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c i lrEt lr FOREWORD ................................................. XVII PREFACE by John W. Vessey, Jr ................................... XIX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................... XXI AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION ................................... XXIII . OVERVIEW ................................................ 3 . Military Considerations ........................................ 3 Regional Quirks ............................................. 5 Avoidable Abuses ............................................ 7 Analytical Techniques ........................................ 8 PART ONE: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS .................................... 11 Location .................................................. 11 Size ..................................................... 17 Shape .................................................... 18 . LAY OF THE LAND ......................................... 27 Land Forms ................................................ 27 Rivers and Reservoirs ........................................ 32 Geology and Soils .......................................... 36 Vegetation ................................................ 39 . OCEANS AND SEASHORES ................................... 47 Sea Water Attributes ......................................... 47 Sea Surface Behavior ........................................ 49 Marine Topography ......................................... 55 Representative Naval Ramifications ............................. 59 . EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE ...................................... 69 Atmospheric Phenomena ..................................... 69 Climatology for Military Strategists .............................. 79 Meteorology for Military Operators .............................. 80 . REGIONAL PECULIARITIES ................................... 93 Frigid Flatlands ............................................. 93 Frigid Seas ................................................ 98 Mountainous Regions ...................................... 102 Arid Regions ............................................ 109 IX
10. 11. 12. X . . . Tropical Rain Forests ....................................... 115 Wetlands ................................................ 121 Coastlands and Small Seas ................................... 126 INNER AND OUTER SPACE .................................. 137 Space Compared with Land and Sea ............................ 137 Region I: Aerospace Interfaces ............................... 139 Region Ih Circumterrestrial Space .............................. 143 Region II1: Moon and Environs ................................ 144 Region IV: Outer Envelope ................................... 146 Tips for Military Space Planners ............................... 1 46 NATURAL RESOURCES AND RAW MATERIALS .................. 153 Sources and Shortages ...................................... 153 Compensatory Programs ..................................... 158 Resource Deprivation ....................................... 159 PART TWO: CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY POPULATIONS ........................................... 177 Demography ............................................. 178 Physical Attributes ......................................... 180 Cultural Characteristics ...................................... 182 Current Attitudes ......................................... 1 87 National Personalities ....................................... 1 88 Cross-Cultural Skills ....................................... 189 URBANIZATION .......................................... 195 Sites and Structures ......................................... 196 Urban Sprawl .............................................. 198 Conventional Urban Combat ................................. 199 Unconventional Urban Combat ............................... 204 Conventional Urban Bombardment ............................ 206 Urban Centers and Nuclear Strategy ............................ 208 Overall Urban Vulnerabilities ................................. 209 LINES OF COMMUNICATION ................................ 215 Roads ................................................... 215 Railroads ................................................ 223 Military Airports ........................................... 228 Seaports and Harbors ....................................... 232 Spaceports and Flight Paths .................................. 236 Inland Waterways .......................................... 238 Pipelines ................................................ 240 MILITARY BASES .......................................... 245 U.S. Home Bases .......................................... 245 U.S. Cold War Bases Abroad ................................. 246 Post-Cold War Retrenchment ................................. 261
Page 2 and 3: P r rO[ ~ , P[~,OFE-SSIOI~IAL~ Ai~I
Page 4 and 5: THE PUgLIC John M. Collins 1998 Nat
Page 8 and 9: XII APPENDIX A: Acronyms and Abbrev
Page 10 and 11: AAPS 1. Selected Russian Naval Base
Page 12 and 13: 30. OPLAN El Paso Airfields .......
