Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve - Environmental Planning ...

Biosphere Reserve Information Service (BRIS) Vol. 1 (No. I) , 2001
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
EPCO
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING & COORDINATION ORGANISATION
(An Autonomous organisation under Government of Madhya Pradesh)
Bhopal

Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
Coordinator
Dr. R. P. Singh
Research Associate
Dr. (Mrs.) Neelima Tripathi (Partly) &
Mr. Sharad Nema (Partly)
Project Assistant
Mr. Rajnish Kumar Rai
Designing & Layout
Hardeep Singh Saini
Education Officer, WWF-India (MPSO)
(EPCO)
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING & COORDINATION ORGANISATION

Published by
(An Autonomous organisation under Government of Madhya Pradesh)
Paryavaran Parisar, E-5, Arera Colony,
Bhopal-462 016
Environmental Planning & Coordination Organisation
(EPCO), Bhopal
For Further details contact:
Dr. R. P. Singh
Coordinator, Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
Environmental Planning & Coordination Organisation(EPCO)
Paryavaran Parisar, E-5 Sector, Arera Colony, Bhopal-462 016
Tel.: +91-0755 466970, 464318, 465686, (R) 468321,
Fax: +91-0755-462136
Email: epcobpl@bom6.vsnl.net.in
Website: www.epcobpl.org

Contents
Page No
1 Editorial i - ii
2 Biosphere Reserves – General Information 01 - 08
3 Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve - Special Features 09 - 16
4 Ongoing Research Projects under National BR Programme 17 - 18
5 Ph.D. Summary 19 - 21
6 Research Papers Abstract/ Summary 22 - 27
7 News Items 28 - 33
8 Bibliography 34 - 36
Annexures (I – IV) 37 - 44

Editorial
India is one of the 12 megabiodiversity countries of the world. It represents two realms
(Paler actic and Indian Malayan) and three basic biomes (tropical humid forests, tropical dry
or deciduous forests and warm deserts or semi-deserts. It has 2 hot spots. Biogeographically
the whole country has been divided into 10 zones. There is vast protected are network (PAN)
all over the country.
UNESCO initiated the idea of Biosphere Reserves in 1973-74 under its Man & Biosphere
(MAB) programme. Under the programme representative parts of natural and cultural
landscapes extending over large areas of terrestrial or coastal/marine ecosystems or a
commination therefore are designated as Biosphere Reserves. In India, the National
Biosphere Reserve Programme was initiated in 1986 and so 12 for BRs have been
designated all over the country. Efforts are been made to designated atleast one BR in each
biographic zone .The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve located at Satpura Hill-ranges in Central
India in the State of Madhya Pradesh, was designated as Biosphere Reserve in the March
1999. Environmental Planning & Coordination Organisation (EPCO) is the Nodal Agency
on behalf of Govt of Madhya Pradesh for Implementation of Management Action Plan.
The Central Government has constituted an Indian National Man and Biosphere (MAB)
Committee to advice and oversee Implementation of Management Action Plan and various
research projects in these BRs. One of the thrust area of BR is provide support for research,
monitoring, education and information exchange related to local, national and global issues
for conservation and development. Various relevant organizations have been encouraged to
develop innovative, interdisciplinary research proposals for Biosphere Reserves including
modeling system for integration of social, economic and ecological data. The Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Government of India, has designated Lead / Coordinating
Institutions for various Biosphere Reserves to serve as a focal point for assisting in
formulation for research projects and collection and dissemination of research based
information for use in better management of Biosphere Reserves.
Environmental Planning and Coordination Organisation (EPCO) has also been identified as
Lead/Coordination Institution for Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve. Under this programme
following responsibilities have been fixed:
∗ Collection, synthesis, and dissemination of research based information in respect of
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserves from all sources.
∗ Interaction with regional research organizations for development of suitable research
projects.
∗ Interaction with Biosphere Reserve managers to assess the research needs and crucial
issues requiring research efforts.
∗ Publication of compendium of upto date information and bringing bi-annual publications
aims at educating stakeholders.
i

∗ Any other assignment which may be entrusted by Central/State Government to achieve
the larger objectives of the scheme.
In order to fulfil the objectives, the information have been collected from various published
research papers, literature, books, journals, news papers, Ph.D thesis, etc. As it is the first
volume of the biannual publication, the emphasis i has been given to give a brief information
about Biosphere Reserves in general and special feature of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve .
Besides, attempt has been made to include bibliography, ongoing research projects, news
items, abstracts/summaries of research papers, format for the project submission, guideline
for emolument and other condition for research personnel and that institution, Ph.D
summary etc.
Attempts have been continuing to update available information on various aspects of
Pachmarhi. It is hoped that information will help to researchers, managers, local inhabitants,
planners, administrators, scientists, NGOs, CBD etc. I would also request to our all readers
specially researchers/ scientists to provide us a copy of the their research papers/books on
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve so that we may incorporate the summary / abstracts of the
research papers/books for disseminating these to larger users through our subsiquent
publications. This would also result in creation of data bank in EPCO. These would also help
to identify the main issues to find out the gaps so as to avoid duplication and to devise
appropriate applied research projects for the Management Action Plan of Pachmarhi BR,
which would ultimately helpful in conservation of biodiversity of the area and socioeconomic
upliftment of the people residing in area.
I am pleased to inform your that our next issues will be mainly focussed on for nomination
of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve for UNESCO-MAB net followed by abstract/summery of
research papers/ books already published on Pachmarhi BR. We would also like to
incorporate popular articles, notes, environment issues, or any other matter, which would be
relevant to conservation and management of Pachmarhi Biosphere reserve.
The information given in this volume is also available on our website.
The comments/suggestions as per objective of the project would be welcome for
improvement of the information service.
Date: April 30, 2001 Dr R P Singh
Editor
ii

S.No Name of the
Biosphere
Reserve
Notified Biosphere Reserves
(as on April,2001)
Date of
Notification
Geogra
phical
area
(km 2 )
Location (State)
1. Nilgiri 01-08-86 5520 Part of Wynad, Nagarhole,
Bandipur and Madumalai,
Nilambur, Silent Valley and
Siruvani Hills (Tamil Nadu,
Kerala and Karnataka)
2. Nanda Devi 18-01-88 2236.74 Part of Chamoli, Pithoragarh &
Bageshwar districts (Uttaranchal)
3. Nokrek 01-09-88 820 Parts of Garo Hills (Meghalaya)
4. Manas 14-03-89 2837 Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon,
Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamprup and
Darang districts (Assam)
5. Sunderbans 29-03-89 9630 Part of delta of Ganges &
Brahamaputra river system (West
Bengal)
6. Gulf of Mannar 18-02-89 10500 Indian part of Gulf of Mannar
between India and Sri Lanka
(Tamil Nadu)
7. Great Nicobar 06-01-89 885 Southern most islands of
Andaman and Nicobar (A&N
Islands)
8. Similipal 21-06-94 4374 Part of Mayurbhanj district
(Orissa)
9. Dibru-Saikhowa 28-07-97 765 Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia
districts (Assam)
10. Dehang Debang 02-09-98 5111.5 Part of Siang and Debang valley
in Arunachal Pradesh
11. Pachmarhi 03-03-99 4926.28 Part of Hoshangabad, Betul and
Chhindwara districts (Madhya
Pradesh)
12. Kangchendozonga 07-02-2000 2619.92 Kangchendozonga
National Park and surround Park
area in Sikkim

Biosphere Reserves – General Information
1.0 Introduction
The idea of ‘Biosphere Reserves’ was initiated by UNESCO in 1973-74 under its Man and
Biosphere (MAB) Programme. The MAB, launched in 1970 by UNESCO, is a broad based
ecological programme aimed to develop within the natural and social sciences a basis for the
rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere and for the improvement of
the relationship between man and the environment; to predict the consequences of today’s
actions on tomorrows world and thereby to increase man’s ability to mange efficiently the
natural resources of the BRs. The approach emphasizes the importance of the structure and
functioning of ecological systems and their mode of reaction when exposed to human
intervention including impact of man on the environment and vice versa. MAB is primarily a
programme of research and training and seeks scientific information to find solution of
concrete practical problems of management and conservation. The concept of Biosphere
Reserve (BR) was refried by the task force of UNESCO's MAB programme and was
formally launched in 1976.
Biosphere Reserve is an International designation made for representative parts of natural
and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial or coastal/marine ecosystems
or a combination thereof. Biosphere Reserves (BRs) are designated to deal with one of the
most important questions of reconciling the conservation of biodiversity, the quest for
economic and social development and maintenance of associated cultural values. These
areas are Internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO’s Man and
Biosphere (MAB) programme after receiving consent of the participating country.
2.0 Characteristics of Biosphere Reserves
Biosphere Reserves are protected areas of land and/or coastal environments wherein
people are an integral component of the system. Together, they constitute a worldwide
network linked by international understanding for exchange of scientific
information.
The network of BRs includes significant examples of biomes throughout the world.
Each BR includes one or more of the following categories:-
i. BRs are representative examples of natural biomes
ii. BRs conserve unique communities of biodiversity or areas with unusual natural
features of exceptional interest. It is recognized that these representative areas
may also contain unique features of landscapes, ecosystems and genetic

variations e.g. one population of a globally rare species; their representatives
and uniqueness may both be characteristics of an area.
iii. BRs have examples of harmonious landscapes resulting from traditional patterns
of land-use.
iv. BRs have examples of modified or degraded ecosystems capable of being restored to
more natural conditions.
v. BRs generally have a non-manipulative core area, in combination with areas in
which baseline measurements, experimental and manipulative research,
education and training is carried out. Where these areas are not contiguous, they
can be associated in a cluster.
Each BR should be large enough to be an effective conservation unit and to
accommodate different uses without conflict.
BRs provide opportunity for monitoring, research, education and training on natural
and managed ecosystems. They will have particular value as benchmarks or standards
for measurement of long-term changes in the BR as a whole.
A BR must have adequate long-term legal protection.
In some cases, BRs coincide with, or incorporate, existing or proposed protected areas,
such as National Parks, Sanctuaries or Project Tiger Nature Reserves. The concept has
the great advantage of being flexible and it is likely that it will continue to evolve as
experience grows.
Each BR exemplifies voluntary cooperation to conserve and use resources for the well
being of people at local, national, regional and global levels.
It is a system where planners, scientists, mangers and local people participate in
evolving integrated programme to manage land and water to meet human needs and at
the same time conserving natural process and ecological resources through sustainable
resource use which does not reduce the future use potential of the resources.
Maintenance of long term health of representative ecosystems is the ultimate goal of
BRs, which will ensure survival of future human generations.
3.0 Functions of Biosphere Reserves
i Conservation
To ensure the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic
variations;
To encourage the traditional resource use systems;

