Eunice Kennedy Shriver - The Human Spirit Initiative
Eunice Kennedy Shriver - The Human Spirit Initiative
Eunice Kennedy Shriver - The Human Spirit Initiative
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<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
Special Olympics<br />
1970-1990<br />
Mobilizing the <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong><br />
TM<br />
<strong>The</strong> Role of <strong>Human</strong> Services and Civic Engagement<br />
in the United States 1900–2000
Foreword<br />
“We need to re-mythologize our heroes. Of course, they were only human beings like the<br />
rest of us……but they had great gifts and, due to fate or chance or perhaps providence,<br />
great currents of human and social energy passed through them.”<br />
Change began with them; change<br />
begins with each of us!<br />
Throughout history, noble<br />
individuals have looked out on their<br />
world and seen that more could be done<br />
to help those in need. Over the last<br />
century in America, these like-minded<br />
individuals found each other, put pen<br />
to paper and became the voice of a<br />
nation, manifesting that deeply human<br />
impulse to care enough to act. <strong>The</strong>ir<br />
zeal, discipline and hard work forever<br />
changed this nation’s collective capacity<br />
to care.<br />
In telling the stories of their lives<br />
and work, the legacy and impact of<br />
their actions, we begin to see the extent<br />
to which voluntary association – the<br />
building of healthy, diverse, inclusive<br />
community – lies at the heart of our<br />
national character.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong> <strong>Initiative</strong> is a<br />
nonprofit organization committed to<br />
building greater understanding of the<br />
impact of health and human services<br />
on American society. Presented in this<br />
monograph and others in this series are<br />
stories that inspire one to action –<br />
to recognize that we are all part of a<br />
community and accept responsibility for<br />
the health of that community. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
stories celebrate the contributions of<br />
Jacob Needleman, <strong>The</strong> American Soul<br />
ordinary people who dedicated their<br />
lives to found or shape significant human<br />
services organizations and, in the process,<br />
transformed the fabric of 20 th century<br />
American society. Blending biography<br />
with history, we will trace the legacy of<br />
their actions: the growth, impact and<br />
promise of civil society in America.<br />
<strong>The</strong> public (government), private<br />
(corporate), and social (non-profit)<br />
sectors in America all impact our<br />
quality of life and our relationships<br />
with the rest of the world. <strong>The</strong> nonprofit<br />
sector consists of more than 1.4<br />
million organizations, employing 12<br />
million individuals. Operating within<br />
this fast-growing sector are health and<br />
human services organizations – ranging<br />
from community groups to national<br />
associations – focused on alleviating need<br />
and committed to dignity and equality for<br />
all. <strong>The</strong>y include, among many others,<br />
America’s Promise Alliance, Children’s<br />
Defense Fund, Communities in Schools,<br />
Mental Health America, National Urban<br />
League, Special Olympics and Volunteers<br />
of America.<br />
<strong>The</strong> individuals whose lives we<br />
celebrate have been memorialized<br />
in our nation’s newest monument in<br />
Washington, D.C., <strong>The</strong> Extra Mile –<br />
Points of Light Volunteer Pathway.<br />
Mobilizing the <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong>
Dedicated in 2005 to the spirit of service<br />
in America, the Extra Mile comprises a<br />
series of bronze medallions forming a onemile<br />
walking path just blocks from the<br />
White House. <strong>The</strong>se honorees include<br />
founders of major service organizations<br />
and civil rights leaders, individuals who<br />
selflessly championed causes to help others<br />
realize a better America. <strong>The</strong>ir legacies are<br />
enduring social movements that continue<br />
to engage and inspire us today.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se ordinary people combined<br />
a sense of history and responsibility<br />
with altruism and independence of<br />
spirit. <strong>The</strong>y used their skills as writers,<br />
organizers, speakers, agitators and<br />
advisors to spotlight social needs, change<br />
public opinion, rally forces for positive<br />
change, and advance legislation. None<br />
of them knew at the beginning of their<br />
work the ultimate legacy and impact<br />
of their actions. <strong>The</strong>y did not act for<br />
self-serving reasons, but many did gain<br />
prominence and influence and lived to<br />
see their dreams flourish.<br />
<strong>The</strong> initial seven monographs in this<br />
series will collectively capture the growth<br />
of health and human services in the<br />
United States over the past century, with<br />
a focus on social welfare, health services,<br />
youth development and civil rights.<br />
<strong>The</strong> monographs will spotlight the<br />
life and work of:<br />
• Jane Addams, Hull House,<br />
1889-1920<br />
• Clifford Beers, Mental Health<br />
America, 1908-1935<br />
• Maud and Ballington Booth,<br />
Volunteers of America, 1890-1935<br />
Mobilizing the <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong><br />
• William Edwin Hall, Boys & Girls<br />
Clubs of America, 1935-1950<br />
• Ruth Standish Baldwin & George<br />
Edmund Haynes, <strong>The</strong> National<br />
Urban League, 1950-1980<br />
• <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>, Special<br />
Olympics, 1970-1990<br />
• William Milliken, Communities in<br />
Schools, Inc., 1980-2000<br />
<strong>The</strong>se monographs offer a snapshot of<br />
the demographics, economic conditions<br />
and political climate of the 20th century.<br />
Each highlights the particular events and<br />
conditions that gave rise to the need and<br />
enabled the response, while presenting<br />
common themes and approaches that<br />
each of us can follow in our own journey<br />
to make a difference. We will seek to<br />
discover parallels in today’s world, the<br />
legacy of these individuals’ work and,<br />
through the discussion guide, how each<br />
reader can take action to benefit the<br />
common good and strengthen civil<br />
society. <strong>The</strong> stories are written for<br />
“everyman” and can easily be adapted<br />
for specific audiences – elementary<br />
and secondary school students, college<br />
undergraduates and educators.<br />
As you read – and marvel – at the<br />
generosity, courage, creativity and<br />
tenacity of our “ordinary” heroes, seek to<br />
discover the heroes in the communities<br />
of your life. Applaud yourself for the<br />
role you play in enabling civil society<br />
to flourish. Ask how and when you can<br />
enhance that role. Start Today.<br />
Kay Horsch<br />
Chairman, <strong>The</strong> <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong> <strong>Initiative</strong>
Mobilizing the <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong>
v<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
This monograph was made possible<br />
through the insight and generosity of<br />
the following individuals from Special<br />
Olympics International: Timothy<br />
<strong>Shriver</strong>, Ph.D., Chairman and CEO;<br />
Loretta Claiborne, Special Olympics<br />
Athlete and Board Member; Thomas<br />
Songster, former Staff Special Olympics<br />
Vice President; Steven M. Eidelman,<br />
Professor, University of Delaware and<br />
<strong>Kennedy</strong> Foundation Director; Judy<br />
Engelberg, Archivist; Peter Wheeler,<br />
Chief Strategic Properties Officer; Helen<br />
MacNabb, Vice President, Strategic<br />
Properties.<br />
We also wish to acknowledge<br />
the support of the following Special<br />
Olympics International interns: Michael<br />
Larussa, Georgetown University graduate<br />
student; Jeremiah Morrow, Georgetown<br />
University graduate student; Katie<br />
Rayford, Tulane University student;<br />
Kelly Bies, Duke University student.<br />
Anne Nixon authored the narrative,<br />
a significant feat in turning historical<br />
data into an inspirational tool for our<br />
readers. With this monograph, we<br />
move through the last third of the<br />
20th century to study the conditions<br />
and events which drove individuals<br />
who were concerned about social<br />
change and justice to realize there<br />
was strength in numbers. We explore<br />
the theme of advancing dignity and<br />
promoting equality and opportunity for<br />
all, regardless of physical or intellectual<br />
Mobilizing the <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong><br />
abilities. <strong>The</strong> meaningful work being<br />
done by Special Olympics has captured<br />
the imagination of people everywhere.<br />
Oral Interviews<br />
In preparation for this monograph,<br />
oral interviews were conducted with<br />
executive leadership of organizations<br />
that have remained faithful to their<br />
mission over time, as well as social<br />
entrepreneurs whose vision and bold<br />
action have contributed to the growth<br />
of our great third sector – the non-profit<br />
social sector. <strong>The</strong>se leaders have acted to<br />
ensure the vibrancy and effectiveness of<br />
the social sector as it continues to offer<br />
hope and helps rebuild trust throughout<br />
the world. <strong>The</strong> interviews added<br />
significantly to our understanding of the<br />
impulses, opportunities and obstacles<br />
facing volunteers and staff at the end of<br />
the 20th Century, serving as a bridge to<br />
the future. We are most grateful to:<br />
• Daniel Cardinali, President,<br />
Communities in Schools<br />
• Joe Haggerty, Chief Operating<br />
Officer, United Way Worldwide<br />
• Frances Hesselbein, Founder<br />
and Chairman, Leader to Leader<br />
Institute; Past CEO, Girl Scouts of<br />
the USA<br />
• Irv Katz, President and CEO,<br />
National <strong>Human</strong> Services Assembly<br />
•<br />
Marguerite Kondracke, President<br />
and CEO, America’s Promise<br />
Alliance
• Neil Nicoll, Chief Executive Officer,<br />
YMCA of the USA<br />
• Les Silverman, Director Emeritus,<br />
McKinsey & Company<br />
• Kala Stroup, President of American<br />
<strong>Human</strong>ics 2002-2009<br />
Editorial Team<br />
Frances Hesselbein, Mike Heron and<br />
John Johansen, members of the <strong>Human</strong><br />
<strong>Spirit</strong> <strong>Initiative</strong> Board of Directors,<br />
served as our Editorial Review Team.<br />
<strong>The</strong>ir valued insights and counsel helped<br />
to shape both form and context for<br />
the entire series. <strong>The</strong>y were joined by<br />
Nancy Lambert and Dee Fagerlie, our<br />
pro bono Research Associates. Together<br />
they created the balance between<br />
inspiration and education within<br />
the content and assured accuracy of<br />
content and language. Mike Heron has<br />
directed our monograph project since its<br />
inception. Marcia Morante, the <strong>Human</strong><br />
<strong>Spirit</strong> <strong>Initiative</strong> Director, Research,<br />
co-authored the Appendix documents<br />
offering content management and<br />
assuring credibility.<br />
Board of Directors –<br />
<strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong> <strong>Initiative</strong><br />
Finally, a very sincere expression<br />
of gratitude to the members of the<br />
Board of Directors of the <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong><br />
<strong>Initiative</strong>, whose leadership and vision<br />
has shaped health and human services<br />
within the United States. <strong>The</strong>ir belief<br />
in the importance of joining history<br />
and biography to help understand the<br />
importance of civil society and the role<br />
each of us can play in keeping it alive –<br />
is a gift to the human spirit:<br />
• Michael Heron, President, HerCo<br />
LTD, Atlanta, GA<br />
• Frances Hesselbein, Founder<br />
and Chairman, Leader to Leader<br />
Institute, New York, NY<br />
• Kay Horsch, Founder and Chairman,<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong> <strong>Initiative</strong>,<br />
Minneapolis, MN<br />
• John Johansen, Founder, Extra Mile –<br />
Points of Light Volunteer Pathway,<br />
Frederick, MD<br />
• Irv Katz, President and CEO,<br />
National <strong>Human</strong> Services Assembly,<br />
Washington, DC<br />
• Seymour H. Levitt, M.D., Professor,<br />
Radiation Oncology, University<br />
of Minnesota Medical School,<br />
Minneapolis., MN<br />
• John R. Seffrin, PhD, CEO, American<br />
Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA<br />
•<br />
Iain Somerville, President and CEO,<br />
Somerville & Associates.,<br />
Los Angeles, CA<br />
Mobilizing the <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong><br />
v
v<br />
Contents<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics 1-28<br />
<strong>The</strong> New Olympic Athletes 1<br />
<strong>The</strong> Fearless Warrior 2-3<br />
<strong>The</strong> Backyard Games 4-5<br />
Special Olympics Begins 6-7<br />
In the 1970s 8-9<br />
In the 1980s 10-11<br />
Around the World 12-13<br />
All Kinds of Games 14<br />
Part of the Wider World 15<br />
Some Special Olympics Athletes 16-17<br />
Not Just Fun and Games 18-19<br />
We’ll Help Too 20-21<br />
Passing the Torch 22<br />
Duties and Honors 23-24<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>’s Children 25<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>’s Legacy to the Women of her Family 26-27<br />
Special Olympics Chronology 28-32<br />
Message from Timothy <strong>Shriver</strong>, Chairman, Special Olympics 33-34<br />
Special Olympics Program Locations around the World 35-37<br />
America’s Great Third Sector 38-44<br />
Showing the Way: 45-47<br />
Getting Started: Change Begins With Me 45<br />
Access Numbers to National Organizations 46-47<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding: 48-67<br />
How It All Happened 48-49<br />
Echoes of the Past: Parallels in Today’s World 50-52<br />
Echoes in My Mind: A Discussion Guide 53-55<br />
Conclusions, Major <strong>The</strong>mes, and Guiding Principles 56-57<br />
Legacy and Impact Data 58-59<br />
Economic Conditions 1970-1990 60-62<br />
Political Climate 1970-1990 63-66<br />
Development of <strong>Human</strong> Service Sector in the United States 67
Resources Cited: 68-69<br />
For More Information: 70<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong> <strong>Initiative</strong> 70<br />
<strong>The</strong> Extra Mile – Points of Light Volunteer Pathway 70<br />
Order Form 71<br />
v
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
<strong>The</strong> New Olymp c Athletes<br />
“Love is Action”<br />
Mother Teresa.<br />
Ancient Greek vases depict Olympic<br />
Games that were held in Athens many<br />
centuries ago. <strong>The</strong>y show muscular<br />
young men running and wrestling, with<br />
olive wreathes gracing their brows.<br />
In modern times, millions watch the<br />
Olympics on television and see youthful<br />
competitors parading in national<br />
costumes in international amphitheatres,<br />
all eager to compete with other young<br />
athletes for treasured medals.<br />
Olympic Games took on a very<br />
unique meaning in 1968. That was<br />
the year that Special Olympics – an<br />
organization for the benefit of children<br />
and adults with intellectual disabilities1 – was founded. Today, the impact of<br />
Special Olympics is global, and more<br />
than 3.5 million athletes of all ages train<br />
and compete in over 170 countries.<br />
Special Olympics began with the<br />
vision of one woman – <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong><br />
<strong>Shriver</strong>, or EKS, as she is known to those<br />
in the Special Olympics organization.<br />
Her daughter, Maria, called her a<br />
“fearless warrior for the voiceless.” Her<br />
father, Joseph P. <strong>Kennedy</strong>, thought she<br />
would have been a great politician if<br />
only she had been a boy.<br />
Three of <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>’s<br />
brothers were elected to the U.S. Senate<br />
and one of them, John F. <strong>Kennedy</strong>, was<br />
the much beloved 35th President of<br />
the United States. Like her brothers,<br />
EKS had political skills and leadership<br />
qualities, but her path did not lead to<br />
elective office. She chose to exercise<br />
her strength in service to a neglected<br />
population – those with intellectual<br />
disabilities. She often referred to them as<br />
her “special friends.”<br />
When Joseph P. <strong>Kennedy</strong> was<br />
appointed United States ambassador to<br />
England in 1938, he brought his family<br />
to live in the American Embassy in<br />
London, and the nine charming <strong>Kennedy</strong><br />
youngsters were thrust into the public<br />
eye. <strong>The</strong> older children were presented<br />
to the British royal family and were part<br />
of an international group of wealthy and<br />
titled young people. But the <strong>Kennedy</strong>s<br />
were more than socialites. <strong>The</strong>y were<br />
destined for lives of public service.<br />
1 Prior to the 21st century, terms such as “mental disability,” “mental retardation,” and “handicapped” were used to describe individuals<br />
with intellectual differences. More recently, individuals, family members, and advocates viewed these terms as derogatory, and they<br />
have been replaced with “intellectual disabilities” or “intellectual and developmental disabilities.”<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
<strong>The</strong> Fearless Warr or<br />
“She was, quite simply, the most formidable woman I have ever met. Her legacy is profound<br />
and inspiring”<br />
Scott Stossel (Deputy Editor, <strong>The</strong> Atlantic).<br />
When the eldest <strong>Kennedy</strong> son,<br />
Joseph P. <strong>Kennedy</strong> Jr., died as a bomber<br />
pilot during World War II, his father<br />
founded the Joseph P. <strong>Kennedy</strong> Jr.<br />
Foundation in his memory. It was <strong>Eunice</strong><br />
<strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> who set out to find<br />
a focus for the foundation. She and<br />
her husband, Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong>, traveled<br />
around the country interviewing<br />
experts, in order to discover where the<br />
need was greatest. One neglected and<br />
forgotten group stood out – people with<br />
intellectual disabilities.<br />
<strong>The</strong> entire <strong>Kennedy</strong> family was<br />
sensitized to the plight of people with<br />
intellectual disabilities. <strong>The</strong>ir own sister,<br />
Rosemary, was one of those people, and<br />
it was she who inspired EKS and raised<br />
her awareness that people like Rosemary<br />
were not being given the opportunity<br />
to fully participate in the lives of their<br />
families, schools, and communities.<br />
Many were hidden away, sometimes<br />
institutionalized 2 and often considered<br />
an embarrassment by their families. 3<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> was<br />
well prepared to take on the critical<br />
leadership role of advocating for and<br />
supporting people labeled by society as<br />
“mentally disabled.” After graduating<br />
from Stanford University in 1943 with a<br />
Bachelor of Science degree in sociology,<br />
she worked on a State Department<br />
program to help former prisoners of war<br />
adjust to civilian life. For two years in<br />
the late 1940s, she served in the Justice<br />
Department as executive secretary of<br />
the National Conference on Prevention<br />
and Control of Juvenile Delinquency.<br />
In1950, she worked at the federal<br />
penitentiary for women in Alderson,<br />
West Virginia. In 1951, she moved to<br />
Chicago where she worked at youth<br />
2 Braddock, David. “Honoring <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>’s Legacy in Intellectual Disability”, Intellectual and Developmental<br />
Disabilities, Vol 48, No. 1 (February 2010).<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>’s very special<br />
relationship with her sister, Rosemary, who had<br />
intellectual disability, inspired her lifelong work<br />
to create a more accepting and inclusive world<br />
for people with intellectual disabilities.<br />
3 In 1954, 173,954 people with intellectual disabilities, many of them children, remained separated from children and adults without<br />
intellectual disabilities, in poorly funded, state-operated residential “schools” and in state psychiatric institutions across the country.<br />
(NIMH, 1956)<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
shelters and with the city’s Juvenile<br />
Court system.<br />
When EKS was interviewed, she<br />
often spoke of her sister: “If I never<br />
met Rosemary, never knew anything<br />
about handicapped children, how<br />
would I ever have found out? Because<br />
nobody accepted them anyplace. So<br />
where would you find out? Unless you<br />
had one in your own family.” <strong>Eunice</strong><br />
<strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> was destined to change<br />
the attitude and behavior of people<br />
everywhere toward these often neglected<br />
individuals. She believed that those with<br />
intellectual disabilities must have the<br />
opportunity to be part of their families,<br />
participate in schooling, live and work in<br />
the community, and engage in everyday<br />
life experiences, such as sports, to fully<br />
develop their mental and physical<br />
capabilities. <strong>The</strong> “fearless warrior” had<br />
found her battlefield.<br />
In 1957, <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
became Executive Vice President of the<br />
Joseph P. <strong>Kennedy</strong>, Jr. Foundation and<br />
took on the leadership for new initiatives<br />
and programs. As the Foundation’s<br />
leader, she worked closely with her<br />
brothers and sisters to advance the cause<br />
of people with intellectual disabilities.<br />
In doing so, one of her first goals was<br />
to create opportunities for her “special<br />
friends” to actively participate in sports<br />
training and competition. As sister of<br />
the President, EKS was in a position to<br />
exercise considerable influence, and she<br />
did not hesitate to make her opinions and<br />
wishes known. President John F. <strong>Kennedy</strong><br />
told his staff to “… give <strong>Eunice</strong> whatever<br />
she wants … so I can get her off the<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> receives a pen from<br />
U.S. President John F. <strong>Kennedy</strong>, her brother,<br />
following his signing in 1961 of a bill she<br />
championed that formed the first President’s<br />
Committee on Mental Retardation.<br />
phone and get on with the business of<br />
the government.” It wasn’t long until<br />
the President established the National<br />
Institute on Child Health and <strong>Human</strong><br />
Development as part of the National<br />
Institutes of Health. This Institute,<br />
named for <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
in 2008, is dedicated to research into<br />
children’s health issues – with special<br />
emphasis on intellectual disabilities.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
<strong>The</strong> Backyard Games<br />
“Nothing’s going to be easy. Let’s have fun along the way”<br />
Bill Veeck (owner of major league baseball teams; Hall of Famer)<br />
As with many major undertakings,<br />
Special Olympics began casually – almost<br />
by accident. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>s-<strong>Eunice</strong>,<br />
Sargent, and their five children-lived<br />
at Timberlawn, a spacious estate in<br />
Rockville, Maryland with 25 acres of<br />
lawn plus easy access to another 250<br />
acres of hills, woods and farmland. <strong>The</strong>y<br />
frequently hosted an amazing range of<br />
guests including professional athletes,<br />
members of Congress and the Supreme<br />
Court, academic and literary celebrities,<br />
foreign dignitaries, religious leaders, and,<br />
of course, the President of the United<br />
States. <strong>The</strong>ir guests enjoyed many<br />
activities. <strong>The</strong>re were tennis courts,<br />
a swimming pool, and a stable full of<br />
horses. Timberlawn’s hospitable setting<br />
would soon offer its delights to children<br />
with intellectual disabilities, the “special<br />
friends” of <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong>s were an athletic<br />
and competitive family. Touch football<br />
was a traditional free-for-all when the<br />
<strong>Kennedy</strong>s were at home in Hyannis,<br />
Massachusetts. To EKS, who was an avid<br />
athlete herself, fun and games seemed<br />
the natural way for all children to grow<br />
and flourish. When the mother of a child<br />
with intellectual disabilities asked her<br />
help in finding a summer camp for her<br />
child, EKS willingly took on the task.<br />
But in trying to find athletic facilities<br />
for such children – children who were<br />
often physically unfit and overweight<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
– she discovered that none existed. So, in<br />
typical EKS fashion, she took action and<br />
started a camp in her own backyard.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re was nothing half-hearted<br />
about Camp <strong>Shriver</strong>, as it was called.<br />
A typical day began with the arrival<br />
of busloads of children from local<br />
institutions. <strong>The</strong>y played soccer and<br />
basketball, swam, rode horses, and<br />
jumped on trampolines. <strong>The</strong> children<br />
were never left without support<br />
and supervision. Diverse groups of<br />
volunteers, including teenagers from<br />
nearby high schools and all five of the<br />
<strong>Shriver</strong> children, worked with them<br />
all day long. It was indeed chaos, but<br />
organized chaos.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> giving swimming lessons<br />
at Camp <strong>Shriver</strong> in her backyard, 1962. She<br />
started her life’s work in her own backyard by<br />
hosting Camp <strong>Shriver</strong>, an inclusive summer sports<br />
camp for people with intellectual disabilities.
