Noise emissions and exposure from mobile woodchippers - HSE
Noise emissions and exposure from mobile woodchippers - HSE
Noise emissions and exposure from mobile woodchippers - HSE
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
Health <strong>and</strong> Safety<br />
Executive<br />
<strong>Noise</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>exposure</strong> <strong>from</strong><br />
<strong>mobile</strong> <strong>woodchippers</strong><br />
Prepared by Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Laboratory<br />
for the Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Executive 2008<br />
RR618<br />
Research Report
Health <strong>and</strong> Safety<br />
Executive<br />
<strong>Noise</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>exposure</strong> <strong>from</strong><br />
<strong>mobile</strong> <strong>woodchippers</strong><br />
Liz Brueck BSc, MIOA<br />
Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Laboratory<br />
Harpur Hill<br />
Buxton<br />
Derbyshire SK17 9JN<br />
Mobile wood chipping equipment used in forestry <strong>and</strong> arboriculture generates high levels of noise. Sustained excessive<br />
noise <strong>exposure</strong> leads to gradual hearing damage. This damage results in deafness <strong>and</strong> tinnitus. Under the Control of<br />
<strong>Noise</strong> at Work Regulations 2005 there is a requirement to control noise <strong>exposure</strong> by technical <strong>and</strong> managerial means with<br />
hearing protection only used as a last resort.<br />
An important noise control measure is the selection of quieter machines. <strong>Noise</strong> emission data provided by the machine<br />
manufacturers <strong>and</strong> suppliers should enable this selection. Manufacturers are obliged to ensure low noise designs <strong>and</strong> to<br />
provide values for the noise emission under stated operating conditions. It is also recognised that the real world operating<br />
conditions will also influence the noise emission <strong>and</strong> the noise <strong>exposure</strong> of the operator.<br />
The Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Laboratory performed measurements of the noise emission <strong>and</strong> operator noise <strong>exposure</strong> of a range<br />
of <strong>mobile</strong>, h<strong>and</strong> fed, wood chippers under simulated st<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>and</strong> real world operating conditions. These measurements<br />
were made on behalf of the Forestry Commission <strong>and</strong> Jason Liggins of the Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Executive’s Policy Group<br />
- Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Food Section.<br />
The main aims of the work were:<br />
1. To provide information on the noise emission <strong>from</strong> a range of wood chipping equipment under a range of set,<br />
typical use conditions.<br />
2. To provide information on noise <strong>exposure</strong>s <strong>from</strong> use of this equipment, <strong>and</strong> the operational factors which<br />
influence this including, but not limited to, materials being processed, methods of infeed <strong>and</strong> position of operator.<br />
3. To ascertain whether there are significant variations between manufacturer’s declared noise <strong>emissions</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>emissions</strong> under typical use.<br />
This report describes the noise measurement procedure <strong>and</strong> details the results. Technical terms used in this report are<br />
explained in a glossary at the end of this report.<br />
This report <strong>and</strong> the work it describes were funded by the Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Executive (<strong>HSE</strong>). Its contents, including any<br />
opinions <strong>and</strong>/or conclusions expressed, are those of the author alone <strong>and</strong> do not necessarily reflect <strong>HSE</strong> policy.<br />
<strong>HSE</strong> Books
© Crown copyright 2008<br />
First published 2008<br />
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be<br />
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted<br />
in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,<br />
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior<br />
written permission of the copyright owner.<br />
Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to:<br />
Licensing Division, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office,<br />
St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ<br />
or by e-mail to hmsolicensing@cabinet-office.x.gsi.gov.uk<br />
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
Thanks are due to James Archer of Tilhill <strong>and</strong> Paul Webster of Forest Research. They provided<br />
invaluable expertise as well as the machines, timber, <strong>and</strong> facilities used in this trial.<br />
iii
CONTENTS<br />
1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 1<br />
2 LEGAL DUTIES FOR MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS, AND<br />
STANDARDS FOR WOODCHIPPERS ............................................................. 2<br />
2.1 <strong>Noise</strong> control............................................................................................ 2<br />
2.2 <strong>Noise</strong> test code ........................................................................................ 3<br />
3 SELECTION OF WOOD CHIPPERS FOR USE IN THE STUDY ............... 4<br />
4 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE ................................................................ 6<br />
4.1 Operating conditions................................................................................ 6<br />
4.2 Measurement conditions.......................................................................... 6<br />
5 RESULTS ................................................................................................... 8<br />
5.1 Sound power results ................................................................................ 8<br />
5.2 Operator position sound pressure level ................................................. 10<br />
5.3 Frequency content of the chipper noise................................................. 12<br />
5.4 Direction of the chipper noise ................................................................ 12<br />
5.5 Half length timber in st<strong>and</strong>ard test ......................................................... 12<br />
5.6 Manufacturer’s Data .............................................................................. 13<br />
6 MATTERS RAISED BY THE RESULTS................................................... 14<br />
6.1 Possible impacts WITH HOPPER ......................................................... 14<br />