To understand the patterns and processes of functioning of ecosystems;
To monitor the natural and human-caused changes on spatial and temporal
scales.
ii Development
To promote, at the local level, economic development which is culturally,
socially and ecologically sustainable;
To develop the strategies leading to improvement and management of natural
resources.
iii Logistics
To provide support for research, monitoring, education and information
exchange related to local, national and global issues of conservation and
development;
Sharing of knowledge generated by research through site specific training and
education; and
Development of community spirit in the management of natural resources.
4.0 Beneficiaries
Beneficiaries of Biosphere Reserve are local people, scientists, government decision-makers
and the world community.
5. 0 Objectives
It may be noted that BRs are not a substitute or alternative, but a re-enforcement to the
existing protected areas. The objectives of the Biosphere Reserve Programme, as envisaged
by the Core Group of Experts are as follows:
To conserve the diversity and integrity of plants and animals within natural
ecosystems;
To safeguard genetic diversity of species on which their continuing
evolution depends;
To provide area for multi-faceted research and monitoring;
To provide facilities for education and training; and
To ensure sustainable use of natural resources through most appropriate
technologies for improvement of economic living of local people.

These objectives should be oriented in such a way that BRs are the units wherein the
biological, socio-economic and cultural dimensions of conservation are integrated
together into realistic conservation strategies.
6.0 Criteria
The criteria for selection of sites for BRs as laid down by the Core Group of Experts in 1979
are as fallows;
i Primary criteria
A site that must contain an effectively protected and minimally disturbed core
area of value of nature conservation and should include additional land or water
suitable for research and demonstration of sustainable methods of research and
management.
The core area should be typical of a bio-geographical unit and large enough
to sustain viable populations representing all trophic levels in the ecosystem.
The management authority must ensure encouragement to research and
monitoring and enlist co-operation of the local and regional understanding in
planning and managing the area for conservation and human benefit.
ii Secondary criteria
Areas having rare and endangered species.
Areas having diversity of soil and micro-climatic conditions and
indigenous varieties of biota.
Areas potential for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of
living for harmonious use of environment
7.0 Zonation of Biosphere Reserves
In order to undertake activities relating to biodivesity conservation and development of
sustainable management aspects, BRs are demarcated into 3 to 5 inter-related zones. These
are (i) natural or core zone (ii) manipulation or buffer zone (iii) transition or restoration zone
and (iv) stable cultural zone. In general, core zone and buffer zone are recognised for most
of the BRs in India. Ideally, all the components of a BR must belong to the same biome
7.1 The Core Zone: The core zone is kept absolutely undisturbed. It must contain
suitable habitat for numerous plant and animal species, including higher order predators and
may contain centres of endemism. Core areas often conserve the wild relatives of economic
species and also represent important genetic reservoirs. The core zone also contains places of

exceptional scientific interest. A core zone secures legal protection and management and
research activities that do not affect natural processes and wildlife are allowed. Strict nature
reserves and wilderness portions of the site are designated as core areas of BR. Whilst
realizing that perturbation is an ingredient of ecosystem functioning, the core zone is to be
kept free from all human pressures external to the system.
7.2 The Buffer Zone: In the buffer zone, which adjoins or surrounds core zone, uses
and activities are managed in ways that protect the core zone. These uses and activities
include restoration, demonstration sites for enhancing value addition to the resources, limited
recreation, tourism, fishing, grazing etc. which are permitted to reduce its effect on core
zone. Research and educational activities are to be encouraged. Human activities, if natural
within BR, are likely to continue if these do not adversely affect the ecological diversity. In
buffer zone, manipulative macro-management practices are used. Experimental research
areas are used for understanding the patterns and process in ecosystem. Modified or
degraded landscapes are included as rehabilitation areas to restore the ecology in a way that
it returns to sustainable productivity.
7.3 The Transition Zone : The transition area is the outermost part of a Biosphere
Reserve. This is usually not delimited one and is a zone of cooperation where conservation
knowledge and management skills are applied and uses are managed in harmony with the
purpose of the Biosphere Reserve. This includes settlements, croplands, managed forests,
and area for intensive recreation and other economic uses characteristics of the region.
Existing legally protected areas (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves and
Reserves/Protected forests) may become part of the BR without any change in their legal
status. On the other hand, inclusion of such areas in a BR will enhance their national value.
It does not mean that BRs are to be established only around the National Parks and Wildlife
Sanctuaries.
8.0 Legal Framework
Rules and regulations provide a broad planning approach to conservation and wise use
of resources of BRs. These aim to ensure that:
1) National land and water use planning measures take full account of the functions
and values of BRs, and
2) Conservation of their biodiversity is guaranteed for sustainable use of benefits of BRs.
The Action Plan of BRs must therefore, be developed and implemented in conformity with
other relevant national policies affecting BRs, relevant sections of Plan documents, National
Conservation Strategy & Policy Statement on Environment Development (1992), the
National Action Plan on Biodiversity (1997), the National Forest Policy (1988), the National
Water Policy (1987), Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ), Environmental Protection Act

(1986), Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) and its amendment (1991) and other relevant acts
together with the relevant planning documents.
After review of existing laws, institutions and practices, National planning related to BR is
required to be reviewed. Appropriately amended economic valuation of BRs should be
applied and the role of the stakeholders in the process should be ensured (so that the Plan
incorporates both top-down and bottom-up approaches). The corporate sector should be
included and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and restoration of degraded
ecosystems within BRs must be integrated into the planning process.
At present BRs are established within the framework of existing laws including Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972. The respective State Governments can examine rules and regulations
specifically for BRs, if existing laws are inadequate to deal with the requirements of the
Biosphere Reserves.
9.0 How Biosphere Reserves differ from Wildlife Sanctuaries and National
Parks ?
Its emphasis on overall bio-diversity and landscape rather than some specific flagship
species.
Its emphasis on the importance of research activities; and
It takes into account the overall developmental activities and resolves conflicts between
development and conservation and ensures increased and broad based local people’s
participation compared to the Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks Programme.
Special attention is given on different components of BRs like landscapes, habitats,
species, and land races.
A wide range of development efforts, in which Government agencies are engaged, follow a
sustainable, environment friendly, people oriented course. The Biosphere Reserves are
ideally suited to serve as laboratories for such sustainable development. This requires
sustained coordination amongst different development agencies of the Government.
10.0 Thrust area for Education, Research and Monitoring
Research and monitoring in each BR is very crucial to understand regular impacts of the
management practices on ecosystem health. The Universities, Colleges, Research
Institutions, Non-Governmental Organisations, etc. are encouraged to formulate and
implement research projects in BRs. Such proposals are considered by the Central
Government for funding. Various relevant organisations are encouraged to develop
innovative, interdisciplinary research proposals for BRs, including modeling system for
integrating social, economic and ecological data. The Central Government has designated
Lead/Coordinating Institutions for each existing BR to serve as focal point for formulation of

esearch projects and collection & dissemination of research based information for use in
better management of BRs.
10.1 Research and Development: The following thrust areas are recognized for
research and development:
1. One of the gaps in the establishment of BRs is the size, shape and design of the BR.
There is a SLOSS (Single Large or Several Small) debate for the size of reserves.
Similarly, the relative merits of round versus long linear reserves need to be assessed.
The design requires integrated knowledge on eco-geographical aspects, socio-economic
aspects of local communities, magnitude of biodiversity, political and economic factors
and categories of people who use the reserve. Determination of research and
development programmes aimed at finding answers to the above questions are given
priority. Determination of monitoring regimes which include the identification of
indicators, the frequency at which monitoring done is an important component of the
management of BR. Research and development programmes related to monitoring
regime should be second priority.
2. The role of species in the maintenance of ecosystem health and their response to natural
and man made disturbance regime are critical inputs for the management of BRs.
3. Ecological rehabilitation of degraded habitats is of prime importance in the
maintenance of biodiversity as well as in the sustainable use of landscapes and species
for economic benefit of the local communities. Research and development in the area
of ecological restoration should be given priority. This may also include propagation
technique for rare, endemic species.
4. Valuing of biodiversity may provide the basis for the economic management of the
BRs. Consequently, natural resource accounting form an important component of
research and development. Preparation of biological resource audit for BRs should be
given priority.
5. Besides the above major thrust areas, the following areas are also recognised as priority
areas in research and development;
Identification of appropriate technologies compatible with the goals of conservation
and evaluation of environmental and socio-economic efficiency of the identified
technologies.
Applied researches for increasing the efficiency of food crops, animal husbandry
and other domestic sectors that bring down the local pressure on forests;
Identification of factors that lead to environmental degradation and sustainable use
of biological resources.

