for loss or damage begins at the 

plant, warehouse, mill, etc. of origin. 

Factor: One who engages in "Factoring", a credit practice of advancing monies at a discount to a seller in 

return for title to the proceeds of sale. Usually involves lower value, short term obligations. 

Factoring: In general, a credit practice of advancing monies at a discount to a seller in return for title to 

the proceeds of sale. Usually involves lower value, short term obligations. 

FAK: An abbreviation for "Freight All Kinds", - a term used by freight forwarders, consolidators and 

carriers to indicate that they accept different kinds of cargoes from different shippers, or that destined for 

different consignees, at a unified freight rate. 

FAS: An abbreviation for "Free Alongside Ship", a term of sale whereby the seller quotes a price which 

includes delivery of the merchandise alongside a vessel at a named port of shipment. The seller is 

released of responsibility when a Clean Dock or Ship's Receipt is obtained. The buyer bears all costs and 

risks of loss or damage from the time the merchandise is delivered alongside the vessel, including 

responsibility for loss or damage to the merchandise while awaiting loading. This responsibility also 

applies during the use of lighters in loading, if their use is necessitated. The Seller is responsible for loss or 

damage until the merchandise is delivered alongside the vessel. FAS can only be used for vessel 

shipments. 

Faults or Errors In The Management Of The Vessel: A basic marine peril included in policies as a 

specific perils or as part of an Inchmaree Clause. Essentially provides coverage for cargo damage due to 

certain acts, or inactions, of mismanagement by the owners of a vessel. 

FCA: An abbreviation for "Free Carrier", a term of sale whereby the seller and buyer agree on a place and 

time that the merchandise is to be delivered to a carrier named by the buyer. The seller is responsible for 

loss or damage to the merchandise until it is delivered as agreed. The buyer is responsible from that point 

on. The point of delivery can be the place of origin, the port of shipment, or anywhere in between so it is 

important that the sale contract be very specific. FCA can be used for any mode of transportation. 

FC&S Warranty: A paramount warranty in a cargo policy which excludes coverage for losses due to 

warlike or other hostile acts, and piracy. A separate war risk policy can usually be obtained which provides 

coverage for certain of the perils or types of losses excluded by the FC&S Warranty. 


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FCL: An abbreviation for "Full Container Loads", a term used to denote a shipment that makes up the full 

cubic capacity and/or weight limitation of a container. 

Feeder Vessel: In general, a term used to denote any vessel used to transport cargo on a short sea 

voyage connected with an overseas voyage. Usual to container trades which utilize a "hub and spoke" 

system whereby smaller containerships or barges service outlying ports which may be too shallow or 

unequipped to accommodate large containerships. 

FEU: An abbreviation for Forty-foot equivalent units which refers to the container carrying capacity of a 

vessel. 

FIBC: An abbreviation for "Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container" (also called a "super sack"), a 

combination of packaging materials and lifting system. These cubical devices are manufactured from a 

fabric or woven polymer, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester or polyamide. They are manufactured with 

integral lifting tabs and are capable of transporting in excess of a metric ton and are thus a viable 

alternative to multi-wall bags/sacks. 

Fiberboard: "Fibreboard" - A general tem used to describe a rigid fabricated paperboard used in the 

manufacture of shipping boxes (cartons), either of corrugated or solid construction. 

Fiberboard Cartons: A rigid shipping container made of either solid or corrugated fabricated paperboard. 

Fibreboard: "Fiberboard" - A general tem used to describe a rigid fabricated paperboard used in the 

manufacture of shipping boxes (cartons), either of corrugated or solid construction. 

Filing Claim: The formal action taken against the party causing a loss by the party suffering a loss. Also, 

formal presentation to an insurance company of a claim under an insurance policy. 

Fines: Powdery, or dustlike, particles of rock-like or granular materials produced as residue of 

processing, or occurring naturally through abrasion. When included with cargoes, or when occurring 

through abrasion of cargoes in transit or during handling, fines will often sift out of the cargoes and are 

usually not totally recoverable during discharge and thus represent a shortage loss. 

FIO: An abbreviation for "Free In and Out", a clause used in a charter party which indicates that the 

shipper is responsible for arranging for and paying the costs for loading and unloading of the goods. Such 

a clause may reduce the responsibilities and obligations of the carrier as respects damage in loading, 

stowage and delivery of the goods. 

FIOST: An abbreviation for "Free In, Out, Stowed and Trimmed", a clause in a charter party which 

indicates that the charterer is responsible for arranging for, and paying for the costs of, loading and 

unloading of the cargo, and is responsible for the safe stowage and trimming of the cargo. Usually used in 

charters for grains and similar free flowing cargoes. Such a clause, essentially, relieves the vessel owner 

of any responsibility for loss or damage to the cargo. 

Fire: Essentially, combustion with a visible flame. 

Flag of Convenience: The registration of vessels in a country whose registration fees and taxes are low, 

or whose requirements for maintenance and operation of the vessel may be less stringent than other 

countries. 

Flag State: A country, or autonomous region of a country, that has established or adopted regulations for 

registering ships under that nation's flag, and that imposes compliance with that nation's shipping 

regulations and certain International Conventions it has ratified. 

Flag State Control: A systematic process of inspections whereby a flag state monitors registered 

vessels for compliance with its shipping regulations and International Conventions it has ratified. 


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Flamepoint: The lowest temperature at which a combustible material will sustain combustion. 

Flap Seams: The junction created by any free edge of a carton flap or wall where it abuts or rests on 

another portion of the carton and to which it may be fastened by tape, stitches or adhesives in the process 

of closing. 

Flashpoint: The lowest temperature at which the vapor of a combustible liquid can be ignited 

momentarily. 

Flat Packed: Refers to cargo that is shipped flat inside the shipping carton. This is a carton type well 

suited for long items with small diameter or when the item to be packed is designed to be folded in this 

manner. Some likely candidates for this carton are certain articles of clothing. Flat packed can also refer to 

pre-cut component parts, and necessary hardware, ready for easy assembly into a finished product when 

unpacked. This is usual to the furniture trade and is also referred to as 'knocked-down', ready to assemble 

furniture. 

Flat Rack: Refers to the style of intermodal container designed especially for heavy loads and overwidth 

cargo. These 20 and 40-foot units have strong bottom construction with fixed endwalls but no top or sides. 

There are numerous very strong lashing devices on the corner posts, longitudinal rails and on the floor for 

securing purposes. 

Fleeting Areas: The locations where vessels, most commonly barges, are staged awaiting transit to 

loading or discharge ports. There are rather large fleeting areas in/around the U.S. Gulf ports, principally 

New Orleans. In fact many barge operators operate them all along the Mississippi. 

Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container: "FIBC" - Also called a "super sack". A combination of packaging 

materials and lifting system. These cubicle devices are manufactured from a fabric of woven polymer, 

polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester or polyamide. They are manufactured with integral lifting tabs and 

are capable of transporting in excess of a metric ton and are thus a viable alternative to multi-walled 

bags/sacks. 

Floating Crane: A floating platform to which a crane is affixed and that is capable of being moved to any 

part of a port where it is needed. Usually used for heavy lift cargoes, or in ports where shore based cranes 

are not available. 

Float on/Float off: FOFO" - A heavy decked semi-submersible vessel designed to permit oversized or 

modular cargo to be floated into position onto the deck for stowage. The reverse occurs at destination 

where the load can be floated free from the vessel from a deck submerged through ballasting. 

Flood: In cargo insurance, the rising of navigable waters above normal levels. Does not include water 

damage due to excessive rain or snow melt, blockage or backup of drains. 

Floor ready: This refers to shipped items that are retail ready when received. Many consumer items-such 

as electronics, hand tools and apparel-- fit this description as no real added value services are required 

within the supply chain. 

Flute: A ridge, also called a corrugation or wave, in the inner portion of corrugated fiberboard; the types 

and thicknesses generally used today are "A" (3/16 inch), "B" (3/32 inch), "C" (9/64 inch) and "E" (3/64 

inch). 

FOB: An abbreviation for "Free On Board", a term of sale whereby the seller quotes a price covering all 

expenses incurred until the merchandise is loaded on board a vessel at a named port of shipment. The 

seller is responsible for loss or damage to the merchandise until it has been placed on board and an On 

Board Bill of Lading has been issued. The buyer is responsible for loss or damage and pays for ocean 

freight and all other transportation from that point onward. FOB can only be used for vessel shipments. 


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FOB/FAS: Used to denote shipments which are sold on FOB or FAS terms of sale. Also, a secondary 

insurance coverage added to a cargo policy to protect a seller's financial interest during the period of time 

that the buyer is not responsible for loss or damage when terms of sale are FOB or FAS. 

Focsle: A term of art referring to the "Forecastle" of the vessel, a raised platform at the bow. 

FO/FO: An abbreviation for "Float On/Float Off", a heavy decked semi-submersible vessel designed to 

permit oversized or modular cargo to be floated into position onto the deck for stowage. The reverse 

occurs at destination where the load can be floated free from the vessel from a deck submerged through 

ballasting. 

Foil Bag: A "barrier bag" constructed of an aluminized foil used to protect items susceptible to water 

damage. The item to be protected is placed inside the bag and the air within the bag is removed by a 

vacuum pump and then the bag is heat sealed to ensure its integrity. 

Food Grade Freight Containers: The intermodal units that are used to transport consumable goods. 

These are mostly ISO tank containers that have stainless or other suitable lining. 

Forced Discharge: Discharge of merchandise at a place other than the intended port of discharge due to 

an accident to the vessel, an impending peril or other force majeure. 

Force Majeure: In general, a clause in a contract exempting one from fulfilling obligations if due to 

unexpected or uncontrollable events. The actual events constituting o force majure should be spelled out 

in the sale contract. 

Forecastle: "Focsle" - A raised platform at the bow of a vessel. 

Foreign Trade Zone: "FTZ" - A geographic area licensed by a government agency to which goods can be 

imported without payment of duty for the purpose of manufacturing, processing or assembly and eventual 

re-export. Goods entering domestic commerce from a FTZ must pay applicable duties at the time of entry. 

Also called a Free Trade Zone. 

Forfaiting: In general, a credit practice of purchasing a seller's accounts receivable without recourse 

against the seller in the event of non-payment by the buyer. Usually involves higher values, medium to 

long term obligation. 

Fortuitous: In general, an accidental occurrence. 

Foul Bill of Lading: "Claused Bill of lading" - A bill of lading on which exceptions have been noted as to 

the condition and quantity of the goods received. See Clean Bill of Lading. 

FPA: An abbreviation for "Free of Particular Average", an insuring term meaning that partial losses under 

the Perils Clause of a policy will only be covered if certain events first take place. See FPAAC and FPAEC. 

FPAAC (Free Of Particular Average, American Conditions): Average clause that limits recovery of 

partial losses under the Perils clause to only those losses acyually caused by stranding, sinking, burning or 

collision of the vessel. 

FPAEC (Free Of Particular Average, English Conditions): Average clause that allows recovery of 

partial losses under the Perils clause if the vessel has been stranded, sunk, burned, on fire, or in collision 

during the insured voyage. Unlike FPAAC, the loss need not be actually caused by one of these events. 

FPA Losses: In marine insurance, a term ascribed to losses attributable to one or more of the basic 

perils covered by a policy, including shore perils. 


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FPA Warranty: A term used to denote an FPA average clause or insuring term which are warranties in 

that certain events must first take place before coverage will apply to partial losses. 

Fractures: Refers to cargo loss/damage resulting when items are cracked during handling and/or 

transportation. 

Frames: The vertical steel support members of a vessel's hull running from the keel to the upper deck 

line. 

Franchise: Used in conjunction with insuring terms to eliminate normal or expected losses on certain 

commodities. It represents a percentage of the insured value of a shipment or a fixed amount which the 

loss must equal or exceed in order for the loss to be paid. If the amount of the franchise is met or 

exceeded, the loss is paid in full. 

Fraudulent Bill of Lading: In cargo insurance, a term meaning, in general, theft of cargo through the 

use of fraudulent documents, or through fraudulent use of legitimate documents. A term used to refer to 

the policy clause providing this coverage, or to an endorsement adding this coverage if not included in the 

insurer's basic policy. 

Free Along Side Ship (Named Port of Shipment): "FAS" A term of sale whereby the seller quotes a 

price which includes delivery of the merchandise alongside a vessel at a named port of shipment. The 

seller is released of responsibility when a Clean Dock or Ship's Receipt is obtained. The buyer bears all 

costs and risks of loss or damage from the time the merchandise is delivered alongside the vessel, 

including responsibility for loss or damage to the merchandise while awaiting loading. This responsibility 

also applies during the use of lighters in loading, if their use is necessitated. The Seller is responsible for 

loss or damage until the merchandise is delivered alongside the vessel. FAS can only be used for vessel 

shipments. 

Freeboard: The distance between the deck line and the applicable load line. 

Free Carrier (Named Place): "FCA" A term of sale whereby the seller and buyer agree on a place and 

time that the merchandise is to be delivered to a carrier named by the buyer. The seller is responsible for 

loss or damage to the merchandise until it is delivered as agreed. The buyer is responsible from that point 

on. The point of delivery can be the place of origin, the port of shipment, or anywhere in between so it is 

important that the sale contract be very specific. FCA can be used for any mode of transportation. 

Free In and Out: "FIO" A clause used in a charter party which indicates that the shipper is responsible 

for arranging for and paying the costs for loading and unloading of the goods. Such a clause may reduce 

the responsibilities and obligations of the carrier as respects damage in loading, stowage and delivery of 

the goods. 

Free In, Out, Stowed and Trimmed: "FIOST" - A clause in a charter party which indicates that the 

charterer is responsible for arranging for, and paying for the costs of, loading and unloading of the cargo, 

and is responsible for the safe stowage and trimming of the cargo. Usually used in charters for grains and 

similar free flowing cargoes. Such a clause, essentially, relieves the vessel owner of any responsibility for 

loss or damage to the cargo. 

Free of Capture and Seizure: "FC&S Warranty" - A paramount warranty in a cargo policy which 

excludes coverage for losses due to warlike or other hostile acts, and piracy. A separate war risk policy can 

usually be obtained which provides coverage for certain of the perils or types of losses excluded by the 

FC&S Warranty. 

Free of Particular Average: "FPA" An insuring term meaning that partial losses under the Perils Clause 

of a policy will only be covered if certain events first take place. The two most common forms of FPA 

coverage are FPAAC and FPAEC: 


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FPAAC (Free Of Particular Average, American Conditions): Average clause that limits recovery of 

partial losses under the Perils clause to only those losses acyually caused by stranding, sinking, 

burning or collision of the vessel. 

FPAEC (Free Of Particular Average, English Conditions): Average clause that allows recovery of 

partial losses under the Perils clause if the vessel has been stranded, sunk, burned, on fire, or in 

collision during the insured voyage. Unlike FPAAC, the loss need not be actually caused by one of 

these events. 

Free on Board Vessel: "FOB" A term of sale whereby the seller quotes a price covering all expenses 

incurred until the merchandise is loaded on board a vessel at a named port of shipment. The seller is 

responsible for loss or damage to the merchandise until it has been placed on board and an On Board Bill 

of Lading has been issued. The buyer is responsible for loss or damage and pays for ocean freight and all 

other transportation from that point onward. FOB can only be used for vessel shipments. 

Free Time: The period of time during which a vessel may be loaded or unloaded, or during which goods 

can remain at a port before pickup, or allowed for return of containers without incurring additional charges. 

Free Trade Zone: "FTZ" - A geographic area licensed by a government agency to which goods can be 

imported without payment of duty for the purposes of manufacturing, processing and assembly and 

eventual re-export. Goods entering domestic commerce from a FTZ must pay all applicable duties at the 

time of entry. 

Freight: Monies paid to a carrier for the transport of cargo. Ocean freight may be Collect; Prepaid or 

Advanced; or Guaranteed. Also refers to the cargo that is carried. Also, the monies paid by a charterer to 

the vessel owner under a voyage or space charter. 

Freight All Kinds: A term used by freight forwarders, consolidators and carriers to indicate that they 

accept different kinds of cargoes from different shippers, or different kinds of cargoes destined for 

different consignees, at a unified freight rate. 

Freight Container: "Container" - Any of a wide variety of ocean and air cargo unit load devices designed 

to allow multiple items to be shipped together and travel on and between modes of transportation without 

the need to de-stow and re-stow the cargo. The standard sizes are 20 and 40-foot long by 8 feet wide by 

8.5 feet high and the basic model is the general purpose, fully enclosed, end loading container. However, 

there are several other lengths available and purpose-built units for specialized commodities, such as 

perishables and heavy, oversize pieces. 

Freight Forwarder: Firm specializing in arranging transport of merchandise and completing 

documentation required for the orderly transport of merchandise. Occasionally, they will take merchandise 

for the purpose of packing or consolidating with other cargo for export to the same country. (See 

Consolidators also.) 

Fresh Water: Any water other than ocean or seawater. In marine insurance, usually used to refer to 

actual contact of cargo with any water other than ocean or seawater. 

FRT: An abbreviation for "Freight", the monies paid to a carrier for the transport of cargo. Ocean freight 

may be Collect; Prepaid or Advanced; or Guaranteed. Also refers to the cargo that is carried. 

FTZ: An abbreviation for "Free Trade Zone", a geographic area licensed by a government agency to 

which goods can be imported without payment of duty for the purposes of manufacturing, processing and 

assembly and eventual re-export. Goods entering domestic commerce from a FTZ must pay all applicable 

duties at the time of entry. 


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Full Container Loads: "FCL" - A term used to denote a shipment that makes up the full cubic capacity 

and/or weight limitation of an intermodal container. 

Full Value Declared: "FVD" - A notation on an air waybill which indicates that a specific value has been 

declared to the carrier for carriage of the merchandise. 

Fumigation: A term used to refer to the process of treating cargo or cargo spaces in a ship or warehouse 

which contains evidence of insect infestation. 

Fumigation Damage: In cargo insurance a term used to describe sound cargo which has been damaged 

as the result of fumigation of other cargo, or cargo spaces. This may not be a covered cause of loss 

under all ocean cargo policies. 

Fumigation Expense: In cargo insurance, a term used to denote the charges imposed on cargo owners 

for the fumigation of other cargo, or cargo spaces to prevent the spread of infestation. These charges 

may or may not be legally imposed but may be required to obtain release of cargo. Very few cargo 

insurers provide coverage for these charges. 

FVD: An abbreviation for "Full Value Declared", a notation on an air waybill which indicates that a specific 

value has been declared to the carrier for carriage of the merchandise. 

G/A: An abbreviation for "General Average", a voluntary sacrifice or extraordinary expense incurred 

during ocean transit to protect all interests from an impending peril. 

Gantry Crane: Mobile shore based cranes designed for loading and unloading containers from ships. 

They may be rail mounted or rubber tired to move alongside a ship or to move from ship to ship during 

loading and unloading operations. The boom of these cranes, equipped with special lifting devices 

(spreaders) can span the width of the vessel and have a general lifting capacity of 30-40 tons when fully 

extended. 

Garment on Hangers: "GOH" - refers to items of apparel, designed to be placed on a clothes hanger 

(dresses, suits, coats, etc.) during transit. 

Garment on Hanger Carton: A shipping carton that is specially designed to accommodate apparel on 

hangers. These cartons are quite common in household goods transport and moving companies stock 

these cartons, fitted with a horizontal metal bar from which the individual garments are suspended. 

Garment on Hanger Container: "GOH Container" - specialized containers in both air and ocean modes 

designed for hanging garments. The containers have internal ceiling fixtures and tie-downs upon which the 

clothing is suspended. 

General Average: "G/A" - A voluntary sacrifice or extraordinary expense incurred during ocean transit to 

protect all interests from an impending peril. 

General Average Adjuster: An Average Adjuster specializing in the adjustment of General Average 

claims. 

General Average Bond: "General Average security" - A bond guaranteeing payment of general average 

contributions. Usually required by Average Adjusters in conjunction with an Average Agreement. If the 

shipment in question was covered by a marine insurance policy, Average Adjusters will usually accept a 

General Average Guarantee issued by the assurer. 

General Average Contribution: The amount each party involved in a General Average must contribute. It 

is determined by applying the General Average percent to each party's contributory value. 


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General Average Deposit: Monies, or other financial guarantees, a carrier requires from the cargo 

owner before releasing cargo which was involved in a general Average. Usually a General Average 

Guarantee, issued by a reputable insurer, will be accepted in lieu of a cash deposit. 

General Average Guarantee: A form issued by an insurance company guaranteeing payment of all 

general average contributions legally due from their assured. 

General Average Percent: A percentage derived by dividing the total amount of loss and expense 

incurred as a result of a General Average by the total amount saved as a result of General Average, which 

is applied to each party's contributory value. 

General Average Security: Some form of security guaranteeing payment of General Average 

Contributions, usually in the form of a bond but may be cash. Usually required by Average Adjusters in 

conjunction with an Average Agreement. If the shipment in question was covered by a marine insurance 

policy, Average Adjusters will usually accept secutity in the form of a General Average Guarantee issued by 

the assurer. 

General Average Statement: A formal document prepared by a General Average Adjuster which 

essentially sets forth the particulars of the incident, the interests involved at the time of the incident, the 

monetary value of each interest, the monetary value of property lost or expenses incurred, and the amount 

of contribution due from each of the interests. 

General Cargo: Essentially cargo which is not shipped in bulk or in containers or on vessels specially 

designed to carry that cargo. 

General Cargo Ship: A vessel built for the carriage of general cargo. General cargo ships may also carry 

containers on deck. 

General Purpose Container: A standard freight container used, primarily, for general/conventional 

cargo. 

Gen Set: "Power Pack" - A portable self-contained generator built into, or temporarily affixed to, a 20 or 40 

foot container and used for supplying electrical power to refrigerated containers on or off a ship. Its design 

allows it to be easily transported on containerships. 

Geographical Limits: A clause in a cargo policy which defines the territory between or within which 

covered shipments will be insured. 

G-Force: Also called "G-Factor", indicates the shock resistance of an item and can be determined by 

measuring the peak acceleration or deceleration an item can withstand during an impact and dividing this 

value by the acceleration due to gravity (32.16 ft./sec./sec.). This can be expressed as: G-Force= 

Acceleration of an item 

Acceleration due to Gravity 

Glassine: A supercalendered, smooth, dense, transparent or semi-transparent paper manufactured 

primarily from chemical wood pulps, which have been beaten to secure a high degree of hydration of the 

stock. This paper is grease resistant, and has a high resistance to the passage of air and many essential 

oil vapors used as food flavoring and, when waxed, lacquered, or laminated, is practically impervious to the 

transmission of moisture vapor. 

Glassine Sheeting: An interior packaging material that is often used to protect clothing and similar 

commodities from damage due to contact with dust and dirt. 

Global Insurance Program: In general, a term used to denote an insurance program of multi-national 

firms which covers both their domestic and foreign exposures. 


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Glued Surfaces: Refers to the construction of corrugated shipping cartons where the corrugation is 

glued between two (2) flat facings. 

GOH (G-O-H): "Garment on Hanger" - refers to items of apparel, designed to be placed on a clothes 

hanger (dresses, suits, coats, etc.) during transit. 

GOH (G-O-H) Container: Specialized containers in both air and ocean modes designed for hanging 

garments. The containers have internal ceiling fixtures and tie-downs upon which the clothing is 

suspended. 

Gondola: A railcar or container that has open frame sides and ends. 

Grab: "Grab Crane" - A crane equipped with a device which, when lowered into the hold of a ship grabs a 


Grab Crane: "Grab" - A crane equipped with a device which, when lowered into the hold of a ship grabs a 


Grain Capacity: The total cubic capacity of a vessel's hold available for the carriage of grain and similar 

free flowing cargoes that are capable of filling the spaces between the frames of the vessel. 

Green: This refers to unseasoned wood that contains high levels of moisture. Generally speaking lumber 

used in the fabrication of crates, cases and skids/pallets should not have a moisture content in excess of 

19 percent. 

Gross Registered Tonnage: "GRT" - The total of all enclosed space below decks of a vessel used for the 

carriage of cargo, passengers and fuel. Expressed in tons with one ton equivalent to 100 cubic feet. 

Gross Registered Tons: "Gross Registered Tonnage" - The total of all enclosed space below decks of a 

vessel used for the carriage of cargo, passengers and fuel. Expressed in tons with one ton equivalent to 

100 cubic feet. 

Grounding: The act of a vessel contacting the sea bottom or natural structure extending from the sea 

bottom. A temporary or momentary stranding. 

GRT: An abbreviation for "Gross Registered Tonnage/Tons", the total of all enclosed space below decks 

of a vessel used for the carriage of cargo, passengers and fuel. Expressed in tons with one ton equivalent 

to 100 cubic feet. 

Guaranteed Freight: Freight charges which are not paid to the carrier in advance of shipment but which 

the shipper promises to pay within a specified period of time. Guaranteed freight is considered earned by 

the carrier at the time of shipment and must be paid even if the cargo is undelivered or delivered damaged. 

Guaranteed freight is not refundable by the carrier even if they do not deliver the cargo except through 

subrogation proceedings. 

Guarantee of Collectabilty: An ocean cargo insurance term used to denote contingent insurance 

purchased by an importer. This is an optional coverage, the terms of which vary from insurer to insurer. 

Guaranteed Outturn: An insurance term that provides coverage for all shortages no matter how they 

occur. This means that the insured value of any difference from the loaded quantity at destination is 

technically recoverable from the insurer. 

Hague Rules: "The Hague Rules" - International agreement defining the responsibilities and liabilities of 

an ocean carrier transporting cargo in foreign trade adopted by certain countries. 


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Hague-Visby Rules: "The Hague-Visby Rules" - An updated variation of, but separate from, The Hague 

Rules which is an international agreement defining the responsibilities and liabilities of an ocean carrier 

transporting cargo in foreign trade adopted by certain countries. 

Hair Slip: The loosening of hair from hides and skins either improper curing or excessive heat. 

Half Height Container: An open top intermodal container that has the same dimensions as standard 

containers but only half as high. It is used for very dense cargoes. 

Handling Damage: Refers to a broad category of events that can result to loss to cargo. Chief among 

these are the use of improper/inadequate equipment and unskilled/indifferent labor which can only be 

exacerbated by the use of inadequate/improper packaging. Usual resultant losses are breakage, leakage, 

crushing. 

Handling Instructions: Written instructions provided by the shipper/manufacturer and designed to 

ensure proper handling of the cargo. This can be in the form of marks (see Cautionary Markings) on the 

cargo or packaging itself or in a separate document such as the bill of lading. 

Handy-sized: Usually refers to bulkers at the lower range of sizes of bulk carriers (20,000 to 35,000 

deadweight tons). 

Hanging Racks: The internal ceiling fixtures of containers from which garments are suspended. May 

also be temporary structures assembled within general purpose containers for the purpose of carrying 

hanging garments; 

Harbor Maintenance Act: "HMA" - A U.S. law enacted in 1986 for the purpose of funding the 

maintenance costs of deep draft shipping channels in U.S. ports. This act imposed a user fee (Harbor 

Maintenance Tax) on all exports, imports and domestic cargoes moving through U.S. ports. The act was 

declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1998. 

Harbor Maintenance Tax: "HMT" - A user fee established by the Harbor Maintenance Act of 1986. 

Harbor Services Fund Act: "HSFA" - A U.S. law intended to replace the Harbor Maintenance Act which 

was declared unconstitutional in 1998. The HSFA provides continued funding for maintaining deep draft 

shipping channels and funding for the development, operation and maintenance of U.S. harbors through 

user fees imposed on all vessels using U.S. ports. 

Harmonized Code: An internationally accepted uniform method of classifying goods for customs and 

statistical purposes. 

Harmonized System: Formal name: Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System. A numeric 

coding system adopted by most trading nations, including the United States, which uses a coding system 

to classify goods shipped in international trade. The code is used for tariff classification, quota 

identification and other trade statistics. 