6.2 Suitability of noise test code .................................................................. 14<br />
6.3 Quiet machines...................................................................................... 15<br />
6.4 Operator hearing protection................................................................... 15<br />
6.5 Manufacturers’ noise data ..................................................................... 16<br />
7 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................ 17<br />
8 RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................. 18<br />
9 REFERENCES.......................................................................................... 19<br />
10 APPENDIX A FREQUENCY SPECTRA ............................................... 20<br />
11 APPENDIX B – CHIPPER PHOTOGRAPHS ........................................ 31<br />
12 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... 42<br />
v
Objectives<br />
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY<br />
1. To provide information on the noise emission <strong>from</strong> a range of wood chipping<br />
equipment under a range of conditions of typical use.<br />
2. To provide information on noise <strong>exposure</strong>s <strong>from</strong> use of this equipment, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
operational factors, which influence this including, but not limited to, materials being<br />
processed, methods of feeding of materials <strong>and</strong> position of operator.<br />
3. To ascertain whether there are significant variations between manufacturer’s declared<br />
noise <strong>emissions</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> under typical use.<br />
Main Findings<br />
1. Operators may be exposed to sound levels reaching 107dB(A) during typical use.<br />
Levels can be reduced to between 95 <strong>and</strong> 100dB(A) if noise controls seen on a<br />
prototype machine are applied. <strong>Noise</strong> emission is also directional with most noise<br />
generally being in the direction of the hopper <strong>and</strong> the operator.<br />
2. <strong>Noise</strong> emission is dependent on type of material being processed, especially in the<br />
infeed hopper direction. Untrimmed material with soft branches is quieter than trimmed<br />
logs. The square cut timber specified by the C st<strong>and</strong>ard (BS EN 13525:2005) noise test<br />
code creates additional, often dominant, high frequency noise. It is thought these noise<br />
characteristics arise <strong>from</strong> impacts in the infeed hopper.<br />
3. Few manufacturers <strong>and</strong> suppliers provide noise emission data with details of the<br />
applicable operating conditions.<br />
Recommendations<br />
1. Effective noise controls seen in a prototype model woodchipper should be applied to<br />
other models to reduce noise emission <strong>and</strong> operator <strong>exposure</strong>.<br />
2. Users need access to complete noise emission data to allow selection of quiet machines.<br />
<strong>HSE</strong> should encourage the provision of this data as required by regulations.<br />
3. The noise test code in the C st<strong>and</strong>ard would benefit <strong>from</strong> revision, to include a more<br />
realistic wood <strong>and</strong> reporting of the average emission rather than selected values.<br />
4. Simple noise controls to the hopper should be tried on machines showing strongly<br />
directional noise to the hopper side.<br />
vii
viii
1 INTRODUCTION<br />
Mobile wood chipping equipment used in forestry <strong>and</strong> arboriculture generates high levels of<br />
noise. Sustained excessive noise <strong>exposure</strong> leads to gradual hearing damage. This damage<br />
results in deafness <strong>and</strong> tinnitus. Under the Control of <strong>Noise</strong> at Work Regulations 2005 there is a<br />
requirement to control noise <strong>exposure</strong> by technical <strong>and</strong> managerial means with hearing<br />
protection only used as a last resort.<br />
An important noise control measure is the selection of quieter machines. <strong>Noise</strong> emission data<br />
provided by the machine manufacturers <strong>and</strong> suppliers should enable this selection.<br />
Manufacturers are obliged to ensure low noise designs <strong>and</strong> to provide values for the noise<br />
emission under stated operating conditions. It is also recognised that the real world operating<br />
conditions will also influence the noise emission <strong>and</strong> the noise <strong>exposure</strong> of the operator.<br />
The Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Laboratory performed measurements of the noise emission <strong>and</strong> operator<br />
noise <strong>exposure</strong> of a range of <strong>mobile</strong>, h<strong>and</strong> fed, wood chippers under simulated st<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>and</strong> real<br />
world operating conditions. These measurements were made on behalf of the Forestry<br />
Commission <strong>and</strong> Jason Liggins of the Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Executive’s Policy Group –<br />
Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Food Section.<br />
The main aims of the work were:<br />
1. To provide information on the noise emission <strong>from</strong> a range of wood chipping<br />
equipment under a range of set, typical use conditions.<br />
2. To provide information on noise <strong>exposure</strong>s <strong>from</strong> use of this equipment, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
operational factors which influence this including, but not limited to, materials being<br />
processed, methods of infeed <strong>and</strong> position of operator.<br />
3. To ascertain whether there are significant variations between manufacturer’s declared<br />
noise <strong>emissions</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> under typical use.<br />
This report describes the noise measurement procedure <strong>and</strong> details the results. Technical terms<br />
used in this report are explained in a glossary at the end of this report.<br />
1
2.1<br />
2<br />
LEGAL DUTIES FOR MANUFACTURERS AND<br />
SUPPLIERS, AND STANDARDS FOR WOODCHIPPERS<br />
Under the Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992 manufacturers <strong>and</strong> suppliers of<br />
machinery have a legal duty to produce machinery with minimized noise <strong>emissions</strong>, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
provide information on the noise emitted.<br />
As an aid to compliance EN ISO 12100-1 defines a range of st<strong>and</strong>ards to specify the safety<br />
requirements for machinery <strong>and</strong> equipment. Within this range C-st<strong>and</strong>ards relate to specific<br />