Development of alternative means of livelihood for local populations when existing
activities are limited or prohibited within the BR.
Identification of institutional mechanisms that ensure equitable sharing of benefits
from resources available in buffer zone.
Distribution and ongoing changes in diversity at the landscape, habitat, species, land
races levels.
Impact of ongoing development programmes, various commercial and subsistence
activities on the distribution of diversity.
Alternative possibilities for income generation and subsistence biomass supplies to
the local communities and their likely impacts on the distribution of diversity.
Institutional mechanisms for ensuring involvement of local people in sustainable and
distribution of diversity.
Institutional mechanisms for ensuring involvement of local people in sustainable
and diversity friendly uses of natural resources.
Screening of elements of biodiversity for potential commercial, especially novel
biotechnological applications.
Proforma for Application for grant for Research Projects is given in Annexure-I. The
guidelines for emoluments and other conditions of service for research personnel and
benefits for research progrmme for BR is given in Annexure - II.
10.2 Education and Training: Conservation, education and training among the local
communities, public and visitors is an essential component of the management of BRs. For
the long term maintenance of ecosystem health, audio-visuals depicting the role of BRs in
protecting life supporting systems and the need to caring for earth through sustainable use of
resources should be given priority. Attempt should be made to present to our people the true
value of our plant and animal diversity and made them accept its relevance in their own life.
Training to the local youth in skills that enable them to undertake participation roles in the
management of BRs is also crucial for the long term maintenance of BRs. Designing of
training package is also a priority area and imparting training is an aspect of management.
Development and demonstration of integrated resource management with people’s
participation in buffer zone villages is also a part of the training. In addition, training and
education of the personnel responsible for management of BRs may also be assured in order
to assimilate modern concept and understanding about conservation and sustainable use of
biological resources.
(Source: Extracts from Guideline for Protection, Maintenance, Research and Development
in Biosphere Reserves, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India 1999)

Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve – Special Features
1.0 Notification of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
Pachmarhi area was designated as Biosphere Reserve by Government of India vide
notification no J - 220116/17/94-BR dtd 3 rd March 1999 on the basis of Project Document
prepared by Environmental Planning and Coordination Organisation (EPCO), an
autonomous body under the Department of Housing and Environment, Government of
Madhya Pradesh, and after getting concurrence from the Govt of Madhya Pradesh.
2.0 Location and Project Area
The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve lies in between latitude 22 o 11’ to 22 o 56’ N and 77 o 47’ to
78 o 52’ E longitude and covers three civil districts of Hoshangabad, Betul and Chhindwara
of the State. The location of BR area is given in Annexure- III. The total area is 4987.38 sq.
km. It envelops three wildlife conservation units viz. Bori Sanctuary (485.72 sq. km),
Satpura National Park (524.37 sq. km), and Pachmarhi Sanctuary (417.78 sq km). The area
(1427.00 sq km) comprising Satpura N.P, Bori and Pachmarhi Sanctuaries, has also been
notified as Project Tiger in August 2000. Satpura National Park comprises the core zone and
the remaining area of 4525.93 sq. km surrounding the core zone serves as buffer zone.
The boundaries of the area (starting from the north west corner near Pathrota on Itarsi-
Nagpur P W D road State Highway No.22 and moving clockwise) are as follows:
North: The road along north side of the Tawa left bank canal north of Pathorota at the
point where it meets the P W D road eastwards to Kandai-Kalan, then northwards along
pucca road to Gurra Railway Station, again northwards along pucca road to Rampur to
Marora, to Tawa river and across it, and along pucca road to Babai (partly), then all along
PWD road eastwards via Semri (south of PWD road) Sohagpur (including town), Shobhapur
(South of PWD road), Pipariya, Bankhedi (including town), upto Dudhi river. (Survey of
India Toposheet 1:50,000 scale, Nos. 55F/14, 55 J/2, J/5, J/6, J/9).
East: Along the east bank (right bank) of Dudhi river, southwards (upstream) upto Mukunda
village upto which the river is the inter- district boundary between Hoshangabad and
Narsinghpur and Chhindwara and Narsinghpur districts, then southwards (upstream) into
Chhindwara district via Pindrai, Kosmi, Nagdaun, to Ghaki along the Tehsil boundary via
Gotikhera, Jamandhar, Sahra Jaramandal, Harta Kachhar upto Rengadhana, then along
upstream of chitrewa river upto Dongra, then along road via Chhindi, Thanakhera, Sidhauli,
Jaitpuri, Bijori connecting Piparia-Chhindwara State Highway, then to Tamia. From Tamia
along Kachha road via Kalardharna, Itawa, Gonawari, Karanpipariya, Moari, Garadei.
Chikhalmau upto Jamai , including town (Survey of India Sheets 1:50,000 scale, Nos. 55 J/9,
J/10, J/11, J/12,J/15).

South : Jamai in Chhindwara district westwards along metal road (Jamai-Damua) to
Swamikhapa, Dugariya, Nimdhana upto Damua (partly), then northwards along Bor Nallah
upto Kangla, then along Kachha road via Bharuakhapa, Tarai, then westwards along
foootpath to Matuya via Bulumpati, Hardukhera along the boundary between Chhindwara
and Betul, then along footpath via Bhandarpani, Kilandev to Imlikhera, then to Bhanpur,
then along kaccha road via Jambodip Pahar, Nischintpur upto Chopna, then westwards along
pucca road via Hirapur joining PWD road (SH-23) at Shahpur excluding urban area.
(Survey of India sheets 1:50,000 scale, Nos.55J/12,J/8, J/7, J/3, J/4 and F/16)
West: From Shahpur in Betul District, along SH-23 (Nagpur-Bhopal road) northwards via
Bhaunra, Sukhtawa, Kesla upto Pathrota and crossing of Tawa left bank canal. (Survey of
India sheets 1:50,000 scale, Nos. 55 F/16, F/15, F/14).
3.0 Zonation
Core Zone: The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve will have a core zone of 524.37 sq. km i.e.
Satpura National Park
Buffer Zone: The remaining area of 4462.93 sq km will serve as buffer zone of the
Biosphere Reserve.
4.0 Topography, Geology and Climate
Biogeographically the area falls in Deccan Peninsula (06) and Biotic Province - Central
Highlands (6A).
The altitude varies from 320 to 1352 m. Satpura hill ranges run east to west. The general
configuration of the area is hilly undulating terrain and at places precipitous having deep
gorges around Mahadev hills in Pachmarhi plateau. The Satpura hill ranges run east to west,
and the Pachmarhi Plateau is practically in the centre of the area having an elevation of
around 1050 m. The Pachmarhi hills have steep slopes in the north and in the south it is
straight exposing the bare rocks. Some of the conspicuous hilly areas are Jambudweep,
Dhoopgarh, Handikho, Mahadev, Chauragarh and Bee Fall. Amongst these the Dhoopgarh is
highest point (1352 msl) in the State. The area exhibits variety of geological rock and soil
formations. The Archean Phyllites and Schists, the Jurassic, Permian Gondwana sandstone
formations of Bagra, Denwa, Pachmarhi series, Cretaceous, Ecocene, Deccan trap sills and
Dykes and recent Alluviam are found in the area. Pachmarhi BR has typical monsoonic
climate with three distinct seasons summer rainy and winter. The variation in climate occurs
from place to place. The Pachmarhi plateau is cool in summer and has heavy rainfall in rainy
season, where as low lands in Narmada basin are uncomfortably hot in summer with less
rain fall. The mean daily maximum temperature ranges from 26 0 to 42 0 C and minimum 9.7 0
to 25 0 C depending upon season.

5.0 Landuse Pattern
The landuse of the area based on Landsat Imagery of April 1990 and November -January
1991-92 comprises forest (65.2%), agriculture (27.7%), water bodies (4.2%), wasteland
(2.5%) and builtup land (0.5%). Of the total forest cover, the closed forest constitutes 85.3%,
open forest 8.2%, degraded forest 4.2% and forest blank 2.3%. The Tawa reservoir is the
major constituent of the water bodies. The close forest constitute 85.3% of the total forest
cover while the open forest cover is 8.2%. The degraded forest constitute 4.2% of the total
forest area, while the forest blank is 2.3%. Of the total wasteland the gullied and ravinous
lands constitute 1.4% only and the rest (98.6%) comprise land with/ without scrub. Of the
total areas covered under water bodies 30.2% fall under river/streams and the rest (69.82%)
falls under reservoir and tanks. This indicates a bit of consistency in the effects of human use
on the ecosystem. Thus the area is large enough to be effective as conservation unit.
6.0 Conservation History
From the rock paintings in the Pachmarhi BR we know that people were in the area over area
over 10,000 years ago. In 1962, when Capt.James Forsyth entered in the valley, the tourist
region was virtually unpopulated. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve has long conservation
history. The scientific management and conservation of the Indian forests started in 1862 by
demarcating Bori Reserve Forest, which lies in Bori Sanctuary. This also resulted in
establishment of Forest Department in India. The system of firelines to control the
destructive annual summer fires were also first laid out in Bori. Thus the area finds unique
place in the history of management of forest of India. History
The Ramayana and Mahabharata speak of the entire tract south of Jamuna as a land of
wilderness inhabited by demons, while religious hermits of Aryan races dwelt in hermitages
in their midst. By the fourteenth century the area had come to be called ‘Gondwana’ after the
Gond tribe who chiefly inhabited it. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, many Rajput
clans, who by Akbar's time probably had succeeded in reclaiming the Narmada valley for
agriculture, infiltrated this vast land of the aborigines. The Gonds retired to the higher
plateau and slopes, to continue their hunting, and their own method of ‘Dahya’ or shifting
cultivation. In course of time, even the larger plateau were invaded by the aggressive
northerners. The aborigines remained only in charge of those lands, which were too arduous
to till by the northerner’s methods.
This land was racked by much unrest due to the tensions between Marathas and Moguls and
was ransacked by Pindaris and renegade soldiers. Around 1818, with the advent of British
rule and administration, the Pindaris were liquidated. The British too were more occupied in
the fertile plains and cared less for the aborigines and their jungles. The great ‘Sepoy
Mutiny’of 1857, which nearly ousted the British, brought in a better administrative set up.
In 1861 the Central Provinces was created, with Sir Richard Temple as the first Chief
Commissioner.