Sprinkled amidst the eager amateur<br />
volunteers were highly qualified<br />
professionals in the fields of sports,<br />
physical education, health care, mental<br />
health, and education. Sandy Eiler, a<br />
former Olympic swimmer from Canada,<br />
was hired as camp director.<br />
Questions were asked about<br />
supports and services for children with<br />
intellectual disabilities that had never<br />
been asked before. Where do you go<br />
to find a soccer instructor? <strong>The</strong> British<br />
Embassy, of course. Were the children<br />
interested in dance? How about a<br />
volunteer from the Philippine Embassy<br />
to show them forms of Asian dance?<br />
EKS believed that the camp would<br />
be a success, and she was right. Her<br />
own children, who had grown up<br />
with their Aunt Rosemary, the other<br />
young volunteers, and campers with<br />
intellectual disabilities all played<br />
together. Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong> was an active<br />
and avid cheerleader for Camp <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
and eventually the President and CEO<br />
of Special Olympics. <strong>The</strong>re were soon<br />
five more camps around the country,<br />
and by 1968, 40 camps nationwide.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> was to expand<br />
her reach far beyond Camp <strong>Shriver</strong>. It<br />
was but a trailhead that would lead to<br />
Special Olympics.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
Spec al Olymp cs Beg ns<br />
“Let me win. But if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt.”<br />
Special Olympics Oath<br />
In 1968, when Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong> was<br />
appointed United States Ambassador<br />
to France, the <strong>Shriver</strong> family moved to<br />
Paris. <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> did not<br />
abandon her devotion to persons with<br />
intellectual disabilities. She carried<br />
her Camp <strong>Shriver</strong>-style project into<br />
the American Embassy. Not only did<br />
she consult with French experts on<br />
intellectual disability, but she spent<br />
every Monday at the External Medico-<br />
Pedagogique, a facility for French<br />
children with intellectual disabilities.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re she recaptured the Camp <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
experience. She taught children to<br />
swim, introduced them to games and<br />
sports, and helped with their education<br />
and therapy. With her inspiration and<br />
determination, a forerunner of Special<br />
Olympics was established in France.<br />
While the <strong>Shriver</strong>s were in France,<br />
the <strong>Kennedy</strong> Foundation continued<br />
to fund programs for people with<br />
intellectual disabilities. As early as 1964,<br />
the foundation, under <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong><br />
<strong>Shriver</strong>’s leadership, and with strong<br />
<strong>Kennedy</strong> family support, had awarded<br />
grants to the Chicago Park System and<br />
several other parks across the country<br />
to support summer programs similar to<br />
those at Camp <strong>Shriver</strong>.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> saw a way<br />
to expand these programs. While living<br />
in France, she provided support and<br />
watched over the plans for what was<br />
to become the first Special Olympics<br />
Games. Although the scheduled start<br />
date of the Games was only seven weeks<br />
after the assassination of her brother,<br />
Robert F. <strong>Kennedy</strong>, EKS followed<br />
her customary response to tragedy<br />
and carried on. At the opening press<br />
conference, she announced a “national<br />
Special Olympics training program<br />
for children with mental retardation<br />
everywhere.” She finished this<br />
announcement with the promise that<br />
“the <strong>Kennedy</strong> Foundation will pledge<br />
funds to underwrite five regional Special<br />
Olympics Games.”<br />
<strong>The</strong> first Special Olympics, held at<br />
Soldier Field in Chicago, did not attract<br />
enormous crowds. In fact, fewer than<br />
100 people sat in the 85,000 seat stadium<br />
to watch the competitions in track and<br />
field, floor hockey and aquatics. But<br />
when 1,000 athletes from 26 states, the<br />
District of Columbia, and Canada joined<br />
with EKS as she recited the Special<br />
Olympics oath, it was the start of a world<br />
movement. As EKS took her seat, Mayor<br />
Daley turned to her and said, “You
know, <strong>Eunice</strong>, the world will never be<br />
the same after this.” She predicted that<br />
one million individuals with intellectual<br />
disability would one day compete, but<br />
even with her powerful optimism, EKS<br />
would have marveled that in 2010, over<br />
3.5 million Special Olympics athletes<br />
would be training in all 50 states, the<br />
District of Columbia and 170 countries.<br />
On July 20, 1968, the first Special Olympics<br />
Games were held in Chicago, moving Mayor<br />
Richard Daley to predict, “<strong>The</strong> world will<br />
never be the same after this.”<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
In the 9 0s<br />
“One can never consent to creep when one feels an impulse to soar.”<br />
Helen Keller<br />
Novelist Tom Wolfe defined the<br />
character of the 1970s when he spoke<br />
of “<strong>The</strong> Me Decade,” a term that<br />
was meant to characterize a period of<br />
selfishness and egotism. Yet, the children<br />
of “<strong>The</strong> Me Decade” often used their<br />
self-awareness to examine trends and<br />
encourage enlightened actions. Examples<br />
include the many protest movements of<br />
the period, the strength of anti-Vietnam<br />
War sentiment, and the rising tide of<br />
feminism.<br />
<strong>The</strong> decade of the 1970s also saw the<br />
rise of human rights activism on behalf<br />
of a wide range of people from ethnic,<br />
gender, cultural and linguistically diverse<br />
backgrounds – African-Americans,<br />
Hispanics, Native Americans, gays,<br />
women and farm workers. 4 Efforts by<br />
the Federal government also reflected<br />
attitude changes. Title IX of the Higher<br />
Education Amendments of 1972 opened<br />
the door for girls to participate in high<br />
school and college sports. 5 <strong>The</strong> Equal<br />
Opportunities Acts (1972 and 1974),<br />
the Indian Self-Determination Act, and<br />
the 1975 Education for All Handicapped<br />
Children Act demonstrated awareness of<br />
the needs of people living at the margins<br />
of society, without power or privilege.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> took it upon<br />
herself to fight for the millions of people<br />
with intellectual disability who were<br />
unable to fight for themselves and were<br />
also victims of discrimination, ignored<br />
and forgotten.<br />
In 1970, the Second International<br />
Special Olympics Games were again<br />
held at Chicago’s Soldier Field. This<br />
time there were 2,000 competitors, and<br />
Canada, France and Puerto Rico also<br />
participated. In 1972, the University<br />
of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)<br />
hosted the Third International Games,<br />
and 2,500 Special Olympics athletes<br />
participated. <strong>The</strong> Fourth International<br />
Summer Games were held at Central<br />
Michigan University in Mt. Pleasant,<br />
Michigan, with 3,200 athletes from<br />
10 countries in attendance. CBS-TV<br />
broadcasted this event nationwide on its<br />
Sports Spectacular program.<br />
In 1977, Special Olympics held<br />
International Winter Games for the first<br />
time. All three major networks covered<br />
the events in Steamboat Springs,<br />
Colorado. <strong>The</strong> 1970s ended with the<br />
Summer Games held at the State<br />
University of New York at Brockport,<br />
New York, with more than 3,500<br />
athletes from the USA and more than<br />
20 foreign countries participating.<br />
<strong>The</strong> success of Special Olympics was<br />
4 Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States: 1492-Present. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2003) pp 614-616.<br />
5 <strong>The</strong> New York Times on Tuesday, February 16, 2010, reported that current studies of the effect of this legislation offer proof that<br />
team sports can result in lifelong improvement in educational, work, and health prospects.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
clearly a factor in the national movement<br />
and eventual federal law enacted in 1975<br />
mandating a “free and appropriate public<br />
education for handicapped children.”<br />
This historic law required that every<br />
child with a disability receive physical<br />
education as part of their individualized<br />
education program.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
9
In the 9 0s<br />
“Special Olympics has infused my son with the spirit of courage and confidence.”<br />
Parent of athlete from the United States<br />
By 1980, Special Olympics had<br />
become a major force in the lives of<br />
people with intellectual disabilities,<br />
as well as their families and the<br />
communities in which they lived. With<br />
375,000 athlete participants worldwide<br />
and 350,000 volunteers from all fifty<br />
States, the District of Columbia and<br />
thirty countries, the program’s success<br />
was well established. Less than a<br />
hundred observers attended the first<br />
Special Olympics in 1968. At the<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> awards the gold medal<br />
to the winning soccer team from Chile in<br />
1983 before a crowd of 60,000 fans in Tiger<br />
Stadium at the Sixth International Special<br />
Olympics Summer Games in Baton Rouge,<br />
Louisiana, USA<br />
6 Jennings, Peter and Todd Brewster. <strong>The</strong> Century (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1998) P. 473.<br />
0 <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
1983 games, 65,000 spectators came to<br />
Louisiana State University to watch<br />
and cheer the fifteenth anniversary of<br />
Special Olympics.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> was<br />
instinctively drawn to special children.<br />
Rosario Marin, the 41st Treasurer of the<br />
United States and a mother whose oldest<br />
child is intellectually disabled, met EKS<br />
at the 1985 National Down Syndrome<br />
Congress in Anaheim, California. She<br />
reminded EKS of that meeting in a letter<br />
in which she wrote “My son Eric was<br />
just five weeks old. In a very tender way<br />
you hugged me and said: ‘Oh, dear … we<br />
have set the table for your son, now it is<br />
up to you to put food on it for him.’”<br />
Many of the persons served by<br />
Special Olympics were from families at<br />
or below the poverty level. <strong>The</strong> problems<br />
they faced were increased by a changing<br />
social system with an ever-widening gap<br />
between rich and poor. 6 <strong>The</strong> decline<br />
in the number of two-parent families<br />
exacerbated the problems. In 1970, 40%<br />
of American families were composed<br />
of a mother, a father, and one or more<br />
children under the age of 18, but by<br />
1980, the figures had dropped to 31%<br />
and, by 1990, to 26%. 7<br />
7 Woods, Randall Bennett. Quest for Identity (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> coaching at Winter<br />
Games. Coaches are the lifeblood of Special<br />
Olympics, providing both the knowledge and<br />
emotional support its athletes need to succeed.<br />
Feminization of poverty was<br />
another unhappy fact. <strong>The</strong> percentage<br />
of children living with never-married<br />
mothers increased in the 1980s from 2%<br />
to 7%. By 1989, one out of four children<br />
was born to an unmarried mother. 8<br />
Although a quarter of the nation’s<br />
children – 12 million – were living in<br />
poverty, school lunches for a million of<br />
these children were eliminated. 9<br />
Special Olympics was needed more<br />
than ever.<br />
8 Ibid., P. 471<br />
9 Op.cit., Zinn, P. 578.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
Around the World<br />
“Every child comes with the message that God is not yet discouraged with mankind”<br />
Rabindranath Tagore<br />
Increasingly, <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
included her family members in helping<br />
Special Olympics expand its influence.<br />
Since all 50 states and the District of<br />
Columbia were now participating in<br />
the Games, and public attitudes toward<br />
those with intellectual disabilities were<br />
changing, EKS turned her attention<br />
overseas. It was vital that someone with<br />
international experience and background<br />
be involved in this expansion.<br />
That someone lived in her own<br />
home. <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>’s<br />
husband, Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong>, had an<br />
imposing diplomatic background – U.S.<br />
ambassador to France, the first director<br />
of the Peace Corps, and the first director<br />
of the Office of Economic Opportunity.<br />
Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong> was a partner in a law<br />
firm and his professional life was full<br />
and demanding, but the presidency of<br />
Special Olympics offered an opportunity<br />
he couldn’t resist. In 1984, the Special<br />
Olympics Board of Directors elected<br />
him to this office. Since then, Special<br />
Olympics has become the world’s largest<br />
year-round sports program for children<br />
and adults with intellectual disabilities.<br />
In 1982, Brussels, Belgium held the<br />
first Special Olympics European Games.<br />
In 1985, the European Games were<br />
held in Dublin, Ireland, and Austria,<br />
Bolivia, Monaco, New Zealand, Panama,<br />
Portugal, South Korea, Switzerland,<br />
Tunisia, and Yugoslavia all participated.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
With the end of the Cold War, Sargent<br />
<strong>Shriver</strong> persuaded the Soviet Union and<br />
its satellite countries to join the Special<br />
Olympics international movement.<br />
Special Olympics has continued to<br />
reach out around the world to identify<br />
athletes with intellectual disabilities.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se efforts have called attention<br />
to populations long ignored in many<br />
countries. Even countries at war have<br />
been included. In Afghanistan, organizers<br />
knocked on doors in Kabul to find<br />
athletes, many hidden away by their<br />
families. <strong>The</strong> 22-member Iraqi football<br />
(soccer) team could not train in Baghdad<br />
because of bombs and gunfire, but they<br />
persevered and were gold medal winners.<br />
As early as 1983, Special Olympics<br />
executives and planners, including<br />
Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong>, had visited China to<br />
work with top Chinese officials. <strong>The</strong>ir<br />
Special Olympics China athlete gives a peace sign<br />
as she gets a hug from <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
during the 2007 World Games in Shanghai.
work bore fruit in 2007 when Special<br />
Olympics World Summer Games<br />
were held in Shanghai, China. At the<br />
opening ceremony, a crowd of 80,000<br />
cheered to welcome more than 7,000<br />
athletes. Wang Naikun, who chaired<br />
Special Olympics China, reported<br />
proudly that “Special Olympics started<br />
from 50,000 [athletes] in 2000 in China<br />
to over 800 thousand (athletes) now.”<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> with Young Athletes<br />
participants and Professor Zhou at 2007 Special<br />
Olympics World Games, Shanghai, China<br />
<strong>The</strong> little country of East Timor<br />
in Southeast Asia was represented by<br />
only one team member in Shanghai<br />
– Alcino Pereira, a tiny man known to<br />
the people of his city as “the running<br />
man,” because he spent his days running<br />
through the streets. His coach said that<br />
there are many people with disabilities<br />
in East Timor, but “the facilities, the<br />
human resources, the understanding<br />
is not there.” Pereira’s participation in<br />
the 10,000 meter Special Olympics race<br />
has no doubt raised the awareness of his<br />
community and his nation.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
All K nds of Games<br />
“Our deepest commitment is to show the world the power of real athletes - who train with<br />
determination, compete to the best of their ability, achieve the extraordinary and exemplify<br />
courage at every turn.”<br />
Special Olympics Chairman Timothy <strong>Shriver</strong>, Ph.D<br />
New sports were added to the Summer<br />
and Winter World Games whenever there<br />
was need or interest. Currently, there are<br />
32 Special Olympics sports ranging from<br />
Alpine skiing to volleyball. Programs<br />
such as Motor-Activity Training (MATP)<br />
and play activities introduce children to<br />
motor skills and eye-hand coordination.<br />
Figure skating, speed skating and bowling<br />
represent the kind of activities that a<br />
single individual can undertake. Team<br />
Sports – volleyball, basketball, and floor<br />
hockey – add developmental opportunities<br />
that go beyond motor skills. <strong>The</strong>y offer<br />
interaction with other children who also<br />
have intellectual disabilities.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> at 2006 Special<br />
Olympics US National Games, Ames, Iowa<br />
with Special Olympics Missouri Softball<br />
team. Every interaction between <strong>Eunice</strong> and<br />
a Special Olympics athlete was meaningful.<br />
And as one athlete commented, “Everything<br />
she has said the athletes to be, she is herself.”<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
Special Olympics Unified Sports<br />
program, launched in 1989, takes team<br />
interaction a step further. Special<br />
Olympics athletes participate in sports<br />
with partners without intellectual<br />
disabilities. Careful planning to match<br />
both groups by age and ability results in<br />
expanding sports opportunities for all.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Unified Sports agenda<br />
includes basketball, bowling, distance<br />
running, football (soccer), softball<br />
and volleyball. <strong>The</strong> benefits of this<br />
program are many – learning new sports,<br />
making new friends, and acquiring<br />
an understanding of individuals<br />
with different capabilities. Special<br />
Olympics athletes, who are seeking<br />
new challenges, have additional<br />
opportunities for participation in the<br />
wider community. In the international<br />
arena, the Unified Sports basketball<br />
team from Uzbekistan was the gold<br />
medal winner at the 2007 Shanghai<br />
World Games.<br />
<strong>The</strong> bronze medal-winning South<br />
African Unified basketball team was<br />
not only a blend of differing intellectual<br />
capabilities, but of different races.