types of machinery <strong>and</strong> equipment. C-st<strong>and</strong>ards define the range of design <strong>and</strong> construction<br />
criteria related to the safety requirements <strong>and</strong> give verification tests for these. The C-st<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
for wood chippers is BS EN 13525:2005. This st<strong>and</strong>ard includes examples of how <strong>and</strong> where<br />
noise may be controlled <strong>and</strong> a noise test code for the determination of the noise emission <strong>and</strong><br />
the operator noise <strong>exposure</strong>.<br />
Manufacturers may choose to follow part or all of the C-st<strong>and</strong>ard, or choose to comply directly<br />
with the regulations by other means – so for example declare noise according to the st<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
test method, or declare using their own appropriate test method.<br />
NOISE CONTROL<br />
In section 4.4.1 the BS EN 13525:2005 considers noise sources <strong>and</strong> noise controls. The text is<br />
quoted below. The paragraph numbering is as given in the st<strong>and</strong>ard.<br />
4.4.1.1.1 <strong>Noise</strong> reduction at source by design <strong>and</strong> by protective measures<br />
The machine shall generate a noise level as low as practicable. The methodology for designing<br />
low-noise machinery described in EN ISO 11688-1 shall be used.<br />
The main sources causing noise in wood chippers include e.g.<br />
Infeed mechanism;<br />
Chipping components;<br />
Chip discharge;<br />
Power source<br />
The noise reduction measures by design include e.g.<br />
Selecting low noise components e.g. engine;<br />
Selecting proper materials;<br />
Selecting proper thickness <strong>and</strong> coating of surfaces;<br />
Optimisation the knife mounting configuration;<br />
Optimisation of the knife/feeding angle;<br />
Selecting low noise exhaust system.<br />
2
4.4.1.1.2 <strong>Noise</strong> reduction by information<br />
If after taking all possible technical measures for reducing noise at the design stage a<br />
manufacturer considers that further protection of the operator is necessary, then the instruction<br />
h<strong>and</strong>book shall:<br />
2.2<br />
Recommend the use of low-noise operating modes, <strong>and</strong>/or limited time operation;<br />
Give a warning of the noise level <strong>and</strong> recommend the use of ear protection.<br />
NOISE TEST CODE<br />
The noise test code in EN 13525:2005 requires the noise emission of the wood chipper to be<br />
obtained <strong>from</strong> sound pressure level measurements over a hemispherical surface around the<br />
wood chipper, over a hard reflecting ground surface. The sound pressure level measurements<br />
are used to determine the A-weighted sound power over a specified work cycle.<br />
The operator’s noise <strong>exposure</strong> is determined using the same specified work cycle as the noise<br />
emission assessment.<br />
The specified work cycle defined by the noise test code is quoted below. The paragraph<br />
numbering is as given in the st<strong>and</strong>ard noise test code.<br />
B.5.2 The measurements shall be done over one complete cycle of the chipping work. The<br />
machine shall be operated within 10% of its maximum rated rotational frequency.<br />
Provisions to monitor this during measurements shall be made <strong>and</strong> be recorded in the test<br />
report.<br />
B.5.3 The measurements shall be made while chipping a 4 m long (50 ± 10) mm x (50 ± 10)<br />
mm air dry, moisture (18 ± 3) %, pine or equivalent wood at maximum infeed speed of the<br />
machine. The infeed has to be continuous in order to achieve a measuring period of at least<br />
10 s. The work cycle begins when the wood meets the blades <strong>and</strong> ends when all the wood is<br />
chipped. At the end of the cycle the operator is ready to infeed another wood into the<br />
chipper. After feeding the test piece the operator remains st<strong>and</strong>ing upright at the position<br />
where the feeding was performed. The machine blade setting shall be recorded <strong>and</strong><br />
reported in the test report. Chips shall be blown 90° clockwise in relation to the feed.<br />
B.6 Tests shall be repeated until three consecutive A-weighted results give values within<br />
2dB.<br />
BS EN 13525:2005 <strong>and</strong> its noise test code is not applicable to wood chippers manufactured<br />
before the date of publication of the st<strong>and</strong>ard by CEN.<br />
3
3 SELECTION OF WOOD CHIPPERS FOR USE IN THE<br />
STUDY<br />
Chippers may be designed as utility or wood fuel types. There are also three types of chipping<br />
mechanism used;<br />
Disc, rotating knives sometimes fixed to a backing plate for support,<br />
Drum, knives mounted around the inside of a drum,<br />
Screw, a spinning conical screw with sharpened outer edges that both cuts <strong>and</strong> provides<br />
the infeed mechanism.<br />
Most <strong>mobile</strong> wood chippers are utility machines <strong>and</strong> most wood chippers use a disc type<br />
chipping action.<br />
Eleven wood chippers were selected for the study. Of the eleven selected, ten were disc type<br />
<strong>and</strong> one was a drum action chipper; nine were utility; two were wood fuel types. No screw type<br />
chippers were included as this design is obsolete <strong>and</strong> only a few examples are still in use.<br />
Tracked models with caterpillar tracks for independent movement, road tow models towed by<br />
another vehicle, <strong>and</strong> PTO (power take off) models powered <strong>from</strong> a tractor during chipping were<br />
all included. All <strong>woodchippers</strong> were supplied with freshly sharpened blades.<br />
The <strong>woodchippers</strong> are identified by letter designation as given in Table 1. Woodchipper D was<br />
a prototype on which the manufacturer had added additional noise controls; all other machines<br />
were normal production models. Two versions of woodchipper C were tested; a tracked model<br />
<strong>and</strong> a road tow model.<br />
Appendix B has photographs of the machines.<br />
4
Table 1 Wood chippers selected for use in the study<br />
All <strong>woodchippers</strong> were utility type unless stated otherwise<br />
ID Type Engine/ PTO Chipping Max. Cutting Infeed No. of<br />
Speed Type Diameter Angle Knives<br />
(inches)<br />
A Wood fuel PTO 550 rpm Drum 12 (height)<br />
14 (width)<br />
90º Not<br />
applicable<br />
B PTO 1000 rpm Disc 12 90º 6<br />
C Tracked 35hp diesel Disc 6 90º 2<br />
C Road tow 35hp diesel Disc 6 90º 2<br />
D Road tow prototype 50hp diesel Disc 7 90º 4<br />
with added noise engine blades<br />
controls<br />
E Road tow 34hp turbo<br />