Page 14 and 15: "' FACE A major American news magaz
Page 16 and 17: OWLE r.b E J ITS This book is my le
Page 18 and 19: AIJ li IT OrbucrlOi l When a Chief
Page 20 and 21: FOi'~, PI',LOFESSiOI~i~.~..S Ai~ID
Page 22 and 23: deal with details instead of big pi
Page 24 and 25: elatively uniform effects on milita
Page 26 and 27: memorizing the verbs of the wrong I
Page 28 and 29: 1 0. I.F.C. Fuller, A Military Hist
Page 30 and 31: 1 2 PART ONF: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY :;
Page 32 and 33: connections with the hinterland mus
Page 34 and 35: they could threaten sea lines of co
Page 36 and 37: and 366 days later 20,000 survivors
Page 38 and 39: ELONGATED SHAPES Spindly Chile, 2,6
Page 40 and 41: '°=;°• .°.~, oO'• ,°-°°
Page 42 and 43: willing to risk a nuclear war. Only
Page 44 and 45: 3, LAY OF TI-IE LAI ID In peace, so
Page 46 and 47: Figure 2. Elevation and Local refie
Page 48 and 49: Figure 4. Line-of-Sight and High-An
Page 50 and 51: i-- ® Figure 5. Selected Stream Ch
Page 52 and 53: Surface Water. Rivers, lakes, and s
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. Selected Soil Characterist
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construction material of choice for
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Iran, at 155,000 square miles (401,
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in at 97 tons, could churn through
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22. Samuel Glasstone, ed., The Effe
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inland seas that directly or indire
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sets in the opposite direction; and
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Figure 8. Lunar and Solar Influence
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Table 4. Beaufort Wind Scale Relate
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• Adequate landing zones are avai
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Map 9. Crucial Naval Choke Points D
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Hull dimensions, shapes, volumes, w
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their poisonous emissions are envio
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Geographic obstacles indeed were da
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(bathographs) to test the temperatu
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27. W.T.T. Packingham, "The Command
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~A~O~AE'I'~I C P~E~U I~E Internatio
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(table 7), which indicate the combi
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CLOUDS At, lr~ FOG Clouds and fog a
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8,000 M - 25,000 FT- 7,000 M - 20,0
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Figure 1 7. Anatomy of a Thundersto
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polar air masses; high latitude cli
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Table 10. Regional Climates Describ
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alternately causes bows to slam and
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flashes from nuclear explosions bli
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• Scatter occurs when beams strik
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1. Carlo d'Este, Patton: A Genius f
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[, EGIOI IAL PECU LIA[II'I'I r": :.
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to one or two heavy garments in any
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Borealis on long winter nights illu
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eplenishment may be impossible led
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~ /' 6
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Map 1 5. The Arctic Ocean and Perip
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idgelines and narrow valleys is dif
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e alert for vicious air currents an
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D_~F_~I'ISIVE r_l~,E DIT,S Mountain
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Irregular Rainfall. Unpredictable c
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Major armed forces in arid regions
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make troops don impermeable gear re
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Oppressive heat and humidity prevai
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Guerrillas and Undergrounds. Dian F
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and engineering gangs soak up perso
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iii ::!:! ! iiiii:!iii!;i!!i!:!ii!i
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Category Two: Paddies, Plantations,
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nautical miles (185 kilometers) and
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Effective countermeasures are hard
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;%..:./71/.~...!:.::i: • I:Z. ~ :
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31. Field-Marshal Viscount Slim, De
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74. FM 90-5: Jungle Operations (Was
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7, iJ lJ IrR. AJ ID OU'rE[ , . =PAC
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• Acoustics, an antisubmarine war
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when crosswinds exceed the currentl
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equatorial are called geostationary
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/ X L3 \ f f % ~ ~1~11 qml~ll iiill
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points, which theoretically could d
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that oxidize fuel on board. Newton'
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1. Chapter 7 modifies the text and
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Table 11. One Dozen Militarily Usef
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Figure 26. U.S. and Soviet Mineral
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and Ceylon to Indonesia and Indochi
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over northern China and bits of the
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Outsized Saudi Arabian petroleum in
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164 PART ONE: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ::
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Underlyin~f Weapons of Mass Destruc
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m Top: Amphibious assault troops wa
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The small castle in the foreground
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Manpower and mules must replace mot
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• _. i _ .. .._,..... ".~.-..----
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~.i. I_ • ~:~ ~,,..i... " • .~-
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Demography deals with the size, den
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with population patterns that affor
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U.S. medical intelligence specialis
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Indic); Hamito-Semetic; Altai; Nige
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Table 18. Principal Religions and S
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to the end--the will to win. With i
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Arabia: A Soldier's Guide, which th
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• • " . • - . . : : L . ." "
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36. See especially Hague Convention
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SITES AI~ID Sr~UCI'UP, ES Urbanizat
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• Potential military billets (hot
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Hitler permitted Field Marshal Albe
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Roof Obstacles .->-- Defensive Fire
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prevent pilferage, looting, and act
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prioritize intelligently, strike ta
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Low-level U.S. raids against Japan,
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IqO'[ES 1. Sun Tzu, The Art of War,
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33. Ibid., 1-10, 5-1, 5-5 through 5
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11, LIi I.o OF COMMUi ItC/-¥[ION T
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Interceptor L.. ditch r J f t I / F
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Truss Figure 32. Bridge Types Depic
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Substructures consist essentially o
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delivered them to Lashio by rail, w
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• Tracks (number, together with l
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Forwardin, Control tower - Sorting
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snow, and all pilots were equally c
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Stage I Approach "~1 Stage II & III
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION 233 -1- ::::
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~rmed forces in Vietnam. Soviet mer
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Map 29. U.S. and Soviet Space Launc
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Map 30. Earth Support Satellite Orb
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kerosene, and diesel in batches tha
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13. H. Milton Duesenberg, Alaska Hi
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"12 ,x =,-,- ::::::::::::::::~:~:;:
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Service East Coast West Coast Navy
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Map 31. Ballistic Missile Early War
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Map 33. U.S. Cold War Bases in Grea
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Cherbourg, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, a
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+ i m i D N O 0 l ill 0 Active U.S.