Harter Act: The basic law of the United States governing the responsibilities of common carriers by 

water. It applies to domestic shipments, and to foreign shipments when COGSA, or other international 

conventions, do not. 

Hatch: The opening in a ship's deck through which cargo is loaded and unloaded. 

Hatch Coaming: "Coaming" - A short steel structure on all sides of a hatch opening extending up from the 

deck and designed to prevent free running water and waves from entering the hatch and to offer 

protection to persons working around open hatches. 


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Hatch Cover: Any watertight device or material used to seal off a hatch opening to prevent entry of rain, 

snow or seawater. Most are steel and may be portable or fixed and hydraulically operated. May also be a 

combination of wood and canvas. Deck cargo is often stowed on top of hatch covers. 

Hazard: Conditions which affect the occurrence of a peril. 

Hazard Index: An alphabetical rating scale (A [Low] - G [Severe]) used by Chubb to designate the 

expected frequency of loss to a commodity, or a Commodity Group, based upon usual packing, stowage 

and transport methods, trades, insuring terms and deductibles. Current ratings are: 

CODE EXPLANATION 

A Low theft, water and handling damage exposures 

B Moderate theft, water and handling damage exposures 

C High water and handling damage exposures 

D High theft exposures 

E Frozen merchandise excluding seafood 

F Fresh perishables and frozen seafood 

G Severe theft, handling, stowage exposures, unusual exposures 

Hazardous Cargo: The materials that have been determined to be capable of posing an unreasonable 

risk to health, safety and property when transported in commerce. This cargo contains one or more known 

hazards (Explosive, Flammable/Non-flammable/Poisonous Gas, Flammable Liquid, Flammable Solid, 

Spontaneously Combustible, Water Reactive, Oxidizing Agent, Organic Peroxide, Poison, Infectious, 

Radioactive and Corrosive) and thus is regulated for transportation and must comply with mandated 

packaging, marking/labeling, placarding, handling, stowage rules. There are requirements for each mode 

of transport. In the United States the hazardous cargo "bible" is 49 Code of Federal Regulations, parts 

100-185. 

Head Damage: The defect to a roll of paper goods, particularly of crushed/compressed, can result in 

damage as the roll cannot be efficiently "run" on today's high-speed presses. 

Heart Damage: The inner pockets of burnt or otherwise discolored baled cotton. The cause often results 

during the ginning when the cotton passes through the pneumatic conveyor system on its way to the press 

during which friction sparks may find its way into the interior of the bale. Then by virtue of inherent oxygen 

content, the cotton continues to burn from the inside until extinguishing itself. Heart damage may also 

refer to discoloration due to heating in the center of compressed bales of cargoes other than cotton. 

Heating Coil: A series of pipes or tubing fitted into the sides of a ship's tanks through which steam is 

circulated to heat viscous cargoes for discharge. 

Heating of Cargo: This can refer to the intended raising of temperature such as is normal when a bulk 

liquid is being readied for pumping. Heating can also result from unintentional means in self-heating 

cargoes such as metal turnings, fishmeal and organic cargoes and this ends up in damage. 

Heavy Lift Crane: A crane designed to lift unusually heavy cargoes of 100 tons and more. Usually 

mobile. May be shore based or fixed to barges or platforms. 

Heavy Lifts: Those individual cargo pieces that weigh over a certain tonnage, usually in excess of 50 

tons, the normal maximum lift capacity of standard gantry-type cargo cranes. Heavy lift cargo requires not 

only specialized handling equipment but, in many cases, transport conveyances such as multi-axle trailers 

and special purpose vessels. It is also quite likely that these cargoes are oversized as well with their 

dimensions requiring special road transit permits and procedures. 

Heavy Lift Ship: A ship designed for the carriage of exceptionally heavy pieces of cargo and equipped 

with heavy lift cranes for loading and unloading. 


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Heavy Weather: Refers to unusual sea and wind conditions that an ocean vessel can encounter en route 

to destination. Normally, a vessel Captain will indicate that he passed through high winds and waves that 

may breach cargo spaces and/or do damage to the vessel. Typically heavy weather is expressed in 

relation to sea conditions and wind force (Beaufort Scale) and is usually greater than Gale Force 

conditions. 

Hi-fashion: Refers to apparel that is also called upscale or high end. These items are usually designer 

labeled and have an increased value to the consumer. 

High Cube Container: The common name for "Extended Height Container" - These intermodal shipping 

units are 9.5 feet in height (as opposed to the standard 8.5 feet) and are particularly well suited for high 

volume, low weight goods such as garments, and can significantly increase the cubic space available for 

cargo stowage. 

Hi-jack: Refers to the forcible, normally by armed assailants, taking of a truck, trailer or container. 

Himalaya Clause: A term used to refer to any clause in an ocean contract of affreightment which extends 

the carrier's limitation of liability to stevedores and terminal operators performing services on behalf of the 

carrier. The name of the clause is derived from a vessel of the same name, Himalaya, involved in a 

court's ruling that carrier's could narrowly assign certain limitations. 

Hire: "Charter Hire" - The monies paid by a charterer to the vessel owner under a bareboat or time 

charter. 

HMA: An abbreviation for "Harbor Maintenance Act", a U.S. law enacted in 1986 for the purpose of 

funding the maintenance costs of deep draft shipping channels in U.S. ports. This act imposed a user fee 

(Harbor Maintenance Tax) on all exports, imports and domestic cargoes moving through U.S. ports. The 

act was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1998 and replaced by the "Harbor 

Services Fund Act". 

HMT: An abbreviation for "Harbor Maintenance Tax", a user fee established by the Harbor Maintenance 

Act of 1986. 

Hogging: A term used to denote a condition of a ship where the two ends extend below the bottom 

center of the ship. Caused by uneven distribution of the weight of cargo and wave actions at sea. Leads to 

early fatigue of the vessel's hull and framing. 

Hogshead: A large wooden barrel, usually of more than 60-gallon capacity. 

Hold: A compartment below the deck of a ship used for the carriage of cargo. 

Hook Damage: In general, a term used to describe cargo damage caused by hooks used in the handling 

of the cargo. Usually refers to damage to bags and bales caused by stevedore's hooks. 

Hopper: A design feature wider at the top than at the bottom which allows substances to flow out the 

narrow end by gravity. Railroad hopper cars and hopper barges are constructed in this manner as are 

holds of certain types of bulk carriers. 

House Air Waybill: An Air Waybill (a non-negotiable contract of affreightment) issued by a freight 

forwarder to the shipper for an air shipment. The actual air carrier also usually issues their own waybill to 

the forwarder and liability under each may differ. 

House to House: "Door to Door" - Refers to merchandise shipped in containers, trailers or vans from the 

original point of manufacture to the final destination. Also referred to as House to House and CY/CY. 


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House Waybill: Waybill (a non-negotiable contract of affreightment) issued by a freight forwarder to a 

shipper for air or truck shipments. The actual carrier may also issue their own waybill to the forwarder. The 

liability under each may differ. 

HSFA: An abbreviation for "Harbor Services Fund Act", a U.S. law intended to replace the Harbor 

Maintenance Act which was declared unconstitutional in 1998. The HSFA provides continued funding for 

maintaining deep draft shipping channels and funding for the development, operation and maintenance of 

U.S. harbors through user fees imposed on all vessels using U.S. ports. 

Hub And Spoke Routing: A routing service pattern that feeds cargo from many origin cities into central 

hubs designed to connect with other conveyances to final destinations. The system maximizes operating 

flexibility by connecting many diverse markets without the necessity of offering more costly direct service 

from numerous origins. On the downside, transportation time and physical handling of shipments 

increases and thus so too the potential for loss, damage or delays. 

Hurricane: A tropical cyclone originating in the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea 

with winds in excess of seventy-four miles per hour and usually accompanied with heavy rain. 

Hydo-cooling: The process of reducing field heat from agricultural products by immersing then in cold 

water baths or by spraying them with chilled water. 

Hygroscopic: This refers to those cargoes that have the tendency to absorb, even attracting, moisture 

from the open atmosphere or adjacent shipments or materials. 

IACS: An abbreviation for "International Association of Classification Societies", headquartered in 

London, it is a trade organization established in 1968 that establishes rules for standards in design, 

construction and maintenance of vessel's hull, machinery, equipment and, in more recent years, pollution 

controls. Over 100 flag states and national association use IACS rules as the basis for compliance with 

their statutory requirements for licensing of vessel owners and operators. Approximately 90% of world 

tonnage is classed by IACS's ten number countries and its three associated members. 

IATA: An abbreviation for "International Air Transportation Association", an air transport trade 

organization that sets standards for safety and standardization of forms, including air waybills. 

ICC: An abbreviation for: Interstate Commerce Commission; International Chamber of Commerce; and 

Institute Cargo Clauses. 

Ice Strengthened Ship: A ship built with a reinforced bow and hull plating which allows it to navigate in 

ice conditions. 

Igloo: A metal, fiberglass or wooden unit load device used by airlines to consolidate small packages into a 

single shipping unit while on an aircraft. An air container. 

IMDG: An abbreviation for the "International Maritime Dangerous Goods", a classification of cargoes, 

equivalent to hazardous materials, established by the International Maritime Organization. 

IMDG Code: The reference book that covers all the relevant regulations for the packing, handling and 

shipping of dangerous goods via ocean vessel. These rules are to be followed by all countries that are 

signatories to the International Maritime Organization. 

Immediate Entry Entry: U.S. Customs form allowing merchandise to be delivered before payment of 

duty. A Consumption Entry Form must be filed within ten days after the date of entry, at which time duty 

must be paid. 

Immediate Transport Entry: U.S. Customs form allowing the merchandise to move "in bond" to an 

inland destination where customs inspection will be made, and duty, if any, will be paid. 


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IMO: An abbreviation for "International Maritime Organization", headquartered in London, it is a 

specialized agency of the United Nations permanently established in 1958 as the Inter-Governmental 

Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) and charged with the responsibility of establishing international 

guidelines for maritime safety. It's first formal act was revisions to the International Convention for the 

Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and more recently established guidelines for the International Safety 

Management Code (ISM). While maritime safety remains their number one priority, IMO (as IMCO was 

renamed in 1982) has become more actively involved in developing guidelines for the prevention and 

clean up of pollution on the seas. 

Impact Damage: Refers to damage that occurs when cargo either strikes something or is struck by 

something. The most common occurrence is when an item is dropped from a height. 

Impact Recorder: A small instrument, which may be included in packages or in shipments with 

packages, to record shock and vibration to which the package is subjected. Ordinarily, impact recorders 

give a measure of shock in G's. 

Implied Exclusions: Excluded causes of loss or types of loss which are not written into a policy but which 

are conferred by law or custom and which have the same import as an exclusion written into a policy. 

Implied exclusions usually refer to non-fortuitous loss such as inherent vice, peculiarities of the subject 

matter or the way it is packed or shipped, or willful misconduct of an assured. 

Implied Warranty: A warranty which is not written into a policy but which is conferred by law or custom 

and which has the same import as an Express Warranty. Three principal implies warranties in marine 

insurance are: Seaworthiness, No Deviation and Legality. 

Import Quota: "Quota" - Limitations imposed by a government agency on the quantity and origin of 

goods which can be imported. Quota levels are usually controlled by issuing import licenses to individual 

importers. Violations can result in delayed entry of the goods, fines, penalties, additional duties, import 

prohibition and even destruction of the goods.. 

Improper Stowage: Refers to poor stowage practice, usually meaning that the item was not adequately 

blocked and braced within the cargo space or container for the intended transit. It may also refer to failure 

to adhere to generally accepted practices such as placing heavier, dense packages beneath lighter weight 

ones. 

Inadequate Packaging: Packaging materials that are not sufficient to withstand the normal expected 

perils for the intended voyage. Packaging materials that are unsuited for the contents contained therein. 

In Bond: "Bonded Shipments" - Shipments on which duty is payable, but which are permitted to travel to 

inland destinations where customs inspection is made and duty is actually paid. 

Inchmaree Clause: A clause in marine insurance policies which extend the basic perils clause to include 

bursting of boilers; breakage of shafts; latent defects in hull, machinery and appurtenances; and faults or 

errors in navigation or management of the vessel by the master, officers, crew, engineers or pilots. Socalled 

for a famous legal decision involving a vessel of that name. These perils were added to marine 

policies after a court found that they were not perils of the sea nor did they fit the definition of "all other 

perils. losses or misfortunes." 

INCOTERMS: An acronmy for "International Commercial Terms" which were developed by the 

International Chamber of Commerce. The most widely used set of definitions of international trade terms, 

which outlines the responsibilities of a buyer and seller at various stages of transit. These responsibilities 

can include payment of costs, arranging carriage, clearance at port(s) and others. Responsibility for loss or 

damage is the basis used for determining insurable interest under ocean cargo policies. A brief 

explanation of the following INCONTERMS are included elsewhere in this glossary: 

Ex Works (EXW) Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) 


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Free Carrier (FCA) Delivered At Frontier DAF) 

Free Alongside Ship (FAS) Delivered Ex Ship (DES) 

Free Onboard (FOB) Delivered Ex Quay (DEQ) 

Cost and Freight (CFR) Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU) 

Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) Delivered Duty Paid (DDP). 

Carriage Paid To (CPT) 

Increased Value: The difference in insured value between the importer's insurance policy and that 

provided by the seller's insurance policy. Also, a type of secondary insurance coverage which insures for 

this difference. 

In-direct Carrier: In general, a firm that does not own or operate conveyances, but arranges for the 

transportation of the goods of others and issues their own contract of affreightment to the shipper. See 

NVO. 

Industrial Contamination: Damage to goods caused by airborne pollutants emitted by industries. 

Inflatable Dunnage: Heavy rubber, or other non-porous material, bags which can be inflated and are 

used to fill gaps between stacks of cargo to prevent shifting. Usually used in trucks and containers. 

Inherent Vice: Refers to loss or damage due to the inherent properties of the goods insured and is not a 

covered cause of loss unless expressly stated in the policy. 

Inhibitor: A substance or agent which, when applied to a surface, slows or prevents chemical reactions, 

such as those of corrosion, oxidation and discoloration. 

Inland Waybill: AWaybill (a non-negotiable contract of affreightment) issued by a trucker. 

Innage: The quantity of liquid cargo loaded into a tank. 

Inner Packing: "Interior Packing" - Materials used in protecting, supporting, cushioning or securing items 

in place within a shipping package. 

Institute Cargo Clauses: A set of insurance clauses adopted as standard by national marine insurance 

organizations such as the American Institute of Marine Underwriters (AIMU) in the United States and the 

Institute of London Underwriters (ILU) in England. 

Insufficient Packing: Packaging materials that are not adequate to protect the contents from damage by 

normal expected perils on the intended voyage. 

Insulated Container: These intermodal units are provided in either ventilated or non-ventilated models 

and are often used in conjunction with containers that have mechanical refrigeration properties. They are 

constructed with extra insulation between the wall panels to protect cargo against heat loss or gain. 

Internally, they are equipped with t-section flooring to allow for air flow. 

Insurable Interest: In marine property insurance (versus marine liability) the interest one has in property 

though ownership, statue or contract, the loss of which will result in financial loss. In marine insurance, 

insurable interest need only exist at the time of loss. 

Insurance Declaration: "Declarations" - A form supplied by insurance companies, and used by insureds 

in reporting shipments under an Open Cargo Policy when no evidence of insurance (Certificate or Special 

Cargo Policy) is required. 

Insured Value: The amount for which merchandise is insured. Usually computed by adding the invoice 

cost and any pre-paid or advanced or guaranteed ocean/air freight not included in the invoice plus a 


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percentage (commonly 10%) to account for additional charges which are not known at the time of 

shipment. The actual formula to be used is specified in the Valuation clause of the policy. 

Insuring Terms: The clauses of a cargo policy which stipulate the perils insured against and conditions 

which must be met before losses are recoverable.. 

Integrated Tug and Barge: "ITB" - A barge that has been designed so as to allow a tug to be secured in a 

well at its rear forming a semi-rigid integrated unit of a tug and barge. 

Inter-coastal: A voyage that is within ports on two or more contiguous coasts of the same country. 

Interest Insured: The subject matter of the insurance. 

Interior Packing: "Inner Packing" - Materials used in protecting, supporting, cushioning or securing items 

in place within a shipping package. 

Interline: An agreement between carriers allowing one carrier to carry cargo under waybills or bills of 

lading issued by the originating carrier. 

Intermodal Containers: Also referred to as "Freight Containers" - any of a wide variety of ocean and air 

cargo unit load devices designed to allow multiple items to be shipped together and travel on and between 

modes of transportation without the need to de-stow and re-stow the cargo. The standard sizes are 20 and 

40-foot long by 8 feet wide by 8.5 feet high and the basic model is the general purpose, fully enclosed, end 

loading container. However, there are several other lengths available and purpose-built units for 

specialized commodities, such as perishables and heavy, oversize pieces. 

International Air Transportation Association: An air transport trade organization that sets standards for 

safety and standardization of forms, including air waybills. 

International Association of Classification Societies: "IACS" - Headquartered in London, it is a trade 

organization established in 1968 that establishes rules for standards in design, construction and 

maintenance of vessel's hull, machinery, equipment and, in more recent years, pollution controls. Over 

100 flag states and national association use IACS rules as the basis for compliance with their statutory 

requirements for licensing of vessel owners and operators. Approximately 90% of world tonnage is 

classed by IACS's ten number countries and its three associated members. 

International Chamber of Commerce: Headquartered in Paris, France and recognized as the world 

business organization. Its principal purpose is to promote open international trade, banking and market 

economies worldwide through the establishment of standardized rules and procedures. 

International Maritime Dangerous Goods: "IMDG" - A classification of cargoes, equivalent to 

hazardous materials, established by the International Maritime Organization. 

International Maritime Organization: "IMO" - Headquartered in London, it is a specialized agency of the 

United Nations permanently established in 1958 as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative 

Organization (IMCO) and charged with the responsibility of establishing international guidelines for 

maritime safety. It's first formal act was revisions to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at 

Sea (SOLAS) and more recently established guidelines for the International Safety Management Code 

(ISM). While maritime safety remains their number one priority, IMO (as IMCO was renamed in 1982) has 

become more actively involved in developing guidelines for the prevention and clean up of pollution on the 

seas. 

International Organization for Standardization: "ISO" - An international standard making body that, 

among other things, sets forth specifications for the design and construction of intermodal cargo 

containers. Also referred to as the International Standards Organization. 


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International Safety Management Code: "ISM" - A set of rules developed by IMO with the purpose of 

establishing international standards for the safe management and operation of ships, and for pollution 

prevention. Incorporated into SOLAS, ISM requires mandatory compliance by vessel owners and 

operators of vessels registered in countries (flag states) which have ratified that convention. ISM charges 

flag states with the responsibility of ascertaining and certification of, ISM compliance. Most flag states 

have delegated the certification process to IACS's members or other third parties as permitted by ISM. 

Essentially, ISM calls for every vessel owner or operator to establish a Safety Management System (SMS) 

incorporating the general principles and objectives set out in the ISM. Documents of Compliance (DOC) 

will be issued to shore based mangement that have developed a satisfactory SMS. A Safety Management 

Certificate (SMC) will be issued to each vessel which is found to be equipped, manned and maintained in 

compliance with ISM and owner's SMS. ISM compliance and certification will be phased in over a period 

of time. Phase I, effective July 1, 1998, applies to all passenger vessels and all bulkers and tankers and 

high speed vessels of 500 GRT or greater. Phase II, effective July 1, 2002, applies to all other vessels of 

500 GRT and greater and to mobile offshore drill rigs. Phase III, effective July 1, 2003, applies to all other 

vessels of 150 GRT or greater. 

International Shipment: In general, refers to cargo that is transported from one country to another. While 

it is usual to assume that this refers to overseas moves by vessel, many shipments between countries can 

take place without having to cross bodies of water and are transported by overland and air conveyances. 

In Transit: "Due Course of Transit" - A phrase used in marine insurance which means that once goods 

leave the place of origin they will be transported to the intended destination over the most common or 

usual route without delay or interruption. Intentional delays or interruptions of transit, or changes in the 

most common or usual route of transit may void the insurance. Delays or interruptions which are normal or 

usual during transport, however, would not void coverage. Quite often, policies will contain clauses which 

excuse certain delays or interruptions, usually when they occur for reasons beyond the control of the 

assured or assignee. See Deviation Clause, Marine Extension Clauses, South American Clause, 

Warehouse to Warehouse Clause and Warehouse to Warehouse Transit Clause. 

Invoice: A "bill of sale" issued by the seller to the buyer indicating, among other things, the terms of sale, 

a full description of the items purchased and the cost. The two most common types being a Commercial 

Invoice and a Consular Invoice. 

IOP: An abbreviation for "Irrespective of Percentage", a phrase used with marine insuring terms meaning 

that no franchise applies. Usually used in conjunction with "With Average" insuring terms and expressed as 

WAIOP. 

Irregulars: Refers to merchandise that are not first quality, sometimes called "seconds". 

Irrespective Of Percentage: "IOP" - A phrase used with marine insuring terms meaning that no 

franchise applies. Usually used in conjunction with "With Average" insuring terms and expressed as 

WAIOP. 

Irrevocable Letter of Credit: Essentially means that the issuing bank cannot cancel its obligation to pay 

the credit provided the beneficiary meets all conditions of the credit within the time period stipulated. 

ISM: An abbreviation for "International Safety Management Code", a set of rules developed by IMO with 

the purpose of establishing international standards for the safe management and operation of ships, and 

for pollution prevention. Incorporated into SOLAS, ISM requires mandatory compliance by vessel owners 

and operators of vessels registered in countries (flag states) which have ratified that convention. ISM 

charges flag states with the responsibility of ascertaining and certification of, ISM compliance. Most flag 

states have delegated the certification process to IACS's members or other third parties as permitted by 

ISM. 


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Essentially, ISM calls for every vessel owner or operator to establish a Safety Management System (SMS) 









ISO: An abbreviation for the "International Organization for Standardization", an international standard 

making body that, among other things, sets forth the design and construction specifications for intermodal 

cargo containers. Also referred to as the International Standards Organization. 

Issuing Bank: A bank, usually in the country of destination, that issues a letter of credit on behalf of a 

buyer of goods authorizing the seller to collect payment for the goods upon presentation of certain 

documents at an agreed upon time and place. 

ITB: An abbreviation for "Integrated Tug and Barge", a barge that has been designed so as to allow a tug 

to be secured in a well at its rear forming a semi-rigid integrated unit of a tug and barge. 

ITC: A shortened abbreviation for USITC, "United States International Trade Commission", a quasijudicial 

federal agency of the U.S. governmnet (established in 1916 as the U.S. Tariff Commission) that 

monitors import activities for unfair trade practice and adverse impact of imported goods on domestic 

industries. 

Jason Clause: In general a term used to refer to any clause in an ocean contract of affreightment which 

requires cargo owners to contribute in general average even if the carrier's negligence caused the general 

average "incident". 

Jettison: Voluntary throwing overboard of cargo or of ship's material to protect other property from a 

common peril. 

JIT: An abbreviation for "Just In Time", an acronym referring to a logistics or distribution or inventory 

concept that seeks to ship and recieve goods just as they are needed for production or sale thereby 

eliminating the need for costly storage and high levels of raw materials or merchandise on hand. 

Jones Act: A term used to refer to the U.S. Merchant Marine Act of 1920, and specifically to the 

remedies available to "seamen" under this act. 

Just In Time: "JIT" - An acronym referring to a logistics or distribution or inventory concept that seeks to 

ship and recieve goods just as they are needed for production or sale thereby eliminating the need for 

costly storage and high levels of raw materials or merchandise on hand. 

JWO: An abbreviation for Jettison and Washing Overboard. Jettison being the voluntary throwing 

overboard of cargo or of ship's material to protect other property from a common peril, whereas washing 

overboard is an involuntary action which results when goods carried on the weather deck of a vessel are 

lost overboard by wave action caused by storms. 

K/D: An abbreviation for "Knocked Down", a term used to denote articles which have been unassembled 

into component parts and which will require re-assembly before they can be used. Knocked down goods 

usually enjoy a preferred duty rate. Sometimes referred to as "Flat packed". 

Keep Dry: This is one of the many cautionary marks used in international trade. This is designed for 

shipments that are susceptible to damage from contact with any form of moisture. While many shippers 


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transmit this message by simply using these words, the more preferred method is the verbiage along with 

the pictorial symbol, the Umbrella. 

Kiln-dried: A process whereby articles are artificially dried in a kiln to lower the moisture content; baked, 

dried, or hardened. Usually refers to lumber or wood products of a low moisture content, or to porcelains 

and pottery. 

Knocked Down: A term used to denote articles which have been unassembled into component parts and 

which will require re-assembly before they can be used. Knocked down goods usually enjoy a preferred 

duty rate. Sometimes referredto as "Flat Packed". 

Knot: A nautical term indicating the rate of speed at which a vessel will travel one nautical mile. 

Kraft Paper: A term meaning strength applied to paper produced from wood fibers by the sulfate 

process. This material is used in packaging for interior packing. 

Laker: A bulk vessel built specifically for the carriage of cargoes on the Great Lakes of the USA. Usually 

built with a narrow beam for passage through the locks separating the lakes. And navigating rivers 

connecting to the lakes. 

Landbridge: Refers to a joint water,rail,water, truck movement of containerized cargo under a single bill of 

lading. A common example is the shipment from the Far East to Europe via the United States with ocean 

transport from the Far East to a west coast US port, , then train transit across country to an east coast US 

port, then vessel to a European port completed by truck cartage to final destination. 

Landed Cost: An imprecise term which can have different meanings. One example: the cost of the goods 

at the port of destination including all charges up to that point. Another: The cost of the goods at the final 

place of destination including all charges and duty to that point. If used as a basis of valuation in a cargo 

policy, the term should be clearly defined as to what costs and charges are included. 

Landed Value: "Landed Cost" - An imprecise term which can have different meanings. One example: the 

value of the goods at the port of destination including all charges up to that point. Another: The value of 

the goods at the final place of destination including all charges and duty to that point. If used as a basis of 

valuation in a cargo policy, the term should be clearly defined as to what costs and charges are included. 

Landing, Warehousing and Forwarding Charges: Charges incurred by a cargo owner at a port of 

refuge or port of distress for discharging cargo, temporary storage and on-forwarding. 

LASH: "LighterAboard Ship" - An ocean vessel designed and built specifically to carry specially designed 

barges. 

Lashing Device: Any material or device such as wire, rope or chain, used to secure cargo to lashing 

points. 

Lashing Point: A device fitted to the deck of a vessel, or inside a container, or on a truck or on cargo 

which allows the attaching of straps, rope, wire or some other material to secure cargo. 

Lashings: Any material or device such as wire, rope or chain, used to secure cargo to lashing points. 

Latent Defect In Hull Or Machinery: An undiscovered, or undiscoverable, defect in the hull structure or 

machinery of a vessel. A basic peril in a marine policy included as a separate peril or as part of an 

Inchmaree Clause. 

Laytime: The length of time allowed under a charter party for the loading and unloading of cargo. 


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L/C: An abbreviation for "Letter of Credit", a method of payment whereby the buyer opens a Letter of 

Credit, in favor of the seller, at his local bank by depositing the amount of the purchase price or obtaining 

credit from the bank and dictating certain documents which the seller must present in order to obtain 

payment. The Letter of Credit will be sent to a bank in the vicinity of the seller and upon presentation of 

the documents called for, the local bank will release payment. 

LCL: An abbreviation for "Less Than Container Load", refers to partial shipments that are not large 

enough to fill an entire freight container. 

Legality: An implied warranty that an insurance policy was obtained for legal purposes and that all risks 

insured by the policy are legal ventures. 

Less Than Container Load: "LCL" - Refers to partial shipments that are not large enough to fill an 

entire freight container. 

Less Than Trailer Load: "LTL" - Refers to partial shipments that are not large enough to fill an entire 

trailer. 