diesel engine<br />
F Tracked 50hp diesel<br />
engine<br />
G Road tow 34hp diesel<br />
engine<br />
H Tracked 50hp diesel<br />
engine<br />
I Wood fuel PTO 1000 rpm<br />
(Valtra 6550)<br />
J Road Tow 28hp diesel<br />
engine<br />
Discblades <br />
Discblades<br />
6 90º 4<br />
7 90º 4<br />
Disc 6 90º 2<br />
Disc 9 90º 2<br />
Disc 10 45º 2<br />
Disc 6 90º 2<br />
5
4.1<br />
4 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE<br />
OPERATING CONDITIONS<br />
The chippers were tested in an open area away <strong>from</strong> other noise sources <strong>and</strong> obstructions likely<br />
to cause significant reflections. The ground was flat <strong>and</strong> hard, providing a reflecting ground<br />
plane over the whole measurement area.<br />
Logs of fresh trimmed (no twigs) <strong>and</strong> untrimmed (with twigs <strong>and</strong> small branches) hard wood<br />
<strong>and</strong> soft wood were used to represent typical working materials. Several lengths were fed one<br />
by one into the wood chipper providing a continuous period of chipping for around one minute.<br />
Table 2 gives the wood description provided by Forest Research <strong>and</strong> the moisture content<br />
determined after chipping.<br />
Table 2 Description of wood used for chipper trial<br />
Report description Wood Dimensions Moisture content<br />
%<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard Square sawn 50mm x 50 mm x 4.8m 13<br />
Untrimmed soft<br />
wood<br />
Scots Pine<br />
tops<br />
12cm average butt diameter x 4.0m<br />
64<br />
Trimmed soft wood Scots Pine 10 cm average butt diameter x 2.8m (range 6<br />
–14cm)<br />
63<br />
Untrimmed hard Birch tops 8cm average butt diameter x 6m (range 5 – 44<br />
wood 11cm)<br />
Trimmed hard wood Birch 11cm average butt diameter x 2.8m (range 6<br />
–16 cm)<br />
46<br />
To reproduce the operating conditions required by the st<strong>and</strong>ard noise test code measurements<br />
were made while cutting single 4.8m lengths of 50mm square cut pine. From 3 to 5 repeat<br />
measurements were taken with each machine. Some additional measurements were also made<br />
using 2.4m lengths of 50mm square cut pine to check the effect of timber length.<br />
The utility chippers were run at maximum infeed speed throughout. This is typical of normal<br />
use. The wood fuel chippers were run at both mid <strong>and</strong> maximum infeed speed, which is again<br />
within the range typical of normal use.<br />
4.2 MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS<br />
4.2.1 <strong>Noise</strong> measurements<br />
Sound pressure level measurements to estimate the noise emission of each chipper were made at<br />
four locations 6 to 8m <strong>from</strong> the centre of the chipper at a height of 1.5m. Figure 1 shows the<br />
approximate positions. Position 1 was in front of the hopper, <strong>and</strong> slightly off centre to avoid<br />
shielding by the operator. Positions 1 <strong>and</strong> 2 remained fixed having clear line of sight to the<br />
chipper; positions 3 <strong>and</strong> 4 were varied for different chippers to ensure clear line of sight<br />
remained when tractors <strong>and</strong> towing vehicles were used with the operating chipper.<br />
At least two additional measurements above the height of the chipper would be required for the<br />
full assessment of the noise emission under the st<strong>and</strong>ard noise test code. The results here are<br />
intended to provide an estimate of the noise emission as it affects nearby operators, <strong>and</strong> do not<br />
consider any directional characteristics of noise emitted upwards <strong>from</strong> the chipper.<br />
6
1<br />
Infeed<br />
hopper<br />
operator<br />
discharge<br />
4 3<br />
Figure 1 Approximate measurement positions around chipper<br />
CEL 360 noise dosemeters at each measurement position recorded the A-weighted Leq, <strong>and</strong> Cweighted<br />
peak level. Data were record continuously at 2-second intervals to allow the results<br />
for each different operation to be extracted during post measurement analysis.<br />
The operator’s noise <strong>exposure</strong> was recorded using a CEL 460 noise dosemeter with the<br />
microphone fitted at the end of the shoulder. This recorded the A-weighted Leq, <strong>and</strong> C-weighted<br />
peak levels at 5-second intervals.<br />
In addition the noise in front of the hopper at position 1 was analysed using a B&K 2260 sound<br />
level meter / analyser. This provided frequency analysis of the noise.<br />
4.2.2 Moisture content<br />
Samples of the chipped wood were immediately bagged after chipping for analysis of the<br />
moisture content. These values were obtained by measurement of a sample weight before <strong>and</strong><br />
after drying.<br />
7<br />
2
5.1<br />
SOUND POWER RESULTS<br />
5 RESULTS<br />
The A-weighted Leq for each operation was obtained <strong>from</strong> the time history recorded by each<br />
dosemeter around the machine. The Leq was recorded for approximately one minute’s<br />
continuous chipping for operations representing normal working. To assess the variation in the<br />
noise emission over the period the Leq was also recorded for each individual infeed cycle within<br />
the period. The Leq for the st<strong>and</strong>ard test material was for a period chipping a single piece of<br />
wood, lasting <strong>from</strong> the start of feed of the wood to the end of the chipping. This period was<br />
typically 5 to 10 seconds.<br />
Sound power is a measurement of the total noise emitted by a machine. For a sound source <strong>and</strong><br />
measurements over a hard reflecting ground plane:<br />
Sound power Lw = Leq + 20 log r + 7.8dB<br />
Where Leq is the time averaged sound pressure level at a distance r in metres <strong>from</strong> the source<br />
centre.<br />
The sound <strong>from</strong> the chipper is directional with the highest levels generally being in front of the<br />
hopper. The overall sound power was calculated as the average of the sound power values for<br />
the four different directions as below:<br />
Overall sound power Lwtot = 10 log (10 Lw1/10 + 10 Lw2/10 +10 Lw3/10 +10 Lw4/10 )/4<br />
Where the st<strong>and</strong>ard test conditions have been reproduced a sound power value has been<br />
obtained for each piece of test wood chipped. This has provided a range of values. The value<br />
reported is the mean of the first three consecutive values that are within 2dB as required by the<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ard noise test code.<br />
Plots of the sound power for each machine <strong>and</strong> wood type are shown in Figure 2. The machines<br />
are shown in the order of testing. Table 3 gives the same data as numerical values together with<br />