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Map 36. U.S. Cold War Bases in lber
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BULGARIA qzmir Map 38. U.S. Cold Wa
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Kuril Island chain, Sakhalin, and t
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Map 40. U.S. Cold War Bases in Japa
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10. Ibid., 13-17; Gordon A. Moon II
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FORTIFIED POI i~lT'~ Impromptu stro
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F~[,~'I'I FI Er~ LII',IE~ Fortified
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of Messines RidRe detonated 933,000
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1 981 ). See also Dale E. Floyd, Mi
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" 4; ir'~ POLITI CAL-t II LI fAk/'
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MILITARY SERVICE PREDILICTIONS 279
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MILITARY SERVICE PREDILICTIONS 281
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I i~I'I'.~GRATED Ablb UPDA'I'ED VI.
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15, GEOPOLITICAL FRICI'IObl Good fe
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• A contiguous zone up to 12 more
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Annexations I. Pechenga (1944) II.
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Embassy in Beijing for more than 2
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Reconciliation of disputes in the S
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KENYA ETHIOPIA I / / f 1 f ,F \ DJI
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Map 49. Boundary Disputes in Jammu
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OIL ,SPILL~ Accidental oil spills i
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air, arable land, fisheries, other
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Kurds m Turkey, Iraq and Iran: Brie
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60. A National Strategy of Engageme
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~LIED/-\ORS DLJRIt~I~ WORLD WAR II
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~.~;:~:~:~.~:~:;.~;.~;.:~:~:~:~:~:~
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312 PART THREE. POI.ITICAL-MILITARY
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Map 52. AFCENT Areas of Responsibif
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.-.....,......,.....,..............
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fields to the United States under e
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29 XX I 1/16 II 2116 A B C Figure 3
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::~,~i::,'.:. ":: ~The: : " " ~,:~,
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Map 55. Route Packages in North Vie
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[. }..}:.-.. ~-.-..--~--.-._.~-..-'
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34. Deep Battle (Washington, DC: De
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Allied and captured enemy quarries
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332 {D-D E o~E 0 0 t.. O~ C {D ;- U
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Cobblestones such as those on this
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~ ~ ~i ~!!~!~ii ii iiiiii~il ~ ~ ~
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338 25"0 ~ o © ~>.x:: _c ©.x:: t.
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Location Size Shape Land Forms Drai
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342 PART FOUR: AREA AN ALYSES / •
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lucrative targets are deeply buried
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I 0 P E i 0 PIEPTUPIE The landing b
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WHY I~IO~THWE~TEI~H I~IOR/~AI'I DI?
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Map 59. Drainage Patterns in Northw
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were broken by five wooded draws ju
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Table 27. Populated Places in Manch
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Divisions put ashore exclusively al
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OPERATION NEPTUNE 359 Adapted from
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tetrahedons into hedgerow cutters t
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Map 62. U.S. Expeditionary Airfield
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4. Richard Collier, The War in the
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19, OPE[,tA'(IOi I PLAi I - - - - -
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P Map 63. The Ho Chi Minh Trail CHI
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The Annam Mountain Chain. The highe
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even through the Khe San Gap; and a
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PAON,~OOHAL I HFLUEHCE,~ Monsoonal
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flying weather over hill country be
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l I I ! I l \ Map 66. OPLAN El Paso
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Po~r CLEA~AHCE CAPACITIES Da Nang c
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Table 32. Schedules for DuaI-Lanin~
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destroyed copious supplies but, in
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Global and regional AORs require pe
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OPLAN PACOM POW PSYOP R&D RDJTF SAC
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area analysis: A process that asses
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celestial sphere: An imaginary, non
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collides with the upper atmosphere.
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geography: An interdisciplinary fie
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isothermal area: A region within wh
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orbital period: The time it takes a
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spacecraft: Any manned or unmanned
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weather: The condition of Earth's a
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Milne, Loris J., and Margery Milne.
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Light Data The Air Almanac. Issued
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Davidian, Zaven N. 1994. Economic D
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Brinkerhoff, John R. 1964. The Natu
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Abyss characteristics, 48, 49, 59 H
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importance, 21 Biological warfare h
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COSSAC. See Morgan, Lieutenant Gene
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France denies overflight rights, 16
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U.S., Japanese manuals, 116 Juno Be
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Military service schools of thought
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Pack ice, 55, 100-101 PACOM. See U.
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population patterns, 180 Russian Re
Page 440 and 441:
Taylor, General Maxwell D., AOR in
Page 442 and 443:
monsoons, 79, 368, 375-377 non-Asia
Page 444 and 445:
Ill!l!r! ISBN O- 6-049405-2 !11[!!!
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EL JADIDA ;.' ~ .++.+.+#+ .+~" z..
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