In 1861, the Forest Department was set up in Central Provinces under Capt. G.F. Pearson of
the Madras Army, who was appointed Superintendent of Forests, with Capt. J. Forsyth of
Bengal Staff Corps as one of his assistants.
In 1862, the Forest Department of Central Provinces started in a building named Bison
Lodge in Pachmarhi. The original house no longer exists, but at the same spot another
building has been constructed, also called Bison Lodge, which has lately been converted into
a Forestry Memorial and Museum by the Forest Department.
The earliest forest reservation in the State of Bori Reserve was done in 1865, the year the
Indian Forest Act was for the first time promulgated by the Crown. This was superseded by
the Indian Forest Act, 1927, which, with amendments still holds good.
The landholding system, put on systematic basis in Akbar’s time also evolved along with
social and political changes, uptil now there is only one type of land holder-the land ownerknown
here as ‘malik makbuza’ literally meaning the owner possessor, and a definite ceiling
has been put on the quantum of land held.
7.0 Floral Attributes
The area is virtually a junction of forest representative types prevailing in the State. It is a
natural junction of two most important timber species viz. teak and Sal. The entire forest can
be broadly classified into three major types viz. moist deciduous, dry deciduous, central
Indian sub tropical hill forest. However, it can further be classified into seven types based on
microclimatic conditions, soil types, topographical features etc . The moist deciduous forest
can further be classified into moist teak forest, slightly moist teak forest, moist mixed
deciduous forest. The dry deciduous forest can be classified as southern tropical dry teak
forest, southern tropical dry mixed deciduous forest. The central Indian sub-tropical hill
forest are confined to hill top of Pachmarhi Plateau, specially in Pachmarhi Sanctuary. The
site is exposed and having very poor soil. The area supports more xerophytic vegetation that
closely resembles the tropical dry deciduous forests though rather enriched by higher
proportion of evergreen vegetation.
The BR area is rich in plant diversity and ‘gene pool’ as the combination of different
climatic and edaphic factors at various altitudes give rise to rich and luxuriant vegetation
which is amongst the richest in central India. As many as 37 species of epiphyitic mosses
and 46 species of terrestrial mosses,57 species of bryophytes belonging to 34 genera and 17
families; 94 species of pteridophytes belonging to 18 families and 46 genera; 7 species of
gymnosperms belonging to 3 families; 1190 species of angiosperms (flowering plants)
belonging to 127 families and 633 genera have been reported in the area. About 50 species
of angiosperms are yet to be identified. The flora as known today is distributed in 180
families of which 54 are represented by just one genus each, and 29 are represented by two
or three genera each. Many of the thallophytes, bryophytes and pteridophytes are found here
exclusively because of the special topographical and climatic features of the locality, and are

not to be found for hundreds of kilometres around in other areas. The presence of so many
plant families with just one representative and half, and as many as again with just two or
three representatives points to the relict nature of the vegetation.
The occurrence of relict population of Sal (Shorea robusta) in the predominant teak bearing
area is a unique ecological phenomenon in the biosphere reserve. A distance of separates this
patch about 160-km from the nearest major body of Sal forest in East Mandla and north
Balaghat Divisions. The area is the upper limit for the growth of Sal. It is also the western
limit of Sal growth, thus making the area unique.
Out of the 21 preservation plots identified in the State covering various representative forest
types, four plots lies in the Pachmarhi BR. The Government of India has identified 26
endemic centres all over the country. The Pachmarhi-Satpura ranges located in Pachmarhi
BR is one of these endemic centres. The occurrence of sub tropical hill forest at Pachmarhi
also makes area unique.
Pachmarhi plateau is a Botanist’s paradise. Presence of deep gorges on the Pachmarhi
plateau have resulted in creation of several water falls, marshy places, perennial streams and
hills of various elevations. Some of gorges are deep enough with narrow bank resulting in
stoppage of the sunrays at the bottom of perennial streams. Such perennial streams and dark
shady gorges has resulted in growth of several moisture loving species of ferns, orchids,
bryophytes, algae and many tiny herbs of immense ecological and economical values. Some
of the rare and important species which are observed to be localized, may be considered as
“gene bank” of rare species in these localities. Out of 71 species of pteridophytes 48 species
belong to ferns and rest to fern allies. Several angiospermic plants are also observed to be
rare in the BR area. Some of the important species of ferns are Psilotum, triquetra, Isoetes
panchanaii, Selaginella exigua, Ophioglossum nudicaule, tree ferns i.e. Cyathea gigantea,
and C. spinulosa etc. are found in Pachmarhi BR. The existence of several species like
Psilotum nudum, Lycopodium cerenum, Polybotrya appendiculata, Lygodum flexuosum,
Cyathea spinulosa, Polysticum ambile and several medicinal plants are in danger due to
constant visit of students of Universities/Institutions. A few clumps of rare and endemic
species of bamboo (Bambusa polymorpha) occurs in the moist teak forest of Bori Reserve.
In Pachmarhi BR there are several species like Melastoma melabaricum, Murraya
paniculata, Holmskioldia sanguinea, Blumea lanceolaria and Sophora interrupta which are
not found any where else in the State. It is one of the area where natural forests support large
sized wild mango trees whose offsprings have arisen along suitable site, dispersed by man
and animals. However, these trees even in the National Park area are not safe from ravages
of development. Along streams and water courses fine riparian forests are encountered with
rich mango, Jamun, Arjun and Manilkara tree. The “gene pool” rich sites are visited by
tourists constantly and local medicinal plant collectors for exploitation, thus threatening the
existence of these rare and endemic species.

8.0 Faunal Attributes
The faunal composition represents the Deccan Penninsular zone of biogeographic
classification of India. The great diversity of geo-morphology and vegetation give rise to
multitude of habitats and ecological riches that support rich wildlife. The Satpura National
Park as well as Bori and Pachmarhi Sanctuaries have a much better population of wildlife
than other reserved forest areas. The area has long history and tradition of wildlife
conservation. Once upon time major animals like lions, elephants, wild buffaloes, Barasinga
were present in the area (Forsyth 1919). However, these animals had disappeared now. Most
of the Pachmarhi BR is covered with dense forest vegetation and forms an ideal habitat for
wild animals. Over 50 species of mammal, 254 species of birds, 30 species of reptiles, 50
species of butterflies and numerous other forms of animals are found in the area. The steep
vertical scarps are home to numerous raptors like honey buzzard and black eagle . Also
nesting here vulture and honeybees. These forests have both gray as well as the red jungle
fowl which are usually found separately either in north or south India, respectively. Among
the other birds represented are Malabar pied Hornbill, Malabar whisting Thrush and paradise
fly catcher. The presence of numerous streams, dense foliage wild flowers, woodland edges
and damp patches attract numerous colorful butterflies including orange Oakleaf, Black
Rajah, Great Eggfly, Blue Pancy etc.
The wildlife belonging to schedule I, II, III & IV occur in the area. As per 1992 census 42
tigers, 74 panthers, 3475 wild boar, 964 barking deers, 1223 guars, 981 cheetals, 981
Samphars, 1282 Rhesus macaque, 6 crocodiles and several other animal species have been
reported in Pachmarhi BR. The reptiles population specially lizards, gecleos, skinks,
amphibia etc. have yet to be thoroughly studied. Submergence of Tawa reservoir and Denwa
river provide ample habitats for fishes, crocodiles and otters. Atleast 14 species of mammals
and reptiles are endangered including Tiger, Gaur or Indian Bison. Several species like
Rhesus monkeys, Indian giant squirrels and Flying squirrels are endemic to the area. The
crested serpent eagles are also rare species.
9.0 Archaeological Caves/Centres/Manmade Heritage
In the vicinity of the Pachmarhi plateau there are large number of cave shelters of great
archaeological interests, contained in them are a number of rock paintings executed by the
tribes. Some of these may be around 100 years old while a majority of these paintings belong
to historical age, being 2500 to 1500 years old. Among them Mahadeo, Catacomb,
Jatashankar, Pandav caves, Mandiadeo are important from archaeological point of view. The
painting depicts warrier with sword and shields, bows and arrows and also elephants, tigers,
panthers, Cheetals, dogs, peacock, horses etc. Paintings of women are less common than
men. A deal can be learnt from the painting which are among the finest example of rock
paintings in India. The old public buildings at Pachmarhi plateau constitute the most
valuable cultural heritage handed down from the past.

10.0 Cultural Attributes
The area is rich culturally. Mainly tribal inhabited it in the past. The hills around Pachmarhi
were supposed to be sacred because of Mahadeo or Shiva of Hindus. The Handi-Khoh, a
deep gorge, is said to be the retreat of a monstrous serpent. Jambu-Dweep is also a gorge cut
into the soft rock at the bottom of which is a cavern in the rock which has been cut by water
action to resemble a giant lock of matted hair and sure enough called ‘Jatashankar’. In
geological terms they are called Stalactites and Stalagmites. Two important Hindus festivals
are observed in this locality with great fan fare. Nagpanchmi is observed in Shravan (July-
August) and Maha Shivratri is held in March. More than 12,000 pilgrims come to attend
these festivals.
11.0 Aesthetic Attributes
The Pachmarhi plateau is always famous for its beautiful landscape. It is also famous as hill
station par excellence for those who wish to retreat from hubbub and bustle city of life. The
hilltops and slopes are fully clothed with vegetation, whereas the level lands on the plateau
are vast open grassy glades (meadows), the likes of which are not to be found in any hill
station. These ecological glades, is the unique phenomenon.
The area includes Dhupgarh, the highest peak (1352 m above MSL) in Madhya Pradesh
followed by Chauragarh and Mahadev caves. Chauragarh is a spectacular flat topped peak
and is topped by Shiv Shrine much venerated and visited by people from surrounding plain
specially from Maharashtra. The Asirgarh Fort (in ruins) in Betul district is an old seat of
Gond/Korku rule.
The hills of Mahadeo sandstone, which is made of soft rock, is cut into deep gullies by water
erosion creating spectacular water falls all around Pachmarhi plateau, aided by rifts in the
geological strata. Patalkot, closely to Tamia in Chhindwara district, which is small hamlet of
Adivasis approachable by a steep footpath and hence insulated from civilization, an
Anthropologists paradise.
12.0 Socio- economic Attributes
The area comprises 622 villages. The area is largely an agricultural rural setting with
preponderance of forest indicative of its hinterland situation. Agriculture is the mainstay of
the population. Out of total population of 2,17,820 (1981 census), the scheduled castes
account for 14.3% and the scheduled tribes account for 41.5%. The average family holding
is only 3-4 ha. The literacy rate is low (21%). The cattle and goats are reared in large
numbers in the area. Agriculture is the main source of income. Working in the forest area is
the supplementary source of income for the village lying in the vicinity of the area. The
village houses are generally constructed with muds and wooden poles. Common Hindu and
Muslim festivals are observed in the area.