the st<strong>and</strong>ard deviation of the sound power taken <strong>from</strong> the results for each infeed cycle within the<br />
period.<br />
8
Table 3 <strong>Noise</strong> emission dB(A) of <strong>woodchippers</strong> with different wood <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
deviation calculated for individual infeed cycles within operating period.<br />
ID Type Trimmed Untrimmed Trimmed Untrimmed St<strong>and</strong>ard wood<br />
softwood softwood hardwood hardwood<br />
Overall Std Overall Std Overall Std Overall Std Mean Std<br />
dev dev dev dev of three dev<br />
A Wood fuel PTO 115.5 0.9 114 0.5 116.5 0.5 114 1.2 115 0.8<br />
max<br />
114<br />
mid<br />
0.1<br />
B PTO 118 0.8 117 0.3 119.5 0.9 115.5 0.9 120.5 0.4<br />
C Tracked 118.5 0.4 117 0.7 120.5 0.9 117.5 2.0 124.5 1.2<br />
C Road tow 117.5 0.4 112.5 1.1 118 0.4 115.5 1.4 123 0.9<br />
D Road tow prototype<br />
with added noise<br />
controls<br />
113.5 0.5 112.5 1.1 114 0.9 110.5 0.3 117.5 1.0<br />
E Road tow 117 1.5 117 0.4 118.5 1.0 115.5 1.8 123.5 1.0<br />
F Tracked 120 0.8 118 0.4 120 0.7 117 0.8 120 0.8<br />
G Road tow 118 0.7 117 0.1 118.5 0.4 117.5 1.2 122.5 0.9<br />
H Tracked 121 0.7 116 2.4 119.5 1.4 117 0.2 123 1.4<br />
I Wood fuel PTO 118 0.9 117 0.5 119.5 0.5 117.5 0.7 118 0.6<br />
max<br />
116<br />
mid<br />
1.7<br />
J Road Tow 118.5 0.4 115.5 1.4 117.5 0.5 116.5 0.6 119.5 0.6<br />
Note: All chippers were run at maximum infeed speed throughout except for <strong>woodchippers</strong> A<br />
<strong>and</strong> I. Woodchipper A was run at mid infeed speed for the trimmed <strong>and</strong> untrimmed hard <strong>and</strong><br />
softwood. The st<strong>and</strong>ard wood results were obtained at maximum <strong>and</strong> mid infeed speeds for<br />
both the <strong>woodchippers</strong> A <strong>and</strong> I.<br />
9
5.2<br />
Sound power dB(A<br />
130<br />
125<br />
120<br />
115<br />
110<br />
105<br />
100<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C tracked<br />
C road tow<br />
D<br />
E<br />
Chipper<br />
F<br />
Figure 2 <strong>Noise</strong> emission of wood chippers<br />
OPERATOR POSITION SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL<br />
G<br />
H<br />
I<br />
J<br />
Trimmed softwood<br />
Untrimmed softwood<br />
Trimmed hardwood<br />
Untrimmed hardwood<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
The operator’s noise <strong>exposure</strong> has been taken <strong>from</strong> the dosemeter worn on the shoulder. The Aweighted<br />
Leq for each operation has been obtained <strong>from</strong> the time history over the same period as<br />
the noise emission measurement. Again the normal wood results are over an approximately one<br />
minute period of continuous chipping while the st<strong>and</strong>ard result is the mean of three selected<br />
consecutive readings with single lengths of wood.<br />
The Leq for each machine <strong>and</strong> wood type are shown in Figure 3.<br />
Sound pressure level dB(A<br />
115<br />
110<br />
105<br />
100<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C tracked<br />
C road tow<br />
D<br />
E<br />
Chipper<br />
F<br />
Figure 3 Sound pressure level measured on operator<br />
10<br />
G<br />
H<br />
I<br />
J<br />
Trimmed softwood<br />
Untrimmed softwood<br />
Trimmed hardwood<br />
Untrimmed hardwood<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard
Corresponding numerical values to the results in Figure 3 are given in Table 4. Table 4 also<br />
includes an indication of the variation in sound pressure level. For normal hard <strong>and</strong> soft wood<br />
this is the difference in Leq for consecutive 30-second periods over the operating period. For the<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ard wood it is the st<strong>and</strong>ard deviation for all individual infeed cycles. The infeed cycle<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ard deviations are not reported for the normal wood, as operator actions around the chute<br />
also cause other significant variations.<br />
ID Type Trimmed<br />
softwood<br />
Overall<br />
A Wood<br />
fuel<br />
PTO<br />
Table 4 Operator position sound pressure level dB(A)<br />
Leq<br />
30s<br />
Leq<br />
spread<br />
Untrimmed<br />
softwood<br />
Overall 30s<br />
Leq<br />
Leq<br />
spread<br />
Trimmed<br />
hardwood<br />
Overall 30s<br />
Leq<br />
Leq<br />
spread<br />
Untrimmed<br />
hardwood<br />
Overall 30s<br />
Leq<br />
Leq<br />
spread<br />
100 2 96.5 1 100 1 97 1 99<br />
max<br />
99.5<br />
mid<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
wood<br />
Mean Std<br />
Leq dev<br />
of<br />
three<br />
B PTO 104.5 1.5 103 2 107 0.5 100 0.5 106.5 1.0<br />
C Tracked 105.5 1.5 102 3 107.5 1 104.5 0.5 109.5 2.3<br />
C Road<br />
tow<br />
D Road<br />
tow<br />
prototype<br />
with<br />
added<br />
noise<br />
controls<br />
E Road<br />
tow<br />
106 1 101 2.5 107.5 0 105 1.5 109 0.5<br />
99 1 97.5 3 99 0 96 1 102 0.8<br />
104 1 102.5 3.5 105.5 2 100 0 107 0.4<br />
F Tracked 103 1 101 1 105 0.5 101 1.5 103 1.0<br />
G Road<br />
tow<br />
104.5 2.5 101 2 105 0.5 103 1 103.5 0.1<br />
H Tracked 105 2 100.5 5.5 102.5 2 100.5 1 103 1.9<br />
I Wood<br />
fuel<br />
PTO<br />
J Road<br />
Tow<br />
102.5 1.5 100 1.5 104.5 2 101.5 0 100<br />
max<br />
1.6<br />
94.5<br />
mid<br />
0.4<br />
104 0.5 105 5 104 0.5 101 2 98.5 1.2<br />
11<br />
3.8<br />
2.1
5.3 FREQUENCY CONTENT OF THE CHIPPER NOISE<br />
The 2260 sound level meter at position 1, facing the hopper, recorded the noise spectra as the<br />
unweighted Leq in third octave b<strong>and</strong>s. These spectra are shown in Appendix A of this report.<br />
5.4 DIRECTION OF THE CHIPPER NOISE<br />
Table 5 compares the difference in level at the hopper side (position 1) with positions 2, 3, <strong>and</strong><br />
4 to the side <strong>and</strong> rear. The range of values given is the difference between the sound power<br />
calculated <strong>from</strong> the LAeq at position 1 relative to positions 2, 3, <strong>and</strong> 4. As this difference is<br />
calculated <strong>from</strong> the predicted sound power for each direction it is independent of the actual<br />
measurement distance used. Positive values indicate a higher sound power in the direction of<br />
position 1, negative values indicate a lower value in the direction of position 1. The three<br />
values reported are in the order of position 2, 3, <strong>and</strong> 4. Readings were taken for each piece of<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ard wood <strong>and</strong> the values given are the average of the results for each piece.<br />
Table 5 Sound pressure level at position 1 on the hopper side relative to<br />
positions 2, 3, <strong>and</strong> 4 to the side <strong>and</strong> the rear dB(A)<br />
