Empedocles Redivivus: Poetry and Analogy in Lucretius

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Introduction 1.1 EMPEDOCLES’ CARMINA AND PRAECLARA REPERTA In his criticism of rival philosophical theories in Book 1 of his De Rerum Natura, it is Empedocles among the pluralists that Lucretius singles out (1.740–829). 1 What is particularly striking in the passage in question is the fact that Lucretius prefaces his harsh polemic with warm praise of the Presocratic philosopher (1.714–741): 2 et qui quattuor ex rebus posse omnia rentur ex igni terra atque anima procrescere et imbri. 715 quorum Agragantinus cum primis Empedocles est, insula quem triquetris terrarum gessit in oris, quam fluitans circum magnis anfractibus aequor Ionium glaucis aspargit virus ab undis, angustoque fretu rapidum mare dividit undis 720 Aeoliae terrarum oras a finibus eius. hic est vasta Charybdis et hic Aetnaea minantur murmura flammarum rursum se collligere iras, faucibus eruptos iterum vis ut vomat ignis ad caelumque ferat flammai fulgura rursum. 725 quae cum magna modis multis miranda videtur gentibus humanis regio visendaque fertur, rebus opima bonis, multa munita virum vi, nil tamen hoc habuisse viro praeclarius in se nec sanctum magis et mirum carumque videtur. 730 carmina quin etiam divini pectoris eius vociferantur et exponunt praeclara reperta, ut vix humana videatur stirpe creatus. 1
2 Empedocles Redivivus: Poetry and Analogy in Lucretius Hic tamen et supra quos diximus inferiores partibus egregie multis multoque minores, 735 quamquam multa bene ac divinitus invenientes ex adyto tamquam cordis responsa dedere sanctius et multo certa ratione magis quam Pythia quae tripodi a Phoebi lauroque profatur, principiis tamen in rerum fecere ruinas 740 et graviter magni magno cecidere ibi casu; “and those who think that all can grow forth out of four things, from fire, earth, air, and water. Foremost among whom is Empedocles of Acragas: who was born within the triangular coasts of that island, around which the Ionian deep, flowing with its vast windings, sprinkles the salt brine from its green waves, and the swift-moving sea in its narrow strait divides with its waves the shores of the Aeolian land from the boundaries of that isle. Here is wasteful Charybdis, and here Etna’s rumblings threaten that the angry flames are gathering again, that once more its violence may belch fires bursting forth from its throat, and once more shoot to the sky the lightnings of its flame: which mighty region, while it seems wonderful in many ways to the nations of mankind and is famed as a place to see, fat with good things, fortified with mighty store of men, yet it seems to have contained in it nothing more illustrious than this man, nor more sacred and wonderful and dear. Moreover, the poems of his divine mind utter a loud voice and declare illustrious discoveries, so that he seems hardly to be born of mortal stock. Nevertheless he and those whom I mentioned before, men very much below him by many degrees and far less than he, although in making many excellent and inspired discoveries they have given responses as it were from the holy place of the heart, with more sanctity and far more certainty than the Pythia who speaks forth from Apollo’s tripod and laurel, nevertheless I say these have come to a crash about the beginnings of things; great they were, and herein great was their fall:” First, Lucretius offers an elaborate description of Empedocles’ birthplace, the three-cornered island of Sicily, which is surrounded by the Ionian Sea and separated by a narrow strait from Italy (1.717–725). While he praises Sicily for its numerous natural wonders, such as Charybdis and Aetna, as well as its wealth of things and the races of people that fortify it, he concludes that first and foremost this place owes the greatest part of its value to Empedocles (1.729–730). The pun that Lucretius makes on his own cognomen by attributing it to Empedocles (carumque 1.730) significantly adds to the warm and
Page 2 and 3: Studies in Classics Edited by Dirk
Page 4 and 5: Empedocles REDIVIVUS: Poetry and An
Page 6: Contents Abbreviations vii Permissi
Page 9 and 10: viii Abbreviations OCD Oxford Class
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgments This book is a revi
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 3 personal undertones
Page 18 and 19: Introduction 5 To announce himself
Page 20 and 21: Introduction 7 completely disregard
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 9 omnis natura creet r
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 11 is without them? No
Page 26 and 27: Introduction 13 fact impossible to
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 15 flammarum . . . ira
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 17 At this point commi
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 19 ἀλλ’ ἄγ’
Page 34 and 35: Introduction 21 ut fit ubi insolita
Page 36 and 37: Introduction 23 atoms, she is perva
Page 38 and 39: Introduction 25 As Clay astutely ob
Page 40 and 41: Introduction 27 cosmic overture for
Page 42 and 43: Chapter One Personification 2.1 INT
Page 44 and 45: Personification 31 Therefore, by no
Page 46 and 47: Personification 33 that his techniq
Page 48 and 49: Personification 35 νῦν αὖτ
Page 50 and 51: Personification 37 mutation in Aphr
Page 52 and 53: Personification 39 to excel, endowe
Page 54 and 55: Personification 41 Sedley goes so f
Page 56 and 57: Personification 43 the muse Calliop
Page 58 and 59: Personification 45 now qualifies ai
Page 60 and 61: Personification 47 1.565; mollia, 1
Page 62 and 63: Personification 49 is an inverse pr
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Personification 51 substance obey.