13.0 State of Tourism
The title “Queen of the Satpura” is richly deserved by Pachmarhi. The place is Madhya
Pradesh’s most verdant Jewel, a place where Nature has found exquisite expression in a
myriad enchanting ways. As one begins the bone jarring road journey from Hoshangabad to
Piparia, one wants to question the wisdom of setting out to enjoy a holiday in the hills of
Central India, but once beyond Matkuli the visitor is more than adequately compensated
until the sheer calm and beauty of the plateau take completely by surprise.
Most of places of tourist attraction are located at Pachamrhi plateau, inside the national park
or adjacent to Pachmarhi sanctuary. The places of worth seen at and around Pachmarhi area,
Priyadarshani point, Hondi Khoh, Apsara Vihar, Rajat Prapat, Raj Giri, Lanjee Giri, Dutches
Fall, Sundar Kund, Jatashankar, Chhota Mahadeo, Manadeo, Chauragarh, Dhupgarh,
Pandav cave, Cave Shelters. In Bori sanctuary, Churna, is also base for tourism. For a truly
wilderness experience, the visitor or can arrive upto Neemghan through Panarpani gate. The
flat land and good visibility along with rich wildlife makes excursions here unforgettable.
Tamia in Chhindwara district is also a scenic spot and does small group visit tourist spot in summer.
More than 1.00 lakh tourists, mainly domestic tourists, visit the Pachmarhi area. Maximum number of
tourist visit in May-June followed by October-December. Every year several groups of students visit
Pachmarhi area mainly for Botanical excursion and adventures.
14.0 Management Aspects
The State Government has appointed Environmental Planning and Coordination
Organisation (EPCO) as Nodal Agency for Implementation of Management Action Plan of
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve. The Executive Director, EPCO is the Ex-officio, Director of
Pachmarhi BR. While the Director of Satpura National Park is ex-officio Field Director,
Pachmarhi BR.
At State level, the Government of Madhya Pradesh, Housing & Environment Deptt has
constituted Coordination Authority for preparation of Management Action Plan and its
implementation at field level. For implementation of the project at field level, a Field
Implementation Authority has also been constituted. The composition of the State level
Coordination Authority and Field level Implementation Authority is given in Annexure-IV.
The Annual Management Action Plan is prepared by EPCO on the basis of feed back given
by Implanting agencies and researchers. After the approval of the Field level Implementing
Authority and State level Coordination Authority, the proposal is submitted to Govt. of India
for sanction.

Ongoing Research Projects under National BR Programme
1. Development of Indicators (Ecological, Economic and Social in
Institutional terms) for Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem in
Buffer Zone of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
Dr. R. K Pandey
Senior Scientist, Ecology & Biodiversity Division
State Forest research Institute, Polypather, Jabalpur (MP)
Objectives: Considering the theme of the project development of indicators for
sustainable forest management of forest ecosystem within the buffer zone and
transition areas of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, the following objectives are
considered for identifications of indicators:
Assessment of structure and function of forest ecosystem in the study area.
Biological diversity sustained in the study site.
Assessment of utilisable resources and dependency (earning sources) on
forest of local inhabitants (villagers).
Social organisation and their occupational pattern of people residing in the
project site.
2. Population Dynamic of some Endangered Species (Mammalian Rodent
Species) around Falls in the Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
Dr. Vinoy Kumar Shrivastava
Reader, Deptt of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal
Objectives: The main objective of this study is to observe the habit and habitat,
population dynamic, determination of home range and territory and effect of human
interference (due to tourism, hunting by tribal, water pollution created by tourism) on
the various endangered mammalian rodent species. Besides this, captive breeding will
also be done to increase the population of endangered mammalian rodent species by
natural and artificial treatment i.e., hormonal treatment. The utility of the project will
be to save and increase the population of endangered mammalian species in
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.

3. Conservation Strategy for Sustenance of Threatened Bioresources of
Pachmarhi Forest Division (M.P.)
Dr. Ashok K. Jain ,
Professor,School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior
Objective: The main objective of the study is:
To make extensive survey of various forests areas of Pachmarhi.
To collect information regarding multifarious uses of plants for various purposes
To find out the rare, threatened and endangered plant species of the region.
To study conservation practices of plants by local people or tribals.
To propagate rare and threatened plants with low reproductive capacities
through standard techniques.
To study the herbivore pattern amongst different animal species and its
impact on rate of survival of plants.
To study the biotic and natural factors affecting the survival of threatened
species.
To prepare the computer simulations of the species diversity model.
4. Analysis of Landuse Changes in and around Pachmarhi Biosphere
Reserve using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique
S.Khan, Dr. R. K. Singh & Alok Choudhary
Remote Sensing Application Centre, Council of Science & Technology, Kishan
Bhawan, Arera Hills, Bhopal
Objectives: The main objective of the project is to study the temporal changes in
Biosphere Reserve area within a span of 10 years (1990–2000) through remote
sensing techniques and develop methodology to monitor changes in landuse /land
cover of the area as a result of management practices in the study area.

Ph. D. Summary
Plant Diversity and Community Patterns of Tropical Evergreen Forests,
Pachmarhi Hills, M.P.
Sudhir kumar Pathak
Institute of Environment Management and Plant Sciences
Vikram University,Ujjain, M.P.
The study area is located at Pachmarhi plateau and lies withen 22°28'N and 78°26' E. In
present work 13 sites have been selected according to their phytogeographical situation,
microclimatic conditions and habitat conditions.
The main objectives of the work was: (i) to catalog the phyto-diversity of the Pachmarhi hill
and to generate concrete knowledge of biotic diversity in the absence of which effective
conservation of plant resource is not possible.(ii) to examine the relationship between
diversities of different taxonomic groups in different habitats, and to identify indicator
groups.(iii) preserve essential ecological processes that are responsible for maintaining of
floristic richness of hill e.g. restoration of micro-climatic conditions at many places and
develops undisturbed conditions.(iv) natural restocking of rare and endangered species of
adjacent (exploited areas).(v) propagation and multiplication of rare and endangered species
by cutting and suitable vegetative propagation methods.
In the study area 5 types of community organizations have been recorded. These are due to
differences in topographical situation, soil and micro-climatic set-up. These are as follows
* The Sal forest dominated by Shorea robusta at the top of the hills.
* The mixed evergreen forest in the middle zones of the hills and around the
Pachmarhi plateau dominated by Mangifera indica, Terminalia tomentosa,
Terminalia bellerica, Sygygium cumini and Anogeissus latifolia .
* The mixed dry deciduous forest dominated by good quality of teak (Tectona
grandis) at low region and associated with Albizzia lebbeck, Chloroxylon swietenia,
Pterocarpus marsupium, Terminalia tomentosa etc.
* The grassland and meadow vegetations on the flat plateau dominated by perennial
grasses like, Andropogan pumatus, Heteropogan contortus, Themeda triandra,
Cymbopogn martinii, Pseudosorghum helepense etc. Here grassland has developed
due to secondary succession.
* Dry thorn forest formed on dry exposed rock where soil is very poor. The species
found here are mostly Euphorbia, Manilkara hexandra, Rhus parviflora, Tecoma
stants, Lantana camara, etc.

Community pattern is also very peculiar and characteristics to the present environmental setup.
On the top of the hills and at higher altitude, there is dominance of Sal forest with few
associates species. In Sal forest, there is no stratification and ground flora is very poor and at
many places this is naked. Sal constitutes almost pure forests over considerable areas. The
common associates are Mallotus philippensis, Mangifera indica, Albizia procera, Terminalia
bellirica, Grewia asiatica, Flacourtia indica, Gmelina arborea, Syzygium cumini, etc. which
are supported by climbers like Bauchinia vahlii, Dioscorea sp, Celatrsus paniculata .
The species diversity of Sal forest was very poor. There was dominance of monogeneric
species only in many places. Total 32 species have been recorded and species importance
value (SIV) of Sal was 68.23, which is highest number in all types of community. The
diversity of species was maximum in mixed deciduous forest which is occupied at lower
regions of the hills, where Sal and teak both are dominant. The SIV of the Sal was 32.16 and
teak was 17.24. Topographical changes and hill directions have different micro-climatic
conditions. Hill facing opposite to sun has always more moisture and humidity compared to
side facing to sun. On such ecological condition, there is dominance of mixed evergreen
forest, which is dominated by Sal and mango. The SIV of the both species was 43.61 and
22.44, respectively. In areas where forest has been removed, there is dominance of tall
grasses intercepted by some medium size trees e.g. Rhus parviflora, Tecoma stans, Emblica
officinalis and Terminalia spp. In many places there is exposed rock facing to sun which are
dominated by Euphorbia nerifolia, Rhus parviflora, Tecoma stans, Lantana camera. The
Maximum SIV (48.51) is noted in case of Rhus parviflora.
The complexity index (CI) is a indicative of species richness and stakes of forest with
relation to rainfall. The CI of 5 types of forest has been determined to compare the species
richness and structure. The maximum value of the CI was found in case of Sal forest. The
value was 231.6 while maximum diversity species was found in case of mixed drydeciduous
forest. The lowest CI was noted in thorn forest. The stem density recorded for the
area reveals that it is greater in Sal forest and lower in grassland and meadow community
Basal area contribution was also higher in Sal forest, and minimum value of (29.3) in
grassland and meadows. The diversity index was higher in dry deciduous forests.
Plant diversity has also been described from lower (hepatic) to higher taxa (angiosperms). A
total of 1173 species have been recorded in the area. The hepatic flora includes 57 species of
bryophyte belonging to 34 genera distributed to 17 families ( 27 species belonging to 18
genera and 9 families of acrogynous jungermanniales, 5 species belonging to 3 genera and 3
families of anacrogynous jungermanniales, 20 species belonging in 9 genera and 4 families
of the marchantiales, 5 species belonging to 3 genera and 1 family of anthocerotales). The
Ptredophytic flora includes 46 genera, belonging to 18 families and 94 species.Besides these,
37 species of epiphytic mosses and 46 species of terrestrial mosses have also been recorded
under hepatic flora.
The Angiospermic flora include, 935 species belonging to 546 genera distributed to 114
families. The third position of Asteraceae and seventh position of Lamiaceae, which are