ID Type Trimmed<br />
soft wood<br />
Untrimmed<br />
soft wood<br />
Trimmed<br />
hard wood<br />
Untrimmed<br />
hard wood<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
timber<br />
A Wood fuel PTO 3.5, 3.0, 3.0 1.0, 0, 0.5 2.5, 2.5, 2.5 3.0, 2.0, 2.5 6.5, 7.0,<br />
7.5<br />
B PTO 3.0, 3.0, 4.5 2.5, 1.5, 4.0 3.5, 3.0, 5.5 3.0, 1.5, 4.5 7.0, 7.5,<br />
9.0<br />
C Tracked 7.5, 8.5, 8.5 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 8.0, 9.5, 9.5 9.0, 9.5, 10.5 11.0, 12.5,<br />
13.1<br />
C Road tow 5.0, 7.0, 7.0 3.5, 3.5, 4.5 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 5.5, 5.5, 7.0 7.5, 9.5,<br />
10.5<br />
D Road tow prototype<br />
with added noise<br />
controls<br />
2.0, 2.0, 4.5 2.0, 2.0, 4.5 2.0, 2.5, 5.0 2.5, 1.5, 4.0 2.5, 3.5,<br />
6.0<br />
E Road tow 6.0, 6.5, 8.0 7.5, 7.5, 8.0 5.5, 7.0, 7.5 7.5, 6.5, 7.5 5.0, 11.0,<br />
12.0<br />
F Tracked 3.5, 3.0, 4.5 2.0, 1.0, 3.0 3.5, 3.0, 4.5 2.0, 1.0, 2.0 4.0, 5.5,<br />
7.0<br />
G Road tow 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 3.5, 3.5, 5.0 4.0, 5.0, 6.5 5.0, 6.0, 7.5 7.0, 11.0,<br />
12.0<br />
H Tracked 8.5, 8.5, 8.0 6.5, 5.0, 5.0 8.5, 8.0, 8.0 8.5, 7.5, 7.5 10.0, 10.5,<br />
10.5<br />
I Wood fuel PTO 2.0, 0.5, 1.5 3.5, -1.5, -0.5 2.0, 1.0, 1.5 1.5, -0.5, 1.0 2.0, 1.1,<br />
2.0<br />
J Road Tow 6.5, 7.5, 8.0 5.5, 6.0, 7.0 7.0, 7.5, 8.5 7.5, 7.5, 9.0 9.0, 10.0 ,<br />
10.5<br />
5.5<br />
HALF LENGTH TIMBER IN STANDARD TEST<br />
4.8m lengths of timber were used to simulate the st<strong>and</strong>ard test given in the noise test code. It<br />
was thought that the noise might be altered if a shorter length were used. Additional tests were<br />
12
performed on woodchipper E <strong>and</strong> woodchipper G using the st<strong>and</strong>ard timber in 2.4m lengths.<br />
The results show no discernable change in the noise emission with the change in length.<br />
5.6<br />
MANUFACTURER’S DATA<br />
UK suppliers or manufacturers of the models of machine tested were asked for the noise<br />
emission <strong>and</strong> operator sound pressure level data together with the operating conditions<br />
applicable to the data.<br />
The result of these enquires is given in Table 6.<br />
Table 6 <strong>Noise</strong> data available <strong>from</strong> manufacturers <strong>and</strong> suppliers<br />
ID Type Sound<br />
power<br />
dB(A)<br />
A Wood fuel<br />
PTO<br />
Not<br />
available<br />
Operator<br />
sound<br />
pressure<br />
level dB(A)<br />
Not<br />
available<br />
B PTO 115 Not<br />
available<br />
C Tracked 119 Not<br />
available<br />
C Road tow 119 Not<br />
available<br />
D Road tow<br />
prototype with<br />
added noise<br />
controls<br />
Labelled<br />
as 91<br />
E Road tow Not<br />
available<br />
Not<br />
available<br />
Not<br />
available<br />
F Tracked 120 Not<br />
available<br />
G Road tow 115 Not<br />
available<br />
H Tracked 114 Not<br />
available<br />
I Wood fuel<br />
PTO<br />
Comments<br />
The supplier had no data <strong>and</strong> had requested data <strong>from</strong><br />
this trial<br />
Manufacturer supplies sound power <strong>and</strong> sound<br />
pressure level at 10m distance within h<strong>and</strong>book<br />
together with details of test conditions. This data was<br />
obtained chipping 120mm square, 1.5m lengths of<br />
Corsican Pine.<br />
The operating conditions used for this measurement<br />
are not in accordance with BS EN 13525:2005. A<br />
representative of the company was of the opinion that<br />
this was still a draft st<strong>and</strong>ard.<br />
Contacted manufacturer by e-mail for data. No<br />
information on operating conditions supplied.<br />
Supplier had no further information on operating<br />
conditions. No response <strong>from</strong> manufacturer.<br />
Supplier had no information on operating conditions<br />
for labelled sound power. Contacted importer for<br />
further information, <strong>and</strong> had no response.<br />
120 102 Supplier obtained information <strong>from</strong> manufacturer.<br />
Information specified as in accordance with<br />
CEN/TC144 WG8N16<br />
J Road Tow 121 106 The European <strong>and</strong> UK dealers were unable to supply<br />
the information.<br />
The manufacturer provided data obtained in<br />
accordance with EN13525.<br />
13
6 MATTERS RAISED BY THE RESULTS<br />
6.1 POSSIBLE IMPACTS WITH HOPPER<br />
The results show dependence on the type of wood being chipped. Generally the trimmed wood<br />
was noisier than the untrimmed tops. Where such differences were seen the thin square cut<br />
wood used to simulate the st<strong>and</strong>ard test conditions gave a higher noise emission than the<br />
trimmed logs (see Figures 2 <strong>and</strong> 3). It is suspected that these differences are due to impacts in<br />
or with the infeed hopper for the following reasons:<br />
• Machines having significant differences in noise emission with wood type are also<br />
shown in table 5 to be generally directional in the noise emission towards the hopper<br />
side.<br />
• In Appendix A Figures A1 to A11 show the changes in noise level with the wood type<br />
are occurring in the region above 500Hz. These frequencies are too high to be<br />
associated with the engine or chipping speed.<br />
• The noise when chipping the st<strong>and</strong>ard wood is generally showing more pronounced<br />
directionality in the hopper direction, <strong>and</strong> a dominance of higher frequencies (Figures<br />
A1 to A11). Given that this wood is springy <strong>and</strong> hard it may be impacting more often<br />
than other wood, <strong>and</strong> providing less damping of impacts with the hopper.<br />
• The noise when chipping untrimmed branches is generally lower, <strong>and</strong> with less<br />
pronounced directionality in the hopper direction. It is possible that the thin soft<br />
material damps the noise <strong>from</strong> the hopper.<br />
• The road tow version of wood chipper C carries a spare wheel on its hopper. This<br />
version is significantly quieter than the tracked version without a spare wheel on the<br />
hopper. It is thought probable that the spare wheel is providing noise damping to the<br />
hopper.<br />
• Chippers that show strong directionality to the hopper side <strong>and</strong> a wide range of noise<br />
<strong>emissions</strong> for different wood types are those most likely to benefit <strong>from</strong> damping of the<br />
hopper or a change of hopper design to reduce impacts. Reduction of noise <strong>from</strong> the<br />
hopper will have a direct benefit to the operator working by the hopper.<br />
6.2 SUITABILITY OF NOISE TEST CODE<br />
The noise test code in BS EN 13525:2005 is designed to provide repeatable test conditions for<br />