Part of the W der World<br />
“Life begets life. Energy creates energy. It is by spending oneself that one becomes rich.”<br />
Sarah Bernhardt<br />
Special Olympics can serve as<br />
a doorway to a wider world. After<br />
experiencing Special Olympics Games,<br />
some athletes join in events that were<br />
previously closed to their participation.<br />
One of these is the Tiburon Mile, an<br />
annual swimming event held in the<br />
San Francisco Bay area. Over an eight<br />
year period, this event raised more than<br />
$650,000 for Special Olympics Northern<br />
California.<br />
At the Tiburon Mile event in 2008,<br />
participants included individuals from<br />
many backgrounds and a broad range<br />
of abilities. A total of 759 swimmers,<br />
including Olympic athletes from 20<br />
countries, joined in the world’s most<br />
competitive open water swim. <strong>The</strong> seven<br />
Special Olympics swimmers included<br />
competitors from Ireland and Trinidad<br />
in addition to those from the United<br />
States. Ancil Greene from Trinidad<br />
had this to say about the experience,<br />
“I enjoyed swimming with the athletes<br />
from the Beijing Olympics and getting<br />
to know them. It was fun to vie with<br />
them for position on the swim out and,<br />
as an athlete; I’m accustomed to this<br />
challenge.”<br />
Another integrated event took<br />
place half a world away from Tiburon.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Borneo International Marathon<br />
included a 21K half-marathon and a 10K<br />
race. Twelve Special Olympics runners<br />
competed with a total of 1,000 athletes.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Board Chair of Special Olympics<br />
Malaysia observed that when athletes<br />
with mental deficiencies participate<br />
in mainstream events they not only<br />
increase their own self-confidence, but<br />
they give the public a different, positive<br />
impression of people with intellectual<br />
difficulties. He said, “It’s about<br />
involvement and participation, and,<br />
in the process, we learn to appreciate<br />
ourselves and value each other.”<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
Some Spec al Olymp cs Athletes<br />
“...my experience doing the movie [<strong>The</strong> Ringer]...let people know that people with disabilities<br />
have the same needs as anyone else and they should be treated with respect and be loved.”<br />
Eddie Barbanell, actor, Special Olympics Athlete and International Board Member<br />
Ann Veneman, executive director<br />
of UNICEF from 2005-2010, had this<br />
to say, “Sports play a critical role in the<br />
health and development of all children,<br />
including those with disabilities.” <strong>The</strong><br />
younger those children with disabilities<br />
can be reached, the better it is for them<br />
and their families.<br />
In early 2007, a Special Olympics<br />
Young Athletes Program (YAP) was<br />
created to welcome children with<br />
intellectual disabilities between the<br />
ages of 2 and 7 to the Special Olympics<br />
movement. <strong>The</strong> program made its global<br />
debut in 2007 at the Special Olympics<br />
World Summer Games in Shanghai,<br />
China. To date, more than 10,000<br />
children worldwide benefit from the<br />
Young Athletes program. Through YAP,<br />
volunteers introduce young children to<br />
the world of sport; their goal is to prepare<br />
them for Special Olympics sports training<br />
and competition when they get older.<br />
<strong>The</strong> program focuses on the basics that<br />
are crucial to cognitive development:<br />
physical activities that develop motor<br />
skills and hand-eye coordination, and<br />
the application of these physical skills<br />
through sports skills programs.<br />
Many reports about children and<br />
Special Olympics illustrate the benefits<br />
of early participation. When Reuben<br />
Murray was eight years old, he had a<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
hard time at school. Other children<br />
teased him and called him names. When<br />
Special Olympics became part of his life<br />
(he competed in basketball, equestrian<br />
events, and softball), he learned to value<br />
and respect himself. What’s more, other<br />
people began to value him. Now Reuben<br />
is 32, and he has a full and productive<br />
life. Still an athletic competitor, he<br />
also serves as a member of the Special<br />
Olympics Board in his native state of<br />
Idaho. He has had jobs since he was<br />
15, and he found these jobs by himself.<br />
Currently he works at a grocery store<br />
where he is appreciated by his employers<br />
and valued by the customers who love<br />
him and his positive attitude.<br />
A Special Olympics athlete who<br />
has moved from player to game official<br />
is John Fajdich, a tennis player from<br />
Illinois. He participated in Special<br />
Olympics for 17 years, winning multiple<br />
medals. His next step in his devotion<br />
to the game of tennis was to become an<br />
athletic official. Certification for this<br />
position requires an examination given<br />
by the United States Tennis Association<br />
plus officiating at a set number of<br />
tournaments. He has not only received<br />
his certification but is now recognized as<br />
an exceptionally accurate line umpire.<br />
Next step: he hopes to earn certification<br />
as a chair umpire.
David Noel speaks for many other<br />
dads when he described what Special<br />
Olympics did for his daughter: “We<br />
had no idea what our daughter, Tammi,<br />
was capable of. Sometimes we held her<br />
back because she couldn’t handle the<br />
responsibility. She has developed into a<br />
more responsible adult, rather than the<br />
child we saw her as. We are so excited<br />
with the new relationship that we have<br />
with our daughter that we are anxious<br />
to share with other parents that these<br />
athletes are way more capable than we<br />
give them credit for.”<br />
Loretta Claiborne, a longtime<br />
Special Olympics athlete and<br />
International Board member was born<br />
partially blind and with mild intellectual<br />
disability and didn’t walk or talk until<br />
she was four. She made up for this by not<br />
only walking but running fast enough<br />
to become among the top 100 women<br />
in the Boston Marathon. A counselor<br />
in Pennsylvania recognized Loretta’s<br />
athletic gifts and helped to channel<br />
them into Special Olympics sports.<br />
Loretta has won dozens of medals in<br />
many different events. She has earned<br />
a 4th degree black belt in Karate and<br />
communicates conversationally in four<br />
languages, including sign language. She<br />
has been awarded honorary degrees<br />
from Quinnipiac College and Villanova<br />
University and has received the ESPN<br />
Arthur Ashe Award for Courage. She<br />
was the inspiration for a movie about her<br />
life, “<strong>The</strong> Loretta Claiborne Story.”<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
Not Just Fun and Games<br />
“Whatever limits us we call Fate.”<br />
Intellectual disability is more<br />
common than deafness or blindness,<br />
and it can be accompanied by chronic<br />
physical conditions. People with<br />
intellectual disability are far more prone<br />
than the general population to a wide<br />
range of physical disabilities. Lack of<br />
adequate health care and extensive<br />
underlying medical problems increases<br />
the gap between those with disabilities<br />
and the general population.<br />
Special Olympics provides platform<br />
for understanding the physical health of<br />
people with intellectual disabilities. As<br />
the athletes gather, medical volunteers<br />
assess individual health care needs<br />
and offer advice and support. At the<br />
1991 Special Olympics World Summer<br />
Games in Minneapolis and St. Paul,<br />
Minnesota, the first vision screening<br />
was held with the help of the Sports<br />
Vision Section of the American<br />
Optometric Association. In 1993,<br />
Boston University initiated dental<br />
screenings at the Special Olympics<br />
Massachusetts Summer Games. Shortly<br />
after that, Special Olympics launched<br />
its Healthy Athletes program. <strong>The</strong><br />
dental program, Special Smiles, and the<br />
optometric program, Opening Eyes, were<br />
the initial programs and supports. Since<br />
then, others have been added – Health<br />
Promotion, concerned with exercise and<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
Ralph Waldo Emerson<br />
nutrition; Fit Feet for foot problems such<br />
as ingrown nails, corns, fungus and illfitting<br />
shoes; Healthy Hearing to look<br />
for blockages in the ear canal as well as<br />
general hearing ability; and FUNfitness,<br />
a study of exercise and stretching.<br />
At the 2003 Special Olympics<br />
World Summer Games in Dublin,<br />
Ireland, an extensive medical screening<br />
was held to study the most prevalent<br />
physical problems among the athletes<br />
in attendance. Nearly 11,000 individual<br />
screenings were conducted in order<br />
to spotlight the need for better health<br />
treatment and the establishment of health<br />
care policies. This was an opportunity to<br />
fully understand medical problems that<br />
are common in the community of people<br />
with intellectual disabilities.<br />
During the 2003 Special Olympics World Summer<br />
Games in Ireland, <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
enjoys her favorite sport of sailing, with a Special<br />
Olympics athlete.
At the 2007 Special Olympics<br />
World Summer Games in Shanghai,<br />
more than 800 Healthy Athletes<br />
volunteers conducted a record 19,000<br />
health screenings. Sixty-nine percent<br />
of all the athletes who competed were<br />
screened. A total of 20% of those<br />
who were vision-screened needed and<br />
received prescription eyewear. Mariam<br />
Zakhary, an Egyptian basketball team<br />
member, received one of the 110 hearing<br />
aids distributed. A Special Olympics<br />
volunteer described Mariam’s reaction.<br />
She said, “Every emotion you can<br />
imagine – joy, amazement, disbelief,<br />
wonder – was expressed on her face.”<br />
With the use of the hearing aid, Mariam<br />
was able to hear the voice of her<br />
basketball coach for the first time.<br />
With the Healthy Athletes<br />
initiative, Special Olympics took a<br />
giant step forward. <strong>The</strong> games already<br />
had confidence-building elements in<br />
place, plus healthful exercises and the<br />
camaraderie of team sports. However,<br />
direct action taken to promote better<br />
health and health care helps to level the<br />
playing fields for those who work so hard<br />
to succeed despite their disabilities.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
9
We’ll Help Too<br />
“<strong>The</strong> spirit of voluntarism is deeply ingrained in us as a nation ... In other words, the American<br />
people understand that there are no substitutes for gifts of service given from the heart.”<br />
Ronald Reagan<br />
Special Olympics exists in our world<br />
and thrives today because of <strong>Eunice</strong><br />
<strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>‘s determined efforts<br />
and unwavering commitment on behalf<br />
of people with intellectual disabilities.<br />
She knew that it was not a one-woman<br />
job. It was not even a one-family job or a<br />
one-country job. It took EKS’ optimism,<br />
her refusal to accept “no” for an answer,<br />
and her infectious enthusiasm to recruit<br />
volunteers, including world-famous<br />
professional athletes, celebrities, and<br />
international corporations, to join in<br />
making Special Olympics a success.<br />
<strong>The</strong> meaningful work being done<br />
by Special Olympics has captured the<br />
imagination of people everywhere.<br />
Celebrities help shed light on the dignity<br />
of people with intellectual disabilities<br />
and build support for Special Olympics<br />
work around the world. Irish actor Colin<br />
Farrell has helped Special Olympics<br />
For more than 40 years, <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> attracted<br />
the support of many athletes (such as Pele shown here),<br />
entertainers, and celebrities who act as public ambassadors for<br />
the Special Olympics movement.<br />
0 <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
raise awareness, change attitudes and<br />
impact policy. In 2007, Farrell joined<br />
other celebrity spokespeople in Shanghai<br />
– Arnold Schwarzenegger, Zhang Ziyi,<br />
Nadia Comaneci, Vanessa Williams and<br />
Michelle Kwan. NBA stars, Yao Ming<br />
and Sam Perkins conducted basketball<br />
clinics and coached athletes.<br />
One important professional athlete<br />
is part of the <strong>Shriver</strong> family. In 1986,<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> and Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong>’s daughter,<br />
Maria, married bodybuilder and<br />
movie star, Arnold Schwarzenegger.<br />
He knew the benefits that come from<br />
strengthening the human body, and<br />
his knowledge and determination<br />
inspired youngsters with intellectual<br />
disabilities. He could frequently be seen<br />
demonstrating the art of pumping iron<br />
for some of his young admirers.<br />
Professional athletes are a generous<br />
and giving group, bringing their prestige<br />
to support the program, and sharing their<br />
expertise. Imagine the pride of a Special<br />
Olympics swimmer when he finds<br />
himself in the pool with Michael Phelps,<br />
winner of 14 gold medals (the most by<br />
any Olympian) and often cited as one<br />
of the greatest swimmers of all times.<br />
Phelps has supported Special Olympics<br />
by conducting swimming clinics.
For every celebrity volunteer, there<br />
are thousands who will never see their<br />
names in the paper or their faces on the<br />
movie screen. <strong>The</strong>se include coaches<br />
who continually work to prepare their<br />
teams for competition and many other<br />
volunteers who help out whenever<br />
there’s a need. As the Special Olympics<br />
family travels around the world, they not<br />
only work with athletes from different<br />
countries, they also meet, recruit, train and<br />
support volunteers from these countries.<br />
<strong>The</strong> doctors, nurses, and other<br />
medical technicians who screen the<br />
athletes for health problems, diagnose<br />
these problems, and share their medical<br />
wisdom are a vital group of volunteers.<br />
International corporations and sponsors<br />
have also made vital contributions to<br />
Special Olympics. <strong>The</strong> longest-standing<br />
corporate partners are Coca-Cola and<br />
Proctor & Gamble.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
Pass ng the Torch<br />
“To work is to pray.”<br />
A Benedictine dictum<br />
Despite fragile health in her later<br />
years, <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> summoned<br />
enormous strength and will. Her<br />
boundless energy, sense of dedication, and<br />
deep religious fervor pushed her to ignore<br />
anything but the task at hand. But <strong>Eunice</strong><br />
and Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong> knew when it was<br />
time to relinquish their responsibilities<br />
with Special Olympics and pass the torch<br />
to a younger generation.<br />
After serving for many years as a<br />
volunteer and leading the 1995 Special<br />
Olympics World Summer Games, the<br />
Special Olympics Board of Directors<br />
elected Timothy <strong>Shriver</strong> , son of <strong>Eunice</strong><br />
and Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong>, as the President<br />
and CEO. He now holds the position of<br />
Chairman and CEO. Timothy <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
has brought his own special talents<br />
and strengths to the leadership of the<br />
Special Olympics. Both his education<br />
and his career choices prepared him – a<br />
bachelor’s degree from Yale, a Master’s<br />
degree in Religion and Religious<br />
Education from Catholic University,<br />
a doctorate in Education from the<br />
University of Connecticut, creation of<br />
the New Haven Public Schools’ Social<br />
Development Project and co-founding of<br />
the Collaborative for Academic, Social<br />
and Emotional Learning (CASEL).<br />
Tim <strong>Shriver</strong> holds a deep belief in<br />
the Special Olympics worldwide focus<br />
on respect, acceptance and inclusion for<br />
and with individuals with intellectual<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
disabilities. Since 1996, he has devoted<br />
himself to expanding the movement. His<br />
efforts have resulted in more than two<br />
million new athletes from all corners of<br />
the world.<br />
In developing an ever-widening<br />
international group, Timothy reached<br />
out to an impressive group of world<br />
leaders including Nelson Mandela,<br />
Bertie Ahern, Julius Nyerere, Hosni<br />
Mubarak, and Shimon Peres. <strong>The</strong>y<br />
have all worked with him in planning<br />
Special Olympics organizations in their<br />
own countries. Former U.S. presidents<br />
Bill Clinton and George W. Bush lent<br />
their support and influence to increase<br />
the national and international impact<br />
of the Special Olympics. Tim has also<br />
spearheaded efforts in such war-troubled<br />
countries as Afghanistan, Bosnia<br />
Herzegovina, and Iraq.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> with former President<br />
of the Republic of South Africa, Nelson<br />
Mandela, her son, Timothy P. <strong>Shriver</strong> and a<br />
Special Olympics athlete.