more temperate in nature, indicate the semi-temperate nature of the vegetation. In
Pachmarhi area 4 species of gymnosperms have been recorded in the area. The
monocotyledonous families namely Poaceae, Cyperaceae and orchidaceae account 50%
under the ten dominance of monocotyledonous plant in the area.
The percentage of dicot is 75.8% and that of monocot is 24.1% . While the value of dicot
and monocot was 73.1% and 26.9% on the basis of study carried by Mukherjee (1984).
Present study also indicates that there is dominance of mesophytic flora of this hill due to
high rainfall and more humid conditions. The most parts of the plateau has been naked and
disturbed. The micro-climatic conditions of many places have been altered resulting in
declining in flora & fauna of this region. The factors responsible for micro-climate changes
and declining of the flora & fauna are as follows:
* Development of the hill in the light of the tourism and tourist attraction of this place
has been increased now days in manifolds.
* Construction of forest road and approach road at various picnic spots.
* A large number of botanical tours visited these places from all parts of country to
collect the flora and fauna at this place.
* Large scale collection of biological materials by biological suppliers.
* Collection of medicinal plants by local people and also by various Ayurvedic and
Unani medicinal practitioners.
* Deforestation of local and tribal peoples in search of fire and fuel wood.
* Damage caused by the large spread of exotic species like Lantana.
* Cutting and grazing by local people.
(Source: Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Vikram University, Ujjain, M.P.,2001)

Research Papers Abstract/ Summary
The Genus Riccia in Pachmarhi with SEM details of Spores of two Species
R.Udar and A. Agarwal.
Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow (UP)
Riccia covernosa Hoffm. emend. Raddi and R. stricta Duthie ex Arnell have been described
from Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh. The former had been erroneously recognized so for in
Indian bryology, under the specific epithet R. crystallina L. while the latter is new to Indian
bryoflora, previously known from South Africa. The taxonomic details as well as the SEM
details of spores of both the species have been given in this publication.
(Source: J. Indian Bot. Soc. 64: 246-250, 1985.)
Status of Faunas in Protected Areas -The case studies of Eight Protected Areas of
Madhya Pradesh (India)
R.B.S. Kushwah & V. Kumar*
Assistant conservator of forest, Sanjay National Park Sidhi-486661, Madhya
* Facullty , Indian Institute of Forest Management, Nehru Nagar, Bhopal- 462003
The diversity of the forests of Madhya Pradesh including the Protected Areas (PAs) is
adversely affected by geometric rise in population which caused the serious depletion of
natural resources and which in turn affected the management of forests and PAs. Therefore,
the study attempts to investigate(i) the status of flora and faunas; (ii) computing the
economic indicators, and (iii) assessing the social economic status of the people of the PAs
in each of the eight PAs of Madhya Pradesh.
All the protected areas taken up for the present study are located in the State of Madhya
Pradesh. The PAs were selected randomly representing one National Park and one sanctuary
i.e two PA units from each biogeographic zone/ Province. It is hard to define biodiversity in
mathematical terms. So biodiversity indices are used for this purpose. The Shannon Wiener
biodiversity index based on the proportional abundance of the species, provide an alternative
approach to the measurement of biodiversity.
The eight PAs selected were the Bandhavgarh (BNP), Indravati (INP), Madhar (MNP),
Satpuda (SNP), National Parks and Nauradehi (NWS), Pachmarhi (PWS), Ratapani (RWS),
Sanjay – Dubri (SDS), sanctuaries of Madhya Pradesh.
The BNP, SNP, PWS, RWS, SDS are situated in the “central highland” biogeographic zone.
The BNP, RWS, SDS, comes under the province of Vindhya – Baghelkhand and the, SNP,

and PWS, in the Satpura –Maikhal.The INP is situated in the Eastern highland zone and the
MNP in the semi – arid zone. The NWS is situated in the “semi-arid” biogeographic zone
within the Malwa plateau.
The major biomass are tropical dry and moist deciduous, tropical secondary scrub forests in
the PA under study. The vegetation status of INP is vulnerable and of BNP, MNP and SNP,
is endangered. The biodiversity values of BNP, INP, SDS, and RWS are high species
diversity, regional connectivity, large predator prey system. For MNP and NWS the
biodiversity values consists of moderate species diversity. For SNP and PWS there are high
species diversity and regional connectivity and large predator – prey system.
The data reveals that among the national parks, the faunal species- diversity and species –
richness as well as evenness of the distribution of species is moderate in BNP and MNP
while these are good in INP and SNP. The value of Shannon Wiener biodiversity index for
fauna is maximum (1.998) in SNP, while it is minimum (1.631) in BNP among the National
Parks. This shows that better species diversity and species richness in SNP in comparison to
the other three NPs. For SDS the Shannon index value (1.8493) and the index of evenness
value (0.842) is highest among all eight PAS , while for PWS these are minimum (1.4383
biodiversity index; 0.508 index of evenness value).
Therefore, the areas of these PAs (BNP, INP and PWS) with lower and moderate diversity
indices are needed to be given more attention for protection and conservation of biodiversity.
In fact, these areas being peripheral to territorial divestions are more affected by the biotic
pressures from the adjoining villages which need to be minimized. Moreover, the highest
pressure from tourists in PWS has to be regulated in order to improve the condition and thus
“ Eco-tourism plan” should be prepared.
Thus, the study is not only of academic interest but relevant for management of the protected
areas (PAs).
The Shannon diversity index for Panthera tigress is maximum (0.0364)for BNP followed by
INP (0.0213). For Panthera pardus its value is maximum (0.369) for SDS followed by
(0.365) SNP. This justifies the “ Tiger Reserve” status of the BNP and INP under the Project
Tiger India. The species Babalns bubalis (wild buffalo) is well represented only in INP (with
biodiversity index value (0.1222). Among herbivores, the biodiversity index is maximum
(0.3669) for Carvus aris in INP. For Carvus unicolor the index is maximum (0.338) in SNP,
followed by RWS (0.2894). The above faunal diversity has been supplemented by studying
the RDB status and abundance of the faunal species in the PA with the help of secondary
and primary information. The secondary information was taken from the data bank of
Wildlife Institute of India, (WII), Dehradun which was further confirmed by the
observations in the field (i.e the primary data).
(Source: J. of Tropical Forestry,Vol 16, 68-80, April -June, 2000)

Ethnobotanical Observations at Pachmarhi (Madhya Pradesh)
M Oommachan , A. Bajaj and S.K.Masih
Deptt. Of Biological Sciences, R.D. University, Jabalpur (MP)
Pachmarhi presents a unique and very interesting flora and fauna. It is situated at 22 ° 28'N
latitude and 78°26' longitude, on an elevation of 1067M. The present paper deals with the
details of certain plants used by the tribals and forest dwellers of this region for multifarious
purposes. In the paper 61 ethnobotanical important plant species with botanical, local,
family names are enumerated with their tribal uses. Out of these, 22 species are additions
to the Flora of Pachmarhi.
(Source: J. of Tropical Foresty, Vol. 6(2), 157 – 162, April – June, 1990)
Integrated Landuse Strategy for Conservation: The Satpura Case
V.B.Sawarkar and H.S. Panwar
Wildlife Institute of India
P.O. New Forest, Dehradun- 248006,India
The cluster of three protected areas, the Satpura National Park (524 sq.km), the Bori Wildlife
Sanctuary (486 sq. km) and the Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary (417 sq km) forming a
compact unit of 1427 sq. km in the Satpura hill ranges within the Hoshangabad district of
Madhya Pradesh is unique area of high natural and derived land resource values. The salient
natural values are conservation of soil water- regime, biodiversity and endangered species.
The main resource values, on the other hand, are timber, firewood, forest pastures,
agriculture, irrigation and fisheries. Ancient rock paintings are an important cultural
resource, which along with the rare flora and wildlife are affected by poorly organised and
controlled educational and tourism activities. These resource values are being viewed from
disparate management stand points by different agencies working for their own set of
priorities, strategies and management goals. The overall picture is one of
compartmentalization. The process vitiates the overall landuse ethic, the compatibility and
sustainability being the main victims. Such examples are by no means uncommon in tropical
ecosystems burdened with multifarious demands on the different resources managed by
different agencies. Typifying the Satpura case, this paper attempts to evolve an integrated
approach, which while allowing sustainable utilization of the different resources will also be
able to safeguard the vital environmental concerns.
(Source: Tropical Ecosystem; Ecology and Management, Edited : K.P. Singh and J.S.
Singh, pp. 207-214, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1992)