Letter of Credit: "L/C", "LOC" - A method of payment whereby the buyer opens a Letter of Credit, in favor 

of the seller, at his local bank by depositing the amount of the purchase price or obtaining credit from the 

bank and dictating certain documents which the seller must present in order to obtain payment. The 

Letter of Credit will be sent to a bank in the vicinity of the seller and upon presentation of the documents 

called for, the local bank will release payment. 

Lever-Lock Type Rim: A metal rim closure used at the top of a drum and equipped with an expanding 

and contracting lever-actuated device that can be locked in closed position. 

LICC: An abbreviation for "London Institute Cargo Clauses", a set of standard insurance clauses adopted 

by the Institute of London Underwriters. There are three general sets of Clauses: "A" Clauses being the 

broadest and "C" Clauses being the narrowest; and "B" Clauses being a bit broader than "C". 

Lifting: Refers to the hoisting of an item of cargo. 

Lifting Points: Refers to the preferred points that an item should be lifted either manually or, more likely, 

by a mechanical device. 

Lift On/ Lift Off: "LO/LO" - A term used to denote the lifting of cargo on or off a vessel by crane. Usually 

refers to containers loaded and unloaded in this manner. 

Lighter: Any vessel used for lightering. May be a barge, steamer, raft or other small craft. 

Lighter Aboard Ship: "LASH" - An ocean vessel specifically designed to carry specially designed barges. 

Lightering: Carrying of merchandise aboard small craft between an ocean vessel and a port or between 

two vessels. 

Lightning: A basic marine peril providing coverage for damage by lightning to the vessel or cargo even 

though no fire ensues. 

Like Kind and Quality: Refers to an item that while not the exact replica of an item lost/damaged, is 

close enough to be a suitable substitute. 

Limit of Liability: "Policy Limit" - A clause in a cargo policy which indicates the maximum amount the 

assurer will be liable for on any one covered loss. Usually stated as a conveyance limit or in any one 

place at any one time. Also referred to as the policy limit. A Limit of Liability clause may contain sub-limits 

for certain types of shipment. 


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Liner: A vessel that operates in a regular trade under a schedule of sailings with pre-established rates and 

a standard contract of affreightment that are available to all shippers. 

Linerboard: A paperboard used for the flat facings in corrugated fiberboard and also as the outer plies of 

solid fiberboard. 

Liquid Natural Gas Carrier: "LNG Carrier", a ship designed to carry liquefied natural gas (methane). The 

gas is kept liquid by means of refrigeration and pressurization. 

Liquid Petroleum Gas Carrier: "LPG Carrier", a ship designed to carry liquefied butane or propane. The 

gas is kept liquid by carrying under pressure at low temperatures. 

Livestock Carrier: A ship designed for the carriage of livestock, usually sheep. 

LKGE: An abbreviation for leakage. 

Lloyd's Register of Shipping: The British classification society. Also, their publication listing the names 

and particulars of vessels classed by them and others. 

LNG: Liquid natural gas, or liquefied natural gas. Essentially methane in a liquefied state. 

LNG Carrier: "Liquid Natural Gas Carrier" - A ship designed to carry liquefied natural gas (methane). The 

gas is kept liquid by means of refrigeration and pressurization. 

Load: Can refer to the action of placing cargo onto or into a vessel or other conveyance, or the actual 

cargo itself. 

Load Distribution: A term used to describe how a shipment is placed within a cargo place. The ideal is to 

have the cargo properly distributed so not to exceed floor limitations of the transport conveyance or result 

in some weight imbalance that can jeopardize its safe transit. 

Loading and Unloading: In marine insurance, a term used to denote the actual loading and discharge of 

cargo onto and from the overseas vessel. 

Load Limits: The particular weight restrictions of a transport conveyance. These can be expressed either 

relative to the conveyance (limit per truck axle) or the shipping package (anything from a corrugated 

carton, paper shipping sack or fiber drum to an intermodal container). 

Load Line: A series of lines painted on the hull of a vessel at midship that denotes the depth to which a 

vessel can be safely submerged when loaded and transiting zones established by the International 

Conference On Load Lines. There are five zones: Tropical; Summer; Winter; Seasonal Tropical; and 

Seasonal Winter. Also called "Plimsoll Marks". 

Load Line Mark: A symbol painted on the hull of the vessel consisting of a circle bisected by an 

horizontal line level with the summer load line. 

Loadports: Refers to the sea or airports where cargo will be physically loaded for international 

transportation. 

LOC: An abbreviation for "Letter of Credit", a method of payment whereby the buyer opens a Letter of 

Credit in favor of the seller at his local bank by depositing the amount of the purchase price or obtaining 

credit from the bank and dictating certain documents which the seller must present in order to obtain 

payment. The Letter of Credit will be sent to a bank in the vicinity of the seller and upon presentation of the 

documents called for, the local bank will release payment. 


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Logistics Manager: A firm specializing in warehousing, distribution and transportation services. 

LO/LO: An abbreviation for "Lift On/Lift Off”, a term used to denote the lifting of cargo on or off a vessel by 

crane. Usually refers to containers loaded and unloaded in this manner. 

London Institute Cargo Clauses: "LICC" - A set of standard insurance clauses adopted by the Institute 

of London Underwriters. There are three general sets of Clauses: "A" Clauses being the broadest and "C" 

Clauses being the narrowest; and "B" Clauses being a bit broader than "C". 

Long Ton: 2240 pounds, 1016.6 kilograms. 

Longshoreman: A person who delivers cargo alongside a ship for loading, or removes discharged cargo 

from alongside a ship. See stevedore. Essentially, a longshoreman works the dock, a stevedore works a 

ship. 

Loose Bales: The shipping package that is similar to the compressed bales, the only difference being the 

cargo is not mechanically squeezed into the package form. 

Loss of Content: A cargo insurance term referring to the missing contents of a shipping package where 

there is no indications of damage to or tampering with the packaging. See Shortage also. 

Loss of Market: This refers to the situation where a seller receives its undamaged goods too late to sell 

them on the established market. This is considered a normal business risk and is not generally covered 

under an insurance contract. 

Loss of Weight: The loss from original quantity of a bulk or bagged commodity due to leakage, spillage, 

infestation, sifting or natural causes. Also referred to as Difference in Weight. 

Lost Overboard: In cargo insurance, a term which refers to deck stowed cargo which is lost overboard 

by reason other than heavy weather, such as lashings becoming undone. Very few cargo policies include 

loss overboard as part of named perils coverage. 

LPG: Liquid petroleum gas, or liquefied petroleum gas. Usually refers to butane or propane in a liquefied 

state. 

LPG Carrier: A ship designed to carry liquefied butane or propane. The gas is kept liquid by carrying 

under pressure at low temperatures. 

LTL: An abbreviation for "Less Than Trailer Load", refers to partial shipments that are not large enough to 

fill an entire trailer. 

MA: An abbreviation for "Modified Atomosphere", usually refers to containers that carry a mixture of 

gases, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide that are released within the cargo space so that the 

atmosphere can be maintained at a pre-set level to meet the carrying requirements of certain commodities. 

The purpose of these units is to extend the post-harvest and storage life by retarding the ripening process of 

the commodity; usually used on shipments of fruits and vegetables. 

Main Carriage: A term used to denote the portion of transit from the port or place of shipment in the 

country of origin to the port or place in the country of destination during international transit. 

Major Commodity Group: A grouping of individual Chubb commodities within a designated category to 

facilitate the gathering of statistics. 


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Major Commodity Group Abbreviation: A four letter alphabetic abbreviation used within Chubb 

systems to identify a Major Commodity Group. 

Major Commodity Group Code: A three digit numerical code used within Chubb systems to identify a 

Major Commodity Group. 

Manifest: A document prepared by a carrier which lists all cargo that has been loaded on the vessel, its 

place of stow and port of discharge. Used for customs purposes and unloading plans. 

MAP: An abbreviation for "Modified Atmospheric Packaging" - A packaging method in which an inert gas 

environment is introduced into the package at the time of closure. Purpose is to extend shelf life of the 

product packaged. 

Marine Extension Clause: MEC" - A cargo policy clause that continues coverage on goods during 

deviation, delay, re-shipment, and transshipment, or any other variation in normal transit beyond the 

assured's control. 

Marine Insurance: A generic term used to denote insurance applicable to marine related exposures. The 

principal divisions of marine insurance are: 

1) Hull insurance which is insurance placed on ships and their equipment; 

2) Ocean cargo insurance, or ocean marine insurance, which is insurance placed on goods shipped in 

international trade; 

3) Protection and Indemnity insurance which insures the liabilities of a ship owner, or charterer, for 

liabilities arising out of the operation of their vessels; and 

4) Marine liability insurance which insures the liabilities of persons involved in marine related services 

such as stevedoring and warehousing. 

In some countries, domestic transportation insurance and Yacht insurance are also grouped under the 

general definition of marine insurance. 

Marine Liability: In general a division of Marine Insurance involving the insurance of the liabilities of 

persons involved in marine related services such as stevedoring and warehousing. 

Marine Surveyor: "Surveyor" - A specialist who supervises and assesses the quality and suitability of 

cargo packing, loading, stowage, handling and discharge operations, and/or who determines the nature, 

cause and extent of marine transportation caualties. 

Markings: "Marks and Numbers" - Unique identifying information shown on the exterior of a shipping 

package. These can include shipper and consignee data as well as handling/shipping instructions such as 

cautionary marks. Markings may be "Descriptive Markings", "Cautionary Markings" or "Blind Markings". 

Marks and Numbers: "Markings" - Unique identifying information shown on the outside of all packages 

shipped. Usually include: Consignees name, port of discharge, package number in relation to total 

number of packages shipped (e.g., 5/50 indicates package number 5 of 50 shipped) and brief description 

of contents. International cautionary or handling markings, such as "Keep Dry", "Fragile", etc. should also 

be shown. Codes (referred to as "Blind Markings") are often used to hide the identity of merchandise which 

is highly susceptible to theft or pilferage. 

Marring: A blemish on, or a disfiguration of, the surface of an object usually caused by contact with 

another surface or object. 

Massing: This refers to a condition that affects shipments of raw rubber or similar cargoes. The bales of 

rubber have a tendency to "mass" or adhere to one another if the commodity is loaded in a soft condition 

following lengthy exposure to the sun or the superimposed load of other cargo in storage or stow. This can 

also occur if the rubber is placed near sources of heat during the voyage. While this will not materially 


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affect the cargo it will involve considerable expense to separate the individual bales at discharge. To 

minimize this type of damage, producers usually apply a talc to the outside of the bales. 

Master Air Waybill: An air waybill issued by the originating airline when more than one airline is involved 

with a shipment, or when a freight forwarder issues a house air waybill. 

Master Carton: "Master Pack" - A shipping carton used to overpack or unitize a number of individual 

boxes or items. 

Master Pack: "Master Carton" - A shipping carton used to overpack or unitize a number of individual 

boxes or items. 

Master's Protest: Sworn statement by the ship's captain describing any unusual happening during the 

voyage. 

MEC: An abbreviation for "Marine Extension Clauses", a cargo policy clause that continues coverage on 

goods during deviation, delay, re-shipment, and transshipment, or any other variation in normal transit 

beyond the assured's control. 

Mechanical Derangement: Refers to physical damage to electronic, electrical and mechanical 

equipment making it non-functional. This is typically the result of improper or rough handling, improper 

packaging or improper design or a combination of all. 

Megaports: The ultra-large cargo ports that are being developed around the world. These marine cargo 

facilities enjoy ideal natural or man-made conditions such as enough water depth in their harbors to 

accommodate the newest generation container vessels and have sufficient land area to handle shorebased 

equipment and storage requirements. These ports will act as regional hubs for smaller nearby 

ports. 

Merchandise: Commodities or goods which may be bought or sold. 

Metal Bands: "Banded" - the process of securing or unitizing items through the application of metal 

straps. While items can be banded to each other, typically, bands are used to secure multiple items to a 

skid or pallet. 

Methods Of Payment: The means by which payment will be made by a buyer to the seller. Determines 

degree of financial risk during transit and establishes parameters for selecting a term of sale to control 

exposure to financial loss. The most common methods of payment are: 

Cash in Advance: A method of payment whereby the buyer agrees to pay the seller before 

merchandise is shipped. Normally used for one-time shipments, or where the credit worthiness of 

the buyer is not ascertainable; 

Open Account: A method of payment (similar to a charge account) whereby the buyer agrees to 

make periodic payments to the seller. Usually used between related companies or with customers 

of long standing where credit worthiness is not in question; 

Draft: A method of payment whereby a payment order is prepared by a seller instructing the buyer 

to pay the face amount at a certain time. Presentation of the draft to the buyer is usually done by 

a bank and payment is required either at the time of presentation (Sight Draft) or within a specified 

period of time (Time Draft). See Documentary Collection; 

Letter of Credit: An abbreviation for "Letter of Credit", a method of payment whereby the buyer 

opens a Letter of Credit, in favor of the seller, at his local bank by depositing the amount of the 

purchase price or obtaining credit from the bank and dictating certain documents which the seller 

must present in order to obtain payment. The Letter of Credit will be sent to a bank in the vicinity 

of the seller and upon presentation of the documents called for, the local bank will release 

payment. 

Metric Ton: "M/T" - A unit of measure equaling 1000 kilograms or 2204 pounds. 


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MFN: Abbreviation for "Most Favored Nation", a trade designation given by one country to another 

signifying preferential tariff rates and import quotas. 

Mildew: "Mold" - A fungus that can appear on certain organic material (paper, wood, leather, etc.) 

especially when exposed to moist, damp conditions. 

Military Specifications: "MIL Specs" - Minimum packaging specifications primarily for military use and 

military procurement. Although they may be used by other government agencies or private industry; the 

requirements are predicated on military needs. 

MIL Specs: "Military Specifications" - Minimum packaging specifications primarily for military use and 

military procurement. Although they may be used by other government agencies or private industry; the 

requirements are predicated on military needs. 

Mini-Landbridge: Refers to a joint water/rail/truck movement of containerized cargo under a single bill of 

lading. A common example is the shipment from the Far East to the east coast of the United States with 

ocean transport to a west coast port, then train transit across country completed by truck cartage to final 

destination. 

Mis-delivered: "Cross-Delivered" - refers to situations when shipments are discharged at the incorrect 

ports or delivered to the wrong consignee. This usually results when packaged cargo comes adrift and/or 

shipping marks are obliterated, making delivery difficult but can also be caused by administrative mistakes. 

Mis-labelling: The failure of a shipper to properly mark the cargo. This can result in mis-routing, (i.e. 

sending the goods to an incorrect destination) or, perhaps more problematically in delay, rejection, 

confiscation and/or fines if a hazardous material is not appropriately identified. 

Modified Atmosphere Container: "MA" - These containers carry a mixture of gases, such as nitrogen 



extend the post-harvest and storage life by retarding the ripening process of the commodity; usually used on 

shipments of fruits and vegetables. 

Modified Atmospheric Packaging: "MAP" - A packaging method in which an inert gas environment is 

introduced into the package at the time of closure. Purpose is to extend shelf life of the product packaged. 

Moisture Content: Refers to the amount of moisture, inherent or externally introduced in any material. Of 

importance in both cargo and its packaging. 

Moisture Ingression: The act of moisture entering a cargo space (vessel hold, trailer, railcar, container) or 

the packaging or the cargo itself. 

Mold: "Mildew" - Refers to a downy or furry growth on the surface of organic matter caused by fungi 

especially in the presence of dampness or decay. 

Most Favored Nation: "MFN"- A trade designation given by one country to another signifying preferential 

tariff rates and import quotas. 

Mother Vessels: The ships that are used to consolidate smaller cargo loads from various feeder vessels 

and carry them to final destination. The Mother Vessels will generally operate in single port to port calls 

from one megaport to another one on another continent. 

Motor Vessel: In general, a vessel propelled by mechanical means. 


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M/T: An abbreviation for Metric Ton, or 1000 kilograms or 2204 pounds. 

Multimodal: A term used to denote that more than one mode of transport is used in carrying goods from 

the place of shipment to the place of destination such as ship and rail. 

Multimodal Bill of Lading: A bill of lading issued by a carrier which indicates that carriage will be made 

from the place of shipment to the place of destination on more than one mode of transport such as rail, 

ship and rail and that the carrier's responsibility will apply during the entire transit. 

Multi-national: In general, a term used to denote a firm which has insurance exposures in more than one 

countries. 

Multi-walled Carton (Corrugated Board): The structure formed by two or more corrugated inner 

members glued between two or more flat facings in the construction of cartons. There are double (three 

flat facings and two intermediate corrugated members) and triple (four flat facings and three intermediate 

corrugated members) wall cartons. 

Multi-walled Paper Bags: A shipping container consisting of a paper bag constructed with multiple 

layers of paper; e.g. two, three, four or more ply paper bags. 

Musty: The condition of having a stale or moldy odor or taste due to prolonged exposure to a damp, 

inadequately ventilated space. 

M / V : An abbreviation for "Motor Vessel", essentially any vessel propelled by mechanical means. 

Named Perils: Refers to limited insuring terms which cover losses only resulting from specified perils. See 

Perils Clause. 

Nature of Loss: "Cause of Loss" - A phrase used to identify the peril or action that caused loss or 

damage to merchandise. Sometimes used to describe resultant loss. For example, steel products may 

arrive rusted because of having been wetted during transit. The cause of loss may be identified as rust 

because the actual peril (rain, condensation, seawater or moisture) may not be determinable. 

Nautical Mile: A maritime measurement equal to 6,080 feet, or 1852 meters. 

N/D: An abbreviation for "Non-delivery", the unexplained disappearance of an entire shipping package, or 

container, rather than the contents themselves or a portion of the contents. 

NES: An abbreviation for "Not Elsewhere Specified", a term that often appears in air freight tariffs 

indicating that the amount stated in the tariff applies to all commodities within a larger category. Can also be 

stated as "NOS"(Not Otherwise Specified). 

Net Registered Tonnage: "NRT" - The total enclosed space below decks of a vessel dedicated to the 

carriage of cargo. Expressed in tons with one ton being the equivalent of 100 cubic feet. 

Net Registered Tons: "Net Registered Tonnage" - The total enclosed space below decks of a vessel 

dedicated to the carriage of cargo. Expressed in tons with one ton being the equivalent of 100 cubic feet. 

Net Selling Price: A term used to describe the price of an item after all discounts, rebates and the like 

have been allowed. 

Net Tonnage: "Net Registered Tonnage" - The total enclosed space below decks of a vessel dedicated 

to the carriage of cargo. Expressed in tons with one ton being the equivalent of 100 cubic feet. 


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New for Old: A term used within an insurance contract whereby an item lost or damaged beyond repair 

will be replaced with a new item regardless of the age or pre-casualty condition of the lost or damaged 

item. 

NFPA: An abbreviation for the "National Fire Protection Association", a U.S.A. not-for-profit organization 

that develops fire protection standards for commercial structures. 

National Fire Protection Association: "NFPA" - A U.S.A. not-for-profit organization that develops fire 

protection standards for commercial structures. 

NOA: An abbreviation for "Notify On Arrival", a term commonly used in air cargo shipments appearing on 

air waybills. This requires the airline to contact the designated person immediately upon arrival of the 

shipment at the destination city. This is most often used when rush or highly perishable items are shipped. 

This allows for expedited pick-up of the shipment. 

No Cure, No Pay: A form of salvage agreement whereby the salvor receives no renumeration unless the 

salvage operation is successful. Because of the extreme risks the salvor takes under this form of 

agreement, renumeration if efforts are successful can be substantial. 

No Deviation: An implied warranty that once a vessel starts a voyage it will proceed without undue delay 

or deviation from its normal and usual course to the intended destination. Usually waived in whole or in 

part in cargo policies. See Deviation Clause. 

NOS: An abbreviation for "Not Otherwise Specified", a tern that often appears in air freight tariffs 

indicating that the amount stated in the tariff applies to all commodities within a larger category. Can also 

be stated as "NES"(Not Elsewhere Specified). 

Notify On Arrival: "NOA" - A term commonly used in air cargo shipments appearing on air waybills. This 

requires the airline to contact the designated person immediately upon arrival of the shipment at the 

destination city. This is most often used when rush or highly perishable items are shipped. This allows for 

expedited pick-up of the shipment. 

No Value Declared (NVD): A notation on an air waybill which indicates that no specific value has been 

declared to the carrier for carriage of the merchandise. Liability of the carrier would therefore be as 

defined by statute or as incorporated in the waybill. Also referred to as a released Bill. 

Non-Admitted Insurance: Insurance which is exempt from a country's admitted insurance laws and 

which can be placed outside the domestic market. 

Non-Delivery: "N/D" - The unexplained disappearance of an entire shipping package or container rather 

than the contents themselves or a portion of the contents. 

Non-door-to-door: Refers to a containerized shipment that either is loaded into the container after the 

goods leave the original manufacturing or shipping point or prior to delivery to ultimate destination. The 

terms most often associated with this method of shipping are "Door (House) to Port (Pier)", "Port to Port" 

or "Port to Door ". 

Non door-to-door Containers: This refers to those containers that are consolidated containers that are 

sent usually port-port because they must be stuffed at a container station at the port of loading or 

unstuffed at destination with the individual shipments delivered to the various consignees. This would be 

analogous to LTL (Less than Truck Load) moves in road transportation. 

Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier: "NVOCC", "NVO", - A firm that offers the same services as an 

ocean carrier but which does not own or operate vessels. They usually accept small shipments (LTL), 

consolidate several into full containers and arrange, as primary shipper, transportation by ocean common 

carriers. 


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Noxious Odors: Refers to any number of scents that could damage other commodities within the same 

cargo space. This occurs when the affected cargo is prone to absorbing odors. 

NRT: An abbreviation of "Net Registered Tonnage", the total enclosed space below decks of a vessel 

dedicated to the carriage of cargo. Expressed in tons with one ton being the equivalent of 100 cubic feet. 

Nuclear Exclusion Clause: A paramount warranty in a cargo policy which excludes loss due to nuclear 

reaction, radiation or radioactive contamination even if caused by an insured peril. 

NVD: An abbreviation for "No Value Declared", a notation on an air waybill which indicates that no specific 

value has been declared to the carrier for carriage of the merchandise. Liability of the carrier would 

therefore be as defined by statute or as incorporated in the waybill. Also referred to as a released Bill. 

NVO: An abbreviation for "Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier", a firm that offers the same services as 

an ocean carrier but which does not own or operate vessels. They usually accept small shipments (LTL), 

consolidate several into full containers and arrange, as primary shipper, transportation by ocean common 

carriers. 

NVOCC: An abbreviation for "Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier", a firm that offers the same 

services as an ocean carrier but which does not own or operate vessels. They usually accept small 

shipments (LTL), consolidate several into full containers and arrange, as primary shipper, transportation by 

ocean common carriers. 

O/A: An abbreviation for on or about; on and ofter. 

OBO: An abbreviation for "Ore/Bulk/Oil carrier", a ship designed for carriage of both dry and liquid bulk 

cargoes. 

Ocean Bill of Lading: A bill of lading issued by an ocean carrier. A bill of lading is the most common 

form of affreightment. It can serve three purposes: 






Ocean Cargo Insurance: "Cargo Insurance" - In general, the insurance on goods being shipped in 

international trade by vessel, aircraft or overland conveyance. 

Ocean Carrier: A transportation company that owns and/or operates (directly or via chartering) oceangoing 

cargo vessels. 

Ocean Marine: "Marine Insurance" - A generic term used to denote insurance applicable to marine 

related exposures. The principal divisions of marine insurance are: 

1) Hull insurance which is insurance placed on ships and their equipment; 

2) Ocean cargo insurance, or ocean marine insurance, which is insurance placed on goods shipped in 

international trade; 

3) Protection and Indemnity insurance which insures the liabilities of a ship owner, or charterer, for 

liabilities arising out of the operation of their vessels; and 

4) Marine liability insurance which insures the liabilities of persons involved in marine related services 

such as stevedoring and warehousing. 

In some countries, domestic transportation insurance and Yacht insurance are also grouped under the 

general definition of marine insurance. 


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Ocean Marine Liability: "Marine Liability" - In general a division of Marine Insurance involving the 

insurance of the liabilities of persons involved in marine related services such as stevedoring and 

warehousing. 

Ocean Waybill: A non-negotiable bill of lading issued by an ocean carrier. 

O/D: An abbreviation for "On Deck", a phrase meaning that cargo is or will be stowed on the weather 

deck of a vessel. 

OEM: An abbreviation for "Original Equipment Manufacturer", the company that builds, fabricates or 

constructs the equipment. More commonly, refers to the product produced; i.e. OEM as opposed to a 

'clone product'. 

Off-Odor: The condition caused by contact with a foreign substance, a malodorous cargo or as the result 

of moisture, mold or mildew. This is particularly troublesome to organic goods as they are more likely to 

absorb odors and retain them. Some odors will diminish over time if exposed to air or cleaning while others 

will not. 

Offshore: This is a term used to describe any manufacturing operation (owned or contracted) that takes 

place outside the base location of the manufacturer. These facilities perform outsourced functions, 

principally assembly of electronics, apparel and similar consumer goods. 

On Board Bill of Lading: A bill of lading which, by its terms, confirms receipt of merchandise by the 

carrier and states that it has been loaded on board the ocean vessel. 

On Deck: "O/D" - a phrase meaning that cargo is or will be stowed on the weather deck of a vessel. 

On Deck Bill of Lading: A bill of lading which, by its terms, confirms receipt of the merchandise and 

clearly states on its face that the cargo has been stowed on deck and is at the shipper's risk. 

OP or O/P: An abbreviation for "Open Policy", an insurance contract tailored to the needs of an individual 

assured which automatically insures all covered shipments for which insurance is required by the terms of 

sale. The contract remains in force until cancelled by either the assured or the insurance company. 

Open Account: A method of payment (similar to a charge account) whereby the buyer agrees to make 

periodic payments to the seller. Usually used between related companies or with customers of long 

standing where credit worthiness is not in question. 

Open Crates: Also called "skeletal". This refers to crates that are formed of frame members only, without 

exterior sheathing attached. These are used for cargo that are not readily damaged by the elements and 

thus require limited protection. The crate design actually facilitates handling than serving any other 

function. 

Open Ocean Cargo Policy: "Open Policy" - An insurance contract tailored to the needs of an individual 

assured which automatically insures all covered shipments for which insurance is required by the terms of 

sale. The contract remains in force until cancelled by either the assured or the insurance company. 

Open Policy: Insurance contract tailored to the needs of an individual assured which automatically 

insures all covered shipments for which insurance is required by the terms of sale. The contract remains in 

force until cancelled by either the assured or the insurance company. 

Open Sided Container: Designed primarily for carrying agricultural products which require a high level of 

ventilation but do not require refrigeration. It allows access to the full length of the container at one time to 

facilitate loading and discharge. During transport, the open side is covered by a tarpaulin. Some are fitted 

with removable grills also. 


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Open Top Container: An otherwise standard container but without a roof. Usually used for cargoes that 

cannot be easily loaded through the end doors. Once cargo is stowed in the container a tarpaulin is used to 

cover the open top. Machinery and scrap are two cargoes usually carried in open top containers. Cargoes 

that are too high for standard height containers are often shipped in open top containers often without 

adequate thought being given to special handling, stowage or transport consideration leading to damaged 

contents. 

Optional Stowage: A phrase meaning that cargo may be carried under deck or on deck at the carrier's 

option. Usually used in reference to shipments in containers. 

Optional Stowage Bill of Lading: A bill of lading which, by its terms, gives a carrier the right to stow 

cargo under deck or on deck as he sees fit. Regardless of the actual place of stowage, the carrier's 

responsibilities and liabilities are usually the same as if an under deck bill of lading was issued. Used 

primarily on shipments in containers. 

Order Bill of Lading: A bill of lading which indicates delivery to the order of a named consignee. It is a 

negotiable document and interest is transferred from one party to another by endorsement in the same 

manner as a Special Policy or Certificate of Insurance. 