Dut es and Honors<br />
“<strong>The</strong>re was always a special light in the eyes of <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> when she saw a child who was<br />
physically, emotionally or psychologically challenged.”<br />
His Eminence <strong>The</strong>odore Cardinal McCarrick, Former Archbishop of Washington<br />
Under <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>’s<br />
leadership, the <strong>Kennedy</strong> Foundation<br />
was influential in establishing the<br />
President’s Panel on Mental Retardation,<br />
the <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> National<br />
Institute for Child Health and <strong>Human</strong><br />
Development, and a network of<br />
university-affiliated facilities and<br />
intellectual disability research centers<br />
at major research universities across<br />
the United States. <strong>The</strong> Foundation<br />
also sponsored the creation of major<br />
centers for the study of medical ethics at<br />
Georgetown University and Harvard.<br />
Because there is a higher incidence<br />
of teen pregnancy among teens with<br />
intellectual disability, the Community of<br />
Caring was created, and sixteen model<br />
centers were established in 1982. From<br />
1990 to 2004, Community of Caring<br />
programs in more than 1200 schools<br />
focused on character education and the<br />
development of five core values – caring,<br />
respect, responsibility, trust and family. In<br />
2005, EKS and the <strong>Kennedy</strong> Foundation<br />
moved Community of Caring to the<br />
University of Utah where research into<br />
the inclusion of students with intellectual<br />
disabilities in America’s schools could<br />
be expanded. <strong>The</strong> university established<br />
the <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> National<br />
Center for Community of Caring and<br />
is providing many new programs and<br />
training in schools throughout the U.S.<br />
and Canada.<br />
In 1984, President Ronald Reagan<br />
presented <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
with America’s highest civilian honor,<br />
the Presidential Medal of Freedom.<br />
He paid tribute to <strong>Eunice</strong> by praising<br />
her “decency and goodness.” He stated<br />
that “<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> deserves<br />
America’s praise, gratitude and love.”<br />
Eight years later, President Clinton<br />
awarded Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong> the Presidential<br />
Medal of Freedom. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>s became<br />
the only husband and wife in history to<br />
have individually received this highest<br />
civilian award.<br />
U.S. President Ronald Reagan presenting<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> the Presidential Medal<br />
of Freedom in 1984 – the nation’s highest<br />
civilian honor. Her husband, Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong>,<br />
received the same honor in 1994 from President<br />
Bill Clinton, making <strong>Eunice</strong> and Sargent the<br />
only husband and wife to receive individual<br />
Presidential Medals of Freedom.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
EKS also received the Legion<br />
of Honor, the Prix de la Couronne<br />
Francaise, the Lasker Public Service<br />
Award, the National Recreation and<br />
Park Association award, the National<br />
Voluntary Service Award, and the Order<br />
of the Smile of Polish Children. She was<br />
also made a Dame of the Papal Order<br />
of St. Gregory and received honorary<br />
degrees from fourteen colleges and<br />
universities including Yale, Holy Cross,<br />
Princeton, Georgetown and Marymount.<br />
In 2005, she was one of the first<br />
recipients of a sidewalk medallion on the<br />
Extra Mile Point of Light Pathway in<br />
Washington, D.C.<br />
As part of the Extra Mile National Volunteer<br />
Pathway, an initiative of the Points of Light<br />
Foundation, U.S. President George H.W.<br />
Bush recognized <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> for her<br />
volunteer contribution to America.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
Eun ce <strong>Kennedy</strong> Shr ver‘s Ch ldren<br />
“Children are likely to live up to what you believe of them.”<br />
Lady Bird Johnson<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> leaves a<br />
very personal family legacy. Her five<br />
children, as well as many of her nineteen<br />
grandchildren, are involved in charitable<br />
work and service to their country and<br />
the world.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>, Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong>,<br />
and their children, Bobby, Maria, Anthony,<br />
Tim and Mark on her 85th Birthday. Born<br />
into a family that has come to symbolize<br />
public service and sacrifice, <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong><br />
<strong>Shriver</strong> and her husband, Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong>,<br />
have instilled that commitment in their own<br />
children and grandchildren.<br />
Bobby: Bobby <strong>Shriver</strong> co-founded the<br />
organizations DATA(Debt, AIDS,<br />
Trade, Africa), ONE, and Product Red<br />
to help eliminate the financial and<br />
health emergencies threatening people<br />
in Africa. Bobby served as a Councilman<br />
of Santa Monica, California, and has<br />
produced tremendously successful<br />
Christmas record albums that provide<br />
grants and funding for Special Olympics<br />
programs throughout the world. In 2010<br />
he was elected mayor of Santa Monica.<br />
Maria: As an award-winning<br />
journalist, best-selling author, and news<br />
anchor, Maria <strong>Shriver</strong> has educated<br />
her many friends in the television and<br />
entertainment worlds about the needs of<br />
people with disabilities and spotlighted<br />
the achievements of Special Olympics<br />
athletes. She is also the guiding force<br />
behind the Women’s Conference, a nonprofit,<br />
non-partisan organization and<br />
annual forum for women.<br />
Timothy: As Chairman of<br />
Special Olympics, Timothy <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
serves more than 3.5 million Special<br />
Olympics athletes and their families<br />
in 170 countries. He launched the<br />
program’s most ambitious growth<br />
agenda and has expanded Special<br />
Olympics’ international impact. His<br />
work continues to change lives as he<br />
continues his mother’s legacy.<br />
Mark: Mark <strong>Shriver</strong> is the Vice<br />
President and Managing Director of<br />
Save the Children U.S. Programs and<br />
leads the programmatic and advocacy<br />
efforts of Save the Children to<br />
promote the betterment of the lives of<br />
children living in impoverished rural<br />
communities across the United States.<br />
Anthony: Anthony <strong>Shriver</strong> is the<br />
Founder and Chairman of Best Buddies<br />
International, which he created in 1989<br />
to foster one-to-one friendships between<br />
people with and without intellectual<br />
disabilities.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
Eun ce <strong>Kennedy</strong> Shr ver’s Legacy to the<br />
Women of her Fam ly<br />
“When the full judgment of the <strong>Kennedy</strong> legacy is made … the changes wrought by <strong>Eunice</strong><br />
<strong>Shriver</strong> may well be seen as the most consequential.”<br />
U.S. News and World Report, November 15, 1993<br />
<strong>The</strong> spirit of <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong><br />
<strong>Shriver</strong> is still very much a part of<br />
Special Olympics. In her generation,<br />
the <strong>Kennedy</strong> sons were expected to aim<br />
high, as high as the presidency of the<br />
United States. <strong>The</strong> daughters shared the<br />
intense family dinner table conversations<br />
and winner-take-all touch football games<br />
and devoted time and effort to the<br />
political campaigns of their brothers.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> women also made<br />
meaningful contributions to important<br />
causes. Patricia spent most of her adult<br />
years in Hollywood and helped create<br />
the <strong>Kennedy</strong> Child Study Center in Los<br />
Angeles. Jean <strong>Kennedy</strong> Smith served<br />
as ambassador to Ireland from 1993 to<br />
1998 and also created the Very Special<br />
Arts Program for people with intellectual<br />
disabilities. Kathleen supported Red<br />
Cross efforts during WWII but died<br />
in a plane crash shortly after the war<br />
ended. Rosemary, who had intellectual<br />
disability, was an inspiration to her<br />
family and lived into her 80s.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>’s tireless<br />
efforts in the creation and growth of<br />
Special Olympics are well known.<br />
A look at the family tree illustrates<br />
the achievements of the next generation<br />
of <strong>Kennedy</strong> women. John and Jacqueline<br />
<strong>Kennedy</strong>’s daughter Caroline is a<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics<br />
lawyer, co-founder of the Profiles in<br />
Courage Award, president of the John<br />
F. <strong>Kennedy</strong> Library, and chairwoman<br />
of the American Ballet <strong>The</strong>atre.<br />
Patricia Lawford’s daughter Robin is an<br />
environmentalist and marine biologist.<br />
Robert and Ethel <strong>Kennedy</strong>’s daughters<br />
also carved out distinguished careers.<br />
Kathleen was elected Lieutenant<br />
Governor of Maryland; Kerry is a<br />
human rights activist with the Robert<br />
F. <strong>Kennedy</strong> Center for Justice and<br />
<strong>Human</strong> Rights; and Rory is an awardwinning<br />
documentary filmmaker and<br />
producer. Kym Maria, the daughter of<br />
Jean <strong>Kennedy</strong> and her husband Stephen<br />
Smith, is a photographer. Ted <strong>Kennedy</strong>’s<br />
daughter, Kara, is a television producer.<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong>’s own daughter Maria built a<br />
highly visible career as a television<br />
co-anchor.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se active professional women<br />
reflect not only the changing role<br />
of women in today’s society, but the<br />
positive influence of <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong><br />
<strong>Shriver</strong> and her extraordinary<br />
achievements. At her funeral on August<br />
14, 2009, her daughter, Maria, had this<br />
to say: “Mummy was indeed a trailblazer.<br />
She took adversity and turned it into<br />
advantage. Inspired by the rejection she<br />
saw many women face, especially her
sister Rosemary and her mother, and<br />
other mothers of special children, she<br />
turned that into her life’s focus and her<br />
life’s passion and mission ... She believed<br />
100 percent in the power and the gifts<br />
of women to change the language, the<br />
tempo, and the character of this world.”<br />
In final praise of her mother, Maria<br />
characterized her as a “torchbearer for<br />
the women of our time.”<br />
At the time of her death, the <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
family issued the following statement<br />
about <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>: “She set<br />
out to change the world and to change<br />
us, and she did that and more ... Her<br />
work transformed the lives of hundreds<br />
of millions of people across the globe,<br />
and they ... are her living legacy.”<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> and Special Olympics
Chronology<br />
1962 Camp <strong>Shriver</strong>, a day camp<br />
for children with intellectual<br />
disabilities held at the <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
home in Maryland<br />
1968 First International Special<br />
Olympics Summer Games, at<br />
Soldier Field, Chicago – 1,000<br />
athletes competing from 26 states<br />
and Canada<br />
Special Olympics established<br />
as a not-for-profit charitable<br />
organization under the laws of the<br />
District of Columbia<br />
1970 Second International Special<br />
Olympics Summer Games, at<br />
Soldier Field, Chicago – 2,000<br />
athletes from 50 States, the District<br />
of Columbia, France and Puerto Rico<br />
1972 Third International Special<br />
Olympics Summer Games, in<br />
Los Angeles, California – 2,500<br />
athletes<br />
1975 Fourth International Special<br />
Olympics Summer Games in<br />
Mt. Pleasant, Michigan – 3,200<br />
athletes from 10 countries<br />
1977 First International Special<br />
Olympics Winter Games, in<br />
Steamboat Springs, Colorado –<br />
500 athletes competing<br />
1979 Fifth International Special<br />
Olympics Summer Games, in<br />
Brockport, New York – 3,500<br />
athletes from more than 20<br />
countries<br />
Chronology<br />
1981 A training and certification<br />
program for coaches is launched,<br />
and the first Sports Skills Guide is<br />
published.<br />
Second International Special<br />
Olympics Winter Games, held in<br />
the villages of Smugglers’ Notch<br />
and Stowe, Vermont – 600 athletes<br />
1983 Sixth International Special<br />
Olympics Summer Games, in<br />
Baton Rouge, Louisiana – 4,000<br />
athletes<br />
1985 Third International Special<br />
Olympics Winter Games, in Park<br />
City, Utah – athletes from 14<br />
countries<br />
1986 <strong>The</strong> International Year of Special<br />
Olympics is launched at the<br />
United Nations, New York,<br />
NY, under the banner “Special<br />
Olympics – Uniting the World.”<br />
1987 Seventh International Special<br />
Olympics Summer Games, in<br />
South Bend, Indiana – 4,700<br />
athletes from more than 70<br />
countries<br />
1988 International Olympic Committee<br />
(IOC) signs an historic agreement<br />
officially recognizing Special<br />
Olympics.<br />
Special Olympics Unified Sports<br />
is launched at the annual Special<br />
Olympics Conference in Reno,<br />
Nevada.
1989 Fourth International Special<br />
Olympics Winter Games, in<br />
Reno, Nevada and Lake Tahoe,<br />
California – 1000 athletes from<br />
18 countries<br />
1990 Third European Special Olympics<br />
Summer Games, in Strathclyde,<br />
Scotland – 2400 athletes from<br />
30 countries<br />
1991 Eighth Special Olympics World<br />
Summer Games, in Minneapolis/<br />
St. Paul, Minnesota – 6,000<br />
athletes from 100 countries<br />
1992 25 th Anniversary Celebration –<br />
“Together We Win” – held at<br />
United Nations, New York, NY<br />
1993 Fifth Special Olympics World<br />
Winter Games, in Salzburg and<br />
Schladming, Austria – 1,600<br />
athletes from 50 countries<br />
competing<br />
1995 Ninth Special Olympics World<br />
Summer Games, held at Yale<br />
University in New Haven,<br />
Connecticut – 7,000 athletes from<br />
143 countries compete in 21 sports<br />
1997 Healthy Athletes becomes an<br />
official Special Olympics <strong>Initiative</strong><br />
providing healthcare services<br />
to Special Olympics athletes<br />
worldwide<br />
Sixth Special Olympics World<br />
Winter Games, in Toronto,<br />
Canada – nearly 2000 athletes<br />
from 73 countries<br />
1998 Introduction of twelve 30 th<br />
Anniversary Global Messengers<br />
celebrates 30 years of Special<br />
Olympics heroes<br />
A Christmas concert is hosted<br />
at the White House – “A<br />
Very Special Christmas from<br />
Washington, D.C.” – to celebrate<br />
Special Olympics 30 th anniversary.<br />
1999 Tenth Special Olympics World<br />
Summer Games in Raleigh,<br />
Durham and Chapel Hill, North<br />
Carolina – 7,000 athletes from 150<br />
countries<br />
2000 “Campaign for Growth” is<br />
launched to reach one million new<br />
athletes worldwide by 2005 – the<br />
most ambitious growth campaign<br />
in Special Olympics history.<br />
Special Olympics China<br />
Millennium March takes place<br />
throughout China<br />
First-ever Global Athlete Congress<br />
takes place in <strong>The</strong> Hague,<br />
Netherlands – 60 athletes from<br />
every region of the world discuss<br />
the future of Special Olympics<br />
2001 Seventh Special Olympics World<br />
Winter Games, in Anchorage,<br />
Alaska – 1,800 athletes<br />
U.S. Senate Committee on<br />
Appropriations conducts public<br />
hearing on promoting health<br />
for individuals with intellectual<br />
disabilities. Special Olympics<br />
presents a special report identifying<br />
actions to improve the quality<br />
and length of life of persons with<br />
intellectual disabilities.<br />
First-ever Global Youth Summit<br />
held in conjunction with 2001<br />
Special Olympics World Winter<br />
Games. Thirty-four students<br />
Chronology<br />
9
0 Chronology<br />
from around the world, with and<br />
without intellectual disabilities,<br />
discuss how to overcome attitudes<br />
and stereotypes.<br />
Special Olympics African<br />
Hope 2001 held in Cape Town,<br />
Johannesburg and Sun City,<br />
South Africa, launching a major<br />
growth campaign to reach 100,000<br />
new Special Olympics athletes<br />
throughout Africa by 2005.<br />
Special Olympics Get Into It, new<br />
K-12 service-learning curriculum<br />
developed and available at no cost<br />
to schools and teachers worldwide<br />
U.S. Surgeon General David<br />
Satcher holds conference in<br />
Washington, DC to address<br />
disparities in health care<br />
experienced by people with<br />
intellectual disabilities – the first<br />
conference of its kind.<br />
2002 A National Blueprint to Improve<br />
the Health of People with<br />
Intellectual Disabilities is released<br />
by the U.S. Surgeon General – the<br />
first government report to bring<br />
this issue to the forefront and<br />
promote remedial actions.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Nelson Mandela Children’s<br />
Fund partners with Special<br />
Olympics to celebrate the birthday<br />
of its founder and chairperson,<br />
Nelson Mandela. In alignment<br />
with the theme, “Unified Sports<br />
and Intellectual Disability,”<br />
Special Olympics athletes<br />
participated in non-competitive,<br />
Unified Sports TM activities with<br />
children from the Children’s Fund<br />
at the Polokwane Stadium in<br />
South Africa – 35,000 spectators<br />
watch 240 children participate.<br />
2003 Eleventh Special Olympics World<br />
Summer Games, in Dublin,<br />
Ireland – 7,000 athletes from 150<br />
countries<br />
Results of the Multinational Study<br />
of Attitudes toward Individuals<br />
with intellectual disabilities<br />
(most comprehensive study ever<br />
conducted) are released in Belfast,<br />
Northern Ireland, as part of 2003<br />
Scientific Symposium held in<br />
association with the 2003 Special<br />
Olympics World Summer Games.<br />
2004 Special Olympics Sport and<br />
Empowerment Act signed<br />
into law, marking first federal<br />
support for Special Olympics.<br />
Act authorizes US $15 million<br />
annually over 5 years for funding<br />
the growth of Special Olympics.<br />
2005 Eighth Special Olympics World<br />
Winter Games, in Nagano, Japan –<br />
1,800 athletes from 84 countries<br />
Second Global Athlete<br />
Conference held in Panama City,<br />
Panama – 78 Special Olympics<br />
athletes, ages 16-50 from more<br />
than 35 countries, come together<br />
to discuss significant issues<br />
Special Olympics Afghanistan<br />
holds first ever National Games in<br />
Kabul – 300 athletes compete
2006 Special Olympics serves over 2.5<br />
million athletes and stands as a<br />
leader in the field of intellectual<br />
disability, making incredible<br />
strides in the areas of health,<br />
education, family support, research<br />
and policy change in over 165<br />
countries worldwide.<br />
First ever Special Olympics<br />
Latin American Games held in<br />
San Salvador, El Salvador – 600<br />
athletes from 18 Latin American<br />
countries<br />
First-ever Special Olympics USA<br />
National Games held in Ames, Iowa<br />
First Special Olympics International<br />
Cricket Cup held in Mumbai, India,<br />
marking official launch of cricket as<br />
a globally recognized sport.<br />
“Special Olympics for Social<br />
Harmony” forum held at United<br />
Nations in New York to create<br />
greater awareness of the global<br />
impact the Special Olympics<br />
movement and mission has on<br />
social change.<br />
Special Olympics Middle East/<br />
North Africa Regional Games<br />
held in Dubai, United Arab<br />
Emirates – 1,000 athletes represent<br />
20 Special Olympics Programs<br />
2007 U.S. State Department funds the<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> (EKS)<br />
Fellowship Program to create<br />
a cadre of professionals to lead<br />
Special Olympics Programs in<br />
developing countries and develop<br />
cross-sector initiatives.<br />
Twelfth Special Olympics World<br />
Summer Games, in Shanghai,<br />
China – 7,182 athletes from 164<br />
countries<br />
2008 U.S. Congress passes House<br />
Resolution 1279 officially<br />
recognizing Special Olympics 40 th<br />
Anniversary. Celebration takes<br />
place at Chicago’s Soldier Field –<br />
site of the first International<br />
Special Olympics Games.<br />
2009 Eighth Special Olympics World<br />
Winter Games, in Boise, Idaho –<br />
nearly 2,000 athletes from nearly<br />
100 countries; themed to empower<br />
youth to be leaders of change for<br />