Scenes of head hunting in the rock art of the Pachmarhi hills
Meenakhsi Dubey
Indira Sangeet Kala Visvavidyalaya, Khairgarh, 491889, (India)
This paper describes the author’s discovery of painted rock shelters in the Pachmarhi hills
and , in particular, discusses scenes depicting head hunting. The existence of painted rock
shelters was first brought to the notice of D. H. Gordon by G. R. tlunter in 1932 when the
latter carried out excavations there in 1932 and again in 1934-1935. The later excavations
revealed that the cultural sequence within this region began during the Mesolithic period.
The rock paintings of this area are known to extend from the Mesolithic to the historic
period.
The rock paintings of the Mesolithic clearly depict a society of hunters and gatherers, and
illustrate the relationship between man and animals. The compositional elements of these
drawings are highly developed. The subject matter of this period is principally dominated by
the variety of animal hunting activities.
Most of the rock paintings in the Pachmarhi hills, however, belong to the historic period.
The main subject depicted during this period is conflict and scenes portraying clashes
between two persons or groups are very common. The paintings depicting horsemen armed
with swords and shields are superimposed on the earlier paintings portraying the life of
hunters and gatherers. The majority of the rock paintings are executed in red, white and
yellow pigments, prepared from hematite or other iron oxides.
There are hunting scenes, scenes of dancing and fighting, petroglyphs showing domestic
chores, mother and child, as well as activities like fishing, honey collection, etc,. There are
also pictures of apparently deified animals. Several depictions of severed heads in the rock
paintings at Pachmarhi was also observed. The only country, other than India, where similar
several heads have been reported is Peru. Dr. Nunz of Cuba has discovered two
anthropomorphic petroglyphs holding severed human heads.
The tradition of human sacrifice to appear the gods and goddesses has been documented
amongst Indian tribes, particularly the Gonds and Korkus. The rock paintings provide further
evidence of human sacrifice.
The warring factions beheaded the vanquished enemy and carried away the heads as war
trophies to show the folk who had stayed behind. There are scenes showing a man holding a
human head in one hand and a weapon in the other and it seems that he is running away and
looking backwards, giving the impression that the enemy is chasing him. Such depictions of
head hunting are prominent in the shelter located in Langi Nadi Hill area. The painting is 50
x 50 cm and is bichromatic, in-filled with white and outlined in red.

The rock shelter at Barkachar (locally called Swem Aam) also contains a pictograph of a
headhunter. This figure is 30 x 30 cm and is contained within a mural of seemingly unrelated
figures.
Another shelter depicting head hunting is known as Nagdwari, situated approximately 35 km
from Pachmarhi town. The paintings in this shelter are similar in style to those found at
Swem Aam and Langi Nadi.
The maximum number of figures of headhunters has been found on the rock shelter at Rajat
Prapat. These paintings show three men, each holding head while running in the same
direction (right to left) looking back over their shoulders.
All the figures have sharp features and are well proportioned. The men wear some form of
headgear, earrings and an loin cloth. The severed head is held in the right hand and a sword
in the left hand. All the hunted heads have headgear, earrings and or necklace similar to
those of the head-hunters.
The hill tribe communities in the Pachmarhi hills were hunters till the 10 th country A.D and
they abandoned this practice due to the influence of Hindu Sadhus who penetrated the deep
forest to perform penance in the Pachmarhi hills.
These rock paintings are attributed to belong to the early historic period due to the following
evidences:
a) the head hunters hold a sword-like weapon, which clearly indicates the use of metals
like iron, prevalent during the historic period, and
b) a radical change is also noticed in the paintings of this period. By this time the artist’s
perception had remarkably improved and careful attention is paid to anatomical details
which were lacking in the earlier periods.
(Source: Man and Environment XVI, (2); 81- 85 1991).
Birds of Pachmarhi
B.B. Oamaston
The study has been carried out at Pachmarhi plateau. A total of 135 species of birds has been
reported. The birds have been classified into common, rare, frequently visitors and
occasionally visitors. In most of cases the breeding seasons of the birds have also been
described.

Some of the common species of birds found around Pachmarhi include, Corvus
macrorhynchus, Corvus splendens, Dendrocitta rufa, Parus atriceps, Machlolophus
haplonotus, Crateropus canorus, Pellorneum ruficeps, Alcippe phaeocephala, Myiophoneus
horsfieldi ,Zosterops palpebrosa, Egithina nigrilutea, Chloropsis jerdoni, Molpastes
haemorrhous, Olocompsa fuscicaudata, Sitta castaneiventris , Dicrurus caerulescens,
Orthotomus sutorius, Teplcrodacnis pondicerianus, Pericrocotus peregrious, Graucalus
macii, Oriolus melanocephalus, Acridotheres tristis, Siphia parva, Cyornis tickelli,
Culicicapa ceylonensis, Hypothymis azurea, Rhipidura albifrontata, Rhipidura pectoralis,
Pratincola caprata, Ruticilla rufiventris, Thamnobia cambaiensis, Copsychus saularis,
Geocichla cyanus, Gymnorhis flavicollis, Passer domesticus, Melophus melaniocterus,
Ptuynoprogne concolor, Hirundo erythropygia, Anthus maculatus, Anthus rafulus,
Arachnecthra asiatica, Piprisoma squalium, Liopicus mahrattensis, Iyngipicus hardwickii,
Brachypternus aerantius, Thereiceryx zeylonicus, Xantholoema hoematocephala, Coracias
indica, Alcedo ispida, Halcyon smynensis, Lophoceros birostris, Upupa indica, cypselus
affinis, Caprimulgus indicas, Hierococcyx varius, Centropous sinensis, Paloeornis
nepalensis, Paloeornis torquatus, Paloeornis cyanocephalus, Bubo bengalensis, Scopos giu,
Scops bakkamoena, Athene brama, Glaucidium radiastum, Hieraetus fasciatus, spilornis
cheela, Butastur teesa, Milcus govinda., Astur badius, Pernis cristatus, Crocopus
phoenicopterus, Crocopus chlorogaster.
Few rare species of birds found in Pachmarhi region are Dumetia hyperythra, Otocompsa
fuscicaudata, Otocompsa flaviventris, Dissemurus paradiseus, Phylloscopus indicus,
Acanthopneuste magnirostris, Lanius villatus, Terpsiphone paradisi, Pitta brachyura,
Cuculus canorus, Cuculus micropterus, Sphenocercus sphenurus.
Dicrurus ater and Nyctiornis athertoni are the very rare species of birds found in Panhmarhi
region. Dicurus ater and Nyctiornis athertoni were seen once in the area.
The occasional visitor species of birds found in the Pachmarhi region include Pastor roseus,
Stoparola melanops, Pratincola maura, Cyanecula suecica, Petrophila Cyanus, Uroloncha
malabarica, Motacilla leucopsis, Motacilla melanope, Ceryle varia, Macropteryx coronata,
Eudynamis honorata, strix flammea, Ketupa zeylonensis, Pseudogyps bengaiensis, Aquila
cindhiana, Spizaelus limnaetus, Circus macrurus, Falco peregrinator, Falco jugger,
Tinnunculus alaudarius etc. All these species are seen during specific seasonal time period
and are present in small flocks.
The uncommon bird species found in Pachmarhi region include Pyctorhis sinensis, Cisticola
cursitans, Franklinia gracilis, Prinia socialis, Prinia inornata Laulus erythronotus,
Pericrocotus speciosus.
(Source: J. Bombay Nat . Hist. Soc.; 28: 453 – 461, 1923).

News Items
Pachmarhi first Biosphere Reserve in State
5000 sq km under its sweep; Kanha, Bastar next in line
Manish Dixit , Bhopal : The Government of India has given its nod for declaring the first
biosphere reserve of Madhya Pradesh in Pachmarhi, the Queen of Satpura. The Government
has also released the first installment for the purpose and the project, which is 11 th biosphere
in the country, would be implemented soon after the funds are transferred to the
implementing agency.
The proposed Pachmarhi biosphere is located in three districts of Hoshangabad, Betul &
Chhindwara. The
4926.20 sq km. It
Biosphere Reserves in the country
Nilgiri in Tamilnadu, Kerala and Karnataka.
total project area is
envelops three
wildlife Nandadevi in Uttar Pradesh
conservation units of
Bori Sanctuary
Satpura National
km), and the
(area 461.85 sq
Nokrek in Meghalaya
Manas in Assam
Sunderbans in West Bengal
Gulf of Mannar in Tamilnadu
Great Nicobar in Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(518.00 sq km) the
Park (area 524.37 sq
Pachmarhi Sanctuary
km).
A team of the Similipal in Orissa
Environment
Protection and
Organisation
Dibru-Sailipal in Assam
Dehang- Debang in Arunachal Pradesh
Coordination
(EPCO), led by its
Managing Director and comprising officials from the various Government agencies and the
department concerned, have already completed their home-work and the implementation
would start soon after the transfer of funds.
Two committees have also been formed for implementing and monitoring the Management
Action Plan.
According to sources, the Union Government has already released funds for the Project to
the tune of Rs 48 lakh to the State Government for the current year. The amount is yet to be
given to the EPCO -declared as nodal agency for the prestigious project.The thrust of the
project would be to seek active cooperation of the local people. Besides, many Government
agencies and departments are also involved actively for the implementation of the project.
On being contacted Principal Secretary, Housing and Environment, Satyanand Mishra, said
that Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation made by UNESCO for
representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial
or coastal, marine ecosystems or a combination thereof.
The BRs are designated to deal with one of the most important questions of reconciling the
conservation of biodiversity, the quest for economic and social development and
maintenance of associated cultural values, he added.These areas are internationally
recognised within the frame-work of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme

after receiving consent of the participating country. Elaborating further about BRs, he said
they are protected areas of land or coastal environments wherein people are an integral
component of the system. Together, they constitute a worldwide network linked by
international understanding for exchange of scientific information. When asked how
biosphere reserve are different from wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, Mishra said "It
takes into account the overall development activities and resolves conflicts between
development and conservation and ensures increased and broad based local people's
participation compared to the wildlife sanctuaries and national park programmes"
The ministry of Environment and Forest has also identified Kanha for BR but is yet to be
designated. In addition to that, the sites of Amarkantak and Abujhmarh of Bastar are also
suggested by the EPCO and are likely to be designated as BR soon.
(Source: M.P. Chronical, Bhopal, 7 Feb, 2000)