determination of the sound power of the chipper <strong>and</strong> sound pressure level at the operator’s<br />
position. It is essential for the noise test code result to allow quiet <strong>and</strong> noisy machines to be<br />
correctly identified.<br />
6.2.1 <strong>Noise</strong> emission<br />
Figure 2 shows the sound power when chipping the wood defined by the test code <strong>and</strong> during<br />
normal use. The sound power difference between these different wood types varies between<br />
machines. For five machines the st<strong>and</strong>ard wood emission results are comparable to the nosiest<br />
real world conditions, for the remaining six machines it is significantly higher. The noise test<br />
code however correctly identifies the woodchipper A <strong>and</strong> the prototype woodchipper D as the<br />
quietest machines in terms of noise emission.<br />
14
6.2.2 Operator <strong>exposure</strong><br />
The st<strong>and</strong>ard wood provided the highest sound pressure level at the operator’s position for four<br />
of the eleven machines <strong>and</strong> an underestimate of the <strong>exposure</strong> for two out of the eleven<br />
machines. In terms of operator <strong>exposure</strong> woodchipper A <strong>and</strong> woodchipper D are both<br />
significantly quieter than the other machines chipping normal wood. With the st<strong>and</strong>ard wood<br />
woodchipper D is not found to be significantly quieter at the operator position than all but four<br />
of the eleven machines tested.<br />
6.2.3 Frequency content of sound<br />
The st<strong>and</strong>ard wood is giving rise to dominant high frequency sound in the hopper direction with<br />
nine out of the eleven chippers tested (see Figures A1 to A11). This is sufficient to distort the<br />
noise emission results, on some machines.<br />
6.2.4 Changes to noise test code<br />
It is clear that the wood defined by the st<strong>and</strong>ard noise test code does not behave the same as<br />
wood more typical of normal working within the infeed hopper. An alternative such as a<br />
trimmed log of hard or soft wood, with a length <strong>and</strong> thickness within certain tolerances could be<br />
considered as an alternative that could give an estimate of the realistic maximum noise<br />
emission.<br />
The current st<strong>and</strong>ard takes the average of the first three consecutive results that are within 2dB.<br />
Where there is a large variation in level this choice of values is haphazard. An averaged result<br />
over several infeed cycles would be a more representative result.<br />
6.3 QUIET MACHINES<br />
Woodcchippers A <strong>and</strong> D proved to be the quietest machines. Both these machines gave sound<br />
pressure levels with normal wood below 100dB(A) at the operator position. Woodchipper A is a<br />
woodfuel chipper that was operated at a mid infeed speed <strong>and</strong> had a different cutting action to<br />
the other machines. These factors may account for this machine being quieter. Woodchipper D<br />
was operated at the maximum infeed speed <strong>and</strong> had the same cutting action as the other<br />
machines. The noise controls added to woodchipper D are clearly beneficial, <strong>and</strong> the result<br />
confirms that there is potential for reducing the noise emission <strong>and</strong> operator <strong>exposure</strong> of other<br />
<strong>woodchippers</strong>.<br />
Woodchipper G is specified as having noise damping provided by a paint finish. This machine<br />
was not noted as being particularly quiet.<br />
The highest noise levels for the operator were obtained <strong>from</strong> the tracked <strong>and</strong> road tow versions<br />
of woodchipper C. It is thought that noise control at the infeed hopper could reduce operator<br />
<strong>exposure</strong>.<br />
6.4 OPERATOR HEARING PROTECTION<br />
<strong>Noise</strong> control is the first priority where there is a risk of excessive noise <strong>exposure</strong> <strong>from</strong> woodchipping<br />
operations; the most obvious control is the use of quiet chippers. The results here<br />
confirm that quieter <strong>woodchippers</strong> can be produced however it is likely that hearing protection<br />
will still be required.<br />
Woodchippers should be designated as hearing protection zones where use of hearing protection<br />
is compulsory. Protectors should provide sufficient attenuation to prevent the daily <strong>exposure</strong><br />
15
exceeding 85dB(A). All machines have a generally broadb<strong>and</strong> noise spectrum. Hearing<br />
protection with an SNR value of 30dB would be recommended. Hearing protection with an<br />
SNR value of 25 to 30dB would be adequate for operators of <strong>woodchippers</strong> A <strong>and</strong> D.<br />
6.5<br />
MANUFACTURERS’ NOISE DATA<br />
<strong>Noise</strong> emission data for the machines tested was not seen in any printed or on line advertising.<br />
Sound power <strong>and</strong> operator sound pressure level data in accordance with BS EN 13525:2005 was<br />
available for woodchipper J <strong>from</strong> the manufacturer; the UK <strong>and</strong> European suppliers did not have<br />
this data. The emission data supplied was comparable with the results reported here.<br />
The manufacturer of <strong>woodchippers</strong> B <strong>and</strong> C supply data <strong>and</strong> test details within the h<strong>and</strong>book<br />
<strong>and</strong> label their machines with the sound power <strong>and</strong> the sound pressure level at 10m. Their test<br />
method is not in accordance with BS EN 13525:2005, but gives results comparable to the<br />
simulated real world data reported here. The manufacturer’s results are 4 to 5dB below the<br />
results given by the simulated st<strong>and</strong>ard test.<br />
The manufacturers of <strong>woodchippers</strong> D, E, F, G <strong>and</strong> H labelled their machines with a sound<br />
power value but information on the operating conditions applicable to the value was not<br />
available.<br />
The manufacturers’sound power values for <strong>woodchippers</strong> G <strong>and</strong> H are an underestimate of the<br />
noise emission compared to both the simulated real use <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ard test condition results<br />
reported here.<br />
It is a legal duty under the Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992 for manufacturers/<br />
suppliers to provide information on the noise emitted <strong>and</strong> the operating conditions applicable to<br />
the result. Not all manufacturers <strong>and</strong> suppliers are complying with this duty.<br />
16
7 CONCLUSIONS<br />
<strong>Noise</strong> levels for the operator can reach 107dB(A) but the prototype woodchipper D<br />