people with intellectual disabilities<br />
U.S. National Portrait Gallery<br />
unveils historic portrait of <strong>Eunice</strong><br />
<strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong>, first ever<br />
commissioned of an individual<br />
who has not served as a U.S.<br />
President or First Lady<br />
<strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong> dies at<br />
her family home in Massachusetts.<br />
Letters and messages celebrating<br />
her contribution to humanity pour<br />
in from world leaders and ordinary<br />
people around the world.<br />
2010 Special Olympics Unity Cup, in<br />
Cape Town, South Africa<br />
U.S. Regional Games, in<br />
Nebraska, United States<br />
Special Olympics East Asia<br />
Regional Games<br />
Special Olympics Europe Eurasia<br />
Regional Games, in Warsaw, Poland<br />
Chronology
Special Olympics Middle East<br />
North Africa Regional Games, in<br />
Syria<br />
First Global <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong><br />
<strong>Shriver</strong> Day<br />
2011 Thirteenth Special Olympics<br />
World Summer Games, in Athens,<br />
Greece – 7500 athletes from 180<br />
countries<br />
2013 Ninth Special Olympics World<br />
Winter Games, in Seoul, Korea –<br />
3,000 athletes from more than 120<br />
countries<br />
Chronology
Message from Timothy <strong>Shriver</strong>, Chairman,<br />
Special Olympics<br />
Special Olympics is the most<br />
powerful movement of sport, inclusion,<br />
acceptance and dignity that the world<br />
has ever seen. Numbers can never<br />
convey the power of relationships,<br />
the experience of pride, the joy of<br />
winning, or the remarkable birth of hope<br />
and tolerance. But the numbers that<br />
describe our movement are nonetheless<br />
staggering. In 2009 alone, we welcomed<br />
more athletes to our movement than<br />
ever before – over 3.5 million worldwide.<br />
We hosted more competitions than ever<br />
before – over 33,000.<br />
We brought the Special Olympics<br />
movement to places where many<br />
believed the barriers were too high:<br />
massive countries like China, Brazil,<br />
and India; challenging environments<br />
like Pakistan, Afghanistan and Russia;<br />
poor nations like Kenya, Mauritania,<br />
Myanmar and El Salvador; tough U.S.<br />
communities in big cities and among the<br />
rural poor. And around the world, we<br />
saw the continued growth of our Healthy<br />
Athletes program as record numbers of<br />
health care providers conducted free<br />
health screenings for more than 185,000<br />
athletes in seven disciplines – including<br />
the one-millionth athlete over the<br />
history of this initiative.<br />
Happily, the stories of hope and<br />
passion that our athletes and volunteers<br />
have told for a generation are now<br />
matched by data – rigorous research that<br />
begins to explain real change. We know<br />
from public attitude surveys that we<br />
have conducted over several years that<br />
attitudes toward people with intellectual<br />
disabilities throughout the world are<br />
astoundingly negative. In fact, we know<br />
that in some countries, up to 47 percent<br />
of people have never had contact with<br />
our population.<br />
Through our World Games, Unified<br />
Sports and other inclusive activities,<br />
we are increasing public understanding<br />
and acceptance. Through our Project<br />
UNIFY initiative, we were able to<br />
provide opportunities for nearly 600,000<br />
students to learn about and advocate for<br />
their peers with intellectual disabilities.<br />
Through our Global Football <strong>Initiative</strong><br />
and strategic partnerships with football<br />
federations and clubs around the world,<br />
we are capitalizing on the sport’s massive<br />
popularity around the world to recruit<br />
new athletes and reach new audiences.<br />
We know from our research that 52<br />
percent of Special Olympics athletes<br />
in the U.S. are employed whereas the<br />
estimate for the general population of<br />
people with intellectual disabilities is<br />
as low as 10 percent. We know that<br />
33 percent of the athletes we screen<br />
through our Opening Eyes Program have<br />
never had an eye exam. We corrected<br />
that and their vision with free glasses<br />
and sports goggles.<br />
Message from Timothy <strong>Shriver</strong>, Chairman, Special Olympics
Looking ahead, we hope that the<br />
words of <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
will echo in the hearts and minds of<br />
Special Olympics athletes, families and<br />
volunteers the world over:<br />
Despite all the progress of recent years,<br />
our special friends are still under threat.<br />
Some would rather eliminate them than<br />
improve their quality of life. Others would<br />
rather cut costs than create real opportunity.<br />
Still others would just rather move on.<br />
For our part, let us make our stand on<br />
human dignity. Let us make our stand on<br />
justice. I ask you: stand up for people with<br />
intellectual disabilities for the rest of your lives!<br />
You may ask, “What good will<br />
come from this for yourselves or for your<br />
country?” This is it: there is no joy like the<br />
joy of unleashing the human spirit. <strong>The</strong>re<br />
is no laughter like the laughter of those<br />
who are happy with others. <strong>The</strong>re is no<br />
purpose nobler than to build communities of<br />
acceptance for all. This is our glory.<br />
Timothy <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
Chairman and CEO<br />
Message from Timothy <strong>Shriver</strong>, Chairman, Special Olympics
Special Olympics Program Locations around the World<br />
http://www.specialolympics.org/program_locator<br />
Africa<br />
Benin<br />
Botswana<br />
Burkina Faso<br />
Cameroon<br />
Congo (Brazaville)<br />
Cote d’Ivoire<br />
Democratic Republic of Congo<br />
Gambia<br />
Kenya<br />
Lesotho<br />
Malawi<br />
Mali<br />
Mauritius<br />
Namibia<br />
Niger<br />
Nigeria<br />
Reunion<br />
Rwanda<br />
Senegal<br />
Seychelles<br />
South Africa<br />
Swaziland<br />
Tanzania<br />
Togo<br />
Uganda<br />
Asia Pacific<br />
Afghanistan<br />
Australia<br />
Bangladesh<br />
Bhutan<br />
Brunei Darusalaam<br />
Cambodia<br />
India<br />
Indonesia<br />
Nippon (Japan)<br />
Laos<br />
Malaysia<br />
Myanmar<br />
Nepal<br />
New Zealand<br />
Pakistan<br />
Philippines<br />
Samoa<br />
Singapore<br />
Sri Lanka<br />
Thailand<br />
Timor Leste<br />
Vietnam<br />
East Asia<br />
China<br />
Chinese Taipei<br />
Hong Kong<br />
Korea<br />
Macau<br />
Europe/Eurasia<br />
Albania<br />
Andorra<br />
Armenia<br />
Austria<br />
Azerbaijan<br />
Belarus<br />
Belgium<br />
Bosnia & Herzegovina<br />
Bulgaria<br />
Croatia<br />
Cyprus<br />
Czech Republic<br />
Denmark<br />
Special Olympics Program Locations around the World
Estonia<br />
Faroe Islands<br />
Finland<br />
France<br />
FYR Macedonia<br />
Georgia<br />
Germany<br />
Gibraltar<br />
Great Britain<br />
Greece<br />
Hungary<br />
Iceland<br />
Ireland<br />
Isle of Man<br />
Israel<br />
Italy<br />
Kazakhstan<br />
Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99<br />
Kyrgyz Republic<br />
Latvia<br />
Liechtenstein<br />
Lithuania<br />
Luxembourg<br />
Malta<br />
Moldova<br />
Monaco<br />
Montenegro<br />
Netherlands<br />
Norway<br />
Poland<br />
Portugal<br />
Romania<br />
Russia<br />
San Marino<br />
Serbia<br />
Slovakia<br />
Slovenia<br />
Spain<br />
Sweden<br />
Tajikistan<br />
Turkey<br />
Special Olympics Program Locations around the World<br />
Turkmenistan<br />
Ukraine<br />
Uzbekistan<br />
Latin America<br />
Argentina<br />
Bolivia<br />
Brazil<br />
Chile<br />
Colombia<br />
Costa Rica<br />
Cuba<br />
Dominican Republic<br />
Ecuador<br />
El Salvador<br />
Guatemala<br />
Honduras<br />
Mexico<br />
Panama<br />
Paraguay<br />
Peru<br />
Puerto Rico<br />
Uruguay<br />
Venezuela<br />
Middle East/North Africa<br />
Algeria<br />
Bahrain<br />
Comoro Islands<br />
Djibouti<br />
Egypt<br />
Iran<br />
Iraq<br />
Jordan<br />
Kuwait<br />
Lebanon<br />
Libya<br />
Mauritania<br />
Morocco<br />
Oman<br />
Palestine
Qatar<br />
Saudi Arabia<br />
Somalia<br />
Sudan<br />
Syria<br />
Tunisia<br />
United Arab Emirates<br />
Yemen<br />
North America<br />
Alaska<br />
Arizona<br />
Arkansas<br />
Aruba<br />
Bahamas<br />
Barbados<br />
Belize<br />
Bonaire<br />
British Virgin Islands<br />
California (North)<br />
California (South)<br />
Canada<br />
Cayman Islands<br />
Colorado<br />
Connecticut<br />
Curacao<br />
Delaware<br />
District of Columbia<br />
Dominica<br />
Florida<br />
Georgia (USA)<br />
Guadeloupe<br />
Hawaii<br />
Idaho<br />
Illinois<br />
Indiana<br />
Iowa<br />
Jamaica<br />
Kansas<br />
Kentucky<br />
Louisiana<br />
Maine<br />
Maryland<br />
Massachusetts<br />
Michigan<br />
Minnesota<br />
Mississippi<br />
Missouri<br />
Montana<br />
Nebraska<br />
Nevada<br />
New Hampshire<br />
New Jersey<br />
New Mexico<br />
New York<br />
North Carolina<br />
North Dakota<br />
Ohio<br />
Oklahoma<br />
Oregon<br />
Pennsylvania<br />
Rhode Island<br />
South Carolina<br />
South Dakota<br />
St. Kitts & Nevis<br />
St. Lucia<br />
St. Maarten<br />
St. Vincent & <strong>The</strong> Grenadines<br />
Suriname<br />
Tennessee<br />
Texas<br />
Trinidad & Tobago<br />
US Virgin Islands<br />
Utah<br />
Vermont<br />
Virginia<br />
Washington<br />
West Virginia<br />
Wisconsin<br />
Wyoming<br />
Special Olympics Program Locations around the World
America’s Third Great Sector<br />
Over the last third of the 20th<br />
century, nonprofit organizations sought<br />
opportunities to work together across<br />
sectors 1 in order to share knowledge and<br />
concerns, maximize and quantify impact<br />
and adopt common goals to achieve their<br />
missions and build stronger communities.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Great Society legislation and the<br />
Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s,<br />
together with greatly increased affluence,<br />
brought ”a quiet revolution” that<br />
transformed the nonprofit sector. 2 That<br />
revolution began the growth of a viable<br />
and equal third sector – the charitable<br />
sector – which, “over the past two<br />
decades ... has been growing at double<br />
the pace of its for-profit counterpart.” 3<br />
In July, 1985, William J. Flynn,<br />
President of Mutual of America,<br />
speaking at an American Cancer Society<br />
convention in New Orleans, identified<br />
the growing strength of the sector:<br />
What astonished de Tocqueville<br />
was another much more distinctive<br />
American impulse – to join together<br />
voluntarily where there was a job to<br />
be done. He saw the beginnings of what<br />
was to become America’s great third<br />
sector, her voluntary sector, independent<br />
of both government and commerce.<br />
De Tocqueville believed that<br />
America might become the first<br />
nation in world history to achieve<br />
all three of mankind’s historic<br />
ambitions at the same time – a<br />
society that was free, prosperous, and<br />
responsive to human needs. It would<br />
be free because its government was<br />
limited, prosperous because it was<br />
free and responsive because it could<br />
focus its prosperity and leisure on<br />
common human needs through its<br />
voluntary institutions. That, I think,<br />
is what we mean when we talk about<br />
the American dream. 4<br />
By 1990, Peter Drucker knew, “It is<br />
not business, it is not government, it is the<br />
social sector that may yet save the society.” 5<br />
Factors Contributing to the Growth of<br />
the Sector<br />
“We believe, going back to our roots that<br />
each and every individual is created uniquely<br />
with certain gifts and abilities and so whether<br />
you are the poorest of the poor or the richest<br />
of the rich, we can help you discover how<br />
to develop those abilities, whether they are<br />
physical, mental or spiritual. That has<br />
allowed us, from a mission standpoint, to<br />
be innovative and change how we serve the<br />
community over history” 6<br />
1 <strong>The</strong> three sectors are commonly referred to by the following terms: (1) private (corporate); (2) public (government), and (3) social<br />
(nonprofit).<br />
2 Hammack, David C. “Nonprofit Organizations in American History Research Opportunities and Sources” (Case Western Reserve<br />
University, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol 45, July 2002)<br />
3 Aviv, Diana. <strong>The</strong> Nonprofit Quarterly, Special Section: Accountability, “Earning the Public Trust,” (Summer 2004) 53-56<br />
4 Flynn, William J. Excerpted from “<strong>The</strong> Renaissance in <strong>The</strong> <strong>Spirit</strong> of Voluntarism” (Irish America Heritage Series 2008) 40<br />
5 Oral Interview with Frances Hesselbein, President, Leader to Leader Institute; Past CEO, Girl Scouts of the USA, 27 February 2010<br />
6 Oral interview with Neil Nicoll, CEO, YMCA of the USA, 9 November 2009<br />
America’s Third Great Sector
Cultural and social conditions set<br />
the stage<br />
• Rapid societal change escalated the<br />
demands made on society.<br />
• Returning GIs and their families had<br />
significant needs after World War II.<br />
• Great Society programs dealing with<br />
civil rights, poverty, health, housing<br />
and education highlighted unmet<br />
needs.<br />
• Service and voluntarism flourished,<br />
but there were many agencies<br />
soliciting funds and trying to survive.<br />
• Funding sources wanted reassurance<br />
that agencies were doing a good job<br />
in their communities.<br />
• Payroll deduction was conceived for<br />
charitable giving, starting in Detroit<br />
with the automobile companies.<br />
Growing Sophistication<br />
• Movements transformed into<br />
organizations, and organizations<br />
began to ask fundamental questions.<br />
• Organizations recognized the need<br />
for professionalization but had<br />
growing pains.<br />
• Organizations recognized the need<br />
for credibility; they wanted to be<br />
taken seriously.<br />
• New trends began to take shape in<br />
the nonprofit world:<br />
• A new breed of foundation<br />
emerged with entrepreneurs like<br />
7 Oral Interview with Les Silverman, Director Emeritus, McKinsey & Company, 10 March 2010<br />
8 Ibid.<br />
9 Oral interview with Daniel Cardinali, President, Communities in Schools, 2 November 2009<br />
Bill Gates finding ways to make<br />
philanthropy more effective.<br />
• <strong>The</strong>re was more discussion about<br />
the potential of sharing good<br />
information, techniques and<br />
organizational capacity building.<br />
• <strong>The</strong>re was greater availability of<br />
data.<br />
<strong>The</strong> sector was gaining prominence<br />
by demonstrably improving lives in<br />
our country and elsewhere. 7<br />
•<br />
“Many in the business world lack<br />
an understanding of the challenges many<br />
nonprofit organizations face … building<br />
consensus around vision, not profit, and<br />
reinforcing aspects of performance, other<br />
than financial.” 8<br />
“<strong>The</strong>re was also sophistication around the<br />
funding community. Private foundations like<br />
Ford and Rockefeller had already supported<br />
our work in the street academies in New York<br />
but with a very loose kind of funding strategy.<br />
By the late 1970s, there had been a level of<br />
sophistication introduced into the sector.” 9<br />
“America’s Promise Alliance is<br />
successful, because we try to do a good job<br />
of articulating issues, raising awareness, and<br />
inspiring people to act. Another part of our<br />
success is the ability to be a catalyst and a<br />
convener, to pull multiple sectors in many<br />
organizations together around a common<br />
goal and a common vision.” 10<br />
“In the early1990s, we were forced<br />
by one of our board members to pull back<br />
from running around the country, sit down,<br />
10 Oral interview with Marguerite Kondracke, President and CEO, America’s Promise Alliance, 20 October 2009<br />
America’s Third Great Sector<br />
9
ing the best minds we could to this work,<br />
both inside the network and outside, and …<br />
codify everything we knew to be an effective<br />
practice. As the organization has grown, we<br />
have had to recalibrate passion and temper it<br />
so that it isn’t lost but ensure that it is at least<br />
equally measured by the deep commitment to<br />
becoming a great organization..., just brutal<br />
commitment to strategic focus, disciplined<br />
decision-making and data-driven decisionmaking.<br />
Also necessary was a willingness to<br />
take calculated risks based on deep analysis<br />
and not just a justice-framework or a<br />
passion-framework.” 11<br />
“In the early 1990s ... Kellogg was<br />
investing in a lot of nonprofits, saw the need<br />
to have prepared leaders and was willing to<br />
invest in a program to accomplish that.” 12<br />
“<strong>The</strong>re is still the need to take a bigpicture<br />
view and to lead people to think of<br />
solutions that go beyond the boundaries of<br />
brand and organization. It is as important<br />
as ever, if not more so, to be a voice for bigpicture<br />
thinking, big-picture action.” 13<br />
“Respect for all people. It was a focus<br />
that was of critical importance then, as it is<br />
today. When we took the initiative early on<br />
to reach out to all girls, it was interesting<br />
how the organizations came together. We<br />
shared this vision of richly diverse, inclusive<br />
organizations that care about all of its<br />
people, just as we shared a vision of healthy,<br />
vibrant communities in our country. 14<br />
11 Cardinali<br />
0 America’s Third Great Sector<br />
Working across Sectors<br />
12 Oral interview with Dr. Kala Stroup, Past President, American <strong>Human</strong>ics, 12 February 2010<br />
• Nonprofits began the indispensable<br />
partnership between business and<br />
the social sector.<br />
• Business realized it had a<br />
responsibility for taking care of<br />
American society.<br />
• Business had a vested interest in<br />
ensuring that there was a pipeline<br />
of educated young people to drive<br />
the economy forward.<br />
• Nonprofits partnered with business<br />
and the political community to<br />
impact public policy.<br />
“<strong>The</strong> strength of a civil society is when<br />
multiple sectors work together for the<br />
common good.” 15<br />
“Many important social problems require<br />
contributions from all sectors – private forprofit<br />
and nonprofit as well as public. Every<br />
part of our society has a role to play in solving<br />
health care issues, improving education,<br />
meeting the needs of the disadvantaged, and<br />
enhancing the arts.” 16<br />
“<strong>The</strong>re was also the emergence of<br />
corporate philanthropy. <strong>The</strong>y realized that<br />
doing well and doing good began to have<br />
some relationship; and that business had a<br />
responsibility for taking care of the American<br />
society, and particularly had a vested interest<br />
in ensuring there was a pipeline of educated<br />
young people to drive the economy forward.” 17<br />
13 Oral interview with Irv Katz, President and CEO, National <strong>Human</strong> Services Assembly, 24 February 2010<br />
14 Op. cit., Hesselbein<br />
15 Op cit., Kondracke<br />
16 Op. cit., Silverman<br />
17 Op. cit., Cardinali
“Basically the Educational and Equity<br />
Act of 1972 provided for students to be<br />
eligible for some loan forgiveness programs<br />
if they worked in the nonprofit sector for<br />
ten years and made regular payments<br />
on the plan, which could then become<br />
income-sensitive. In other words, if the pay<br />
was lower, the student paid less back and<br />
then at the end of the ten years, the loan<br />
was forgiven. So working across sectors,<br />
particularly with public policy, was a place<br />
where we obviously had an impact.” 18<br />
Creation of Tools for Sector Development<br />
• Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit<br />
Management: Self-Assessment<br />
Tool; books (27 published in 30<br />
languages), Leader to Leader Journal,<br />
Peter Drucker Award for Innovation<br />
• American <strong>Human</strong>ics: Certification<br />
process for Nonprofit Career<br />
Development; internship process<br />
for Nonprofit Career Development;<br />
Non-Profit Career Guide<br />
• Degree programs in nonprofit<br />
management (3 in the early 70s,<br />
now several hundred)<br />
• McKinsey & Company: statistical<br />
impact data: Capacity Building<br />
Framework<br />
• National <strong>Human</strong> Services<br />
Assembly: Peer networking groups,<br />
publications, newsletters, leadership<br />
institutes<br />
“We didn’t focus on financial capital<br />
because there was this hunger, this need for<br />
18 Op. cit., Stroup<br />
19 Op. cit., Hesselbein<br />
20 Op. cit., Stroup<br />
21 Op. cit., Silverman<br />
intellectual capital that needed to be, in large<br />
measure a gift, a contribution. <strong>The</strong>re was<br />
never any question about the focus, there was<br />
never any debate. It was all about intellectual<br />
capital ... We learned that when you invest<br />
in the learning of your people, you can<br />
change the world and the organization.” 19<br />
“It’s all part of that piece of building<br />