Ordinary Course of Transit: "In Transit" - The orderly transit of merchandise from the point of origin to 

the final destination without interruptions or delays resulting from the action or inaction of any party at 

interest. 

Ore Carrier: A ship designed for the carriage of ores. Due to the high density of these cargoes, ship's 

holds are small and shallow and have large double bottom spaces. 

Ore/Bulk/Oil Carrier: "OBO" - A ship designed for the carriage of both dry and liquid bulk cargoes. 

Original Equipment Manufacturer: Simply stated, the company that builds, fabricates or constructs the 

equipment. More commonly, refers to the product produced; i.e. OEM as opposed to a 'clone product'. 

OS&D: An abbreviation for overages, shortages and damage referring to a general grouping of a carrier's 

losses sustained to cargo carried. Most usual to U.S. truck and rail transportation providers. 

Out-size: "Oversize' - Refers to cargo that is beyond the normal length, width or height restrictions of a 

transport conveyance. This cargo usually requires variations on shipping methods (flat, open top or 

platform containers, for example) and special permits for surface transport. 

Over-carriage: A term used to denote cargo that has been carried beyond its intended port of discharge. 

Over Carried: "Over Carriage" - A term used to denote cargo that has been transported beyond its 

intended port of discharge. 

Overpack: An outer wrapping or packaging usually made of steel, wood, fiber or fiberboard designed to 

enclose and protect one or more less durable inner packages. 

Overseas Container: A "Freight Container" built specifically for international transit which can be any of a 

wide variety of ocean and air cargo unit load devices designed to allow multiple items to be shipped 

together and travel on and between modes of transportation without the need to de-stow and re-stow the 

cargo. The standard sizes are 20 and 40-foot long by 8 feet wide by 8.5 feet high and the basic model is 

the general purpose, fully enclosed, end loading container. However, there are several other lengths 

available and purpose-built units for specialized commodities, such as perishables and heavy, oversize 

pieces. 


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Overseas Vessel: A term used to denote the vessel which makes the ocean or sea passage portion of an 

international shipment. The vessel used for the main carriage portion of an international shipment. The 

principal conveyance. 

Oversize: Refers to cargo that is beyond the normal length, width or height restrictions of a transport 

conveyance. This cargo usually requires variations on shipping methods (flat, open top or platform 

containers, for example) and special permits for surface transport. 

Overstowage: This is a term used to describe the practice of placing cargo atop other in cargo spaces. 

The issue of superimposed loads is that they must not present any hazard to the lower stowed items. 

Overstuffing: Refers to loading cargo within an intermodal container so as to fill out the available cubic 

capacity without due regard to weight limitations. 

Overweight: Refers to cargo that is beyond the normal weight restrictions of a standard transport 

conveyance. This cargo usually requires special permits for surface travel. 

Overwrapped: This refers to the process where a cargo is packed in a primary wrap such as paper and 

then wrapped in a secondary material such as plastic. 

Oxidation: A cosmetic or surface condition of metal when bare, uncoated surfaces are exposed to the 

elements. Typically, a thin, sporadic layering of rust appears. 

PA or P/A: An abbreviation for "Particular Average", a term used in marine insurance meaning a partial 

loss which is borne only by the party whose merchandise was damaged. 

P&I: An abbreviation for "Protection and Indemnity Insurance", a division of Marine Insurance involved 

with insurance of the liabilities of a shipowner, manager or charterer arising out of their operation of their 

vessels. 

Packaging: "Packing" - Devices designed for cargo to be securely placed into which will provide 

protection from the elements and handling during transit and will facilitate handling during transit. 

Packaging Materials: Refers to those materials that are designed to protect items from loss and 

damage during handling and transportation. Packaging materials are used in fabrication and make-up of 

both interior (internal) and exterior (external) packing. 

Packer: Refers to an individual or entity that prepares shipment for transportation. See also "Export 

Packer" 

Packing: "Packaging" - Devices designed for cargo to be securely placed into which will provide 

protection from the elements and handling during transit and will facilitate handling during transit. 

Packing Department: Refers to a department within an organization specifically charged with shipment 

preparation functions. 

Packing List: Usually issued in conjunction with a Supplier's Invoice detailing the types of merchandise, 

size, quantity and cost per shipping unit. 

Packing Surveys: Technical risk assessments designed to provide underwriters with an idea of the 

adequacy of the shipment preparation to withstand the expected rigors of transport. These surveys should 

cover interior as well as exterior packaging along with shipping marks. 

Pallet: Essentially a platform upon which individual items of cargo can be placed, consolidated and 

unitized thus facilitating handling. The standard pallet type is made of wood and measures 40x48 inches, 

although there are variations in both materials used and design. 


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Pallet Carrier: A ship designed for the carriage of cargo shipped on pallets. Equipped with side loading 

doors instead of hatches and with elevators to lift cargo to different deck levels. Originally designed for 

carrying paper products, they can carry any cargo shipped on pallets. 

Panamax: Usually denotes the largest bulk carrier (60,000 DWT to 70,000 DWT) which can transit the 

Panama Canal. 

Paperboard: Materials made from cellulose fibers, most commonly wood pulp or paper stock. 

Paper Shortage: A difference between quantity loaded and outturned where actual measurements were 

not taken, or where differing weighting/counting devices or methods are used although all quantities 

onboard have been discharged with proper allowances. Usual to bulk cargoes, board feet measurements 

of lumber and metric weight of bagged cargoes. 

Paramount Warranties: Exception warranties in a policy which will not be overridden by any other clause 

in the policy, or by amendments to the policy, unless the clause or amendment specifically assumes the 

perils or types of losses excluded by the exception warranty. Paramount warranties usually contained in a 

cargo policy are: FC&S (Free of Capture and Seizure), SR&CC (Strikes, Riots and Civil Commotions), 

Delay Clause and Nuclear Exclusion Clause. 

Parcel Carrier: A ship designed to carry a variety of liquid cargoes at the same time. Tanks are 

constructed of, or coated with, stainless steel and usually have dedicated pipelines to prevent cross 

contamination of cargoes. 

Particular Average: "PA", "P/A" - A marine term meaning a partial loss which is borne only by the party 

whose merchandise was damaged. 

Payload: The total weight of the cargo actually loaded into an intermodal or airfreight container; or the 

permissible maximum allowable weight of cargo that can be safely loaded into a container. The 

permissible payload is normally marked on the doors of a container; if not, it can be determined by 

subtracting the tare weight from the marked and tested maximum gross weight rating of the container. 

Peril: In general terms, a cause of loss. Also erroneously used to denote dangers or hazards to which the 

subject matter is exposed. 

Perils Clause: The basic Average Clause appearing in most ocean cargo policies. It enumerates the 

specific perils against which loss is insured. In practice, this clause is usually modified by insertion into the 

policy of insuring terms specific to the risk. 

Perils of the Sea: A basic coverage included in the perils clause of an Ocean Cargo Policy. Perils of the 

sea refer to the actions or forces of nature at sea such as heavy weather and also include stranding, 

sinking or collision of the vessel jettison, fire, assailing thieves and barratry. 

Peripheral Products: Refers to a wide array of electronic components that are used in conjunction with 

anything from laptop and personal computers to large mainframe systems. 

Peripherals: Refers to any "Peripheral Products" which consist of a wide array of electronic components 

that are used in conjunction with anything from laptop and personal computers to large mainframe 

systems. 

Perishable: Refers to any commodity that can degrade through either natural or external forces over a 

relatively short period of time. Chief among these are fruit and vegetables but can also encompass 

chemicals, pharmaceuticals, photographic film and kindred goods. 


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Pickling: The process by which surface rust or mill scale on steel products can be removed. There are 

two (2) main pickling processes either using sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. 

Pictorials: Refers to symbols used to denote shipping and handling instructions. These are valuable 

ways to transit critical information to cargo handlers and transport personnel regardless of their native 

language. See also "Cautionary Marks". 

Piece Goods: Refers to textile and other raw materials and partial assembled clothing that are used in the 

manufacture of garments. 

Pier To Pier: "CFS/CFS" - A term used to denote breakbulk goods that have been stuffed into containers 

at a carrier's freight station at, or near, the port of loading and which will be de-stufffed from the container 

at the carrier's freight station at, or near, the port of discharge. 

Piggyback: The practice of carrying truck trailers or containers on rail cars. 

PIL or PILF: An abbreviation for "pilferage", the disappearance of the contents, or a portion of the 

contents, of a package, or other shipping unit such as a pallet or container, when external signs of 

tampering are present. 

Pilferage: "PIL", "PILF" - the disappearance of the contents, or a portion of the contents, of a package, or 

other shipping unit such as a pallet or container, when external signs of tampering are present. 

Pitting: Refers to a condition of steel and other metal cargo that can be characterized as very serious rust 

corrosion that has resulted in small surface hollows. 

Plastic Strapping: "Banded" - The process of securing or unitizing items through the application of 

plastic straps. While items can be banded to each other, typically, bands are used to secure multiple items 

to a skid or pallet. 

Plastic Wrap: Similar to shrinkwrap except it is not heated and shrunk to fit the contours of the 

packages. It is an inexpensive but poor substitute for strapping. 

Platform Container: Refers to the intermodal unit load devices that are essentially a 20- foot or 40- foot 

long base with no sides, ends or top. These are designed for the transport of heavy and oversize loads as 

they have a strong bottom construction and several sturdy lashing devices along the longitudinal rails. 

Plimsoll Line: The summer load line, or the horizontal line of the load line mark, developed by Lord 

Plimsoll, an English navigator. 

Ply: A packaging term that refers to any of the several layers of solid fiberboard carton stock or layers of 

paper for paper shipping bags/sacks. 

PML: "Probable Maximum Loss" - Meaning the estimated maximum loss amount that will be sustained if 

a loss occurs. Usually related to catastrophe or 'shock' type losses. 

PML Funding: A portion of all rates/premiums set aside to fund for major catastrophe losses. 

Point-of-Purchase: "POP" - This refers to the place where the retail sale takes place. Many items are 

packaged so that they can be removed from their shipping container and be immediately ready for display. 

Policy: May mean "Open Policy" or "Special Cargo Policy". 

An "Open Policy" is an insurance contract tailored to the needs of an individual assured which 

automatically insures all covered shipments for which insurance is required by the terms of sale. The 

contract remains in force until cancelled by either the assured or the insurance company. 


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A "Special Cargo Policy" is an individual insurance policy issued by an assured for a single shipment to 

evidence insurance to a third party. The assured may assign his rights under this negotiable document to 

a third party, usually the consignee, by endorsing the reverse of the certificate in the same manner as a 

personal check. (See Endorsement in Blank.) A Special Cargo Policy is an insurance in and of itself and 

not subject to the underlying terms of an Open Policy when title has been transferred to a third party. 

Policy Limit: "Limit of Liability" - A clause in a cargo policy which indicates the maximum amount the 

assurer will be liable for on any one covered loss. Usually stated as a conveyance limit or in any one 

place at any one time. Also referred to as the policy limit. A Limit of Liability clause may contain sub-limits 

for certain types of shipment. 

Policy of Insurance: May mean "Open Policy" or "Special Cargo Policy". 

An "Open Policy" is an insurance contract tailored to the needs of an individual assured which 

automatically insures all covered shipments for which insurance is required by the terms of sale. The 

contract remains in force until cancelled by either the assured or the insurance company. 

A "Special Cargo Policy" is an individual insurance policy issued by an assured for a single shipment to 

evidence insurance to a third party. The assured may assign his rights under this negotiable document to 

a third party, usually the consignee, by endorsing the reverse of the certificate in the same manner as a 

personal check. (See Endorsement in Blank.) A Special Cargo Policy is an insurance in and of itself and 


Political Risk Insurance: Insurance a seller may purchaseto protect foreign assets from loss due to 

certain governmental, or political, acts such as confiscation, expropriation, nationalization, civil war and 

insurrection. 

Poly Bags: An acronym for "Polyethylene Bags" - which are plastic bags often used to wrap the contents 

of shipping packages. These are helpful in protecting goods from dust and other airborne contaminants 

but have limited success against ingress of water/moisture. 

Poly Lined: This refers to shipping containers, such as boxes, crates and cases, or conveyances such as 

intermodal container or trailer, that are lined with a polyethylene sheeting in order to prevent any moisture 

entering from the outside (rain or seawater) to contact the contents. 

Polyethylene Bags: "Poly Bags" - Refers to plastic bags that are often used to wrap the contents of 

shipping packages. These are helpful in protecting goods from dust and other airborne contaminants but 

have limited success against ingress or water/moisture. 

Polyethylene Foam: Refers to foam type that can be used as both a cushioning agent or for 

blocking/bracing an item in place. This foam comes in numerous shapes (solid planks, sheets and various 

cuts or molds) and densities. Generally polyethylene foam can be described as having a low compression 

set and is non-corrosive, non-abrasive and virtually dust-free. 

POP: An abbreviation for "Point of Purchase", referring to the place where the retail sale takes place. 

Many items are packaged so that they can be removed from their shipping container and be immediately 

ready for display. 

Port: A nautical direction referring to anything to the left of the centerline of a vessel while facing forward. 

Port of Discharge: The port named in the bill of lading as being the port at which cargo is to be unloaded 

for delivery to the consignee. 


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Port of Distress: "Port of Refuge" - A port, other than the port of discharge, at which a carrier terminates 

the voyage due to an accident to the vessel, frustration of the voyage or other liberties granted to him in 

the bill of lading. 

Port of Loading: "Port of Shipment" - The port named in the bill of lading identifying the place at which 

cargo was loaded, or received for loading, on board the vessel. 

Port of Refuge: "Port of Distress" - A port, other than the port of discharge, at which a carrier terminates 

the voyage due to an accident to the vessel, frustration of the voyage or other liberties granted to him in 

the bill of lading. 

Port of Shipment: "Port of Loading" - The port named in the bill of lading identifying the place at which 

cargo was loaded, or received for loading, on board the vessel. 

Port State: A term used to denote countries that have established shipping regulations or which have 

adopted International Conventions with which vessels using their ports must comply. 

Port State Control: A systematic inspection process whereby port states monitor vessels using their 

ports for compliance with that countries shipping regulations and certain international conventions it has 

ratified. 

Power Pack: "Gen Set" - A portable self-contained generator built into a 20 foot container and used for 

supplying electrical power to refrigerated containers on or off a ship. Its design allows it to be easily 

transported on containerships. 

Precautionary Marks: A form of "Cautionary Markings" that are designed to provide cargo handlers with 

information concerning the susceptibility to damage of the contents as well as instructing them on the 

optimal way to handle the package. Some customary cautionary markings include " Fragile, Handle with 

Care", "Use No Hooks", "Keep Dry", "Lift Here", "Do Not Stack", "Top Heavy" and "Center of Gravity". 

Pre-existing conditions: A term used to describe those conditions present to cargo prior to shipment. 

This usually comes into play when used machinery or equipment is being transported. The concern is to 

properly identify these conditions prior to transportation so that any alleged transit damage can be 

separated from those defects that were pre-existing. 

Pre-packaging: Refers to those activities that occur prior to the actual packing of the cargo for shipment. 

The key components of this process are cleaning, drying and applying preservatives. 

Prepaid Freight: "Freight" - Charges which are paid to the carrier by the shipper in advance of shipment 

and which is considered earned by the carrier even if they do not deliver the cargo at the agreed place of 

destination or deliver the cargo in a damaged condition. Prepaid, or advanced, freight is not refundable by 

the carrier even if they do not deliver the goods except through subrogation proceedings. 

Preservatives: Refers to materials that are applied to, or come into contact with items to protect them 

from deterioration resulting from exposure to environmental conditions during shipment and storage. 

There are both contact preservatives (protecting by acting as a barrier against moisture, air and other 

agents of corrosion) and volatile corrosion inhibitors ( these release vapors that provide an invisible 

protective film on the items). 

Pre-shipment Inspections: Inspection of goods prior to export from the country of origin by an 

independent inspection company required by the buyer to verify that the quantity, quality and pricing are 

within contract specifications. Some government authorities may also require pre-shipment inspections to 

ensure compliance with customs and foreign exchange regulations. The buyer or government authority 

nominates the inspection company which issues a Certificate of Inspection detailing their findings. The 

leading pre-shipment inspection company is SGS, headquartered in Switzerland but with offices 

throughout the world. 


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Pre-shipment Testing: Tests performed on a shipping package and its contents to evaluate the 

adequacy of the package to carry the product in undamaged condition through the distribution channels 

under normal handling. 

Pre-slung: The practice of placing cargo in slings prior to delivery for loading. This greatly reduces the 

time required for loading and unloading and minimizes handling damages. Usually used on bagged 

cargoes such as coffee and cocoa. 

Pre-sold: In marine insurance, this term refers to goods that have been sold by the importer prior to the 

time, or at the time, that the goods are shipped from the overseas place of origin. 

Pressure-sensitive Adhesive: A permanently tacky adhesive which requires only lightly applied 

pressure at room temperature for adherence to a surface. 

Principal Conveyance: The conveyance used to transport goods during the international portion of a 

voyage. 

Priority Air Freight: A term used for air freight or air express service where shipments have a priority 

status. This can be flight specific shipments where a shipper designates carriage of their goods on a 

specific scheduled flight, or within a specified time frame. This is used for rush and/or time-sensitive 

shipments. 

Probable Maximum Loss: The estimated maximum loss amount that will be sustained if a loss occurs. 

Usually related to catastrophe or 'shock' type losses. 

Processing Coverage: Usual to the apparel industry. A special form of insurance added to a policy to 

cover goods while on the premises of processors and during the course of processing. It does not cover 

errors or defects in processing itself nor damage done to the goods while undergoing processing, but 

merely physical damage to the goods from insure perils while on premises. 

Pro Forma: In general, a provisional contract of any kind. A Proforma Invoice. A trucker's waybill or bill of 

lading. 

Pro Forma Invoice: In general, a sample invoice advising a buyer of the details of the goods including 

description as to sizes, styles, weights and quantity; the point of delivery and/or trade terms; and the price 

up to that point of delivery. A Pro Forma Invoice is viewed as a contractual offer to sell and usually forms 

the basis of the Commercial Invoice if the offer is accepted. Importers may require a Pro Forma Invoice in 

order to obtain financing, foreign exchange permit or import licenses. 

Promissory Warranty: In marine insurance, a term which denotes a warranty in a policy which obligates 

certain actions to be taken, or not to be taken, in order for insurance coverage to apply. 

Protection and Indemnity: "P&I" - A division of Marine Insurance involved with insurance of the liabilities 

of a shipowner, manager or charterer arising out of their operation of their vessels. 

Protective Packaging: The functional aspect of packaging in contrast to the merchandising aspect. 

Protective packaging safeguards the contents from deterioration, damage or loss. 

Puncture Test: A test for the puncture resistance and score line strength of boxes. The amount of 

penetration or resistance of the sample is indicated on a scale. 

Purpose Built Containers: The intermodal containers that have been designed for specific trades. 

There are numerous examples such as those for refrigerated, liquid bulk, dry bulk, livestock and 

automobile shipments. 


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Purpose Built Vessels: The ocean-going vessels that have been designed for a particular trade in mind. 

Ro-Ro vessels for wheeled cargo, "reefer" vessels for perishable goods like fruit, vegetables and meat, 

and heavy lift for oversized and project cargo are just a few. 

Quay: In general, a place where ships dock for loading and unloading cargo. A wharf. 

Quick Lock Lid: The locking ring of metal or fiber drums that is fastened and released with integral 

levers. 

Quota: Limitations imposed by a government agency on the quantity and origin of goods which can be 

imported. Quota levels are usually controlled by issuing import licenses to individual importers. Violations 

can result in delayed entry of goods, fines, penalties additional duties, import prohibition and, in rare 

cases, destruction of the goods by authorities. 

Racking: "Torsional Wracking", "Wracking" - Refers to a type of physical damage that can occur to 

machinery, most notably tall racks containing electronic or electrical components. Generally the items shifts 

or drops on an angle so that the base is twisted in some manner, affecting the entire item. 

Rack Supports: Refers to the structural members of temporary, knock-down frame and rack systems 

used in some GOH containers. Due to wear and tear of these systems, improper securing of structural 

members during assembly and excessive weight of goods, these supports are subject to 'racking' and 

collapse during transit. 

Radiant Heat: The heat or energy that is given off by an object or material. 

Rag Top: "Open Top Container" - This is another term for what is more commonly known as an Open 

Top Container, fitted with protective but removable tarpaulin, hence the term "rag" or "soft" top. This 

intermodal unit is well suited for the carriage of heavy, overheight cargo that cannot be easily loaded and 

unloaded through end doors. 

Re-calibration: Refers to the re-adjustment required to some precision machinery, equipment and 

instruments, if there are any indications that it may have been exposed to some movement during 

handling or transit. 

Received for Shipment Bill of Lading: A bill of lading issued by the carrier evidencing actual receipt of 

merchandise for shipment. Also referred to as a "Dock Receipt". 

Receiver: The importer. The consignee. May be the buyer of the goods or a third party. 

Recommendations: Refers to verbal and/or written formal suggestions submitted by marine surveyor or 

other marine/transportation professional designed to prevent or minimize loss or damage to cargo in any 

stage of transportation. Recommendations upon which coverage is dependent should be written into the 

insurance policy in the form of warranties. 

Reconditioned: Refers to any goods that have undergone some process to return them to their almost 

"as new" condition. 

Reconditioners: Specialized individuals or entities that provide reconditioning services, restoring 

merchandise that has been damaged or simply used in operation, for re-sale. See also "Reconditioned". 

Reconditioning: A term used to describe the actual process of restoring goods to like new condition. 

Recoopering: Repairing damaged wooden containers for their continued use for completion of transit. 


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Recovery: The actual act of pursuing damages from responsible parties under rights of subrogation. Also, 

the monies actually collected through subrogation proceedings. 

Red Heat: A reddish stain appearing on wet salted hides due to heating; or on dry salted hides due to 

wetting or dampness. 

Reefer: "Refrigerated Container" - An intermodal unit fitted with its own refrigeration equipment, powered 

by direct electrical connection or by diesel or gasoline powered generator sets. These units are primarily 

used for food products but can also serve a host of perishable commodities such as pharmaceuticals and 

others requiring a temperature and humidity controlled environment. Also, a ship designed for the carriage 

of commodities requiring refrigeration. 

Refrigerated Container: "Reefer" - an intermodal unit fitted with its own refrigeration equipment, 

powered by direct electrical connection or by diesel or gasoline powered generator sets. These units are 

primarily used for food products but can also serve a host of perishable commodities such as 

pharmaceuticals and others requiring a temperature and humidity controlled environment 

Reinsurance: A mechanism used by insurance companies to insure their liabilities under insurance 

policies. Usually done to reduce exposure to severe or catastrophic losses. 

Rejection: The refusal of entry to a cargo into a country. This occurs to the category of cargoes that are 

regulated by a governmental body, especially edible products. 

Released Bill: "No Value Declared", "NVD" - a type of affreightment where no specific value has been 

declared for carriage, liability of the carrier being limited to the amount set forth in the contract of 

affreightment, or tariffs to which it refers. This term, released bill, is not usual to ocean cargo insurance. 

Remaining on Board: "ROB" - The quantity of bulk cargo that is unable to be unloaded from a vessel's 

cargo space be it a hold or a tank. In liquid bulk, this is usually represented by cargo that clings to tank 

structural members or coagulates under the heating coils. In dry cargoes it is fines that cannot even be 

swept up and discharged. 

Replacement Cost: In general, the cost to replace lost or damaged property for its full value at the time 

and place of loss. The basis for replacement cost can be "with like kind and quality" or "new for old" which 

should be stipulated in the policy. 

Respiration: The process whereby organisms convert matter into energy. Usual to the conversion of 

starches to sugar, the release of gases such as carbon dioxide and ethylene, moisture loss and the 

generation of heat. All of which hasten the degradation of the product unless controlled or retarded by some 

means. The rate at which respiration occurs is dependent on product soundness, temperature, humidity 

and air flow. 

Restrictive Insurance: Legislation or insurance regulations enacted by certain countries that require 

marine insurance to be placed in local insurance markets, or which restrict the purchase or sale of goods 

to trade terms which inhibit the placement of marine insurance. A summary of these countries is contained 

on AIMU's website (http://www.aimu.org). 

Retail Cartons: A package generally made from a bending grade of boxboard and used for 

merchandising consumer quantities of product. 

Retting: This refers to the process of separating fibers from stalks through immersion in water. 

Rider: "Addendum", "Endorsement" - In general, an attachment to an insurance policy that adds, deletes 

or changes the terms of the basic policy form. 

Rigging: Refers to equipment used to lift cargo. Usually heavy, outsize items are involved. 


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Risk: Uncertainty of loss, fortuity. Also used to denote the subject matter of the insurance; e.g. house, 

auto, cargo. 

ROB: An abbreviation for "Remaining on Board", the quantity of bulk cargo that is unable to be unloaded 

from a vessel's cargo space be it a hold or a tank. In liquid bulk, this is usually represented by cargo that 

clings to tank structural members or coagulates under the heating coils. In dry cargoes it is fines that 

cannot even be swept up and discharged. 

Rolling Cargo: "Wheeled Cargo" - A term referring to cargo which is on wheels and that can be driven on 

to and off of a vessel. Usually refers to vehicles of all types, including railcars and locomotives. 

Roll-on/Roll-off: "RO/RO" - A vessel designed to carry wheeled cargo. The cargo is driven on and off the 

vessel through a series of ramps at the bow, stern and/or side ports of a vessel. Access to upper and 

lower decks is via permanently affixed, or hydraulically, operated ramps. 

RO/RO: An abbreviation for "Roll-on/Roll-off", a vessel designed to carry wheeled cargo. The cargo is 

driven on and off the vessel through a series of ramps at the bow, stern and/or side ports of a vessel. 

Access to upper and lower decks is via permanently affixed, or hydraulically, operated ramps. 

Rust Inhibitors: Those substances that are used to coat exposed metal surfaces and are able to prevent 

the formation of rust on them. These inhibitors can come in paints or sprays or they can also be 

introduced into films and foams. 

Rusting: The process usually associated with a red deposit on iron and steel products and might best be 

described as corrosion resulting from the chemical reaction of the metal surfaces, given certain 

conditions. In virtually all instances, there must be some form of moisture, oxygen and another 

contaminant, like carbon dioxide, present in order for rusting to take place. The other possibility is the 

presence of certain corrosive chemicals used in cargo wrapping or adjacent cargo. 

Ryan Recorder: A proprietary name for a type of "temperature recorder" which is a device, usually 

placed inside a refrigerated container, that is used to monitor the temperature inside the container over a 

period of time. 

Safety Management Certificate: "SMC" - A Certificate issued to individual vessels by an appointed 

authority certifying that the vessel is equipped, manned and maintained in compliance with both the ISM 

Code and the vessel owner's Safety Management System. 

Essentially, the ISM Code (International Safety Management Code) is a set of rules developed by IMO (the 

International maritime Organization) with the purpose of establishing international standards for the safe 

management and operation of ships, and for pollution prevention. Incorporated into SOLAS, ISM requires 

mandatory compliance by vessel owners and operators of vessels registered in countries (flag states) 

which have ratified that convention. ISM charges flag states with the responsibility of ascertaining and 

certification of, ISM compliance. Most flag states have delegated the certification process to IACS's 

members or other third parties as permitted by ISM. 

The ISM Code calls for every vessel owner or operator to establish a Safety Management System (SMS) 










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Safety Management System: "SMS" - The methodology adopted by a vessel owner or operator to 

ensure compliance with the general principles and objectives set out in the ISM Code. 

Essentially, the ISM Code (International Safety Management Code) is a set of rules developed by IMO 

with the purpose of establishing international standards for the safe management and operation of ships, 

and for pollution prevention. Incorporated into SOLAS, ISM requires mandatory compliance by vessel 

owners and operators of vessels registered in countries (flag states) which have ratified that convention. 