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Personification 53 “they demonstr
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Personification 55 brought together
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Personification 57 Jobst was the fi
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Personification 59 “and the thing
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Personification 61 at once this is
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Personification 63 ᾿Επεὶ δ,
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Personification 65 figures, not all
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Personification 67 ancient arrangem
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Personification 69 “And therefore
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Personification 71 will counterbala
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Personification 73 as the things ar
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Personification 75 derive from riva
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Personification 77 completely indep
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Personification 79 propterea non es
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Personification 81 the Stoic presen
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Personification 83 It seems plausib
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Personification 85 “But the intel
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Personification 87 According to a t
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Personification 89 Table 1. 1 st so
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Personification 91 Table 2. 1st Sou
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Personification 93 nec manet ulla s
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Chapter Two Similes 3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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Similes 97 ultimate intention was n
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Similes 99 et tamen est quidam locu
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Similes 101 embedded in the phrase,
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Similes 103 each other and eventual
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Similes 105 explanation. Neverthele
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Similes 107 Lucretius metaphoricall
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Similes 109 antemnas proram malos t
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Similes 111 viewed as a stream (clo
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Similes 113 the girl releases her h
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Similes 115 a probative and illustr
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Similes 117 This Empedoclean probat
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Similes 119 6.177 → natural law:
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Similes 121 3.4.2.1. Various Contai
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Similes 123 nec mirum, cum plena an
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Similes 125 flow together from the
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Similes 127 an archetypal-like cont
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Similes 129 “Now attend, and I wi
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Similes 131 ὡς δ’ ὅτ’
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Similes 133 destructive, when they
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Similes 135 “But the cold mind of
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Similes 137 overwhelming effects; a
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Similes 139 and overflows onto the
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Similes 141 “The mind has also th
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Similes 143 In a different context,
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Similes 145 Another such example is
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Similes 147 exhale a mist, and the
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Similes 149 we could even go so far
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Chapter Three Metaphors 4.1 INTRODU
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Metaphors 153 are metaphors accepta
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Metaphors 155 Empedocles’ metapho
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Metaphors 157 doing so by specific
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Metaphors 159 τε καὶ φέρε
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Metaphors 161 Empedocles also draws
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Metaphors 163 ἔστιν ἄτομ
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Metaphors 165 away and is extinguis
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Metaphors 167 It is also possible t
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Metaphors 169 Principio fluere e la
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Metaphors 171 Lucretius refutes Emp
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Metaphors 173 Nec tamen omnimodis c
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Metaphors 175 νῦν γεγάασ
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Metaphors 177 both something concre
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Metaphors 179 are responsible for v
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Metaphors 181 dicere credas, / quat
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Metaphors 183 the first beginnings
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Metaphors 185 analogous function of
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Metaphors 187 life by coincidence.
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Metaphors 189 term, to qualify atom
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Metaphors 191 he talks of their mot
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Metaphors 193 In more general terms
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Metaphors 195 flaw, and that by thi
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Metaphors 197 -I do indeed. -‘Gra
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Metaphors 199 the surroundings and
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Metaphors 201 mutat enim mundi natu
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Metaphors 203 cluster is compared t
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Metaphors 205 drawn from one of the
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Metaphors 207 in the poem with posi
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Metaphors 209 the human body and fo
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Metaphors 211 it; further by the ac
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Metaphors 213 When Lucretius applie
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Metaphors 215 burning flames and sh
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Metaphors 217 frigore cum premitur,
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Metaphors 219 quae quia sunt exerci
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Epilogue This study has approached
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Notes NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION 1.
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Notes to the Introduction 225 13. C
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Notes to the Introduction 227 38. C
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Notes to the Introduction 229 affin
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Notes to the Introduction 231 the G
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Notes to Chapter One 233 127. Fried
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Notes to Chapter One 235 mechanism
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Notes to Chapter One 237 55. See Ge
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Notes to Chapter One 239 67.II.14 S
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Notes to Chapter One 241 the contra
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Notes to Chapter One 243 149. Cf. D
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Notes to Chapter One 245 176. Lück
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Notes to Chapter Two 247 accepted t
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Notes to Chapter Two 249 20. E.g. M
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Notes to Chapter Two 251 56. Wright
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Notes to Chapter Two 253 6.311; exc
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Notes to Chapter Two 255 125. Cf. a
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Notes to Chapter Three 257 14. Sedl
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Notes to Chapter Three 259 51. Schi
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Notes to Chapter Three 261 Plato’
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Notes to Chapter Three 263 120. Cf.
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Notes to Chapter Three 265 147. Kol
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Notes to Chapter Three 267 heavier
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List of Translations Aristotle, On
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Bibliography Abry, J.-H. (1999),
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Bibliography 273 Naturphilophie bei
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Bibliography 275 ———. (2000),
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Bibliography 277 ———. (2000b)
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Bibliography 279 Grilli, A. (1979),
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Bibliography 281 Kleve, K. (1963),
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Bibliography 283 ———. (1971),
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Bibliography 285 Murley, C. (1947),
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Bibliography 287 Rawson, E. (1985),
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Bibliography 289 Doxographical, and
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Bibliography 291 ———. (2003b)
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Index Locorum A Achilles Introducti
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Index Locorum 295 911: 245 937: 264
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Index Locorum 297 B 1: 19, 224 B 2.
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Index Locorum 299 B 95: 35 (cited),
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Index Locorum 301 163 (Diog. Laert.
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Index Locorum 303 25: 7, 232 25-43:
Page 318 and 319:
Index Locorum 305 1040: 261 1048: 2
Page 320 and 321:
Index Locorum 307 438: 179 (cited)
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Index Locorum 309 471-479: 77-78 (c
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Index Locorum 311 495-507: 128-130
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Index Locorum 313 Anthologia Palati
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General Index A Aether: in Lucretiu
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General Index 317 as container of a
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General Index 319 253 n. 90; furnac
Page 334 and 335:
General Index 321 156-187; of filli
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General Index 323 furnace: 126; met
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