the profession and making sure that this is a<br />
career option that is taken seriously on college<br />
campuses. <strong>The</strong>re was no handbook, no<br />
textbook, nothing about careers in the sector<br />
until we got funding from United Parcel<br />
Service to put out the first ever Non-Profit<br />
Career Guide. It was widely met and won<br />
three or four national book awards.” 20<br />
“We were able to pull together<br />
knowledge about all types of nonprofits,<br />
and the teams assembled to serve nonprofit<br />
clients had the benefit of all McKinsey<br />
experience and expertise in serving the<br />
sector. We began looking for patterns<br />
across the sector, issues the sector cared<br />
about, and made intellectual contributions<br />
that the sector was able to use, such as the<br />
Capacity Building Framework. Much of this<br />
material is freely available to the sector on<br />
McKinsey’s website.” 21<br />
Collaboration/Collective Action/Shared<br />
Knowledge<br />
• <strong>The</strong> rapid growth of the sector created<br />
a climate for collaboration to improve<br />
service delivery, the human condition,<br />
and the state of nonprofit management.<br />
• Peer networks helped individuals<br />
and organizations find others with<br />
common interests and concerns.<br />
America’s Third Great Sector
• <strong>The</strong> sector became large enough,<br />
significant enough and complex<br />
enough for the organized preparation<br />
of the next generation of leaders.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> National Collaboration for<br />
Youth was formed and became a voice<br />
for big-picture thinking and action.<br />
“<strong>The</strong>re was a strong sense of<br />
professionalism and collegiality that drove<br />
people from the early days until the present<br />
and beyond. It appears to have always<br />
been not so much driven by external<br />
circumstances but by internal motivation<br />
among the professionals to stay on top of<br />
those external factors. <strong>The</strong>y continually<br />
strive to learn from one another and support<br />
one another as the various agencies attempt<br />
to serve the needs of communities.” 22<br />
“<strong>The</strong>y learned very quickly that if you<br />
could come up with innovative solutions in<br />
this field of public education and get decision<br />
makers to pay attention and actually support,<br />
you could create, not just good service<br />
delivery, but systemic reform strategy.” 23<br />
“America’s Promise gathered the<br />
President’s staff and secured a commitment<br />
from all the living Presidents to be a part<br />
of the founding of this new alliance. This<br />
was historic because it is the first time in<br />
American history that all the Presidents<br />
came together to lend their support to the<br />
same domestic issue, mainly our children.” 24<br />
22 Op. cit., Katz<br />
23 Op. cit., Cardinali<br />
24 Op., cit., Kondracke<br />
25 Oral interview with Joe Haggerty, COO, United Way Worldwide, 21 October 2009<br />
26 Op. cit., Kondracke<br />
27 p. cit., Katz<br />
28 Op. cit., Katz<br />
America’s Third Great Sector<br />
“If you don’t distribute the power and the<br />
influence and the decision-making, it’s really<br />
hard to have an impact across this country.” 25<br />
“I think the ultimate measure of success<br />
is when people adopt a shared goal as part of<br />
their own organizational strategy.” 26<br />
“Being a part of a peer community<br />
is a part of excellence in leadership.<br />
Those CEOs and leaders of whatever<br />
enterprise, but in our case non-profits in<br />
the human service, human and community<br />
development organizations, who are open<br />
to learning, open to collaboration, seem to<br />
be the ones who are more than achieving<br />
a mission of their organization; they are<br />
helping to achieve a broader mission of<br />
building stronger communities.” 27<br />
“A relatively unique contribution that<br />
the Assembly makes is to find out from<br />
members what their concerns are and to<br />
guide the members to jointly seek big picture<br />
solutions. We seek out those things we can<br />
do together to improve services delivery,<br />
human conditions, and the state of nonprofit<br />
management. I don’t think there are<br />
many organizations that really try to lead<br />
their members beyond current thinking in<br />
such a holistic way. I think that is a unique<br />
contribution.” 28<br />
Preparation of Future Leaders<br />
• Organizations require core staff<br />
support. <strong>The</strong>re was a need to prepare<br />
people for work in the nonprofit
sector and to develop a pipeline<br />
of leaders for the future. Staff<br />
leaders did not have the necessary<br />
background to lead effectively.<br />
• Social consciousness attracts<br />
students and future professionals.<br />
• Nonprofit management is a career<br />
option that is taken seriously on<br />
campus.<br />
“We invested in the education of our<br />
people for every level, for every person; and<br />
they knew if they needed help, they could<br />
call, and Dr. John W. Work III, a great<br />
educator and key trainer, would come out.<br />
That was our contribution to building the<br />
richly diverse organization. It was a gift<br />
from the national organization to each of the<br />
local councils. It had tremendous results.” 29<br />
“We believe – and many in the sector<br />
believe – that management matters, and<br />
that capacity building matters for nonprofits<br />
and for those dependent on their services<br />
and products.” 30<br />
“It was the issue of the need for<br />
preparation of people who worked in the<br />
non-profit sector. Many organizations<br />
relied upon volunteer labor but also had<br />
a professional core but there was no real,<br />
effective means to get them the background<br />
they needed to effectively lead.” 31<br />
Impact Evaluation and Measurement<br />
“As a society we have to do a better job<br />
in funding effective and efficient nonprofits ...<br />
29 Op. cit., Hesselbein<br />
30 Op., cit., Silverman<br />
31 Op., cit., Stroup<br />
32 Op. cit., Silverman<br />
33 Op. cit., Hesselbein<br />
34 Op. cit., Silvermanz<br />
35 Op. cit., Katz<br />
We are making progress, but need to solicit<br />
agreement on and support for useful outcome<br />
measures and help donors rely on outcome<br />
measures to guide their philanthropy.” 32<br />
In October, 1990, Peter F. Drucker<br />
spoke at a press conference about<br />
the formal launching of the Drucker<br />
Foundation for Nonprofit Management.<br />
A member of the press asked him,<br />
“What will be the first product of the<br />
new foundation?” Peter replied, “It will<br />
be a self-assessment tool.” He went on to<br />
describe five questions:<br />
• What is our mission?<br />
• Who is our customer?<br />
• What does the customer value?<br />
• What have been our results?<br />
What have been our client’s results? 33<br />
•<br />
“Today the nonprofit sector is better<br />
managed and more organizationally capable<br />
of utilizing its resources effectively. We<br />
believe – and many in the sector believe –<br />
that management matters, and that capacity<br />
building matters for nonprofits and for those<br />
dependent on their services and products.” 34<br />
<strong>The</strong> main focus and activity of the<br />
National <strong>Human</strong> Services Assembly today<br />
is to be a place where peers in the non-profit<br />
human service, human development sector<br />
can share knowledge and concerns. 35<br />
Globalization<br />
“One of my priorities was to carry<br />
our message all over the world and by now<br />
America’s Third Great Sector
I have spoken or represented the United<br />
States in 68 countries.” 36<br />
During the 1970’s different groups<br />
were coming to us (United Way) from<br />
around the world and asking us to help<br />
them set up United Ways in different<br />
countries. We set up a department<br />
with just one or two people. We would<br />
get retirees to go different places and<br />
work with local communities to set up<br />
United Ways around the world.<br />
In the 1990’s, there was enough<br />
growth that we spun off the<br />
international group and they became<br />
United Way International, with about<br />
twenty staff helping people begin new<br />
United Ways. We now have United<br />
Ways in forty five countries. <strong>The</strong>y are<br />
raising over a billion dollars outside<br />
of the United States. Recently, we<br />
became United Way Worldwide<br />
<strong>The</strong> reason why international<br />
United Ways have been growing in<br />
a lot of places is that people see the<br />
whole world as their community and<br />
not just the town they live in. 37<br />
“Understanding the gap between how<br />
Americans and other countries felt about the<br />
social sector was an important consideration<br />
for us. Our European colleagues felt<br />
solving social issues was largely the role of<br />
government. It is a basic cultural issue in<br />
global firms. 38<br />
“For whatever reason, we are a society<br />
where people do come together in community<br />
and they form associations and do things.<br />
36 Op. cit., Hesselbein<br />
37 Op. cit., Haggerty<br />
38 Op. cit., Silverman<br />
39 Op. cit., Haggerty<br />
40 Op. cit., Hesselbein<br />
America’s Third Great Sector<br />
That isn’t prevalent in a lot of other cultures.<br />
<strong>The</strong>y wait for the government to do it. It’s<br />
just a different individualism. We grant<br />
permission for it. I think the other important<br />
thing is in some ways it’s written into some of<br />
our government leanings, in the tax code and<br />
things like that.” 39<br />
“<strong>The</strong> Girl Scouts are very strong<br />
internationally.” 40<br />
Looking to the Future<br />
“<strong>The</strong> future of America’s communities<br />
and vitality has never been more destined<br />
to fall on the shoulders of the independent<br />
sector and civil society. Most suffering and<br />
death is avoidable. It is important to have<br />
an infrastructure in place to help alleviate<br />
suffering and death in the future.”<br />
– Dr. John R. Seffrin, CEO,<br />
American Cancer Society<br />
“Right now, I think the social sector<br />
is called to move with greater energy and<br />
greater commitment and somehow through<br />
the gift of example, help people develop the<br />
sense of hope and trust. Nothing matters<br />
more. Both here and abroad, social-sector<br />
organizations have a new challenge to build<br />
a greater sense of trust among people and<br />
among organizations. I think we are in a<br />
strong position in the social sector to help<br />
build that trust in the democracy, in the<br />
community, in one another.”<br />
– Frances Hesselbein, President,<br />
Leader to Leader Institute
Showing the Way<br />
Gett ng Started: Change Beg ns W th Me<br />
<strong>The</strong>se monographs have been written<br />
as a means of informing, educating, and<br />
inspiring people in today’s world to build<br />
healthy, diverse, inclusive communities<br />
– to recognize a need that touches<br />
their spirit and determine how they,<br />
within their own vocation or avocation,<br />
can play a role in meeting that need.<br />
We hope to spark new awareness and<br />
purposeful action in the minds and hearts<br />
of our readers which will remedy and/or<br />
creatively address these changes and<br />
problems in a multitude of ways.Change<br />
Begins With Me!<br />
Awareness<br />
1. Conceptualize: Discover your passion<br />
and the place where your passion<br />
intersects with the needs of the<br />
world.<br />
2. Explore: Seek to know more about<br />
the need(s) you have identified.<br />
Search for more knowledge about<br />
what is currently being done to meet<br />
the need and what more might be<br />
done with appropriate support and/<br />
or talent.<br />
Belief<br />
3. Understand: Seek to comprehend<br />
causes, effects, and creative<br />
solutions. Recognize the significance<br />
of the need and how your<br />
involvement might assist in meeting<br />
the need; as a career choice or<br />
an educator, legislator, volunteer,<br />
journalist, author, etc. Search to<br />
find others of like minds and hearts<br />
to join with you.<br />
Conviction<br />
4. Begin: Take action to right a wrong or<br />
expand human endeavor in a given<br />
area of need. Seek to find the most<br />
satisfying manner in which youmight<br />
be a part of creating positive change.<br />
Remain open to innovation and<br />
opportunity while assessing risk and<br />
barriers to success. Be a model of<br />
integrity and public trust.<br />
Commitment<br />
5. Pledge: Promise to dedicate your<br />
individual resources to being a change<br />
agent. Dedicate your time, talent,<br />
intellect, and treasure to making a<br />
difference.<br />
6. Collaborate: Discover how working<br />
with others can enhance the<br />
strengths of the effort, as well as<br />
adding significance to your own life.<br />
7. Evaluate: Monitor both process and<br />
results for continuous improvement.<br />
Expand the influence and impact of<br />
your response.<br />
Prepare to enjoy the accompanying sense of<br />
growth, fulfillment and accomplishment!<br />
Showing the Way
Access Numbers to Nat onal Organ zat ons<br />
Adaptive Sports Association<br />
Helps to enrich and transform the lives<br />
of people with disabilities through sports<br />
and recreation<br />
P.O. Box 1884<br />
Durango, CO 81302<br />
970 259 0374<br />
www.asadurango.com/index.html<br />
American Association of People with<br />
Disabilities<br />
Acts as a national voice for change in<br />
implementing goals of the Americans with<br />
Disabilities Act<br />
1629 K St. NW, Suite 950<br />
Washington, DC 20006<br />
202 457 0046<br />
800 840 8844<br />
www.aapd.com<br />
America’s Promise Alliance<br />
Facilitates voluntary action for children<br />
and youth through a collaborative network<br />
1110 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 900<br />
Washington, DC 20005<br />
202 657 0600<br />
www.americaspromise.org<br />
Athletes with Disabilities Network<br />
Promotes a better quality of life by<br />
creating opportunities for people with<br />
physical disabilities<br />
2399 East Walton<br />
Auburn Hills, MI 48326<br />
258 475 3623<br />
http://www.adnpage.org<br />
Showing the Way<br />
Easter Seals<br />
Provides services for children and adults<br />
with disabilities or special needs and<br />
supports their families<br />
233 South Wacker Dr., Suite 2400<br />
Chicago, IL 60606<br />
312 726 6200<br />
800 221 6827<br />
www.easterseals.com<br />
Elwyn<br />
Provides education and rehabilitation,<br />
employment options and community<br />
residential programs for those with special<br />
needs<br />
111 Elwyn Rd.<br />
Media, PA 19063<br />
610 891 2000<br />
www.elwyn.org<br />
Free Wheelchair Mission<br />
Aims to improve the quality of life for<br />
people with disabilities with the gift of<br />
mobility<br />
9341 Irvine Blvd.<br />
Irvine, CA 92618<br />
949 273 8470<br />
800 733 0858<br />
www.freewheelchairmission.org<br />
Joseph P. <strong>Kennedy</strong>, Jr. Foundation<br />
Works to improve the lives of people with<br />
intellectual and developmental disabilities<br />
1133 19th St. NW, 12th Floor<br />
Washington, DC 20036-3604<br />
202 393 1250<br />
www.jpkf.org
Lifespire<br />
Aims to improve the lives of individuals<br />
with developmental disabilities<br />
350 Fifth Ave., Suite 301<br />
New York, NY 10118<br />
Phone: (212) 741-0100<br />
www.lifespire.org<br />
NADD<br />
(An Association for Persons with<br />
Developmental Disabilities and Mental<br />
Health Needs) Promotes public and<br />
professional interest in developmental<br />
disability; seeks to improve access to<br />
mental health care<br />
132 Fair St.<br />
Kingston, NY 12401-4802<br />
845 331 4336<br />
800 331 5362<br />
www.thenadd.org<br />
National Ability Center<br />
Promotes the development of lifetime<br />
skills for persons with disabilities and their<br />
families<br />
P.O. Box 682799<br />
Park city UT 84068<br />
435 649 3991<br />
http://www.discovernac.org<br />
<strong>The</strong> National Council on Independent<br />
Living<br />
Advances independent living and the<br />
rights of people with disabilities<br />
1710 Rhode Island Ave. NW, 5th floor<br />
Washington DC 20036<br />
877 525 3400<br />
www.ncil.org<br />
National <strong>Human</strong> Services Assembly<br />
An association of leading national nonprofits<br />
in the field of health, human and<br />
community development<br />
1319 F St NW, Suite 402<br />
Washington, DC 20004<br />
202 347 2080<br />
http://www.nassembly.org<br />
United States Fund for UNICEF<br />
Works to save, protect and improve<br />
children’s lives<br />
125 Maiden Lane<br />
New York, NY 10038<br />
800 367 5437<br />
www.unicefusa.org<br />
Variety International –<strong>The</strong> Children’s<br />
Charity<br />
Focuses on children with special needs or<br />
serious medical conditions<br />
4601 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 260<br />
Los Angeles, CA 90010<br />
323 934 4688<br />
www.varietychildrenscharity.org<br />
Showing the Way
Gathering Insights and Understanding:<br />
How It All Happened<br />
A Discussion Guide<br />
Founder_____________________________________<br />
Issue/Need___________________________________<br />
Response to Need _____________________________<br />
Date Organized__________________________<br />
I. What was the primary driver for the Founder<br />
Describe the background, experience, or impulses that ultimately served to move the founder to<br />
take action.<br />
II. How did the Founder initiate the response:<br />
Describe whether the core idea was about helping people (a Helper) or people helping themselves<br />
(a Social Entrepreneur). Describe how and why this might have changed over time.<br />
III. How did the idea for the response originate:<br />
Describe whether the idea for the response was original or if it was an adaptation or evolution of<br />
ideas in practice. Describe the extent to which it was built on accumulated knowledge.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
IV. How did the Founder work with and through others:<br />
Describe how the Founder began his/her work; as a soloist, or as the lead drummer of a band of<br />
change agents. Describe how the interaction with others changed over time.<br />
V. How did the Founder use his/her position to influence others:<br />
Describe the extent to which the individual used his/her position to bring others in positions of<br />
influence to participate in addressing the need(s). Was the approach collaborative or confrontational?<br />
VI. How did the Founder design the model:<br />
Describe how the model served as a style for others to replicate and how. Describe whether the<br />
Founder intended the model to be replicated, or was it accidental.<br />
VII. How would you describe the style of the Founder:<br />
Describe the style of leadership that prevailed; i.e., lone wolf, coalition builder, social<br />
entrepreneur, other…<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:<br />
9
Echoes of Past: Parallels n Today’s World<br />
Condition: <strong>The</strong>n (1970-1990)<br />
Economic and Social:<br />
• Severe gas shortages caused prices to<br />
skyrocket.<br />
• Stagnant growth and high<br />
unemployment distressed average<br />
Americans.<br />
• Substantial decline in optimism about<br />
the future; rise in cynicism toward all<br />
levels of government.<br />
• Growing homeless population was<br />
reminiscent of 1930s Hoovervilles.<br />
• Fueled by continued spending on<br />
Vietnam War and entitlement<br />
programs, the federal deficit<br />
mushroomed.<br />
• Value of the dollar dropped<br />
precipitously as investors lost<br />
confidence in the soundness of the<br />
world’s leading economy.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> gap between rich and poor<br />
increased dramatically in the 80s<br />
with huge cuts in spending on social<br />
programs.<br />
• Fear was a driving emotion of the 80s.<br />
Business and Industry<br />
• Computers were revolutionizing<br />
manufacturing processes and business<br />
operations of all types.<br />
• Society-wide crisis of institutional<br />
confidence.<br />
0 Gathering Insights and Understanding:<br />
Condition: Now (2010)<br />
• High gas prices have a negative impact<br />
on a weak economy.<br />
• Slow economic recovery and high<br />
unemployment are global concerns.<br />
• Following the sharpest economic<br />
correction since the Great Depression,<br />
outlook is pessimistic.<br />
• High unemployment and record<br />
numbers of home foreclosures increase<br />
homeless population.<br />
• Deficit spending finances war on two<br />
fronts and stimulation of the economy.<br />
• Value of the dollar has declined as<br />
federal deficits continue at record<br />
levels.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> gap between rich and poor rivals<br />
the records set in the late 1920s.<br />
• Fear continues to be a driving emotion.<br />
• Computers impact business operations<br />
as well as personal and social activities.<br />
• Economic woes and fallout from<br />
recession blamed on unethical<br />
practices of large financial institutions.