ISM charges flag states with the responsibility of ascertaining and certification of, ISM compliance. Most 

flag states have delegated the certification process to IACS's members or other third parties as permitted 

by ISM. 










Sagging: A term used to denote a condition of a ship where the bottom center extends below the two 

ends. Caused by uneven distribution of the weight of the cargo and wave action at sea. Leads to early 

fatigue of the vessel's hull and framing. 

Said To Contain: "STC" - A phrase used by carriers to denote that they have accepted containers for 

transport without viewing the actual contents or quantity of cargo said to be inside. 

Salvage: Can refer to the act of recovering lost or threatened cargo, or to minimizing the extent of loss by 

re-coopering and/or selling the goods on a secondary market, but usually refers to the amount of money 

realized from the sale of damaged goods. 

Salvage Charges: Expenses incurred by the vessel and/or cargo owners to save them both from a 

threatening peril. 

Salvage Loss: When merchandise has been damaged and an amount of depreciation cannot be agreed 

upon by the claimant and company, the company or their appointed surveyor will solicit bids from persons 

interested in buying the damaged merchandise ("Salvage Sale"). The extent of loss will be the difference 

between the amount realized from the salvage sale and the insured value of the damaged merchandise 

plus costs of arranging the sale. 

Salvage Loss Adjustment: In general, a form of loss adjustment which is used when damaged cargo 

must be sold at a place other than the final place of destination. A sale of damaged goods at auction. 

Salvage Market: Term used to describe the wide and highly diverse secondary market for damaged 

merchandise. 

Salvage Sale: Public sale of damaged merchandise. 

Usually when merchandise has been damaged and an amount of depreciation cannot be agreed upon by 

the claimant and company, the company or their appointed surveyor will solicit bids from persons 

interested in buying the damaged merchandise ("Salvage Sale"). The extent of loss will be the difference 

between the amount realized from the salvage sale and the insured value of the damaged merchandise 

plus costs of arranging the sale. 


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Salvors: Refers to the individuals or entities that sell "damaged" cargo to outside buyers. They also 

provide other added value services such as reconditioning (see "Reconditioners"), sorting and cleaning. 

The term "Salvors" can aslo refer to the entity engaged in the act of recovering or saving lost or threatened 

cargo. 

Scale: Technically, this is a flaky oxide film which forms on metals when they are heated or rusted. 

Millscale, a residue from the processing of metals will easily rust and its presence will be indistinguishable 

from transit related surface rusting. 

SCM: An abbreviation for "Supply Chain Management", a term which usually refers to the outsourcing of 

services such as warehousing, distribution and transportation. 

Scratching: A usually thin and shallow cut into the surface of an object caused by contact with a sharp 

object. 

S/D: An abbreviation for sailing date, or "Sight Draft". A Sight Draft is a draft issued by the seller, usually 

through the seller's bank, to the buyer's bank. Sets forth the purchase price for the merchandise shipped. 

Upon payment of this amount to the buyer's bank by the buyer at presentation, the bank will release the 

documents needed to take delivery of the merchandise from the carrier. May be a separate method of 

payment, or used in conjunction with other forms, especially Letters of Credit. 

Seal: A metal, steel, aluminum or plastic device affixed to the locking mechanism of the door to a truck, 

railcar, airline igloo or container. 

Seal Number: A number embedded into, or embossed onto a seal that may, or may not be coded to 

indentify the seal manufacturer or user. 

Seasoned: Rrefers to wood that is suitably aged and dried with an acceptable level of moisture. 

Seawater: Water from the ocean or sea. Also known as salt water and can be the cause of cargo 

damage due to rusting and pitting and other contamination caused by wetting/water contact. 

Sea Waybill: A term used to denote a non-negotiable ocean bill of lading. Usually issued on short sea 

voyages. 

Seaworthiness: An implied warranty that vessels are in a sound condition and properly manned and 

equipped for the intended voyage. Usually waived in whole or in part in cargo policies. 

Secondary Coverage: Any form of insurance provided to an assured who is not responsible for loss or 

damage during main carriage but still has an unprotected financial interest. This may be a primary 

coverage such as FOB/FAS, or contingent coverage such as Export Contingency coverages. 

Seconds: Or "Irregulars" - refers to merchandise that are not first quality. 

SED: An abbreviation for "Shipper's Export Declaration", a term used to denote the "Export Declaration" 

required by the U.S. Census Bureau and filed by the exporter with U.S. Customs. Commonly abbreviated 

as SED. 

Self-trimming: The ability of some dry bulk cargo to level itself off during loading. 

Self-trimming Vessel: A bulk vessel with holds configured in such a way that bulk cargoes will level itself 

when loaded into them. 

Self-unloader: A bulk carrier equipped with mechanical means to discharge cargo without using shore 

based equipment. 


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Selling Price: An imprecise term used in cargo insurance to refer to valuation of cargo. It can mean an 

insured's wholesale or retail selling price and can include all charges and expenses to the point of sale 

whether or not incurred at the time of loss. When used as the method of valuation under a cargo policy, 

the valuation clause should clearly, state what charges and/or expenses will be included. 

Senecence: The natural aging cycle of organisms, especially as it relates to degradation. Usual 

reference to the ripening process of agricultural products. 

Sensitive: Refers to the characteristic of some cargo to damage from shock and/or vibration. Electronics 

and machinery, equipment or instruments that have electronic components are particularly sensitive. 

Settling Agent: A local representative of an insurer who is authorized by them to settle claims on their 

behalf. 

Service Contract: An agreement between a shipper and a carrier which stipulates that the shipper will 

guarantee the carrier a minimum amount of cargo for a specified period of time. Usually results in lower 

freight rates or other preferential treatment. When entering such an agreement, the shipper should be 

certain he does not exonerate carriers from their normal obligations and responsibilities. 

Sheathed Wooden Crates: This is a crate in which the frame members are completely covered with 

sheathing, either wood, plywood or a combination of the two materials. These are used to provide 

protection to items that are susceptible to damage from outside forces, or for items that are too heavy to 

fall within the weight and dimensional limitation of an open crate or a nailed wood case/box. Sheathed 

crates are designed to support the weight of the item being shipped only when their ends and sides are 

fastened in place. 

Shifting: Refers, primarily, to the action of cargo breaking loose of its securing (blocking & bracing) and 

moving about (adrift) void spaces within the stow. Refers also, to the inherent tendency of dry bulk 

cargoes, such as grains and ores, to easily shift about with the movement of the vessel. 

Shifting Boards: Wooden boards placed in the hold of a ship to prevent bulk cargoes, such as grain, 

from shifting from one side of a hold to the other which, if left uncontrolled, could affect the stability of the 

vessel. 

Shipment: In general, the total of all cargo moving under a single bill of lading or waybill. 

Shipper: The exporter. The consignor. May be the seller of the goods or a third party. 

Shippers' Export Declaration: "SED" - A term used to denote the "Export Declaration" required by the 

U.S. Census Bureau and filed by the exporter with U.S. Customs. Commonly abbreviated as SED. 

Shipper's Load, Stow and Count: A phrase used by carriers to denote that they have accepted 

packages for transport without actual knowledge of the contents or of the quantity inside. 

Ship's Sweat: "Condensation" - A term used to denote moisture that forms on a ship's interior surfaces 

when it sails from a warm climate to a cooler one and which, without proper ventilation or dehumidification, 

would condense and drip onto the cargo. 

Shock Damage: A type of cargo damage usually caused by excessive force due to dropping of 

packages, jarring of package contents from contact of the conveyance with another object or conveyance, 

or rapid acceleration or deceleration of the conveyance. 

Shock-indicating Instruments: The devices used to register that a shock-causing event has occurred to 

a shipment. These instruments can range from inexpensive single event ones that are engineered to 


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trigger when a certain G-factor is reached to very expensive, highly sophisticated models that record 

shocks on a virtual continuous basis and can do so on all three axes. 

Shock Losses: I n marine insurance, a term to denote large losses which are unique to specific 

commodities or voyages and which occur with some predictable frequency. 

Shockwatch: A device specifically designed and manufactured to record shock and vibration events that 

cargo experience during handling and/or transportation. These are inexpensive instruments but they are 

one-event indicators (not suitable if the shipment will be handled multiple times and concern is for 

successive untoward events such as drops from height) and are prone to damage or tampering since they 

are applied to the exterior of a shipping package. 

Shore Clause: A clause in a cargo policy which enumerates perils which are insured against while cargo 

is on land or while being transported on land. These may include accidents to the conveyance, fire, 

lightening, hurricanes, earthquake, flood, sprinkler leakage and collapse of docks. Usually shore perils 

are not subject to any FPA Warranty which is included in the cargo policy. 

Shore Perils: The individual perils contained in a Shore Clause, or in a Perils Clause, that are unique to 

storage or transport of cargo on land. 

Shoring: The practice of physically securing cargo against movement within a cargo space or container. 

The materials used to accomplish this. Also called bracing. 

Shortage: A term used to indicate non-receipt of a part of the total quantity shipped. Also refers to the 

disappearance of the contents or a portion of the contents of a shipping package, or container, when there 

are no signs of tampering. 

Shortage from Containers: Refers to a situation where one or a number of items are missing from an 

intermodal container. This can result from theft/pilferage or be the outcome of a short shipment at the 

shipper's premises. 

Short Delivery: "Short Landed" - A term used to describe cargo which was manifested as being on board 

the vessel but which cannot be located at its port of discharge. 

Short Form Bill of Lading: A summary-type Bill of Lading which does not incorporate all obligations and 

responsibilities of both parties. Unless a shipper is familiar with the carrier's tariff, he should request a full 

Bill of Lading. 

Short Landed: "Short Delivery" - A term used to describe cargo that was manifested as being on board 

the vessel but which cannot be located at its port of discharge. 

Short Shipped: "Shortage" - A term used to indicate non-receipt of a part of the total quantity shipped. 

Also refers to the disappearance of the contents or a portion of the contents of a shipping package, or 

container, when there are no signs of tampering. 

Short Ton: 2000 pounds, 907.2 kilograms. 

Shrinkwrap: The practice of wrapping goods with plastic and treating with heat which shrinks the plastic 

to fit the contour of the packages. Often used to secure bagged and boxed goods to pallets but does not 

provide the same protection as securing with strapping. Provides some protection from rain and other 

sources of moisture. Used improperly on goods with a high level of moisture, shrinkwrap can trap moisture 

within the package damaging the goods from the very exposure it is intended to prevent. 


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Shroud: A protective cover of waterproof barrier material used to shed water from top and sides of the 

article allowing free circulation of air. 

Shrouded: Term used to describe cargo that has been protected from the effects of water, water vapor, 

dust, dirt and other harmful matter by applying a plastic covering or other repellant material over the item. 

Shrouds are designed to shed water and the other potentially damaging contaminants from the top and 

sides of the item, but allowing free circulation of air. 

Sight Draft: A draft issued by the seller, usually through the seller's bank, to the buyer's bank. Sets forth 

the purchase price for the merchandise shipped. Upon payment of this amount to the buyer's bank by the 

buyer at presentation, the bank will release the documents needed to take delivery of the merchandise 

from the carrier. May be a separate method of payment, or used in conjunction with other forms, especially 

Letters of Credit. 

Signature Service: A service offered by some airlines designed to provide continuous responsibility for 

the custody of the shipment in transit. This is so named because a legible signature is required from each 

and every person who handles the shipment at every stage of transit from origin to destination. This is 

normally reserved for high value, attractive goods prone to theft and pilferage. 

Silica Gel: Material commonly used in desiccants. (see "Desiccants) These have the capacity to absorb 

ambient moisture several times of its actual size. 

Single Point Mooring Buoy: An off-shore buoy to which large tankers moor and discharge cargo 

through pipelines to shore facilities. They eliminate the need for deep water ports which these large 

vessels require. 

Sinking: The loss of buoyancy of a vessel usually due to the ingress of water, over loading or shifting of 

cargo causing the vessel to be submerged below the surface of the water usually to a depth below the 

vessel's waterline. 

Skeletal Framework: The framework of an "Open Crate". This refers to crates that are formed of frame 

members only, without exterior sheathing attached. These are used for cargo that are not readily damaged 

by the elements and thus require limited protection. The crate design actually facilitates handling than 

serving any other function. 

Skid: A generic term used to describe wood members affixed to the underside of individual, usually 

heavy or oversized, cargo. Usually constructed of larger heavy timbers (6X6 inches or more), skids 

facilitate the handling of these heavier cargoes. Skid is often used interchangeably to denote any type of 

pallet. 

Skimmings Clause: A clause in a cargo policy, usually insuring coffee beans, which allows for the 

adjustment of water damage claims to be made on the basis of removal of damaged beans through 

skimming and sale of the beans skimmed. Water damaged beans float on the surface of water and can 

easily be skimmed off. The cost of skimming will be added to the amount of claim. 

Slackage: The loss of the contents of a package (usually bagged cargo) through natural openings in the 

packaging material or stitching used to close bags. 

Sling: A rope, wire or chain used to lift cargo on and off a vessel. Usually used on bags and bales but can 

be used on any cargo singly or in tandem. 

Slip: A term used in British insurance markets to denote an application especially when more than on 

insurer shares the risk. 

Slip Sheet: A flat sheet of material with tabs on one or more sides that is used as a base upon which 

goods can be assembled, stored or transported. This is best viewed as a less costly alternative to pallets. 


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Slot Sharing: "Space Sharing" - The arrangement whereby two or more shipping companies have 

contractual ownership of a portion of the cargo space in each other's vessels. 

SMC: An abbreviation for "Safety Management Certificate", a Certificate issued to individual vessels by 

an appointed authority certifying that the vessel is equipped, manned and maintained in compliance with 

both the ISM Code and the vessel owner's Safety Management System. 


(the International maritime Organization) with the purpose of establishing international standards for the 

safe management and operation of ships, and for pollution prevention. Incorporated into SOLAS, ISM 

requires mandatory compliance by vessel owners and operators of vessels registered in countries (flag 

states) which have ratified that convention. ISM charges flag states with the responsibility of ascertaining 

and certification of, ISM compliance. Most flag states have delegated the certification process to IACS's 

members or other third parties as permitted by ISM. 










SMS: An abbreviation for "Safety Management System", the methodology adopted by a vessel owner or 

operator to ensure compliance with the general principles and objectives set out in the ISM Code. 


with the purpose of establishing international standards for the safe management and operation of ships, 

and for pollution prevention. Incorporated into SOLAS, ISM requires mandatory compliance by vessel 

owners and operators of vessels registered in countries (flag states) which have ratified that convention. 

ISM charges flag states with the responsibility of ascertaining and certification of, ISM compliance. Most 

flag states have delegated the certification process to IACS's members or other third parties as permitted 

by ISM. 










Soft Goods: This is another term used to describe cargoes such as apparel and other cloth or fabric 

goods. 

Sounding Pipes: The metal tubes that run from the deck into a vessel cargo or bunker tank enabling the 

measurement of the liquid level in the cargo compartment. 

South American Clause: A clause in some cargo policies which extends coverage during intentional 

delays in transit on insured shipments to South America; and also restricts coverage during unintentional 

delays which would usually be covered without time limit under Marine Extension Clauses. Once goods 


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arrive in South America, coverage ceases 60 days after arrival or when delivered to the intended 

destination, whichever occurs first. 

Space Charter: A contract between a vessel owner and another party whereby a portion of the vessel's 

cargo space is chartered for a specific voyage, or specified period of time. 

Space Sharing: "Slot Sharing" - The arrangement whereby two or more shipping companies have 

contractual ownership of a portion of the cargo space in each other's vessels. 

Special Cargo Policy: Similar to a Certificate of Insurance, except it is an insurance in and of itself and 


Special Risk: Individual shipment on which an insurance company has provided coverage and for which 

there is no Open Policy in effect. A Special Cargo Policy, or a Certificate of Insurance, indicating the 

insuring terms provided, is issued to the assured. 

Specific Duty: Customs duty assessed on a basis other than the value of the goods such as weight or 

quantity. 

Specified Perils: Refers to limited insuring terms which only cover losses resulting from specified perils. 

See Perils Clause. 

Spotting: The marring of a surface caused by contact with other substances, usually moist, that leave a 

'spotty' residue on the surface upon drying. 

Spout Trimming: The process whereby bulk cargoes such as grain is trimmed during loading by passing 

the loading spout over the entire length and breath of the hold being loaded. 

Spreader: A devise used to separate the lifting point of slings in order to equalize vertical pressure when 

lifting cargo so as to prevent distortion or contact damage to the cargo being lifted. 

Spreader Bar: A metal bar used as a spreader to separate the lifting point of slings in order to equalize 

vertical pressure when lifting cargo so as to prevent distortion or contact damage to the cargo being lifted. 

Sprinkler Damage: Damage to cargo due to the intentional or unintentional operation of sprinklers, or the 

leakage of water from sprinkler heads and/or piping. 

Sprinkler Leakage: Damage to cargo due to the unintentional leaking of water from sprinkler heads or 

piping. 

SR&CC Endorsement: An addendum to a cargo policy which provides coverage for certain of the perils 

and types of losses excluded by the SR&CC Warranty. 

SR&CC Warranty: A paramount warranty in a cargo policy which excludes coverage for certain acts or 

actions committed by persons taking part in strikes, labor disturbances, riots or civil commotions, and for 

vandalism, sabotage or malicious acts, including acts carried out for ideological, political or terroristic 

purposes. An addendum (SR&CC Endorsement) can usually be added to a policy to insure certain of the 

excluded perils or types of losses. 

Stack Train: A train made up of special rail cars which allow for the stacking of containers two high. 

Stacking Strength: Refers to the ability of a shipping package to withstand superimposed loads (weight), 

as is common in storage or stowage, without failure. 

Starboard: A nautical direction referring to anything to the right of the centerline of a vessel while facing 

forward. 


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STC: An abbreviation for "Said To Contain", a phrase used by carriers to denote that they have accepted 

containers for transport without viewing the actual contents or quantity of cargo said to be inside. 

Steam: In marine insurance, refers to steam created onboard the vessel for the generation of power or 

heating and propulsion. 

Steamer: A generic term applied to any motorized vessel. 

Steamer Additional: Additional charge added to the regular marine rate under an Open Policy when the 

vessel used is over age, under tonnage, or not classed by a recognized classification society such as 

Lloyd's Register or the American Bureau of Shipping. All policy rates are predicated on the use of vessels 

which fall within the insurer's criteria unless otherwise agreed upon. In most instances, steamer 

additionals are reimbursed by the steamship company. 

Stern Ramp: An hydraulic ramp at the rear of a RO/RO vessel which, when deployed, allows vehicles to 

be driven on and off. Stern ramps may be fixed or capable of swinging (slewing) from side to side which 

affords greater flexibility in docking positions. 

Stevedore: A firm, or person who works for a firm, that loads, stows and discharges cargo from a ship. 

See Longshoreman. Essentially, a stevedore works the ship, a longshoreman works the pier. 

Stitching: Application of fasteners to form the joint of fiberboard shipping boxes or paper shipping 

bags/sacks. Stitching is done by machine, using drawn string or wire from a spool. This can also be 

accomplished by pre-formed metal staples 

Stone Fruit: "Drupe" - A fruit with a single hard stone like substance enclosing the seed of the fruit. 

Examples being olives, peaches and plums. 

Stowage: Refers to the placing of cargo within a cargo compartment of a vessel, or placing into or onto 

other transport conveyances. 

Stowage Pattern: The manner in which cargo is loaded and placed in a trailer, intermodal container, 

vessel or other cargo space. 

Straddle Crane: A wheeled crane used at container terminals to move and stack containers. Cranes 

straddle the containers to be moved or stacked within the framework of the crane, hence their name. 

Straight Bill of Lading: A bill of lading naming a specific party as the consignee. It is non-negotiable and 

only the named party can take delivery of the cargo. A waybill. 

Stranding: The act of a vessel coming to a stop due to contacting the sea bottom or a natural or other 

structure extending from the sea bottom, and from which the vessel cannot be moved without assistance 

from others, lightening through removal of cargo, fuel or stores, or by incoming tides. 

Stretchwrap: The plastic material that is used to wrap a cargo. This is typically applied to 

unitized/palletized shipments as a way to provide some securement and a degree of protection against 

moisture and airborne contaminants. 

Strikes, Riots and Civil Commotions: See SR&CC Warranty and SR&CC Endorsement. 

Stuffing: A term used to denote the loading of goods into an overseas container. Subject 

Matter: That which is insured by an insurance policy; e.g. house, auto, cargo. 


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Subrogation: Assignment or transfer of rights of an assured who has suffered loss to its insurance 

carrier at the time of payment by said insurance company (this basically puts the insurance carrier in the 

same position as the assured with their rights against other parties). 

Sue and Labor Charges: In general, expenses incurred by the insured after an insured event in an effort 

to minimize the extent of loss or to prevent further loss. 

Suit Time: The period of time after a loss occurs, or is discovered that a claimant has to bring notice of 

suit, or to institute suit against a carrier as stipulated in the contract of carriage. 

Sump: An area within a cargo space designed to collect any water run-off and thus preventing or 

minimizing the potential that the water will contact the cargo. 

Sunk: The condition of a vessel of being submerged to the sea bottom due to loss of buoyancy caused 

by ingress of water, over loading or shifting of cargo. The vessel need not be fully submerged, but must be 

resting on the sea bottom to be considered sunk. 

Supply Chain Management: "SCM" - A term which usually refers to the outsourcing of services such as 

warehousing, distribution and transportation. 

Super Sacks: "FIBC", "Flexible Intermodal Bulk Container" - A combination of packaging materials and 

lifting system. These cubical devices are manufactured from a fabric of woven polymer, polypropylene, 

polyethylene, polyester or polyamide. They are manufactured with integral lifting tabs and are capable of 

transporting in excess of a metric ton and are thus a viable alternative to multi-walled bags/sacks. 

Supplier's Invoice: An invoice issued by the supplier of the goods. May not be the invoice of the actual 

seller when he is acting as a 'middleman'in a particular transaction. 

Survey: An examination of damaged merchandise by a qualified surveyor to ascertain the cause and 

extent of damage. Also, the inspection by a qualified surveyor of the packaging, and handling and stowage 

methods to ascertain their adequacy. Survey expenses are usually paid by the assured. 

Survey Costs: The costs incurred to pay for risk assessment analysis, loading and/or unloading 

supervisions, or for loss/damage surveys conducted by independent surveyors. These costs are usually 

paid by the insured, or in the case of loss/damage surveys, by the claimant. Loss/damage survey costs, 

however, are usually reimbursed as part of a covered loss payment. 

Surveyor: "Marine Surveyor" - A specialist who supervises and assesses the quality and suitability of 

cargo packing, loading, stowage, handling and discharge operations, and/or who determines the nature, 

cause and extent of marine transportation caualties. 

Survey Report: In general, a report issued by a surveyor appointed by the insurer which outlines the 

procedure employed for the survey and detailing their specific findings and/or recommendations. 

Survey Warranties: The requirement set forth in an insurance policy whereby the assured is obligated to 

hire a surveyor to supervise the loading, stowage and discharge of the cargo. The use of survey 

warranties is common in policies insuring bulk cargoes and other cargoes most susceptible to damage 

during loading, stowage or discharge. 

Suspect Damage: Damage which is suspected to have occurred to merchandise due to exposure to an 

insured peril but which is indeterminable without testing at substantial costs or through destructive testing 

or which will not manifest itself except through passage of time or actual use of the merchandise. Suspect 

damage is not insured except through specific agreement by insurers. 

Sweat: "Condensation" - The term used to describe the moisture that condenses on cold metal either 

forming on vessel's structural members (ship's sweat) or from the consequences of condensation taking 


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place directly on a commodity (cargo sweat). The result is that this moisture will come into contact with 

cargo and potentially causing damage to the packaging materials and/or contents. 

Sweepings: The residue of beans in bags which sift out into the hold of a ship during transit. It is "swept 

up" and sold as damaged beans at salvage thereby reducing the amount of loss which might be claimed for 

lost beans. 

SWIFT: Society For Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications which developed a system for 

electronic funds transfer between banks. 

Taint: The type of damage that occurs to cargo when it is contaminated either by direct contact with 

another cargo, or foreign matter, or by the odor from either. 

Tamper-evident Tape: Rrefers to a group of carton adhesives that are specially manufactured so that 

any attempt at package tampering will be apparent to personnel throughout the transport or supply chain. 

These tapes, that can be made in colors and imprinted with company logos, leave some sign of tapering, 

usually some printed message. 

Tank Barge: A barge designed with below deck tanks for the carriage of liquid bulk cargoes. 

Tank Container: "Tanktainer" - A cylindrical tank, usually of 5-6000 gallon capacity, built within the 



Tanker: A ship designed for the carriage of liquids in bulk, cargoes usually being pumped in and out. 

Vessels that carry viscous oils are equipped with heating coils to facilitate the pumping of the oil. 

Tanktainer: "Tank Container" - A cylindrical tank, usually of 5-6000 gallon capacity, built within the 



Tare: "Tare Weight" - The weight of the container or packaging materials. When a container or package 

is filled, or partially filled, the weight of the contents is termed the net weight. The net weight plus the tare 

weight (i.e. the weight of the container or packaging) is the gross weight of the shipment. 

Tare Weight: "Tare" - The weight of the container or packaging materials. When a container or package 

is filled, or partially filled, the weight of the contents is termed the net weight. The net weight plus the tare 

weight (i.e. the weight of the container or packaging) is the gross weight of the shipment. 

Target Commodity: A term used to describe that group of commodities whose high value and 

attractiveness to consumers makes them a target for theft and pilferage. 

Tariff: A duty imposed on imports or exports. A list of services and fees. 

Tar Paper: Also known as K/A/K paper. This is a waterproof material that is comprised of two outer 

layers of Kraft paper with an inner layer of asphaltum substance. This is often used as case/crate liners 

but are not recommended in those instances when the item being protected could be stained or otherwise 

damaged. 

Telescope Box: "Telescoping Box" - A box composed of two separate sections that consist of a tray and 

a similar-shaped lid. The length and width of the lid are slightly larger than those of the tray so that lid 

slides over the tray. A full telescoping box allows the lid to fit over the entire depth of the tray. A partial 

telescoping box allows the lid to fit only over a portion of the whole depth of the tray. 

Telescoping Box: "Telescope Box" - A box composed of two separate sections that consist of a tray and 

a similar-shaped lid. The length and width of the lid are slightly larger than those of the tray so that lid 


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slides over the tray. A full telescoping box allows the lid to fit over the entire depth of the tray. A partial 

telescoping box allows the lid to fit only over a portion of the whole depth of the tray. 

Temperature Extremes: "Extreme Temperatures" - This refers to the range of temperatures at the high 

(hot) or low (cold) end that can cause damage to cargo. 

Temperature Recorder: A device, usually placed inside a refrigerated container and used to monitor the 

temperature inside the container over a period of time. The most widely used temperature recorder is the 

"Ryan Recorder". 

Terms of Sale: Usually refers to an internationally accepted set of definitions which outlines the 

responsibilities of a buyer and seller at various stages of transit. These responsibilities can include 

payment of costs, arranging carriage, clearance at port(s) and others. Responsibility for loss or damage is 

the basis used for determining insurable interest under ocean cargo policies. The most widely used set of 

terms is INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms) which are published by the International 

Chamber of Commerce. A brief explanation of the following INCONTERMS are included in this glossary: 

Ex Works (EXW) Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) 

Free Carrier (FCA) Delivered At Frontier DAF) 

Free Alongside Ship (FAS) Delivered Ex Ship (DES) 

Free Onboard (FOB) Delivered Ex Quay (DEQ) 

Cost and Freight (CFR) Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU) 

Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) Delivered Duty Paid (DDP). 

Carriage Paid To (CPT) 

TEU: An abbreviation for twenty-foot equivalent units which refers to the container carrying capacity of a 

vessel. 

The Hague Rules: International agreement defining the responsibilities and liabilities of an ocean carrier 

transporting cargo in foreign trade adopted by certain countries. 

