O-Level-Chemistry-Notes

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Copyrights AF/PS/2009/2010 3
GCE O LEVEL SYLLABUS 2010
CHEMISTRY (5070)
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ____________
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CHAPTER 1 – EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY
1.1 Experimental Design
Volumes of Liquids
SI unit: cubic metre (m 3 )
Large volume measurement: decimetres (dm 3 )
1 dm 3 = 1 000 cm 3
Daily life measurement: millilitres (ml) or litres(l)
1 litre = 1 000 ml
Apparatus for measuring liquids depends on:
- The volume being measured
- How accurate the measurement needs to be
- Beaker hold approximate volume of 100 cm 3 and 250 cm 3 .
- Conical flask hold approximate volume of 100 cm 3 and 250 cm 3 .
- Measuring cylinder has accuracy to 1 cm 3 .
- Reading to be taken nearer to the meniscus (bottom line).
- If reading is 23 cm 3 , should not write 23.0 cm 3 as the ‘0’ means accurate to
0.1 cm 3 .
- Burette has long scale of 0 – 50 cm 3 , accurate to 0.1 cm 3 .
- Liquid level to be measured before and after tap opening. The difference of
volume gives the liquid volume poured off.
- Bulb pipette measures exact volumes such as 20.0, 25.0 or 50.0 cm 3 , not odd
volumes such as 31.0 cm 3 .
Volumes of Gases
Measured with gas syringe, up to 100 cm 3
Temperature
Measured with thermometer. 2 types are:
a) Mercury-in-glass
b) Alcohol-in-glass
SI Unit: Kelvin (K)
Daily life measurement: degree Celcius ( o C)
K = o C + 273
Time
SI Unit: seconds (s)
Other Units: minutes (min)/hour (h)
Measured with:
(a) Clock
(b) Digital stopwatch
Mass
Mass – the measure of amount of matter in a substance
SI Unit: kilogram (kg)
Other Units: grams (g)/milligrams (mg)
Large volume measurements: tonnes (t)
1 tonne = 1 000 kg
Measured with:
(a) Electric “top-pan” balance
(b) Triple beam balance