• European and Asian economies grew<br />
stronger, crowding American goods<br />
out of international markets, creating<br />
the first trade deficit since 1890.<br />
• Deregulation of the thrift industry led<br />
to the federal bailout of the savings<br />
and loan industry.<br />
• Federal government bailed out Chrysler<br />
• Heated debate on the role of the<br />
federal government.<br />
Health, Science and Technology<br />
• Communications became a major<br />
industry.<br />
• HIV/AIDS became a national health<br />
issue.<br />
• Open heart surgery for cardio-vascular<br />
disease became widespread.<br />
• Public education regarding the dangers<br />
of smoking became widespread.<br />
Growth of the Health and <strong>Human</strong><br />
Services Sector<br />
• National nonprofit organizations work<br />
together for greater impact.<br />
• National nonprofit organizations share<br />
best practices to increase efficiency<br />
and effectiveness.<br />
• A few colleges and universities offer<br />
courses in nonprofit management.<br />
• Trade deficits for the United States<br />
reached record levels.<br />
• High-risk banking practices and lack<br />
of regulation led to federal bailout of<br />
the industry.<br />
• Federal government bailed out<br />
General Motors and Chrysler to<br />
prevent them from going under.<br />
• Heated debate on the role of the<br />
federal government in wake of bailouts<br />
and stimulus spending.<br />
• Mobile communication devices<br />
continue to expand the industry.<br />
• HIV/AIDS is a major international<br />
health issue.<br />
• Improved drugs and angioplasty are<br />
widespread in the treatment of cardiovascular<br />
disease.<br />
• Continuing education regarding the<br />
dangers of smoking has materially<br />
changed smoking behavior in the<br />
United States.<br />
• Membership organizations gain<br />
prominence and strengthen<br />
collaboration and collective action.<br />
• Industry standards for best practices<br />
are being developed.<br />
• Several hundred schools for nonprofit<br />
management have been established.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
• Cross-sector partnerships begin to<br />
develop.<br />
• Tools for nonprofit management<br />
were developed – books, journals,<br />
conferences, seminars.<br />
• Donors supported charitable causes.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:<br />
• <strong>The</strong> nonprofit sector has become<br />
an equal partner with business and<br />
government<br />
• Resources for nonprofit leadership<br />
proliferate; webinars become a tool for<br />
sharing knowledge.<br />
• Donors support organizations with<br />
proven results and measured impact.
Echoes n My M nd: A D scuss on Gu de<br />
After reading the story and Echoes of the Past, allow your mind to ECHO<br />
THEN and NOW- Reflect, discuss and answer the following questions for yourself.<br />
Founder ______________________________________________________<br />
Movements/Organizations________________________________________<br />
Time Period ___________________________________________________<br />
Conditions and Events<br />
I. Culture and Society<br />
A. What changes in demographics/culture of the time period most closely replicate<br />
changes today? How and where do they differ?<br />
B. What impact did/does the culture have on social responsibility?<br />
II. Lifestyle<br />
A. Identify lifestyles of the time that parallel lifestyles in today’s world.<br />
B. How do lifestyle changes/choices impact social need and response?<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
III. Business and Industry – Government and Politics<br />
A. What parallels exist today with the economic environment of the time period<br />
referenced?<br />
B. How did/does legislation assist in alleviating social need?<br />
C. How did/does the political climate and ideology enhance social responsibility?<br />
IV. Health, Science and Technology<br />
A. How did innovation in technology assist in mobilizing people to action? Draw<br />
parallels in today’s world.<br />
Making a Difference<br />
I. Characteristics of Social Entrepreneurs<br />
A. Draw comparisons to the character traits, motivating impulses, and actions of<br />
social entrepreneurs – then and now.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
II. Community Needs<br />
A. Identify various social needs created by the conditions and events of the times.<br />
Which of them are universal over time? Which specific to that time? Which are<br />
still challenges today? Why?<br />
III. Opportunities to Make a Difference<br />
A. What opportunities were there for service? What opportunities are available<br />
today? Can you perhaps create them?<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
Conclus ons, Major <strong>The</strong>mes, and Gu d ng<br />
Pr nc ples<br />
Founder: <strong>Eunice</strong> <strong>Kennedy</strong> <strong>Shriver</strong><br />
Model: Special Olympics<br />
Date Organized: 1968<br />
Conclusions:<br />
1. Special Olympics Games are an<br />
opportunity to share cooperative<br />
ideals as well as competitive values.<br />
2. Political skills and leadership<br />
qualities can be exercised in service<br />
to a special population group – or in<br />
service to one’s country.<br />
3. Consultations with a broad array of<br />
experts and organizations help define<br />
organizational focus.<br />
4. Personal experience and interaction<br />
bring awareness of need, particularly<br />
for neglected population groups<br />
throughout the world.<br />
5. Recruiting a diverse group of<br />
volunteers helps to turn an idea into<br />
action.<br />
6. Great things often start in small<br />
unassuming ways and are nurtured<br />
by those who care.<br />
7. Determination is a major factor in<br />
success.<br />
8. Direct action taken to promote<br />
healing and better health care<br />
helps to level the playing fields for<br />
those who work hard to overcome<br />
handicaps.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:<br />
Major <strong>The</strong>mes:<br />
1. For many of the poorest regions of<br />
the world, television remains a tool<br />
for understanding and acceptance of<br />
others.<br />
2. Family values prepare young people<br />
for a life of public service.<br />
3. Triumph over tragedy ennobles a life<br />
and offers focus for a life of service.<br />
4. Public policy drives momentum.<br />
5. Fun and games help children grow<br />
and flourish and play a critical role<br />
in the health and development of all<br />
children.<br />
6. Sports programs can serve as a<br />
doorway to a wider world.<br />
7. Victims of discrimination are often<br />
ignored and forgotten.<br />
8. Involvement and participation helps<br />
us appreciate ourselves and value<br />
each other.<br />
9. Corporations, domestic and<br />
international, are vital partners.<br />
10. A vital group of volunteers are<br />
doctors, nurses, and medical<br />
technicians who share their medical<br />
wisdom.<br />
11. Meaningful work can capture the<br />
imaginations of people everywhere.<br />
12. <strong>The</strong> life and work of one individual<br />
can inspire generations to come.
Guiding Principles:<br />
1. Find something to really believe in<br />
and you will achieve more than you<br />
can imagine.<br />
2. Establish cross-sector partnerships,<br />
with corporations, government and<br />
educational institutions to enhance<br />
impact.<br />
3. Use media to foster awareness,<br />
understanding, commitment and<br />
social change.<br />
4. Reach out for highly qualified<br />
professionals in your field of<br />
endeavor, including those with<br />
international credentials, to guide<br />
expansion.<br />
5. Establish research centers to develop<br />
and measure outcomes as guides for<br />
further action.<br />
6. Work with local officials to establish<br />
programs in other countries.<br />
7. Launch parallel programs to meet<br />
ancillary needs of clients and/or<br />
target populations.<br />
______________________________<br />
______________________________<br />
______________________________<br />
______________________________<br />
______________________________<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
Legacy and Impact Data<br />
In the field of health and human<br />
services the Encyclopedia of Associations<br />
lists organizations focused on:<br />
Athletics<br />
Birth Defects<br />
Cerebral Palsy<br />
Child<br />
Development<br />
Child Health<br />
Child Welfare<br />
Children<br />
Community<br />
Organization<br />
Developmental<br />
Education<br />
Disabilities<br />
Disabled<br />
Down Syndrome<br />
Epilepsy<br />
Head Injury<br />
Health<br />
<strong>Human</strong> Potential<br />
<strong>Human</strong> Services<br />
Learning Disabled<br />
Mental Health<br />
Mentally Disabled<br />
Neurological<br />
Disorders<br />
Physically Disabled<br />
Physically<br />
Impaired<br />
Rehabilitation<br />
Social Change<br />
Social Welfare<br />
Spina Bifida<br />
Sports<br />
Stroke<br />
<strong>The</strong>se organizations work to<br />
improve the quality of life, enhance<br />
self-esteem, and advance the social,<br />
economic, mental and physical welfare<br />
for all children and adults with special<br />
needs through advocacy, education,<br />
service, sponsorship and promotion of<br />
educational, athletic, rehabilitation<br />
and vocational opportunities to enable<br />
them to achieve their potential. Many<br />
offer support and services to the families.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:<br />
Visually Impaired<br />
Some are membership organizations.<br />
Most operate with minimal staff; budgets<br />
range from $25,000 to $800 million.<br />
While many of the organizations<br />
provide national direction, policy, and<br />
voice, their local affiliates work across<br />
the public and private sections to raise<br />
awareness, provide emotional and<br />
physical support, and raise the dollars<br />
necessary to support their mission. <strong>The</strong>ir<br />
grassroots advocacy networks promote<br />
effective legislation to provide access to<br />
information and care for all Americans<br />
at the local, state, and federal levels.<br />
Community presence is focused on<br />
enhancing lives and providing quality of<br />
life for those whom they serve; building<br />
healthy, diverse, inclusive community.<br />
Health and human services<br />
organizations founded during the 20th<br />
century include, but are not limited to,<br />
the following:<br />
• America’s Promise Alliance<br />
Washington, DC<br />
Founded in 1997<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Arc of the United States<br />
Washington, DC<br />
Founded in 1950<br />
• American Association of People<br />
with Disabilities<br />
Washington, DC<br />
Founded in 1995<br />
• Children’s Defense Fund<br />
Washington, DC<br />
Founded in 1973
• Easter Seals<br />
Chicago, IL<br />
Founded in 1919<br />
• Goodwill Industries International, Inc.<br />
Rockville, MD<br />
Founded in 1902<br />
• International Center for Disability<br />
Resources on the Internet<br />
Raleigh, NC<br />
Founded in 1998<br />
• Joseph P <strong>Kennedy</strong>, Jr. Foundation<br />
Washington, DC<br />
Founded in 1946<br />
• Make-A-Wish Foundation<br />
Phoenix, AZ<br />
Founded in 1980<br />
• March of Dimes<br />
White Plains, NY<br />
Founded in 1921<br />
• National Ability Center<br />
Park City, UT<br />
Founded in 1985<br />
• National Health Council<br />
Washington, DC<br />
Founded in 1920<br />
• United Way Worldwide<br />
Alexandria, VA<br />
Founded in 1974<br />
• Variety the Children’s Charity<br />
Los Angeles, CA<br />
Founded in 1928<br />
Special Olympics<br />
Washington, DC<br />
Founded in 1968<br />
Special Olympics is an international<br />
organization that provides people with<br />
intellectual disabilities the opportunity<br />
to realize their potential, develop<br />
physical fitness, demonstrate courage,<br />
and experience joy and friendship.<br />
Special Olympics competitive games<br />
are held every two years, alternating<br />
between Summer and Winter Games.<br />
Special Olympics also provides yearround<br />
sports training and athletic<br />
competition. <strong>The</strong>re are local, national<br />
and regional competitions in over 170<br />
countries involving more than 3.5<br />
millions athletes. In North America,<br />
there are more than 72 programs with<br />
over 545,000 athletes participating.<br />
Special Olympics educates people about<br />
the dignity and gifts of all people. Its<br />
sports and youth outreach programs<br />
change attitudes, teach sensitivity and<br />
enhance understanding of intellectual<br />
disability. Special Olympics oath is, “Let<br />
me win. But if I cannot win, let me be<br />
brave in the attempt.”<br />
Contact:<br />
www.specialolympics.org<br />
1133 19th Street NW<br />
Washington, DC 20036-3604<br />
800 700 8585<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:<br />
9
Econom c Cond t ons 9 0- 990<br />
<strong>The</strong> 70s<br />
<strong>The</strong> economy was in the doldrums for the<br />
entire decade<br />
• All the major economic indices<br />
showed alarming decline; industrial<br />
production, new home construction,<br />
and automobile sales fell off<br />
precipitously.<br />
<strong>The</strong> federal deficit mushroomed<br />
to $23 billion in 1971, fueled by<br />
continued spending on Vietnam<br />
War, the space program and<br />
entitlement programs. 1<br />
•<br />
Value of the dollar on international<br />
money markets dropped<br />
precipitously as investors lost<br />
confidence in the soundness of the<br />
world’s leading economy. 2<br />
•<br />
In 1973, inflation reached 12%. 3<br />
•<br />
<strong>The</strong> oil embargo of 1973 caused<br />
sharp, severe gas shortages. President<br />
Carter called the Energy Crisis “the<br />
moral equivalent of war,” urging<br />
Americans to get used to an era<br />
of limits. 4<br />
•<br />
• In 1979, President Carter<br />
recommended, and Congress<br />
approved, a $1.5 billion bailout of<br />
0 Gathering Insights and Understanding:<br />
the Chrysler Corporation to keep it<br />
from sliding into bankruptcy. 5<br />
As 1980 began, the US economy<br />
appeared to be headed for a<br />
major depression ... Markets for<br />
the nation’s two most important<br />
products, housing and automobiles,<br />
virtually collapsed. 6<br />
•<br />
Economic insecurity for much of the<br />
population<br />
• In May 1975 the US unemployment<br />
rate hit 9.2 percent, the highest<br />
since 1941.<br />
“During the 1970s, the sum of<br />
poor families with a man present<br />
decreased by 25%, whereas the total<br />
of poor families headed by women<br />
increased by almost 39%.” 7<br />
•<br />
... one quarter of those Americans<br />
older than 65 years of age lived in<br />
poverty ...”<strong>The</strong> old and the young<br />
have three common traits,” …”Both<br />
have no money, no power, and no<br />
identity.” 8<br />
•<br />
• “Decades of “white flight” to the<br />
suburbs had reduced the white<br />
population (including whites of<br />
Hispanic origin) from 95% in 1950<br />
1 Woods, Randall Bennett, Quest for Identity (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 311.<br />
2 Ibid. P. 311.<br />
3 Jewell, Elizabeth, U.S. Presidents Factbook (New York: Random House Reference, Random House, 2005) 362.<br />
4 Bennett, William J. America, <strong>The</strong> Last Best Hope (Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, 2007) 462.<br />
5 Blank, Carla. Rediscovering America: <strong>The</strong> Making of Multicultural America (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003) 358.<br />