The Hague-Visby Rules: An updated variation of, but separate from, The Hague Rules. 

Theft: In marine insurance, a peril which is defined as either the forcible or clandestine taking of an entire 

shipping package, including a container, or shipment, not just the taking of the contents of a shipping 

package or container. Included in this rather broad category is hi-jacking. 

Third Party Logistics: A term used to denote the outsourcing to a third party of warehousing, distribution 

or transportation of a product. 

Thixotropic: A term used to identify substances that have a tendancy to become fluid when vibrated, 

shaken or stirred. 

Thixotropy: The property of a substance causing it to become fluid when vibrated, shaked or stirred. 

3PL: An abbreviation for "Third Party Logistics", a firm that that provides warehousing, distribution and 

transport services for other firms. 

Three-way Corner Construction: Refers to a method to fasten adjoining crate panels. This has proven 

to be the strongest, most rigid corner construction. It is accomplished by nailing the top wood pieces of the 

two (2) sides and the top or bottom together. 

Through Bill of Lading: An ocean bill of lading issued by a carrier which covers the transport of the 

goods from the place of shipment to the place of destination even though portions of the voyage will 

involve transport by other carriers. 

Tie Down Lugs: Cargo tie-down devices. See "D-Rings" and "Tie Downs". 


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Tie Downs: Any one of the devices used to secure cargo in place within a transport conveyance or cargo 

space. 

Tier: One (1) layer. Usually refers to packages on a pallet load, containers stacked one upon another, or to 

layers of merchandise within a package. 

Time-bar: A term used to denote the last date on which a claimant can file a claim against a carrier. If 

claim is not filed by this date, the claimant is barred from pursing his claim against the carrier unless 

otherwise permitted by the contract of affreightment or statute. 

Time-barred: A term used to denote a claim against a carrier which cannot be pursued because it was 

not filed with the carrier within the time period stipulated in the contract of affreightment. 

Time Charter: A charter party whereby the charterer contracts with the vessel owner to use the vessel 

and its crew for a specified period of time. The owner being responsible for the carriage of the cargo and 

navigation and most other responsibilities and liabilities of a vessel owner. 

Time Definite Delivery: A term referring to a range of service performance standards offered by 

transportation providers. These allow a customer to select a specific time frame for delivery. This can be 

same day, next day AM or PM, second or third day delivery. 

Time Draft: A draft issued by the seller, usually through the seller's bank, to the buyer's bank. Sets forth 

the purchase price for the merchandise shipped. The buyer's bank will release the documents needed to 

take delivery of the merchandise from the carrier to the buyer and the buyer agrees to make payment 

within an agreed upon number of days as stipulated in the draft. May be a separate method of payment, or 

used in conjunction with other forms, especially Letters of Credit. 

Tip and Tell: Refers to a device that indicates whether an item has been tipped or tilted beyond a safe 

angle during handling or transit. These are inexpensive, one-time use instruments. Again just as shock 

and vibration indicators (See "Shockwatch"), they are prone to damage and tampering. 

TIR: An abbreviation for "Trailer Interchange Receipt/Release", a document that allows trailers and 

containers on chassis to travel across borders of countries without payment of duties. A carnet for trailers 

or containers on chassis. A form used by terminal operators to document the condition of trailers and 

containers on chassis accepted or released by them. 

TOFC: An abbreviation for "Trailer On Flat Car", a common and perhaps the best known form of 

piggyback transportation. Truck trailers, mounted on a chassis or bogie are loaded and secured onto a rail 

car. 

Ton: Usually means a metric ton; 1000 kilograms or 2204 pounds, but may mean a short or long ton 

depending upon usage of parties involved. To eliminate mis-understandings, the type of measurement 

should be used; i.e. metric ton, short ton or long ton. 

Tonnage: This refers to the weight of a cargo or the cargo carrying capacity of a vessel. 

Tonnes: Refers to a metric ton; 1000 kilograms or 2204 pounds. 

Torn Bags: A cause of loss attributed to the tearing of bags due to improper handling or stowage, or 

excessive contents. 

Torsional Wracking: "Wracking", "Racking" - Refers to a type of physical damage that can occur to 

machinery, most notably tall racks containing electronic or electrical components. Generally the item shifts 



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Total Loss: In cargo insurance, total loss refers to the loss of the entire shipment. Total loss may be an 

Actual Total Loss or a Constructive Total Loss. 

An Actual Total Loss exists when the shipment has been completely destroyed, or damaged to such an 

extent that it is "no longer the thing that it was", or is lost without any chance of recovery. 

A Constructive Total Loss is a shipment that has suffered loss, or damage, which is so severe that its 

becoming a total can only be prevented by incurring that exceed the actual value of the goods. 

Total loss of a part of a shipment may not be covered under a named perils cargo policy. 

TPND: An abbreviation for the perils of theft, pilferage and non-delivery. 

Trade Loss: A loss unique to certain types of cargo. Examples may be seepage or evaporation of liquids 

from wood casks, or clingage of bulk cargoes to tank surfaces. 

Trade Terms: In general, a generally accepted set of definitions for terms of sale. See INCOTERMS. 

Also, a term used to refer to a generally accepted set of pre-defined insuring terms for specific 

commodities in certain trades. 

Trailer Interchange Receipt/Release: "TIR" - A document that allows trailers and containers on chassis 

to travel across borders of countries without payment of duties. A carnet for trailers or containers on 

chassis. A form used by terminal operators to document the condition of trailers and containers on chassis 

accepted or released by them. 

Trailer On Flat Car: "TOFC" - A common and perhaps the best known form of piggyback transportation. 

Truck trailers, mounted on a chassis or bogie are loaded and secured onto a rail car. 

Transhipment or Transshipment: In general, the transfer of cargo from one conveyance to another. 

This usually signifies transfer from one vessel to another at an intermediate port for onward carriage to the 

final destination. As more ports are being developed as regional hubs, more and more cargo is being 

transshipped. At the present time (July 2002), one in every four containers is being transshipped in the 

ocean voyage alone. 

Transshipment can, and do, also occur in air cargo traffic and is termed interlining, and in less than 

truckload and small package environments. 

Transit Damage: The defects to a cargo that happen during the period that the cargo is being transported 

or in temporary storage awaiting transit, transfer or delivery to final destination. The major classes of transit 

damage are water damage, rough handling, theft/pilferage and fortuitous events. 

Transpiration: The natural loss of moisture from agricultural products. The rate at which this occurs is 

dependent on product quality, temperature, humidity levels and air flow. 

Transport Carrier: "Carrier" - In general the firm which transports merchandise from one point to 

another. May be a vessel owner/manager/operator, an airline, a truck operator or a railroad. In marine 

insurance, carrier is used to denote the ocean carrier. 

Transportation Providers: In general, any firm that contracts with a shipper to transport goods from one 

place to another under some form of affreightment. The firm may be a carrier or an in-direct carrier. 

Transshipment or Transhipment: In general, the transfer of cargo from one conveyance to another. 

Usually signifies transfer from one ship to another at an intermediate port in the voyage for on-carriage to 

the final discharge port. At the present time (July 2002), one in every four containers is being transshipped 

in the ocean voyage alone. 


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Transshipment Port: An intermediate port where cargo is transferred from one vessel to another for oncarriage 

to the final port of discharge. 

Tri-axial: Refers to three axes. The more sophisticated shock and vibration indicators provide data on 

longitudinal (fore-aft), lateral (side- to- side) and up and down forces exerted upon an item during handling 

and transportation. 

Trimmed Cargo: This refers to any dry bulk cargo which, after loading, has been leveled to a zero 

degree angle. 

Trip Transit: In marine insurance, a term used to describe insurance which has been provided on an 

individual shipment and not under an Open Policy. Usually purchased by firms which only have 

occasional shipments and do not want to pay minimum premiums usually required to maintain an Open 

Policy. 

T/S: An abbreviation for "Transshipment", a term used to denote the transfer of cargo from one 

conveyance to another. This usually signifies the transfer from one vessel to another at an intermediate 

port for onward carriage to the final destination. As ports are being developed as regional hubs, more and 

more cargo is being transshipped. At the present time, one in every four containers is being transshipped 

in the ocean voyage alone. Transshipment also occurs in air cargo traffic and is termed interlining as well 

as in less than truckload and small package environments. 

Turnings: The residue from metal turnings, usually with a high concentration of volatile chemicals used in 

the turning process which, unless removed, present a severe exposure to combustion. 

Tween Deck: Those decks on a general cargo vessel that are below the weather deck level but above the 

lower hold. 

Twisting: The act of rotating or turning an item so as to distort its shape into a spiral-like turn. 

UCC: "Uniform Commercial Code of the United States" - A state by state codification of U.S. business law. 

Does not apply to international shipments unless expressly stipulated in the sales contract. 

U.L.C.C.: Ultra Large Crude Carrier. A ship designed to carry exceptionally large quantities of crude oil. 

Usually 300,000 DWT to 600,000 DWT. 

Ullage: The free space between the surface of a liquid cargo and the tank's ceiling. It is used in 

calculating the volume of cargo in the tank. 

Ultra Large Crude Carrier: "U.L.C.C." - A ship designed to carry exceptionally large quantities of crude 

oil. Usually 300,000 DWT to 600,000 DWT. 

Under Deck Bill of Lading: In practice, an ocean bill of lading which is neither an On Deck nor Optional 

Stowage Bill of Lading. 

Uniform Commercial Code: "UCC" - A state by state codification of U.S. business law. Does not apply to 

international shipments unless expressly stipulated in the sales contract. 

Uniform Straight Bill of Lading: "Waybill" - a standard, non-negotiable, contract of affreightment used 

by truckers and rail carriers in the United States. 

United States International Trade Commission: "USITC", "ITC" - A quasi-judicial federal agency of the 

U.S. governmnet (established in 1916 as the U.S. Tariff Commission) that monitors import activities for 

unfair trade practice and adverse impact of imported goods on domestic industries. 


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Unit Load: A term used to describe cargo which has been prepared for shipment in uniform units to 

facilitate handling, stowage, loading and unloading. Cargo on pallets or in pre-slung bags are unit loads. 

Unitized cargo. 

Unit Load Device: Any device employed, such as a pallet, air container (igloo), or container, onto which, 

or into which, individual items of cargo are consolidated into a single shipping unit. 

Unitization: The practice of combining smaller packages into a single shipping unit or package. 

Palletization and containerization are two forms of unitization. 

Unpaid Vendor: A seller who ships merchandise before receiving payment. Usually used to denote a 

seller who is not providing insurance during ocean transit and who may need Export Contingency 

Insurance. 

Use No Hooks: Another of the commonly used pictorial, international cautionary marks. This symbol, an 

old-fashion grappling or cargo hook used by stevedores with an "X" drawn through it, is suitable for bales, 

bags and other shipping packages that can easily be damaged by the hooks. Once the bales or bags are 

torn contents are either exposed or lost through sifting. 

Unseasoned: A term used to refer to wood that is not been properly aged and contains an acceptably 

high moisture content. See also "Green" 

USITC: An abbreviation for United States International Trade Commission. 

Vacuum Bagging: Another term for a "Barrier Bag" which refers to moisture/vapor barrier bag used to 

protect items susceptible to water damage. The item to be protected is placed inside a metal foil barrier 

bag. The air within the bag is removed by a vacuum pump and then the bag is heat sealed to ensure its 

integrity. 

Valuation Clause: A policy clause which sets forth the basis for determining the insured value of a 

shipment and the basis on which losses will be adjusted. 

Valued Bill of Lading: A bill of lading issued by the carrier which indicates an amount which the shipper 

has declared as the value of merchandise. The carrier will be liable for this amount in the event he is 

found liable for loss or damage to the merchandise. 

Valued Inventory: Usually used for shipments of household goods and personal effects. Lists actual 

items shipped and the individual value they are insured for. 

Vehicle Transport Module: "VTM" - A unit load device (ULD) used to transport automobile or similar 

vehicles on board aircraft. Also refers to over-the-road trailers, or railcars designed specifically for the 

carriage of automobiles. 

Ventilated Container: An intermodal container equipped with ventilation ports along the top rails and are 

used for heat-generating cargo such as coffee, cocoa and potatoes that require protection from 

condensation. The vents are either fitted with baffles or offset from internal vents to prevent water ingress. 

Ventilation: The process whereby fresh air is let into the holds of vessels to warm or cool cargo holds; or 

to remove warm moist air in an effort to prevent condensation. Outside air having a high humidity level 

may need to be dehumidified before being introduced into holds. Ventilation may be mechanical or natural. 

Ventilator Cowls: The gooseneck shaped weather deck openings that allow air passage into cargo 

spaces on board vessels. 


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Vent Openings: This refers to louvers and other ventilation openings in shipping packages, principally 

crates, and some intermodal container designs. These openings allow for the exchange of air and thus seek 

to create equilibrium and avoid the formation of condensation. Care must be taken to ensure that there are 

baffles or other devices within the crate or container that will prevent moisture (rain, sea water/salt water 

spray) from entering and contacting the cargo. 

Very Large Crude Carrier: "V.L.C.C." - A ship designed to carry large quantities of crude oil. usually 

100,000 DWT to 300,000 DWT. 

Vessel: In general, any conveyance built for navigation, or for being navigated, on or in water for the 

purpose of carrying passengers or cargo. 

Vessel Sharing: The arrangement whereby two or more shipping companies share ownership/operation 

of a ship. This can make sense in times of depressed freight volumes or rates, thus allowing the entities to 

share the expenses and thus minimize their monetary losses. 

Vibration Damage: Refers to the untoward effect of varying levels of frequencies on cargo. 

Vibration Test: A test for determining the resonant responses of a packaged item or a packing material or 

for determining the ability of a container to protect its contents against vibration. 

Vienna Convention: "Contracts For International Sale Of Goods" - A Convention sponsored by the 

United Nations in Vienna, Austria where the "Contracts For International Sale Of Goods" developed. 

Compliance by member states is voluntary. Commonly referred to as CISG, this international convention 

establishes uniform rules for developing international sales contracts and the legal rights and obligations of 

a seller and buyer under such contracts. CISG applies automatically to all contracts for the international sale 

of goods if the countries of the seller and of the buyer have ratified the CISG unless the contract states 

that all or a portion of CISG do not apply or if expressed in the contract that laws other than CISG will 

apply. The United States ratified CISG in January 1989 and, therefore, CISG is applicable to trade 

between the U.S. and other countries that have ratified the Convention unless the sales contracts states 

otherwise. 

Voyage Charter: A charter party whereby the charterer contracts with the vessel owner to use the vessel 

and its crew for a specific voyage. The owner being responsible for the carriage of the cargo and 

navigation and most other responsibilities and liabilities of a vessel owner. 

VTM: "Vehicle Transport Module", a unit load device (ULD) used to transport automobiles or similar 

vehicles on board aircraft. Also refers to over-the-road trailers, or railcars designed specifically for the 

carriage of automobiles. 

V.L.C.C.: Very large crude carrier. A ship designed to carry large quantities of crude oil. usually 100,000 

DWT to 300,000 DWT. 

WA: An abbreviation for "With Average", an insuring term meaning that partial losses under the Perils 

Clause of a policy are covered. 

Sometimes shown as WPA (With Particular Average) to distinguish it from General Average. 

WAIOP: An abbreviation for "With Average Irrespective Of Percentage". An insuring term meaning that 

partial losses under the Perils Clause of a policy are covered. The phrase 'Irrespective of Percentage' 

used in this clause means that any franchise shown in the policy does not apply to With Average losses. 

Sometimes shown as WPAIOP (With Particular Average Irrespective of Percentage) to distinguish it from 

General Average. 


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Warehouse To Warehouse: A phrase used to indicate that goods will be shipped in containers from the 

point of origin to the point of destination; or goods will be insured continuously from the point of origin to 

the point of destination. 

Warehouse To Warehouse Clause: A policy clause that sets forth when insurance attaches and 

terminates on individual shipments. Although general enough to provide insurance from the point of origin 

to the point of destination, actual coverage is dependent on the transfer of responsibility for loss or 

damage in accordance with the shipment's term of sale and events which may affect the due course of 

transit. 

Warehouse To Warehouse Transit Clause: A single insurance clause which, if appearing in a cargo 

policy, combines the coverages of the Warehouse To Warehouse, Deviation and Marine Extension 

Clauses which are contained in other policies as separate clauses. It may also include elements of the 

South American Clause. 

Warranty: In general, a promise that something is what it is represented to be. In marine insurance a 

representation that certain conditions do or do not exist or that certain actions will or will not be taken. 

Warranties may be written into the policy (Express Warranties) or implied by law or custom (Implied 

Warranties). Non-compliance by an assured with a warranty voids coverages. 

War Risk: Usually refers to insurance against loss or damage resulting from acts of war or similar hostile 

acts. 

War Risk Policy: A separate policy covering cargo against losses caused by war like or other hostile acts. 

Warsaw Convention: Defines the responsibilities and liabilities of air carriers transporting merchandise 

in international trade. 

Washing Overboard: An insuring term meaning that cargo which was carried on deck was lost 

overboard by wave action caused by storms. 

Waster Sheet: "Waster Wrapper", the outer sheet of wrapper of certain cargoes, namely steel coils and 

plywood sheets, where this ply is very similar in design as the actual content cargo but instead this is 

designed as protective packaging and when delivered to the consignee will be discarded. 

Waster Wrapper: "Waster Sheet", the outer sheet or wrapper of certain cargoes, namely steel coils and 

plywood, where this ply is very similar in design as the actual cargo but instead this is designed as 

protective packaging and when delivered to the consignee will be discarded. 

Water Absorbent: Refers to the quality of some materials and cargo to absorb moisture. 

Waterborne Only: A term used to denote that insurance coverage is only in effect while cargo is actually 

onboard the overseas vessel. 

Water Damage: Rrefers to fresh water, seawater or condensation damage to cargo. 

Waterproofing: A protective barrier in the form of a case liner, crate liner, shroud, wrap, or tarpaulin 

fabricated from one of several materials. Waterproof barriers are designed to prevent deterioration of the 

protected item (and its preservation of packaging materials, if present) by excluding the entry of liquid 

water, by eliminating water vapor, or by diverting water from the materials being protected from water 

damage. 

Water Resistant: Refers to a material, such as fiberboard or paperboard, that has been treated (sized) 

with water repellant substances so as to have a degree of resistance to damage or deterioration in the 

presence of moisture. 


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Watertight Integrity: Term used to describe "watertightness" of a shipping packaging, intermodal 

container or cargo space to prevent water ingression of any type. 

Watertightness: The structural ability of a shipping packaging, intermodal container or cargo space to 

prevent water ingression of any type. 

Wax Impregnated: A process whereby materials such as fiberboard or paperboard is coated with a 

paraffin wax or wax blend. This aids in the shedding of moisture. 

Waybill: A non-negotiable contract of affreightment issued by a carrier showing the merchandise to be 

transported and shipping instructions. It is usually used by airlines and truckers. See Air Waybill, House Air 

Waybill, House Waybill, Master Air Waybill. 

Weather Deck: The uppermost main deck on a vessel so named since it is exposed to the elements. 

Wet Marine: A term used to refer to any of the divisions of ocean marine insurance to differentiate it from 

land based only transportation exposures usually insured as Inland Marine. 

Wetted: A term used to describe cargo that has been in actual contact with fresh or seawater. 

Wetting: A term used to describe damage to cargo caused by actual contact with fresh or seawater. 

Wharf: In general, a place where ships dock for loading and unloading cargo. A quay. Wharfinger: 

The owner or operator of a wharf. 

Wheeled Cargo: "Rolling Cargo" - A term referring to cargo which is on wheels and that can be driven on 

to and off of a vessel. Usually refers to vehicles of all types, including railcars and locomotives. 

WHSE/WHSE: An abbreviation for "Warehouse To Warehouse", a phrase used to indicate that goods will 

be shipped in containers from the point of origin to the point of destination; or goods will be insured 

continuously from the point of origin to the point of destination. 

Wirebound Boxes: A shipping container constructed from thin wooden boards and secured with wire 

closures. May be fully enclosed or open slats. 

With Average: "WA", WPA" - An insuring term meaning that partial losses under the Perils Clause of a 

policy are covered. 

Sometimes shown as With Particular Average to distinguish it from General Average. 

With Particular Average: "WPA", "With Average". An insuring term meaning that partial losses under the 

Perils Clause of a policy are covered. Shown as With "Particular" Average to distinguish it from "General" 

Average. 

World Trade Organization: "WTO" - Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the World Trade 

Organization is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade which was formed following 

WWII. Since its founding, WTO has established rules and guidelines, and multilateral agreements in an 

effort to foster free and fair trade in goods and services, including finance and technology. The WTO is 

the principal arbiter of trade disputes between its 135 member nations. 

WPA: An abbreviation for "With Particular Average", an insuring term meaning that partial losses under the 

Perils Clause of a policy are covered. Shown as With "Particular" Average to distinguish it from "General" 

Average. 


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Wracking: "Torsional Wracking", "Racking" - Refers to a type of physical damage that can occur to 

machinery, most notably tall racks containing electronic or electrical components. Generally the items shifts 


WTO: Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the World Trade Organization is the successor to the 

General Agreement on Tariff and Trade which was formed following WWII. Since its founding, WTO has 

established rules and guidelines, and multilateral agreements in an effort to foster free and fair trade in 

goods and services, including finance and technology. The WTO is the principal arbiter of trade disputes 

between its 135 member nations. 

W/W: An abbreviation for World To World; Worldwide; Warehouse to Warehouse. 

York Antwerp Rules: A set of international rules which establish uniformity in the adjustment of General 

Average. 

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Ocean Cargo Glossary - PMM Dept - Version 3: February 2004 

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Appendix D 

Terrorist Organizations in Canada 

• al-Fuqra 

• Animal Liberation Front (ALF) 

• Canadian Hungarian Freedom Fighters Federation 

• Earth Liberation Front (ELF) 

• Liberation Front of Quebec 

• Mara Salvatruchas 

• Al-Qaeda 

• Algerian Armed Islamic Group (GIA) 

• Egyptian Al-Jihad 

• Hamas 

• Hezbollah 

• The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) 

al-Fuqra 

Mothertongue Name: n/a 

Aliases: Community of the Impoverished, Jamaat al-Fuqra, Muslims of 

the Americas, Quranic Open University 

Bases of Operation: Canada, Pakistan, United States 

Date Formed: 1980 

Strength: Less than 3,000 members 

Classifications: Religious 

Financial Sources: Fraud, money laundering, and fundraising (possibly through 

Islamic charities) 

Founding Philosophy: Al-Fuqra, or Jamaat al-Fuqra, is a shadowy Muslim religious cult 

with bases in North America and ties to Pakistan. The group was 

founded in 1980 by Pakistani cleric Sheikh Mubarak Ali Jilani 

Hashemi. Even though Jilani lives in Lahore, Pakistan, he 

established al-Fuqra on a trip to the United States as a means 

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for participants to reject the ills of modern society and strive to 

live in a pure Islamic community. Translated, Jamaat al-Fuqra, 

means "community of the impoverished". 

Since the early 1980s, members have been linked to numerous 

small attacks, including bombings, murders, and hate crimes in 

several regions of the United States. The organization is 

reported to have more than 1,000 members living in closed 

compounds in rural areas of New York, California, South 

Carolina, Virginia, Colorado, and Canada. It is suspected that 

their headquarters is located in Hancock, New York. 

Membership is primarily composed of African-American Muslim 

converts. Al-Fuqra members are known for reclusive behavior 

and secrecy -- including the use of forged identities for travel 

abroad to Pakistan for religious and terrorist training. In fact, 

aspects of the group's behavior, particularly the use of remote 

compounds and extensive weapons training, is similar to that of 

right-wing U.S. survivalist groups. 

It is difficult to gauge the likelihood that al-Fuqra, as a group, 

supports and motivates its members to commit terrorist acts. 

Since the group does not claim responsibility for attacks 

committed by its members, it is possible that the majority of al- 

Fuqra members reject such acts, and solely choose to join a 

closed community separated from the outside world -- albeit one 

that utilizes aliases and weapons training to maintain its 

separation. But if many of its activities are benign, at least some 

of its members have used violence to further the group's aims, 

which include "purifying" Islam and spreading Islamic extremism 

by attacking other religious institutions. 

The first terrorist attack conclusively linked to al-Fuqra was the 

July 1983 fire-bombing of a hotel owned by an Indian guru in 

Portland, Oregon. Al-Fuqra member Stephen Paul Paster was 

eventually convicted of the attack. Paster, a suspect in several 

other bombings, served four years of twenty-year sentence, and, 

according to reports, is now living in Pakistan training militants in 

the use of explosives. 

Like the Portland attack, other bombings attributed to al-Fuqra 

targeted religious institutions. Hare Krishna temples in 

Philadelphia and Denver were bombed in 1984. Sikh Vendanta 

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Societies were targeted in Seattle and Kansas City that same 

summer. Other attacks have been carried out against Laotian 

temples, Hindu religious institutions, and individuals of South 

Asian descent. Several reported al-Fuqra attacks were 

conducted against other Muslims, such as the assassination of 

Ahmadiyya sect leader Dr. Mozaffar Ahmad in Michigan in 1983 

and attacks on Islamic cultural centers in Tempe, Arizona 

(1982), Quincy, Massachusetts (1990), and San Diego, 

California (1991). Further hard evidence of links to terrorism 

were discovered when an al-Fuqra storage locker was raided in 

Colorado in 1989. Police found pipe bombs, explosives and 

other bomb components, forged documents, and various small 

arms. 

The group's terrorist activities declined in the 1990s, though 

there were two high profile incidents. An al-Fuqra member, 

Clement Rodney Hampton-el, was convicted in the 1993 

bombing of the World Trade Center in New York, though his coconspirators 

were affiliated with other terrorist groups. Two other 

group members were convicted of conspiracy to murder in the 

killing of an Arizona cleric. 

Al-Fuqra made headlines more recently when links were 

reported to both "shoe-bomber" Richard Reid and the murder of 

Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl in Pakistan in 2002. 

Militants linked to al-Fuqra were initially suspected in Pearl's 

murder because he was trying to meet with Sheikh Jilani when 

he was abducted. Jilani was arrested soon after Pearl's 

disappearance and held as a prime suspect, but was released 

and never charged. Al-Fuqra was mentioned in the Richard Reid 

case because Reid allegedly visited either Jilani or his followers 

in Pakistan to receive spiritual guidance, despite not being an 

actual member. 

Current Goals: Since 2000, some al-Fuqra members have been arrested on 

weapons charges, but no further bombings or assassinations 

have been attributed to the group. Some reports alleged that 

"Washington sniper" John Allen Muhammad was a member, but 

evidence has never surfaced confirming that allegation. Al-Fuqra 

maintains several compounds throughout the United States, 

continuing to embody seclusion and secrecy, but violence linked 

to the group has waned. Two front organizations, Muslims of the 

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Key Leaders 

• Hashemi, Mubarak Ali Jilani 

Related Groups 

• n/a 

U.S. Government Designations 

Americas, and the Quranic Open University, have been 

attributed to al-Fuqra. 

Al-Fuqra has faced increased scrutiny following the terrorist 

attacks on 9/11. The group has been linked to terrorist groups 

operating in Pakistan and Kashmir, while Sheikh Jilani is 

currently under investigation for possible ties to al-Qaeda. 

Regardless of suspected ties however, al-Fuqra's history of 

violent attacks, reputation for secrecy, and continued weapons 

training, all allude to their capability for conducting terrorist 

attacks in the future. 

Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO): No 

Terrorist Exclusion List (TEL): No 

Learn more about these U.S. Department of State classifications: 

Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) 

Terrorist Exclusion List (TEL) 

Other Governments' Designations 

UK Proscribed Group: No 

Australia Specified Group: No 

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Canada Specified Group: No 

EU Specified Group: No 

Russia Specified Group: No 

Mubarak Ali Jilani Hashemi 

Aliases: Mubarak Ali Jilani Hasmi 

Mubarak Ali Shah 

Mubarak Ali Shan Gilani 

Organizations: al-Fuqra (Founder) 

Current Location: Known (Pakistan) 

Biography: A radical Islamic cleric with ties to several terrorist and 

extremist organizations, Sheikh Jilani founded al-Fuqra 

in 1980 during a trip to the United States. Since 

founding the group, Sheikh Jilani (sometimes written as 

Gilani) has served as al-Fuqra?s spiritual leader. Al- 

Fuqra members commonly travel to Pakistan, where 

Jilani lives, for religious instruction and militant training. 

It is not known what specific leadership role Jilani plays 

in the secretive al-Fuqra, only that he is the spiritual 

inspiration for the cult. 

Jilani has been investigated for alleged links to al- 

Qaeda and other terrorist organization in Pakistan and 

Kashmire. He has been linked to the abduction and 

subsequent murder of American journalist David Pearl. 

Pearl had attempted to contact Jilani shortly before his 

abduction. 

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Animal Liberation Front (ALF) 


Aliases: n/a 

Bases of Operation: Canada, United Kingdom, United States 

Date Formed: 1976: UK Founding; 1982: US Founding 

Strength: Unknown number of members 

Classifications: Environmental 

Financial Sources: Individuals work alone and fund their own activities 

Founding Philosophy: The original Animal Liberation Front (ALF) formed in 

England in 1976, splintering off from the Hunt 

Saboteurs Association (HSA) to form a more militant 

organization. The FBI claims that the American 

branch of the ALF began its operations in the late 

1970s, but the group became more high profile in 

1982, and then made the FBI's domestic terrorism 

list in 1987 with a multi-million dollar arson at a 

veterinary lab in California. ALF carries out direct 

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action against animal abuse in the form of rescuing 

animals and causing financial loss to animal 

exploiters, usually through the damage and 

destruction of property. Because ALF actions are 

against the law, activists work anonymously, either 

in small groups or individually, and they do not have 

any centralized organization or coordination. The 

Animal Liberation Front consists of small 

autonomous groups of people all over the world who 

carry out direct action according to the ALF 

guidelines. Any group of people who are 

vegetarians or vegans and who carry out actions 

according to ALF guidelines have the right to regard 

themselves as part of the ALF, according to their 

website and other materials. 

Similar to activities in the United Kingdom and 

Canada, the American ALF has attacked medical 

and scientific research laboratories, butcher shops, 

and retail furriers. The organization has claimed 

credit for the theft of research animals and the 

destruction of research equipment and records, as 

well as acts of vandalism and arson. In August of 

2003, ALF activists claimed responsibility for the 

release of 10,000 mink from a mink farm in 

Washington State. In North America and the United 

Kingdom, most militant members of the ALF are 

young and from middle-class backgrounds. 

Current Goals: The ALF's short-term aim is to save as many 

animals as possible and directly disrupt the practice 

of animal abuse. Their long-term aim is to end all 

animal suffering by forcing animal abuse companies 

out of business. The organization claims to be 

nonviolent and activists are encouraged to take 

precautions not to harm any animal (human or 

otherwise). 

ALF goals according to their website are as follows: 

1. To liberate animals from places of abuse, i.e. 

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Key Leaders 

• Barbarash, David 

• Lee, Ronnie 

• Watson, Allison Lance 


laboratories, factory farms, fur farms, etc., and place 

them in good homes where they may live out their 

natural lives, free from suffering. 2. To inflict 

economic damage to those who profit from the 

misery and exploitation of animals. 3. To reveal the 

horror and atrocities committed against animals 

behind locked doors, by performing non-violent 

direct actions and liberations. 4. To take all 

necessary precautions against harming any animal, 

human and non-human. 

• Earth Liberation Front (ELF) -- Ally 

• Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) -- Ally (Suspected) 







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David Barbarash 

Aliases: n/a 

Organizations: Animal Liberation Front (ALF) (Spokesperson) 

Current Location: Courtenay, British Columbia 

Biography: Barbarash claims not to be a member, merely an 

intermediary. 

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Ronnie Lee 

Aliases: n/a 

Organizations: Animal Liberation Front (ALF) (Founder (ALF of the 

UK)) 

Current Location: Known (England) 

Biography: Ronnie Lee founded the Animal Liberation Front in 

England with a cohort of activists in 1976. A former 

member of the Hunt Saboteurs Association (HSA), Lee 

started ALF to increase the role of ?direct action? 

(including arson, bombings, and sabotage) in the animal 

liberation movement and to expand the targets of 

animal rights activists beyond hunters to businesses 

and laboratories. Lee had also been involved in the 

formation of a previous offshoot of the HSA?the Band of 

Mercy?in 1974. As a member of the Band of Mercy, Lee 

served jail-time for the fire-bombing of a laboratory in 

1974. He formed ALF following his release from prison 

in 1976. 

ALF expanded its activities and moved abroad in the 

1970s and 1980s, establishing new bases of activity in 

the U.S. and Canada. While Lee remained active in the 

movement, ALF shunned centralized leadership and a 

precise organizational structure in favor of a series of 

approved tactical principles and strategic goals. As a 

movement, ALF has remained very active, while Ronnie 

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Lee?s public visibility has waxed and waned. 

For the past several years Ronnie Lee has maintained a 

low profile in his native England. His active participation 

in the animal liberation movement seems to consist of 

infrequent public statements in response to major news 

stories related to the movement. Most famously, in 2001 

he issued a public statement condoning an armed 

assault on an executive of Huntingdon Life Sciences, a 

pharmaceuticals testing company. Lee also addressed 

a gathering of animal rights activists in the United 

Kingdom in September 2004. He has not been 

mentioned in the mainstream press for more than a 

year. 

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Allison Lance Watson 

Aliases: n/a 

Organizations: Animal Liberation Front (ALF) 

Current Location: n/a 

Biography: n/a 

January 15, 2004 

Animal-rights activist arrested 

Case shines light on FBI's efforts to dismantle 

liberation fronts 

By PAUL SHUKOVSKY 

SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER REPORTER 

An agent with the FBI's domestic terrorism squad 

arrested an animal rights activist yesterday for allegedly 

lying to a Seattle federal grand jury investigating an 

arson attack on an Olympia forest-product company. 

The complaint against Allison Lance Watson provides a 

rare window into the FBI's efforts to dismantle the 

Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front, 

which the bureau considers to be among the greatest 

domestic terrorism threats facing the nation. 

Watson faces a maximum of five years in prison and a 

$250,000 fine if she is convicted on the charge of 

making a false statement to the grand jury. Led into the 

courtroom in shackles, Watson was released without 

having to post a cash bond pending a preliminary 

hearing next month. 

She is the wife of Paul Watson, most well-known in 

Washington state for leading the protests in 1999 when 

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the Makah Tribe resumed hunting gray whales. 

The government's case laid out in Special Agent 

Fernando Gutierrez's complaint reveals how the FBI is 

working to find the perpetrators of such actions as the 

2001 firebombing of the Center for Urban Horticulture at 

the University of Washington. To date, the bureau has 

cracked few cases involving the Animal Liberation Front 

or the Earth Liberation Front because the groups work 

in small, well-disciplined cells that communicate with 

others through secure Internet channels. 

But to crack more cases, federal investigators are 

focusing on members of environmental and animalrights 

groups outside the mainstream who claim they 

don't participate in violence such as arson and 

vandalism. Yesterday demonstrators from some of 

those groups gathered outside the federal courthouse in 

Seattle to protest what they believe are repressive 

tactics of government investigators. 

In May 2000, the Watsons were hauling equipment 

between the Southern California office of Paul Watson's 

Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the 

organization's office in Friday Harbor. For that purpose, 

said Paul Watson, they rented a Penske truck. 

About 2:30 a.m. on May 7, 2000, a fire ripped through 

the headquarters of Holbrook Inc., an Olympia timber 

company. Three weeks later, the Earth Liberation Front 

issued a communique claiming credit for the crime on 

behalf of a previously unknown group called "Revenge 

of the Trees." 

That same night, someone broke into the Dai-Zen Egg 

Farm in Burlington and stole 228 chickens. The Animal 

Liberation Front issued a communique saying the 

chickens had been placed in "loving homes." The 

Seattle grand jury is also investigating that raid. 

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At 8:30 a.m. on May 7, 2000, a Penske rental truck 

pulled into the AM/PM Mini Market in Rochester, about 

12 miles south of Olympia. According to employees of 

the store, "the occupants of the truck dumped a number 

of plastic bags containing clothes in a Dumpster behind 

the store," the complaint says. It had the same license 

plate as the one rented by Allison Watson, the 

document asserts. 

A Thurston County sheriff's deputy subsequently called 

to the scene found five bags containing "three sets of 

dark clothes, two black ski masks, three pairs of gloves, 

a wrapper from a pair of bolt cutters and a wrapper of 

wire ties." The clothes were wet and covered with grass. 

The FBI obtained footage from the AM/PM's 

surveillance camera and identified two people in the 

truck, Gina Lynn and Joshua Trentor. 

"Both Lynn and Trentor have lengthy histories of 

involvement in animal rights activism, including having 

participated in animal releases, and, in Trentor's case, 

being arrested in connection with ALF-claimed 

vandalism. Thus I believe that the AM/PM Mini Market 

surveillance film captures evidence of Lynn, Trentor and 

the other male disposing of evidence of crimes that they 

had committed earlier on May 6-7, 2000," Agent 

Gutierrez wrote. 

Last August, Watson was called before the grand jury 

and refused to answer questions by invoking her Fifth 

Amendment right against self-incrimination. Paul 

Watson said her refusal was based on the conviction 

that grand juries are repressive "Star Chamber" 

proceedings in which people are stripped of their right to 

be represented by an attorney. And he declared that 

Sea Shepherd is dedicated to enforcing international 

legal protections for marine life and is not associated in 

any way with the so-called liberation groups. 

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But last Oct. 23, Allison Watson was called again, given 

immunity from prosecution and compelled to testify or 

face contempt of court charges , according to the 

complaint. 

Watson was asked to answer what must have seemed 

like innocuous questions. After her arrest, Paul Watson 

sat holding the jewelry his wife was forced to surrender 

before becoming a prisoner. He said they asked her 

questions like, "Do you know this person or where were 

you on such a date." 

As she sat before the grand jury in October, one of 

those questions was whether she knew Gina Lynn. 

Watson described Lynn as a friend with whom she 

speaks regularly. 

Then the federal prosecutor asked her whether the 

rental truck was always in her possession. She said yes. 

The prosecutor followed up by asking whether she had 

lent it to anyone. She said no. And Watson was asked 

whether Lynn was ever in the truck. Again, Watson said 

no. All these answers were lies, according to the 

complaint. 

Outside the courthouse, about a half-dozen 

demonstrators passed out a flier titled "Grand Juries, 

Modern Day Tools of Political Repression." The flier 

notes that "the grand jury system, long since abolished 

in most democratic nations, denies an individual her 

most fundamental of civil rights." 

Paul Watson, a celebrated defender of marine 

mammals and founder and president of the Sea 

Shepherd Conservation Society, spoke proudly of how 

his wife had not long ago been released from a 

Japanese jail were she was imprisoned for a short time 

for freeing numerous dolphins from nets. Watson said 

Sea Shepherd paid an $8,000 fine for his wife and one 

other activist. "That came out to about $600 per dolphin. 

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We thought it was a good deal." 

And Stu Sugarman, a Portland attorney representing 

Allison Watson, called Agent Gutierrez's complaint 

"extremely one-sided. The truth will come out." 

ACTIVISTS ON THE ATTACK 

The Animal Liberation Front and the Earth Liberation 

Front have claimed responsibility for hundreds of illegal 

activities over the last few years. Here are some of the 

more recent ones: 

Sept. 23, 2003 -- Mecosta County, Mich. The Earth 

Liberation Front claimed to have left incendiary devices 

at a pumping station for a water bottling plant owned by 

Nestle Waters North America. 

Sept. 19, 2003 -- San Diego. The Earth Liberation Front 

claimed responsibility for torching four houses under 

construction and left a banner reading "Development 

destruction. Stop raping nature." 

Sept. 6, 2003 -- Santa Fe, N.M. The Earth Liberation 

Front claimed to have spray-painted a third of the SUVs 

at a Land Rover dealership with such words as "avarice" 

and "gluttony." 

Aug. 26, 2003 -- Sultan. The Animal Liberation Front 

claimed credit for a raid on a fur farm in which 10,000 

mink were released from pens. 

Aug. 22, 2003 -- Earth Liberation Front actions in 

Southern California including in Arcadia at Mercedes- 

Benz dealer. Ten SUVs were spray-painted with 

"terrorist," "killer" and "ELF." In Duarte, a Mitsubishi 

dealership had its building and 20 of its vehicles painted 

with "ELF" and the phrases "gross polluter" and "We 

(heart) pollution." In West Covina, there was a fire at a 

GM dealership, destroying and damaging several SUVs, 

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including several Hummers. A fire also destroyed a 

warehouse at the dealership. Messages left there 

included "I (heart) Pollution," "American Wastefulness" 

and "ELF". 

Aug.1, 2003 -- San Diego. The Earth Liberation Front 

accepted responsibility for what it called the "largest act 

of environmental sabotage in U.S. history." Fire caused 

$50 million in damage to a five-story condominium 

complex. 

Canadian Hungarian Freedom Fighters 

Federation 


Aliases: n/a 

Bases of Operation: Canada 

Date Formed: n/a 

Strength: Group is inactive 

Classifications: Other 

Financial Sources: Unknown 

Founding Philosophy: The Canadian Hungarian Freedom Fighters 

Federation (CHFFF) was a small group of 

Hungarian expatriates in Canada. The "group" 

received notoriety in 1971 when one of their 

members (or perhaps their only member) Geza 

Matrai, jumped on Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin's 

back and screamed "Long live Hungary," as Kosygin 

walked with Canadian PM Pierre Trudeau on an 

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official visit to the Canadian Parliament. Kosygin 

was unharmed, and Matrai was sentenced to three 

months in jail. Matrai later ran unsuccessfully for a 

regional parliament seat in Toronto, but the CHFFF 

has not been heard from since the Kosygin incident. 

Current Goals: The Canadian Hungarian Freedom Fighters 

Federation is inactive. 

Key Leaders 

• n/a 


• n/a 










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Earth Liberation Front (ELF) 


Aliases: n/a 

Bases of Operation: Canada, United Kingdom, United States 


Strength: Unknown number of members 

Classifications: Environmental 

Financial Sources: Individuals work alone and are primarily self-funded 

Founding Philosophy: The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) is an international 

underground organization consisting of autonomous 

groups of people who carry out direct action 

according to the ELF guidelines. It was founded in 

1992 in Brighton, England by Earth First! members 

who refused to abandon criminal acts as a tactic 

when others wished to move Earth First! into the 

mainstream. The group jumped to North America in 

the mid-90's. Historically, the group has 

concentrated efforts on the timber industry and 

animal rights issues. More recent actions indicate 

that some ELF factions are also targeting suburban 

sprawl, with New York a hotspot for this type of 

activity. Within the past year, a number of underconstruction 

condominiums and luxury homes have 

been set on fire by ELF operatives. Subsequent 

press releases describe an "an unbounded war on 

urban sprawl", adding that "we will not tolerate the 

destruction of our island" and "if you build it we will 

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burn it." There is not a centralized organization or 

membership to speak of in the ELF, so individuals 

or cells are driven only by their personal decisions 

to carry out actions. 

Current Goals: According to the ELF website, which guides 

individual member's actions, "Any direct action to 

halt the destruction of the environment and adhering 

to the strict nonviolence guidelines, listed below, 

can be considered an ELF action. Economic 

sabotage and property destruction fall within these 

guidelines." 

1) To inflict economic damage on those profiting 

from the destruction and exploitation of the natural 

environment; 2) To reveal and educate the public on 

the atrocities committed against the earth and all 

species that populate it; and 3) To take all 

necessary precautions against harming any animal, 

human and non-human. 

The ELF advocates "monkeywrenching," a 

euphemism for acts of sabotage and property 

destruction against industries and other entities 

perceived to be damaging to the natural 

environment. "Monkeywrenching" includes tree 

spiking, arson, sabotage of logging or construction 

equipment, and other types of property destruction. 

Economic damage is often accomplished via acts of 

vandalism, ranging from breaking windows and 

gumming locks to setting fires and damaging 

equipment. Public education is typically achieved by 

means of anonymous press releases following acts 

of sabotage. Spray paint is also used to 

communicate messages and to claim responsibility 

at the site of sabotage. 

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Key Leaders 

• Brooks, Robert 

• Cesario, Angela 

• Cottrell, William 

• Gill, Hargit Singh 

• Rosebraugh, Craig 

• Rosenbloom, Jeremy 

• Scarpitti, Michael J 

• Sherman, Jacob 


• Animal Liberation Front (ALF) -- Ally 












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Robert Brooks 

Aliases: n/a 

Organizations: Earth Liberation Front (ELF) 



Angela Cesario 

Aliases: n/a 




William Cottrell 

Aliases: n/a 




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Hargit Singh Gill 

Aliases: n/a 




Craig Rosebraugh 

Aliases: n/a 

Organizations: Earth Liberation Front (ELF) (Spokesperson) 

Current Location: Portland, Oregon 

Biography: Craig Rosebraugh claims not to be a member of the 

Earth Liberation Front (ELF), merely an intermediary 

receiving all communications anonomously. 

Jeremy Rosenbloom 

Aliases: n/a 




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Michael J Scarpitti 

Aliases: n/a 




Jacob Sherman 

Aliases: n/a 




Liberation Front of Quebec 

Mothertongue Name: Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) 

Aliases: Quebec Liberation Front 

Bases of Operation: Canada 

Date Formed: February 1963 

Strength: Group is inactive 

Classifications: Communist/Socialist, Nationalist/Separatist 

Financial Sources: Received moral and material support from Algeria 

and Cuba 

Founding Philosophy: The Liberation Front of Quebec was formed in 

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February 1963. This terrorist organization, 

commonly referenced by its French acronym FLQ, 

based its ideological foundations on two defining 

goals. The first objective was to secure Quebec's 

separation from Canada. Throughout its history, 

FLQ remained committed to independence for the 

Quebec province. The Liberation Front's second 

goal was to improve the condition of Quebec's 

working class population. Within the first few years 

of its existence, the FLQ would harden its socialist 

rhetoric through principles of Marxism. 

The majority of the FLQ's terrorist attacks occurred 

between 1963 and 1972. It was in October 1970 

that the continuing terrorist actions of Quebec 

separatist groups came to a head. During this 

violent period, known as the "October Crisis," the 

Liberation Front of Quebec went on a violent 

rampage throughout Quebec. The violence 

prompted the Canadian government to authorize the 

War Measures Act on October 16, 1970. The 

expanded powers granted by the law led to the 

capture of 500 suspected separatist terrorists. 

Current Goals: The government crackdown, combined with a public 

backlash against FLQ's terrorist actions, severely 

limited the group's operations post-1972. The group 

resurfaced in the late 1970s but has been dormant 

since then. In 1995 Raymond Villeneuve, one of 

FLQ's co-founders, created a new terrorist 

organization, the Quebec National Liberation 

Movement. Villeneuve vowed to use intimidation 

and violence to expel English speakers from 

Quebec province, and thereby move a step closer to 

Quebec independence. 

Key Leaders 

• Hudon, Gabriel 

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• Schoeters, George 

• Villeneuve, Raymond 


• n/a 













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Gabriel Hudon 

Aliases: Roger Dupuis 

Organizations: Liberation Front of Quebec (Co-Founder) 


Biography: Gabriel Hudon was one of the Liberation Front of 

Quebec's three co-founders. The three co-founders split 

off from the separatist group Ralliement National pour 

l'Independance du Quebec (RIN). 

George Schoeters 

Aliases: n/a 



Biography: George Shoeters (born April 22, 1930) was a Belgian 

immigrant who has been described as "the father of the 

FLQ." Before founding the terrorist group FLQ, Shoeters 

was a guest of Fidel Castro in Cuba during 1959-1960. 

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Raymond Villeneuve 

Aliases: n/a 



Biography: Villeneuve was the youngest of FLQ's three cofounders. 

In 1995 Villeneuve founded the Quebec 

National Liberation Movement. 

Mara Salvatruchas 


Aliases: MS-13 

Bases of Operation: Canada, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, 

Mexico, United States 

Date Formed: 1980s 

Strength: Greater than 50,000 members 

Classifications: Other 

Financial Sources: Drug smuggling, human trafficking, auto theft, 

extortion and other forms of criminal activity 

Founding Philosophy: Mara Salvatruchas (MS or MS-13) is a violent 

criminal group founded by El Salvadoran immigrants 

in Los Angeles in 1980. For most of its history the 

group has functioned like a street gang -- engaging 

in deadly spats with rival gangs, participating in 

petty crime and narcotics dealing, and maintaining 

local turf both in major cities and in prisons. The 

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gang's original purpose was to protect El 

Salvadorans from other Los Angeles gangs. Though 

its roots may be in the Salvadoran community, Mara 

Salvatruchas has expanded to include members 

from other Central American countries. In addition to 

changing its composition, the gang may also be 

expanding its tactics. Some of its more recent 

actions fit the profile of terrorism rather than 

traditional gang activity. 

MS differs from most gangs in its vast size and 

international presence. Estimates vary, but most 

sources agree that there are more than 50,000 

members of Mara Salvatruchas worldwide -perhaps 

many more. Furthermore, Mara members 

are found in large groups from the streets of 

American cities to the countryside of Central 

America to the jails and prisons of both. The group's 

large prison presence allows it to use incarceration 

to improve organization and recruitment. 

Compounding matters, many MS members detained 

in the United States are deported rather than 

imprisoned, a process which feeds the gang 

population in Central America. 

The expanded MS presence in Central America has 

led to significant new violence in countries trying to 

recover from legacies of political conflict. Honduras, 

El Salvador, and Guatemala have murder rates 

many times that of the U.S., and some estimates 

suggest that Mara Salvatruchas and its arch-rival, 

MS-18, are responsible for as much as half of the 

violent crime in those countries. One incident in 

December 2004 had all the components of a 

terrorist attack: MS members stopped a bus and 

opened fire with automatic weapons, killing 28 

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people and wounding many more. The attackers left 

a note claiming the incident in the name of the 

Cinchoneros Popular Liberation Movement, a 

former terrorist group that has not been active since 

1991. The Honduran government blames MS. The 

random attack may have been a threat to a rival 

gang or an attack designed to discredit the 

government's anti-gang efforts. 

Current Goals: The future of Mara Salvatruchas is difficult to 

predict. The main thrust of the group's activities will 

remain traditional, profit-driven gang activity and 

narco-trafficking, but the group has so many 

members that the activities of various units will 

inevitably vary. It is impossible to rule out further 

terrorism, particularly in Central America. 

Governments in Guatemala, Honduras, and El 

Salvador have stepped up their actions against the 

gang, but eliminating it may prove impossible. 

Whatever the group's plans, the unprecedented 

manpower and geographic dispersal of MS make it 

a serious threat. The group has the resources to 

wage full-scale insurgent campaigns -- of the type 

not seen since the 1980s -- in Honduras, 

Guatemala, and El Salvador. It must be mentioned, 

however, that the group's standard activities do not 

suggest that any anti-government insurgency is 

brewing. Still, it could emerge if the crackdowns on 

the group spark full-scale retaliation. 

MS could also wreak havoc in other ways. Rumors 

have persisted of contact between MS members 

and an al-Qaeda associate. MS is experienced in 

alien smuggling, which could prove useful to al- 

Qaeda members trying to enter the United States. If 

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Key Leaders 

• n/a 


• n/a 


cooperation between al-Qaeda and MS ever 

blossomed, the potential for terrorist attacks in the 

United States could be frightening. However, it must 

be mentioned that these rumors have not been 

substantiated, and that some U.S. security officials 

explicitly deny them. 









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al-Qaeda 

Mothertongue Name: 

Aliases: Al Qaida, Qa‘idat al-Jihad, The Base 

Bases of Operation: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, 

Belgium, Bosnia, Egypt, Eritrea, France, FRY (Kosovo), Germany, India, Iran, 

Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Netherlands, 

Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, 

Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab 

Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Yemen 

Date Formed: Late 1980s 

Strength: Approximately 50,000 members 


Financial Sources: Bin Laden's personal fortune and a variety of his investments and business 

partnerships throughout the years have contributed to the pool of Al-Qaeda funds. 

Additionally, Al-Qaeda receives funding from charities all over the world. 

Founding Philosophy: Al-Qaeda ("The Base" in English) is a radical Sunni Muslim organization led by 

Usama bin Laden. In addition to its own members, al-Qaeda's network includes 

groups operating in as many as 65 countries throughout the world. 

Bin Laden's first mentor was Dr. Abdullah Azzam, a Palestinian who 

became one of the leaders of the anti-Soviet jihad in Afghanistan. 

After education in Saudi Arabia, Bin Laden, who comes from a 

wealthy Saudi family, became involved in the funding and 

recruitment of Arab volunteers fighting the Soviets in Afghanistan 

and eventually came into contact with Azzam's organization. Bin 

Laden formed al-Qaeda in the late 1980s in order to organize the 

recruitment, funding and organization of these "Afghan Arab" 

mujahideen. When the Soviets withdrew, Bin Laden used his 

contacts and resources from the anti-Soviet struggle to turn al- 

Qaeda's focus toward his new perceived enemies of Islam in the 

West. The group changed its base of operations, principally due to 

government pressure, from Afghanistan to Saudi Arabia to Sudan 

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and finally back to Afghanistan. 

Al-Qaeda's philosophy is one of "defensive jihad." Using this 

philosophy, bin Laden encourages each Muslim to take it upon them 

self to fight what it perceives as attacks on Muslims across the 

world. As an extension of this view, the group aims to overthrow 'un- 

Islamic regimes' that they believe oppress their Muslim citizens and 

replace them with genuine Islamic governments, to expel US 

soldiers and Western influences from the holy territories of the Gulf 

and Iraq, and to capture Jerusalem as a Muslim city. 

Al-Qaeda allies with and supports terrorist groups throughout the 

world that further these goals. These include groups fighting Muslim 

governments with allegedly apostate rulers (Egypt, Algeria, post- 

2002 Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia), groups fighting regimes 

perceived to oppress their Muslim citizens (Kosovo, India, Russia 

and Indonesia), and groups fighting to establish their own Islamic 

state (Palestine, Chechnya, Dagestan and Mindanao). 

Al-Qaeda supports these groups in two ways, both by training group 

members in its camps and by sending its own members to help 

these groups in their struggles around the world. Training for its own 

members and for members of allied groups has focused on 

insurgent warfare in addition to the classic "terrorist" techniques that 

are usually associated with the group. Some experts even believe 

that the ratio of insurgent fighters to terrorists in al-Qaeda's camps 

may be 15 to 1. American military officials have described the 

majority of those training in al-Qaeda's camps as "irregular ground 

combatants." Fighters such as these engaged U.S. troops at Shai-e- 

Kowt and Tora Bora in Afghanistan. 

Throughout the 90s, al-Qaeda provided its affiliated groups with 

financing and training primarily through its bases in Sudan and 

Afghanistan. Some 10,000 recruits are thought to have passed 

through the training camps there. Most of al-Qaeda's members are 

veterans of insurgencies and terrorist campaigns in Afghanistan, 

Tajikistan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kashmir, Mindanao, Chechnya, 

Lebanon, Nagorno-Karabakh, Algeria, and Egypt. 

Bin Laden's and al-Qaeda's hatred of the United States fits into this 

strategy of defensive jihad. Support for al-Qaeda throughout the 

Muslim world has been garnered by the portrayal of the United 

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States as a direct threat to and enemy of Islam. Under this view, the 

United States is engaged in attacks on Muslims through its 

stationing of troops in holy Muslim territories of the Gulf and Iraq, its 

support of Israel, India, Russia and the Philippines, and its invasion 

and subsequent occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan. In addition to 

the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center and the 

Pentagon, al-Qaeda's anti-American attacks include the 1998 

embassy bombings in Africa and the 2000 attack on the USS Cole 

in Yemen. 