(Source : M.P. Chronicle, Bhopal, 25 November, 2000)

(Source: Nav Bharat ,29\11\2000)

( Source: MP Chronical ,29\11\2000)

(Source:Dainik Jagran 29\11\2000)

(Source: Nav Bharat 29/11/2000)

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Annexure-I
Proforma for Application for Grant for Research Projects under Biosphere
Reserve Programme (to be used by Principal Investigators)
1. Title of the Project :
2. Name & Designation of the
Principal Investigator (PI) :
3. Name & Designation of the :
Co-Investigator (co-I)
4. Postal Address of the PI :
& Co-In
5. Name of the Institute/ :
Organisation in which the
Project will be carried out
6. Name of other Institution(s) :
Organisation (s) involved
in the project
7. Duration of the Project :
8. Total amount of assistance required :
9. Following documents are enclosed :
i Statement I – An abstract, not exceeding one page, describing the background,
objectives, methodology and figures of year-wise budget.
ii. Statement II- should contain the following:
a) State of Art of the subject including work done in India and elsewhere
b) Detailed literature survey
c) Objectives
d) Detailed methodology
e) Quarter-wise work-plan
f) PERT-Chart
g) Practical relevance/utility of the project for Management of the Biosphere Reserve
h) Agencies which can utilize the results of the project
iii. Statement III- giving brief background of the Investigator who will carry out the
project including papers published in the area of proposed research project
iv. Statement IV- indicating facilities (Equipment/instrument) available at
Institution/Organization for carrying out the project
v. Statement V-Project budget in the prescribed format

Project Budget
A.
S.No. *Salaries & Wages I year II year III year Total
1. Investigator
2. Research Associate
3. SRF/JRF/SPF/JPF
4. Supporting technical staff or
other personnel, if any
Grand Total:
* Please specify the rate of salary and wages per month for each category and also rates
of HRA and medical reimbursement as prescribed under rules.
B. ** Permanent Equipment
Please also give a list of equipments already available.
Grand Total
** Please specify individual items of equipment along with the cost and
Justification under the project
C. Expendables (Chemical & Glassware)
D. Travel
E. Other Project Costs,
If any (please specify)
F. Contingencies
(15% of `A’-‘F’ above)
Grand Total
G. Institutional Charges
Note: The proposal must be forwarded by the Head of the Organization with
following certificates: (i) that necessary infrastructural facilities will be provided for
the project and (ii) the permanent equipments sought under the project are not
available with the institution. (iii) Implementing agencies at state level/viz Director of
the Biosphere Reserves and Lead/Coordinating Institutions may be consulted before
formulating proposals.
Submission of the proposals: The proposals in respect of any items mentioned above may
be addressed to the joint Director (Biosphere Reserve), CS Division, Ministry of
Environment & Forests, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi- 110003, with
intimation to Incharge, Biosphere Reserve Programme, Environmental Planning &
Coordination Organistion (EPCO), E-5, Arera Colony, Bhopal-462 016

Annexure-II
Guidelines on Emoluments and other Conditions of Service for Research
Personnel and Benefits to Host Institutions for Research Programmes for
Biosphere Reserve
The guidelines are applicable for research personnel working on R&D programme funded by
the Ministry of Environment and Forests (issued by MOEF Office Memorandum No.
19/47/98-RE dated 16.7.1998)
1. Emoluments :
i Junior Research Fellows (JRFs )/Senior Research Fellows (SRFs)
Qualification Emoluments
(a)Graduate degree in Engineering disciplines & Post
Graduate degree in Scientific disciplines, other than
medical and engineering
(b)In Medical and Engg. Subjects
MBBS/BDS/MVSc/M.Pharm., ME, M.Tech and
BE/B.Tech, BVSc.B.Pharm,or equivalent with 2 yrs
experience)
JRF (1 st
& 2 nd
year)
Rs.
5,000/-
JRF
(subsequent
years)/SRF
Rs. 5,600/-
Rs.6,000/- Rs. 6,400/-
The local institution should review after two years whether JRF/SRF should continue for the
third year. Similarly, at the end of the third year the local institution should review his case
whether extension for another year should be given.
ii Research Associate/Research Scientist
In programmes where there is a need to engage research personnel at a level higher than
JRF/SRF and such need has been accepted by the funding agency, the remuneration for such
personnel may be fixed as indicated below:

(A) Research Associates
Research Associates may be fixed at a consolidated amount within one of the 3 slabs given
below, depending upon the qualifications and experience.
The Institute/Organization concerned may decide the slab in which a particular associate
should be placed ; ordinarily, an Associate shall complete his tenure in that slab :
Qualification Emoluments
In Science, Medical and Engineering Subjects
(Ph.D/MD/MDS and MVSc/M Pharm/ME/M.Tech with 3
years research/teaching/ design and development
experience)
(B) Research Scientists
They may be given the following scales:
Rs. 8000-275-13500
Rs. 10000-325-15200
Rs.12000-375-16500
Rs.8000/- (fixed)
Rs.8800/- (fixed)
Rs.10500/- (fixed)
Other scales below Rs.8000-13500 recommended by the 5 th Pay Commission
and approved by the Central Government.
iii Supporting staff
The salaries payable to supporting staff like Lab. Attendants/Field Attendants/Tech. Asstts.
will be given according to the rules of the Institute/Organization in which the project is
sanctioned.
2 D.A. and CCA : JRFs and Research Associates will not be entitled to these
allowances. The Research Scientists will get D.A. as per rates of Central Government and
CCA as per rules of the local Institutions where they are working.
3 House Rent Allowance and Medical Benefits: As at present, HRA and Medical
benefits may be allowed to all categories viz., JRF/SRF, Research Associates and Research
Scientists as per rules of the institutions where they are working. For this purpose, the
fellowship amounts, for JRF/SRF and Research Associates will be taken as Basic Pay. In
case of NGOs, these benefits will be limited to the rates applicable to Central Government
staff.

4 Leave and other service benefits: The existing policy to continue under which
JRF/SRF are eligible only for casual leave while Research Associates/Scientists are
entitled to leave as per rules of the institutions. However, maternity leave may be
given to all categories.
5 Bonus & LTC: Not admissible to any category.
6 Retirement Benefits: These will not be applicable to JRFs/SRFs/Research
Associates. Research Scientists who are appointed for the duration of the project in
regular scales of pay as mentioned above may be allowed to be members of the
Contributory Provident Fund.
7 Benefits to Host Institutes : Towards meeting their costs for overhead expenses
including infrastructural facilities, an amount of :
15% of the total project cost without any upper limit for educational institutions; and
15% of the total project cost with an upper limit of Rs.2.00 lakhs – for other than
educational institutions (e.g. Laboratories & Institutes under S&T Agencies, other
Departments) will be provided as a part of the project.
On projects costing more than Rs. 40 lakhs, the quantum will be decided on a case to
case basis.

LOCATION
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Annexure III

Annexure IV
Composition of State Level Coordination Authority and Field level
Implementation Authority
a. State level Coordination Authority
The Coordination Authority had been constituted by the Govt.of M.P. (Housing &
Environment Deptt. vide letter No.F-3/51/99/32 dated 31-05-99) for the preparation of the
management action plan and its implementation at field level. The authority will coordinate
with various departments of State Government and sort out problems, if any. The
composition of the committee are as follows:-
1. Director General EPCO /Principal Secretary - Chairman
Housing and Environment Govt.of (M.P)
2. Executive Director, EPCO - Member Secretary
3. Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Bhopal - Member
4. Chief Conservator of Forest Wildlife division, Bhopal - ”
5. Field Director, Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve - ”
6. Director, State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur - ”
7. Incharge, Biosphere Programme EPCO - ”
8. Director, Veterinary Services, Bhopal - ”
9. Director, Agriculture, Bhopal - ”
10. Director, Social Welfare - ”
11. Director, Town and Country Planning - ”
12. Managing Director, M P Tourism and Development - ”
Corporation, Bhopal
13. Director, Tribal Welfare - ”
19. Representative of Ministry of Environment - ”
and Forests, GOI
The Committee is free to prepare agenda and may revise as per requirement.
b. Field Level Implementing Authority

A field level Implementing Authority had been constituted by Govt.of M.P. (Housing and
Environment Department vide order No F-3/51/32/99-Bhopal dated 8-6-99) in order to
implement various schemes at field level.
The composition of the committee is as follows.
1. Commissioner, Hoshangabad Division, Hoshangabad - Chairman
2. Collectors, (Hoshangabad, Betul, Chhindwara) - Member
3. Field Director, Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve - Member
Secretary &Coordinator
4. Incharge, Biosphere Reserve Programme, EPCO - Member
5. Director, Satpura National Park Pachmarhi - ”
6. Dy.Directors, Agriculture, (H’bad, Betul,Chhindwara) - ”
7. Dy.Directors, Tribal Welfare, (H’bad, Betul, Chhinwara)- ”
8. Dy.Directors, Social Welfare,H’bad, Betul, Chhinwara- - ”
9. Dy.Directors, Veterinary Services, H’bad Betul, Chhinwara- ”
The Committee is free to invite subject specialists, NGOs and other organizations for
suggestions and help.

Front View of EPCO Building