6 Op. cit., Woods, P. 432.<br />
7 Op. cit., Woods, P. 376.<br />
8 Op. cit., Woods, 370-71.
to 60% in l980 ... what you saw<br />
was low income, high crime, poor<br />
schools, burned-out buildings, acres<br />
of vacant lots used as dumping<br />
grounds, abandoned cars, and the<br />
night lit by fires. <strong>The</strong> smell of smoke<br />
hung in the air, mixed with the<br />
stench of rotting trash.” 9<br />
<strong>The</strong> 80s<br />
<strong>The</strong> “theme park” images of the 80s:<br />
• the growing homeless population<br />
reminding many of the Hoovervilles<br />
that followed on the collapse of<br />
prosperity of the 20s;<br />
• the deepening chasm separating<br />
America’s rich and poor;<br />
• the arrival of AIDS and the drug<br />
epidemic in the inner cities;<br />
• soaring deficits increased by<br />
Ronald Reagan’s ambitious defense<br />
spending;<br />
• the 1986 Iran-Contra scandal<br />
recalling the embarrassment of<br />
Watergate;<br />
• the insider trading scandals;<br />
• the 1987 market crash, the first since<br />
1929. 10<br />
Funding of social programs decreased and<br />
funding for defense rose<br />
• [In 1981], “<strong>The</strong> U.S. economy was<br />
in serious trouble ... “Stagflation<br />
meant high unemployment and<br />
punishing interest rates. Americans<br />
grumbled as they lined up for<br />
rationed gasoline.” 11<br />
[Also in 1981], “President Reagan …<br />
announced his plan for the largest<br />
tax cut in American history.” 12<br />
•<br />
• Through 1984, there were $140<br />
billion of cuts in social programs<br />
and an increase of $181 billion for<br />
defense.<br />
Tax cuts, coupled with a 41% real<br />
increase in defense spending, sent<br />
the deficit soaring from $90 billion<br />
in 1982 to $283 billion in 1986.<br />
To finance the deficit, the federal<br />
government had to borrow at home<br />
and abroad. 13<br />
•<br />
Supply-side policies doubled the<br />
percentage of the nation’s wealth<br />
going to the top 1% of earners from<br />
8.1% to almost 15%. 14<br />
•<br />
“the great numbers of people<br />
whom the nation’s new wealth<br />
never reached, the underclass<br />
roaming jobless through America’s<br />
continuing decaying cities, and<br />
especially the homeless, … in an<br />
increasingly visible street population<br />
that … put the lie to claims that the<br />
nation was back on its feet.” 15<br />
•<br />
• <strong>The</strong>re was a departure of industry<br />
from urban centers and the rise of a<br />
9 Putnam, Robert D. and Lewis M. Feldstein, Better Together (New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, 2004) 77.<br />
10 Jennings, Peter and Todd Brewster, <strong>The</strong> Century (New York: Doubleday, 1998) 471-473.<br />
11 Op. cit., Bennett, P. 481.<br />
12 Op. cit., Bennett, P. 481<br />
13 Op. cit., Woods, P. 459.<br />
14 Op. cit., Woods, PP. 460-61.<br />
15 Op. cit., Jennings, P. 486.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
service economy which created part<br />
time work and lower paying jobs for<br />
black Americans<br />
“Unemployment touched an<br />
astounding 10%, while inflation<br />
continued at a double-digit rate and<br />
the prime interest rate hovered near<br />
20%.” 16<br />
•<br />
Despite a rash of business failures,<br />
an increase in homelessness and<br />
substantial Democratic gains in<br />
Congress in 1982, Reagan refused<br />
to reject the concept of supply-side<br />
economics. 17<br />
•<br />
Stock market soared and crashed<br />
• 1986 – Stock market prices reached<br />
all time highs<br />
“<strong>The</strong> rash of corporate mergers drove<br />
stock prices ever upward and brought<br />
about an inevitable crash on Wall<br />
Street in 1987.” 18<br />
•<br />
“Junk-bond dealing and irresponsible<br />
mergers started the nose dive, but<br />
economists … declared that the<br />
massive decline was due in large<br />
part to the federal government’s<br />
deficit spending and America’s trade<br />
imbalance.” 19<br />
•<br />
16 Op. cit., Woods, P.448.<br />
17 Op. cit., Woods, P. 448.<br />
18 Op. cit., Woods, PP. 460-61.<br />
19 Op. cit., Woods, P. 461.<br />
20 Op. cit., Woods, P. 460.<br />
21 Gilbert, Martin, A History of the Twentieth Century (New York: Perennial, 2002) 484.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:<br />
“Supply-side economics both<br />
stimulated and reflected what<br />
historians have referred to as a<br />
“culture of greed,” a pervasive selfcentered<br />
acquisitiveness that seemed<br />
to pervade the 1980s…” 20<br />
•<br />
“Like no other time since the 1920s,<br />
America in the mid-80s embraced a<br />
culture of money and glitz.” 21<br />
•
Pol t cal Cl mate 9 0- 990<br />
<strong>The</strong> 70s<br />
1968: Richard M. Nixon elected President<br />
1972: Richard M. Nixon re-elected<br />
1974: Vice-President Gerald Ford<br />
appointed President after Nixon’s<br />
resignation<br />
1976: Jimmy Carter elected President<br />
Americans distrusted their government and<br />
other institutions<br />
Americans’ sense that they had been<br />
lied to and deliberately deceived<br />
during crucial periods in the<br />
Vietnam War created an attitude of<br />
deep cynicism toward government at<br />
all levels, but particularly the federal<br />
government. 1<br />
•<br />
Polls showed “widespread, basic<br />
discontent and political alienation.” 2<br />
•<br />
Presidential politics was sidetracked,<br />
momentarily, by the [1972] Olympic<br />
Games in Munich, West Germany.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Munich Massacre bore somber<br />
witness to the rising specter of<br />
terrorism employed as an instrument<br />
of international policy. 3<br />
•<br />
• As a result of the Watergate scandal,<br />
“by the fall of 1973, eight different<br />
resolutions had been introduced in<br />
the House of Representatives for the<br />
impeachment of President Nixon. On<br />
August 8, 1974, Nixon resigned.” 4<br />
• Americans celebrated their<br />
bicentennial, yet this most patriotic<br />
of moments came at a time when<br />
the nation felt decidedly unpatriotic,<br />
confused about what it meant to be<br />
an American and not sure that it<br />
was such a great thing to be anyway.<br />
Movements formed<br />
• <strong>The</strong> US invasion of Cambodia in<br />
1970 intensified anti-Vietnam War<br />
demonstrations around the world.<br />
An antiwar demonstration at Kent<br />
State University led to violence as<br />
national guardsmen fired on a crowd<br />
of student protesters, killing four, on<br />
May 4, 1970. 6<br />
•<br />
Student protests against the ROTC<br />
resulted in canceling of those<br />
programs in over 40 colleges and<br />
universities. 7<br />
•<br />
• Native-American demonstrators<br />
conducted sit-ins at the Bureau of<br />
Indian Affairs.<br />
In April 1971, the Vietnam<br />
Veterans against the war (VVAW)<br />
spearheaded a massive rally in<br />
Washington DC. 8<br />
•<br />
1 Woods, Randall Bennett. Quest for Identity (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 399.<br />
2 Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States (New York: Perennial Classics, 2003) 542.<br />
3 Bennett, William J. America, <strong>The</strong> Last Best Hope (Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, 2007) 427.<br />
4 Op. cit, Zinn, 545.<br />
5 Jennings, Peter and Todd Brewster, <strong>The</strong> Century (New York: Doubleday, 1998) 425.<br />
6 Jewell, Elizabeth. U.S. Presidents Factbook (New York: Random House Reference, Random House, Inc., 2005) 371.<br />
7 Op. cit., Zinn, 491.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
On April 22, 1970, the first Earth<br />
Day inaugurated the official<br />
American participation in the<br />
growing environmental movement.<br />
Widespread public expression of<br />
concern for environmental damage<br />
encouraged Congress to pass a<br />
National Environmental Policy<br />
Act (NEPA) ... and to create the<br />
Environmental Protection Agency. 9<br />
•<br />
Significant Congressional and Court action<br />
• In 1969, the U.S. Supreme Court<br />
ordered the immediate integration<br />
of all public and private schools<br />
(Alexander v. Holmes County Board<br />
of Education)<br />
• Congress passed the Voting Rights<br />
Act of 1970 which included an<br />
amendment protecting minority<br />
voters from practices that prevent<br />
people from voting.<br />
• Nixon signed the Clean Air Act<br />
on December 31, 1970, giving the<br />
Environmental Protection Agency<br />
the authority to create air pollution<br />
and emissions standards for new<br />
factories and hazardous industrial<br />
pollutants.<br />
• Legislation banning tobacco<br />
advertisements from television went<br />
into effect in 1971.<br />
• Agricultural Act of 1970 protected<br />
and improved farm income.<br />
• Occupational Safety and Health Act<br />
(OSHA) signed by Nixon in 1970<br />
8 Fraser, James W. A History of Hope (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) 290.<br />
provided workers the right to a safe<br />
and healthy workplace.<br />
In 1971, Congress passed the<br />
National Cancer Act in full<br />
expectation that millions of dollars<br />
in federal research funds would lead<br />
to eradication of the dreaded disease<br />
within the decade …10 •<br />
1971 – Supreme Court ruled to protect<br />
women with small children from<br />
hiring-discrimination practices. 11<br />
•<br />
• Emergency Employment Act of 1971<br />
provided funding for the creation of<br />
jobs within the public sector.<br />
• 26th Constitutional amendment<br />
lowered the voting age from 21 to<br />
18 years.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Equal Employment<br />
Opportunities Act of 1972 aimed to<br />
remove remaining inequalities in pay,<br />
hiring, and the workplace. <strong>The</strong> Equal<br />
Credit Opportunity Act of 1974<br />
made discrimination in credit illegal.<br />
January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court<br />
ruled in its landmark Roe v. Wade<br />
decision that the constitutional<br />
right to privacy includes “a woman’s<br />
decision whether or not to terminate<br />
her pregnancy.” 12<br />
•<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Fair Labor Standards Act<br />
amendments of 1974 and 1977<br />
expanded coverage to workers<br />
not previously covered and raised<br />
minimum wage.<br />
• Equal Educational Opportunity Act<br />
9 Blank, Carla. Rediscovering America: <strong>The</strong> Making of Multicultural America (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003) 327.<br />
10 Op. cit., Woods, 385.<br />
11 Op. cit., Blank, 333.<br />
12 Jewell, Elizabeth. U.S. Presidents Factbook (New York: Random House Reference, Random House, Inc., 2005) 372.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
of 1974 created equality in public<br />
schools. In addition to requiring<br />
schools to provide equal facilities<br />
and access to teachers in public<br />
education, it also made bilingual<br />
education programs available for<br />
Hispanic students. 13<br />
Employee Retirement Security<br />
Act (ERISA) enacted in 1974<br />
protected the interests of employee<br />
benefit plan participants and their<br />
beneficiaries. 14<br />
•<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Indian Self-Determination Act<br />
(1974) restored the legal status of<br />
Native American tribes and gave<br />
them partial control over federal<br />
programs on their soil.<br />
On November 9, 1975, the Education<br />
for All Handicapped Children Act<br />
was passed. It mandated free public<br />
education for handicapped children. 15<br />
•<br />
Jimmy Carter’s victory in 1976<br />
proved the power of the African<br />
American vote. Carter appointed<br />
many African Americans to high<br />
level positions in the administration<br />
and ambassadorial posts. 16<br />
•<br />
13 Op. cit., Blank. 347.<br />
<strong>The</strong> 80s<br />
1980: Ronald Reagan elected President<br />
1984: Ronald Reagan re-elected<br />
1988: George Bush elected President<br />
Supply-side economics<br />
Columnist George Will summed up<br />
the Reagan agenda: “Government<br />
is too big, it taxes too much, and<br />
the Soviets are getting away with<br />
murder.” 17<br />
•<br />
In his Inaugural address, Reagan<br />
stated that “government is not the<br />
solution to the problem; government<br />
is the problem.” 18<br />
•<br />
Supply-side economics dominated<br />
the decade, and supply-side policies<br />
doubled the percentage of the<br />
nation’s wealth going to the top<br />
1% of earners from 8.1% to almost<br />
15%. 19<br />
•<br />
Reagan’s budget proposed $41.4 billion<br />
reduction in expenditures that came<br />
[in part] from elimination of social<br />
services and reductions in welfare<br />
payments and non-Social Security<br />
and Medicare programs. 20<br />
•<br />
• Reagan rejected the strategy of<br />
détente; ordered a massive military<br />
buildup in an arms race with the<br />
USSR<br />
14 Baird, John. Promises to Keep: <strong>The</strong> Mutual of America Story (New York: Mutual of America, 1989) 178.<br />
15 Op. cit., Jewell, P. 380.<br />
16 Op. cit., Blank, P. 352.<br />
17 Op. cit., Bennett, P. 485.<br />
18 Op. cit., Blank, P. 373.<br />
19 Op. cit., Woods, PP.460-61.<br />
20 Op. cit., Jewell, P. 447.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
• Critics labeled Reagan’s foreign<br />
policies as aggressive, imperialistic,<br />
and chided them as “warmongering”.<br />
Conservatives argued that they were<br />
necessary to protect US security<br />
interests.<br />
Significant Congressional and Court action<br />
Refugee Act of 1980 defined the<br />
term refugee to conform to the<br />
l967 UN Protocol on Refugees<br />
and removed previous limitations<br />
imposed by the standing definition<br />
of a refugee as a person fleeing from<br />
Communist persecution. This<br />
allowed thousands more refugees to<br />
enter the U.S. 21<br />
•<br />
• Immigration Reform and Control<br />
Act of 1986 required employers<br />
to attest to their employees’<br />
immigration status, and granted<br />
amnesty to certain illegal immigrants<br />
who entered the United States<br />
before January 1, 1982 and resided<br />
there continuously.<br />
Reagan named the first woman to<br />
the Supreme Court – Sandra Day<br />
O’Connor. 22<br />
•<br />
21 Op. cit., Blank, P. 365.<br />
22 Op. cit., Bennett, PP. 522-23.<br />
23 Op. cit., Blank, P. 392.<br />
24 Op. cit., Zinn, P. 574.<br />
25 Op. cit., Bennett, P. 419.<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:<br />
Civil Liberties Act of 1988 issued<br />
formal apology to the Japanese-<br />
American community by the US<br />
government, admitting that a<br />
“grave injustice” motivated by<br />
“racial prejudice, war hysteria and<br />
failure of political leadership” led<br />
to the internment of 140,000<br />
Japanese-American citizens during<br />
World War II. 23<br />
•<br />
Supreme Court made a series of<br />
decisions that weakened Roe v.<br />
Wade, brought back the death<br />
penalty, reduced the rights of<br />
detainees against police powers …24 •<br />
1990 – Americans with Disabilities<br />
Act (ADA) was approved. 25<br />
•<br />
• Reagan infuriated civil rights groups<br />
when he asked the Supreme Court<br />
to restore tax exempt status to<br />
segregated private schools.
Development of <strong>Human</strong> Serv ce Sector n<br />
the Un ted States<br />
1800 – Constitutional/Moral Order<br />
• Freedom and responsibility<br />
• Individual action<br />
• Religious base<br />
• Community activities<br />
1900 – Social Enterprise: Movements<br />
for Change<br />
• Lift voices<br />
• Activist activities<br />
• Share knowledge<br />
• Form communities<br />
1910 – Informal Organizational Growth<br />
• Social/Health/Children and<br />
Families/<strong>Human</strong>itarian Relief<br />
• Educational<br />
• Philanthropic<br />
• Volunteer – driven<br />
1930 – Formal Organizational Growth<br />
• Community/regional/national<br />
• Dedicated staff<br />
• Program development<br />
1950 – Revenue enhancement<br />
• Staff domination<br />
• Legal and regulatory<br />
requirements<br />
• Interaction with private and<br />
public sectors<br />
• Formation of many new<br />
501 © (3) organizations<br />
1970 – Third Sector Development<br />
• <strong>Human</strong> resource development:<br />
• Staff and volunteer partnership<br />
• Management and leadership<br />
development<br />
• Strategic planning<br />
• National organizational<br />
development w/ affiliates,<br />
centralized focus, priorities,<br />
impact<br />
1985 – Trans-Organizational<br />
Development<br />
• Academic programs<br />
• Trade associations<br />
• Sector interaction<br />
• Development of Networks<br />
• Economic contributions and<br />
impact<br />
• Partnerships and<br />
collaborations: leveraging<br />
strengths<br />
1990 – Global Exportation<br />
2000 – Cross-Sector Partnerships<br />
Gathering Insights and Understanding:
Resources Cited<br />
Stossel, Scott. Sarge: <strong>The</strong> Life and Times of Sargent <strong>Shriver</strong>. Washington, DC:<br />
Smithsonian Books, 2004.<br />
Special Olympics publications:<br />
Special Olympics World Summer Games 2003; Healthy Athletes Screening<br />
Data<br />
Special Olympics <strong>Spirit</strong>: Volume 12, Number 3; Volume 13, Issue 1; Volume 13,<br />
Issue 2<br />
Historical Events and Conditions:<br />
Aviv, Diana. “Earning the Public Trust.” <strong>The</strong> Nonprofit Quarterly, Special Section:<br />
Accountability Summer 2004: 53-56.<br />
Baird, John. Promises to Keep: <strong>The</strong> Mutual of America Story. New York: Mutual of<br />
America, 1989.<br />
Bennett, William J. America, the Last Best Hope, Volume II. Nashville, Tennessee:<br />
Thomas Nelson, Inc., 2007.<br />
Blank, Carla. Rediscovering America: <strong>The</strong> Making of Multicultural America, 1900-2000.<br />
New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003.<br />
Encyclopedia of Associations: An Associations Unlimited Reference. National<br />
Organizations of the United States, Volume 1 Part 2 (Sections 7 – 18), 2003.<br />
Flynn, William J. “<strong>The</strong> Renaissance in the <strong>Spirit</strong> of Voluntarism.” Irish America<br />
Heritage Series. New York, NY: 2008.<br />
Fraser, James W. A History of Hope: When Americans Have Dared to Dream of a<br />
Better Future. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.<br />
Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century. New York: Perennial, 2002.<br />
Halberstam, David, General Editor. Defining A Nation: Our America and the<br />
Sources of Its Strength. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2003<br />
Hammack, David C. “Nonprofit Organizations in American History, Research<br />
Opportunities and Sources.” American Behavioral Scientist 45.11 (2002): 1638-74.<br />
Jennings, Peter and Todd Brewster. <strong>The</strong> Century. New York: Doubleday, 1998.<br />
Jewell, Elizabeth. U.S. Presidents Factbook. New York: Random House Reference,<br />
Random House, Inc., 2005.<br />
Putnam, Robert D. and Lewis M. Feldstein. Better Together. New York: Simon and<br />
Schuster Paperbacks, 2004.<br />
Resources Cited
Woods, Randall Bennett. Quest for Identity: America since 1945. Cambridge:<br />
Cambridge University Press, 2005.<br />
Zinn, Howard. <strong>The</strong> Twentieth Century. New York: Perennial, 2003.<br />
---. A People’s History of the United States: 1492 – Present. New York: Perennial<br />
Classics, 2003.<br />
Resources Cited<br />
9
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