Current Goals: The largest groups of al-Qaeda operatives remain in Afghanistan and Pakistan. 

While Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001 and 2002 ended the Taliban's rule in 

Kabul and official Afghani government support for al-Qaeda, as well as destroying 

a large portion of its training camp infrastructure, the group remains a dangerous 

force and imminent threat to stability within Afghanistan. 

Key Leaders 

Outside Afghanistan, al-Qaeda's jihad also continues. The al- 

Qaeda-linked attacks in Madrid showed that the group sees as a 

legitimate target any nation supporting American efforts in Iraq. 

Muslim insurgencies in which al-Qaeda members or groups trained 

in al-Qaeda's camps operate continue in the Philippines, Indonesia, 

Chechnya and Kashmir. Al-Qaeda activity in Saudi Arabia, targeted 

against both the Saudi regime and American forces, is also on the 

rise, and recent reports also show al-Qaeda's ongoing efforts to 

establish contacts in southern Lebanon and the Occupied 

Territories. The terrorist group of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi is acting as 

al-Qaeda's local affiliate in Iraq and presents a dangerous threat to 

Iraqi and coalition troops. Al-Qaeda, in any form, remains a 

dangerous threat to peace and stability throughout the world. 

• Abd al-Rahman, Atiyah 

• Abdullah, Abdullah Ahmed 

• Abu al-Yazid, Mustafa Ahmed Muhammad Uthman 

• Ahmed Taha, Rifa'i 

• al-Adel, Saif 

• al-Fawwaz, Khalid 

• Ali, Mohamed A. 

• al-Libi, Abu Laith 

• al-Libi, Abu Yahya 

• al-Liby, Anas 

• al-Masri, Abu Obaidah 

• al-Nalfi, Mohamed 

• al-Owhali, Mohamed 

• al-'Owhali, Mohamed 

• al-Urduni, Abu Turab 

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• al-Zawahiri, Ayman 

• Atef, Muhammed 

• Atwah, Muhsin Musa Matwalli 

• Bary, Adel Abdel 

• bin al Shibh, Ramzi 

• bin Attash, Tawfiq 

• bin Laden, Usama 

• Eidarous, Ibrahim 

• el-Hage, Wadih 

• Fadhil, Mustafa Mohamed 

• Ghailani, Ahmed Khalfan 

• Hussein, Liban 

• Hussein, Mohammed 

• Kherchtou, L'Houssaine 

• Mohamed, Fazul Abdullah 

• Mohamed, Khalfan 

• Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh 

• Mousa, Tawfiq Mohamad 

• Msalam, Fahid A. 

• Odeh, Mohamed 

• Rehman, Matiur 

• Reid, Richard 

• Salim, Mamdouh Mahmud 

• Sufaat, Yazid 

• Swedan, Sheikh Ahmed 

• Zubaydah, Abu 


• Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade -- Ally 

• Abu Nayaf al-Afghani -- Ally 

• Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) -- Ally 

• al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (GAI) -- Ally 

• al-Islambouli Brigades of al-Qaeda -- Supported Cause 

• al-Ittihaad al-Islami (AIAI) -- Ally 

• al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) -- Ally 

• al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb -- Ally 

• al-Qaeda Organization in the Land of the Two Rivers -- Ally 

• Ansar al-Islam -- Ally 

• Ansar al-Sunnah Army -- Ally 

• Armed Islamic Group -- Ally 

• Asbat al-Ansar -- Ally (Suspected) 

• Battalion of the Martyr Abdullah Azzam -- Ally 

• Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) -- Ally 

• Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) -- Ally 

• Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EIJM) -- Ally (Suspected) 

• Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HuM) -- Ally 

• Hizbul Mujahideen (HM) -- Ally 

• Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB) -- Ally (Suspected) 

• Islamic Jihad Group (Uzbekistan) -- Ally (Suspected) 

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• Islamic Movement for Change -- Suspected Alias/Ally 

• Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) -- Ally 

• Jaish al-Taifa al-Mansoura -- Ally (Suspected) 

• Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) -- Ally 

• Jemaah Islamiya (JI) -- Ally 

• Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) -- Ally 

• Laskar Jihad -- Ally (Suspected) 

• Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) -- Ally 

• Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group -- Ally (Suspected) 

• Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO) -- Ally (Suspected) 

• Riyad us-Saliheyn Martyrs' Brigade -- Ally (Suspected) 

• Takfir wa Hijra -- Shared Members 

• Taliban -- Ally 

• Tawhid and Jihad -- Ally 

• Tunisian Combatant Group (TCG) -- Ally 


Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO): Yes (in 2005) 






UK Proscribed Group: Yes 

Australia Specified Group: Yes 

Canada Specified Group: Yes 


Russia Specified Group: Yes 

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Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) 

Mothertongue Name: Al-Jihad al-Islami 

Aliases: Al-Jihad, Al-Jihad al-Islami, Jihad Group, New Jihad Group, Qaeda al-Jihad, 

Talaa'al al-Fateh, Vanguards of Conquest 

Bases of Operation: Afghanistan, Egypt 

Date Formed: Formed in the late 1970s; merged with al Qaeda in June 2001 

Strength: Greater than 300 members 


Financial Sources: Unknown 

Founding Philosophy: This Egyptian Islamic extremist group merged with Bin Laden's al-Qaeda 

organization in June 2001, but may retain some capability to conduct independent 

operations. The relationship between Jihad leader al-Zawahiri and bin Laden 

formally began in February 1998 when al-Jihad joined the International Front. 

Following the group's founding in the late 1970s, Egyptian security 

authorities began a ruthless crackdown on al-Jihad in the 1980s, 

imprisoning, torturing and executing its members. The group then 

split into two factions, one led by al-Zawahiri, the other by Abbud al- 

Zumar, who is currently imprisoned. The latter faction has since 

disappeared as many of its members have been jailed. But al- 

Zawahiri's faction, also known as the "Vanguards of Conquest" 

(Talaa'al al-Fateh), has thrived. In the mid-80s, al-Zawahiri moved 

the headquarters to Afghanistan and began recruiting Afghan arabs. 

New cells of al-Jihad were trained in the mujaheddin camps of 

Afghanistan from which they set off on missions to Egypt. Al-Jihad 

militants were trained as suicide bombers (reputedly an al-Zawahiri 

specialty) and, for reasons of security and effectiveness, they 

formed into isolated cells working independent of one another. 

Current Goals: Al-Jihad's primary goals today have merged with those of al-Qaeda, to include 

attacks on US and Israeli interests. Al-Jihad's original goals, which likely still have 

a place, include a violent overthrow of Egyptian President Hosny Mubarak, whom 

they see as corrupt, impious, and repressive, to be replaceed by an Islamist state. 

Al-Jihad is unique among the Islamic movements, however, in that it views war 

against the Jews and Israel as an initial, essential step toward fulfilling the goals 

of Islam. According to the group, the only way to resolve the conflict with the Jews 

in Palestine is by direct violent confrontation. In 1990, one of the organization's 

leaders -- Sheikh Tamimi (author of a 1982 booklet called "The Obliteration of 

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Key Leaders 

• al-Zawahiri, Ayman 


Israel: A Koranic Imperative") -- expressed this principle in the following words: 

"The Jews have to return to the countries from which they came. We shall not 

accede to a Jewish state on our land, even if it is only one village." 

The original Jihad was responsible for the assassination in 1981 of 

Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. It also claimed responsibility for 

the attempted assassinations of Interior Minister Hassan al-Alfi in 

August 1993 and Prime Minister Atef Sedky in November 1993. The 

group has not conducted an attack inside Egypt since 1993 and 

never targeted foreign tourists there. 

• al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (GAI) -- Ally 

• al-Qaeda -- Shared Members 











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Russia Specified Group: Yes 

al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (GAI) 

Mothertongue Name: al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (GAI) 

Aliases: Al-Gamat al-Islamiya, Islamic Group (IG), Jamaat al-Islamiyya 

Bases of Operation: Afghanistan, Egypt 


Strength: Less than 500 members 


Financial Sources: The Egyptian Government believes that Iran, Bin Laden, and Afghan militant 

groups support the organization. Also may obtain some funding through various 

Islamic NGOs. 

Founding Philosophy: Egypt's largest militant group, active since the late 1970s, is also one of its most 

highly decentralized. The GAI began as an alliance of loosely organized cells 

whose leaders were in contact with one another. The majority of the cells 

developed after Egyptian President Anwar Sadat released many members of the 

nonviolent Muslim Brotherhood who had been imprisoned during Nasser's reign. 

Members who rejected the MB's nonviolent stance fragmented off into a variety of 

violent Islamist groups. The larger organization's spiritual leader is Sheikh Umar 

Abd al-Rahman, but his influence has been lessened since his lifelong 

incarceration in the United States in 1996 for his involvement in the 1993 World 

Trade Center bombing. The Group conducted a number of attacks on Egyptian 

security forces, government officials in Egypt, Coptic Christians, and on other 

perceived Egyptian opponents of Islam. GAI also claimed responsibility for the 

June 1995 attempted assassination of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in 

Ethiopia. 

The group's founders, who are serving prison sentences in Egypt, 

first called for a ceasefire in 1997 and again in 1999. The 1997 

ceasefire led to a split in the organization into two independent, 

sometimes warring factions. Mustafa Hamza's faction supports the 

ceasefire, but the other, led by Rifa'i Ahmad, is believed to be 

responsible for ordering his radical faction to massacre a group of 

tourists at Luxor within months of the 1997 call for ceasefire. 

Ahmad's faction was based in Afghanistan and has been identified 

as having close links with Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), which uses 

its website to condemn ceasefire initiatives advocated by moderate 

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GAI leaders. The group's March 1999 ceasefire was somewhat 

more successful, but Sheikh Rahman rescinded his support for the 

cease-fire in June 2000. 

Senior members of the radical faction signed Usama Bin Laden's 

fatwa in February 1998 calling for attacks against the United States, 

and since 2000, a number of GAI cells have targeted Coptic 

Christians in Egypt. Ahmad published a 2001 book in which he 

justifies mass casualty terrorist attacks. He seems to have 

disappeared since then and his current whereabouts are unknown. 

The radical faction was targeted by US-led attacks on Afghanistan 

after 9/11 and what remained of the faction is believed to have 

dispersed into Pakistan and various outlying regions, but may have 

regrouped. In March 2002, members of the group's moderate 

leadership declared the use of violence misguided and renounced 

its future use, prompting denunciations by much of the leadership 

abroad. 

Current Goals: For members still dedicated to violent jihad, the main goal is the overthrow of the 

regime of President Hosni Mubarak and the establishment of an Islamist state in 

Egypt. Since allying themselves with al-Qaeda however, the faction likely has 

broader objectives, including attacks on the US. 

Key Leaders 

• Abdel-Rahman, Hamdi 

• Ahmed Taha, Rifa'i 

• el-Dawalibi, Fouad 

• el-Zomor, Aboud 

• Ibrahim, Nageh 

• Zuhdi, Karam 


• al-Islambouli Brigades of al-Qaeda -- Faction 

• al-Qaeda -- Ally 

• Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) -- Ally 

• International Justice Group -- Suspected Alias/Ally 

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EU Specified Group: Yes 


Hamas 


Aliases: Harakat al-Muqawammah al-Islammiyya, Islamic Resistance Movement 

Bases of Operation: Israel, West Bank/Gaza 



Classifications: Nationalist/Separatist, Religious 

Financial Sources: Iran (state-sponsored); Donations (especially through Islamic charities); 

Remittances from Arab expatriates; Commercial enterprises (sewing and weaving 

centers and cattle farms) 

Founding Philosophy: Hamas is a violent outgrowth of the Muslim Brotherhood. The Muslim Brotherhood 

is a Sunni, Islamist, religious movement that originated in Egypt and seeks broad 

social, moral, and political reforms based upon Islam. From the late 1960s, 

Hamas' founder and spiritual leader, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, was actively involved 

in non-violent Muslim Brotherhood activities in the Palestinian Territories, 

including preaching, education, and charity work. In 1973, Yassin established al- 

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Mujamma' al-Islami (Islamic Center), an umbrella organization overseeing Muslim 

Brotherhood activities in the Gaza Strip. By the early 1980s, Yassin's ideology 

had begun to radicalize with Yassin more openly espousing violence against 

Israel. 

After the outbreak of the first Palestinian intifada in December 1987, 

Hamas was established as the political arm for Muslim Brotherhood 

activities and Hamas members began actively promoting the 

uprising. In August 1988, Hamas released its official charter. Hamas 

is dedicated to creating an Islamic state in the territory of "Palestine" 

(all of Israel and Palestinian Territories). According to Hamas' 

charter, the land of Palestine has been endowed to Islam, and it is 

therefore the duty of all Muslims to liberate Palestine through violent 

jihad. 

Current Goals: Hamas remains zealously dedicated to its violent, Islamist goals and seeks to 

destroy Israel and replace the Palestinian Authority with an Islamic state. While 

Hamas and the Palestinian Authority/PLO do cooperate occasionally, Hamas has 

generally presented itself as an Islamic counterweight to Arafat's secular 

government. Hamas has violently opposed any political compromises with Israel 

and has frequently used suicide bombings and rocket attacks against Israel to 

derail the peace process. 

As part of its Islamist ideology, Hamas maintains an active network 

of social services within the Palestinian Territories. Hamas' 

substantial financial support has enabled it to provide social 

services, such as education, health care, and recreation services 

that the Palestinian Authority has been unable to provide. This 

social work has substantially increased popular support for Hamas, 

drawing political support away from the Palestinian Authority. 

Hamas has been able to leverage its popular support into increased 

support for its terrorist activities. 

In January 2006, Hamas ran candidates for Palestinian 

parliamentary elections. In shocking fashion, the group won a 

landslide victory, garnering 76 out of a possible 132 seats. 

In its newfound position as a legitimate political party, Hamas has 

continued to maintain a hard line against Israel and remains an 

active militant group. In Fall 2006, factional clashes with its main 

rival, al-Fatah, consumed the Gaza Strip and led to many deaths on 

both sides. 

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Key Leaders 

• al-Zahhar, Mahmud 

• Elashyi, Ihsan 

• Ghousheh, Ibrahim 

• Hanud, Mahmud Abu 

• Marzuq, Musa Abu 

• Rantisi, 'Abd al-Aziz 

• Shanab, Ismail Abu 

• Shihada, Salah 

• Yassin, Sheikh Ahmed 


• Abu al-Rish Brigades -- Ally 

• al-Fatah -- Rival and Ally 

• Asbat al-Ansar -- Rival and Ally 

• Black Panthers (West Bank/Gaza) -- Ally 

• Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) -- Rival and Ally 

• Hezbollah -- Ally 

• Jenin Martyr's Brigade -- Faction 

• Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) -- Rival and Ally 

• Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) -- Ally 

• Popular Resistance Committees -- Shared Members 











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Hezbollah 


Aliases: Islamic Jihad, Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine, Organization of the 

Oppressed on Earth, Party of God, Revolutionary Justice Organization, The 

Islamic Resistance 

Bases of Operation: Lebanon 



Classifications: Nationalist/Separatist, Religious 

Financial Sources: Iran and Syria; World-wide fundraising operation 

Founding Philosophy: Hezbollah (Arabic for "Party of God") is an umbrella organization of various radical 

Islamic Shi'ite groups and organizations which receives substantial financial and 

philosophical support from Iran. 

The name Hezbollah comes from a Koranic verse promising triumph 

to those who join the Party of God. Hezbollah was founded in 1982 

in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley by Shia clergyman educated in Iran, and 

it subsumed a number of Lebanese Islamic groups. Hezbollah's 

formation was a direct response to Israel's 1982 invasion of 

Lebanon designed to eliminate the Palestinian Liberation 

Organization's base of operations. The group quickly became an 

effective fighting force thanks to training, weaponry, and funding 

from the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps operating in Lebanon. 

Hezbollah soon began running training camps in the Bekaa Valley 

and other parts of Lebanon that instructed members of Hezbollah 

and other terrorist organizations how to conduct assassinations, 

kidnappings, suicide bombings, and guerilla warfare. 

In the early 1980s, Hezbollah popularized suicide bombings as an 

effective terrorist tactic. In April 1983, Hezbollah allegedly blew up a 

van filled with explosives in front of the U.S. embassy in Beirut killing 

58 Americans and Lebanese. Then in October 1983, Hezbollah is 

believed to be responsible for a truck bomb that detonated in the 

U.S. Marine barracks killing 241 American peacekeepers, and a 

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simultaneous truck bombing at the French barracks that killed 58 

French soldiers. These attacks contributed to the decision to 

withdraw U.S. forces from Lebanon the following year. Hezbollah 

also carried out a number of kidnappings of Westerners in Lebanon 

during the mid 1980s, in which they executed the hostages or traded 

them for money or weapons. 

In addition to Lebanon, Hezbollah's security apparatus operates in 

Europe, North and South America, East Asia, and other parts of the 

Middle East, and it is believed to be responsible for a number of 

other high profile terrorist attacks. In 1985 Hezbollah members 

hijacked TWA flight 847 and held the 39 Americans on board 

hostage for weeks. In addition, the 1992 bombing of the Israeli 

Embassy in Argentina and the 1994 bombing of a Jewish cultural 

centre in Buenos Aires are attributed to Hezbollah. Furthermore, in 

June 1996, Hezbollah allegedly attacked the Khobar Towers 

housing complex in Dharan, Saudi Arabia, killing 19 U.S servicemen 

and wounding hundreds of others. 

In May 2000, Israel elected to unilaterally withdraw from southern 

Lebanon because the costs of continued military occupation were 

deemed unacceptable. Hezbollah immediately declared victory and 

took advantage of their increased freedom of movement to establish 

themselves as a virtual state within a state in southern Lebanon. 

During these years, Hezbollah continued its transformation from a 

terrorist organization capable of executing the periodic spectacular 

attack to a well-disciplined professional fighting force. Core 

Hezbollah operatives likely currently number around 1,000, with 

reservist strength ranging from 3,000 to 10,000 fighters. Hezbollah 

also received a massive influx of funding from its primary state 

sponsor, Iran, at a clip of approximately 100 million annually. Iran 

provided thousands of Katyusha rockets and other advanced 

military hardware to the group as well. 

On July 12, 2006, Hezbollah members crossed the Israeli border 

and kidnapped two Israeli soldiers and killed 8 others. In response, 

Israel began a massive bombing campaign and limited ground 

incursion designed to destroy Hezbollah infrastructure and eliminate 

Hezbollah fighters and weaponry. Through out the 34 days of 

intense fighting, Hezbollah fired 100s of rockets into northern Israel 

on a daily basis. On August 11, 2006; Israel, Hezbollah, and the 

Lebanese government agreed to a cease fire. While the fighting has 

slowed considerably since, debate continues about the rules of 

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engagement for the United Nations' peacekeeping force in Lebanon 

and whether Hezbollah will be disarmed. 

Current Goals: Hezbollah's stated objectives include the establishment of a Shiite theocracy in 

Lebanon, the destruction of Israel, and the elimination of Western influences from 

the Middle East. Over the last 20 plus years, Hezbollah has not only 

professionalized its military capabilities but also joined Lebanon's political process 

and enmeshed itself into the social fabric of Lebanese society. 

Key Leaders 

• Amhaz, Ali 

• Behl, Mohit 

After the end of Lebanon's 15 year civil war in the early 1990s, 

Hezbollah joined the country's nascent democratic multiconfessional 

political process and the group currently enjoys 

widespread support among Lebanon's Shia population. As of 

August 2006, Hezbollah is a minority partner in the Lebanese 

Cabinet, with two serving ministers and a third endorsed by the 

group, and it holds 14 seats in Parliament. In November 2007, the 

group delayed Lebanese Parliament's selection of Lebanon's new 

president by boycotting the elections. Hezbollah has said it will only 

consider candidates who support the group's fight against Israel. 

Hezbollah's political wing also runs a variety of social programs in 

southern Lebanon and south Beirut that provide schooling, medical 

care, and welfare to Lebanese Shia. In addition, the group 

possesses its own radio station and satellite television station, al- 

Manar. Al-Manar serves as the primary propaganda engine for 

Hezbollah and broadcasts anti-Israel and anti-America propaganda 

to the Islamic world in multiple languages. 

Due to its involvement in Lebanese politics and vast network of 

social services, there is considerable debate among the 

international community concerning whether Hezbollah should be 

classified as a terrorist organization. The U.S., Canada, Israel, and 

others classify Hezbollah strictly as a terrorist organization, which 

limits the group's ability to raise funds and travel internationally. 

However, countries like Australia and the United Kingdom 

distinguish between Hezbollah's security and political wings, and 

other countries like Russia do not consider Hezbollah a terrorist 

organization. 

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• Cadet, Marie 

• Chahrour, Samuel 

• Covington, Mary 

• Darwiche, Ali F. 

• Darwiche, Ali H. 

• Darwiche, Mohamad Atef 

• Dbouk, Mohammed H. 

• Debk, Samir 

• Fadlallah, Sheikh Muhammed Hussein 

• Fortune, Jessica 

• Hammoud, Bassam 

• Hammoud, Chawki 

• Hammoud, Homaham Yousef 

• Harake, Sheik 

• Harb, Fatme 

• Harb, Haissam M. 

• Harb, Said 

• Ismail, Nabil 

• Khalil, Naji Abi 

• Laqis, Hassan 

• Moore, Tonia 

• Moussoui, Mehdi 

• Musawi, Abbas 

• Nasrallah, Hassan 

• Pish, Terri 

• Qassem, Naim 

• Raad, Mohammad 

• Swaringen, Wayne 

• Tsioumas, Angela 


• Ansar Allah -- Splinter Group (Suspected) 

• Asbat al-Ansar -- Enemy 

• Hamas -- Ally 

• Islamic Action in Iraq -- Ally (Suspected) 

• Islamic Movement for Change -- Suspected Alias/Ally 

• Jund al-Sham -- Rival 

• Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) -- Ally 

• Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) -- Ally 




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Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) 

Mothertongue Name: Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan (PKK) 

Aliases: KADEK, KHK, Kongra-Gel (KGK), Kongreya Azadi u Demokrasiya Kurdistan, 

Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress, Kurdistan People's Conference, 

The People’s Congress of Kurdistan 

Bases of Operation: Turkey 



Classifications: Communist/Socialist, Nationalist/Separatist 

Financial Sources: The PKK's largest funding sources are drug smuggling and extortion. The group 

also receives funding through charities, commercial establishments, and 

remittances from Europe. Syria, Iran, and Iraq have provided some aid to the PKK 

Founding Philosophy: The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is a leftist Kurdish nationalist organization. 

The PKK was founded in 1974 by a group of Turkish students of ethnic Kurdish 

descent who were active in communist circles within Turkey. The group, led by 

Abdullah Ocalan, operated informally until 1978, when it formalized its agenda. 

Influenced heavily by Maoist doctrine, the PKK's goal was to incite a revolution 

that would free the Kurdish people and establish an independent Kurdish state. 

When it was founded, the group was violently opposed to the Turkish government, 

believing that a Kurdish state could only be established if the oppressive and 

colonialist Turkish government was defeated. 

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During the early 1980s, the group focused its attention on 

consolidating its resources and powerbase. In 1980, prior to the 

military coup in Turkey, the PKK fled Turkey and established training 

camps in the Bekaa valley, part of Syrian-controlled Lebanon. By 

1984, the PKK had initiated its first armed attacks in the Anatolia 

regions of Turkey. The PKK targeted Turkish government facilities 

and personnel in Anatolia and frequently attacked Kurdish civilians 

who "collaborated" with the Turkish government. Some reports claim 

that the PKK killed over 30,000 civilians within Turkey during the 

mid-80s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in an effort to win 

increased support from the Kurdish peasantry, the PKK altered its 

leftist secular ideology to better accommodate and accept Islamic 

beliefs. The group also abandoned its previous strategy of attacking 

Kurdish civilians, focusing instead on government and tourist 

targets. 

Current Goals: During the early 1990s, the PKK continued its strategy of actively attacking 

Turkish government and tourist assets in an effort to destroy the Turkish regime. 

The group has also targeted Turkish interests in Western Europe. In 1999, the 

PKK's leader, Abdullah Ocalan, was arrested in Kenya and extradited to Turkey 

where he faced the death penalty on terrorism charges. (Though convicted, 

Turkey abolished the death penalty in 2002, and his sentence was changed to life 

imprisonment.) The arrest of Ocalan seriously weakened the PKK. Following his 

arrest, Ocalan declared a unilateral cease-fire and announced his desire to 

establish a "peace initiative" with Turkey on Kurdish issues. The PKK affirmed 

Ocalan's wishes, purportedly disavowing its violent history. 

In 2002, the PKK changed its name to the Kurdistan Freedom and 

Democracy Congress (KADEK), supposedly committing itself to 

non-violent activities. In 2003, KADEK announced a three-stage 

"road map" for peacefully resolving the issue of Kurdish autonomy. 

Despite the cease fire, the group continued its military training and 

planning and continues to threaten violence. In 2003, KADEK 

announced that it was dissolving itself and creating a new pan- 

Kurdish organization called the Kurdistan People's Conference 

(KHK) that would seek Kurdish rights through negotiations with 

Turkey. Turkish officials have dismissed these moves as public 

relations tactics. It remains unclear what the outcome of this 

reorganization will be. In late 2003, the KADEK sought to engineer 

another political face-lift, renaming the group Kongra-Gel (KGK) 

(Kurdistan People's Congress) and brandishing its "peaceful" 

intentions, while continuing to commit attacks and refuse 

disarmament. 

The cease-fire with the Turkish government ended in the spring of 

2004 and violence continued. In April 2005 the group officially 

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Key Leaders 

• Bayik, Cemil 

• Kalkan, Duran 

• Ocalan, Abdullah 

• Ocalan, Osman 

• Pir, Kemal 

• Tas, Nizamettin 

• Yildirim, Kesire 


decided to revert to its original name. In August 2005, the group 

announced a one-month ceasefire and said that they would hold 

indirect peace talks with the Turkish government. 

Talks between the Kurdistan Workers' Party and the Turkish 

government, however, have failed to progress; violence linked to the 

PKK continues across Turkey, particularly in the southeast. The 

group claimed responsibility for three ambushes of Turkish forces in 

early March 2006, alleged to be retaliation for the deaths of seven 

PKK members in February. The group is also suspected in several 

small bombings in early 2006, including a bombing in Ankara on 

March 8th that killed three people and injured eighteen. 

• Apo's Revenge Hawks -- Supported Cause 

• Apo's Youth Revenge Brigades -- Supported Cause 

• DHKP/C -- Supported Cause 

• Islamic Great Eastern Raiders Front -- Ally 

• Kurdish Democratic Party -- Rival 

• Kurdish Islamic Unity Party -- Faction 

• Kurdish Patriotic Union -- Splinter Group (Suspected) 

• Kurdistan Freedom Hawks -- Splinter Group (Suspected) 

• Nationalist Kurdish Revenge Teams -- Supported Cause 

• People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan (ARGK) -- Faction 

• PKK/KONGRA-GEL -- Successor 

• TKP/ML-TIKKO -- Ally 

• Turkish Hezbollah -- Rival 

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Appendix E Maps of New York State Waterways 

BUFFALO WATERFRONT 

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DELWARE RIVER 

DELWARE AND HUDSON CANAL 

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NYC WATERWAYS 

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HUDSON DRAINAGE BASIN 

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Never sink river map 

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Susquehanna Drainage Basin 

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Lake Champlain Drainage Basin 

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St. Lawrence/Great Lakes Drainage Basin 

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Raquette Drainage Basin 

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Black Drainage Basin 

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Oswego River Drainage Basin 

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Genesee Drainage Basin 

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Appendix F 

Maps of States Located on the Great Lakes 

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Intelligence Report Great Lakes Region

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