achieved levels below 99dB(A) by using additional noise controls. This machine has<br />
demonstrated the practicality of available noise controls for utility type <strong>woodchippers</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>HSE</strong> should encourage all other manufacturers to adopt these noise reduction<br />
measures, as required by the Supply Regulations. <strong>Noise</strong> <strong>exposure</strong> control by selection<br />
of quiet machines, <strong>and</strong> reduction of operator <strong>exposure</strong> time should be a priority rather<br />
than total reliance on hearing protection.<br />
In general the noise emission is lower for untrimmed wood with soft branches. It is<br />
thought that this variation arises <strong>from</strong> the cushioning of impacts within the hopper.<br />
Machines with dominant noise emission in the direction of the hopper <strong>and</strong> possibly also<br />
with a large variation in noise emission with material type are those most likely to<br />
benefit <strong>from</strong> noise damping of the hopper (to reduce the noise <strong>from</strong> impacts) or change<br />
of hopper design (to reduce the number of impacts). <strong>Noise</strong> control at the hopper would<br />
be of direct benefit to the operator, providing a reduction in noise <strong>exposure</strong>.<br />
The 12mm square cut st<strong>and</strong>ard wood in 4m lengths specified in the BS EN 13525:2005<br />
noise test code gives significantly increased noise at high frequencies in the hopper<br />
direction on most machines. This high frequency noise often dominates over the<br />
normal operating noise. This could cause problems when rank ordering machines in<br />
terms of sound power or operator noise <strong>exposure</strong>. Consideration should be given to use<br />
of a wood that gives less distortion of the noise characteristics of the chipper.<br />
Ideally the st<strong>and</strong>ard noise test code should use longer measurement periods averaged<br />
over repeated cycles.<br />
Manufacturers <strong>and</strong> suppliers are not consistently providing noise emission data. All<br />
manufacturers need to declare the sound power <strong>and</strong> the operator sound pressure level<br />
for conditions typical of normal use, including the worst case, as required by the Supply<br />
Regulations. This may be done using the noise test code in BS EN 13525:2005, or by<br />
an alternative method that must be specified.<br />
Hearing protection is required even with the quietest <strong>woodchippers</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>woodchippers</strong><br />
should be designated a hearing protection zone. Woodchippers have a generally<br />
broadb<strong>and</strong> noise spectrum. Hearing protection with an SNR value of 30dB or more<br />
should be used. An SNR value of 25 to 30dB would be adequate for the quieter<br />
<strong>woodchippers</strong> A <strong>and</strong> D.<br />
17
8 RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
The prototype woodchipper D demonstrated that significant reductions in noise emission are<br />
possible. All new <strong>woodchippers</strong> should be manufactured with similar noise controls under the<br />
requirements of the Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992.<br />
For users to select quiet machines manufacturers <strong>and</strong> suppliers must supply noise emission <strong>and</strong><br />
operator sound pressure level information as required under the Supply of Machinery (Safety)<br />
Regulations 1992. <strong>HSE</strong> should encourage all manufacturers <strong>and</strong> suppliers to make this<br />
information readily available to prospective customers.<br />
The noise test code in BS EN 13525:2005 should be improved. The requirement to report the<br />
first three chipping cycles within 2dB increases the uncertainty in the measured noise emission<br />
<strong>and</strong> operator sound pressure level. The measurement should instead be made over several<br />
cycles of chipping providing a measurement period of at least one minute. Consideration<br />
should also be given to a different wood. The 50mm square cut wood specified by the noise test<br />
code can cause significant additional high frequency noise in the hopper direction. A thicker<br />
more rigid wood would possibly give a more typical noise emission.<br />
Impacts of the wood with the hopper can be the dominant noise <strong>from</strong> a chipper. Machines that<br />
show a strongly directional noise <strong>from</strong> the hopper side <strong>and</strong> also larger variations of noise<br />
emission between trimmed <strong>and</strong> untrimmed wood are possibly more susceptible. Damping<br />
applied to the outside of the hopper may reduce the noise <strong>from</strong> impacts; change of hopper shape<br />
may reduce the number of impacts.<br />
18
British st<strong>and</strong>ard BS EN 13525:2005<br />
Forestry machinery - Wood chippers – Safety<br />
9 REFERENCES<br />
British st<strong>and</strong>ard BS EN ISO 12100-1:2003<br />
Safety of machinery – Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology,<br />
methodology.<br />
Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Executive<br />
Controlling <strong>Noise</strong> at Work – The Control of <strong>Noise</strong> at Work Regulations 2005<br />
Guidance on the regulations L108<br />
Statutory Instruments<br />
The <strong>Noise</strong> Emission in the Environment by Equipment for Use Outdoors Regulations 2001<br />
amended by The <strong>Noise</strong> Emission in the Environment by Equipment for Use Outdoors<br />
(Amendment) Regulations 2001<br />
Statutory Instrument<br />
The Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992<br />
19
10 APPENDIX A FREQUENCY SPECTRA<br />
The following figures show the third octave b<strong>and</strong> frequency spectra measured with the B&K<br />
2260 sound level meter/ analyser at Position 1 (facing <strong>and</strong> slightly off centre to the hopper of<br />
each chipper). The sound pressure level recorded is the unweighted Leq in each third octave<br />
b<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Sound pressure level dB<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
60<br />
55<br />
16<br />
25<br />
40<br />
63<br />
Woodchipper A mid <strong>and</strong> maximum infeed speed<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
400<br />
Trimmed softwood mid Untrimmed softwood mid Trimmed hardwood mid<br />
Untrimmed hardwood mid St<strong>and</strong>ard mid St<strong>and</strong>ard max<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Third octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
Figure A1 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 7m <strong>from</strong> centre of woodchipper A<br />
This woodchipper was run at the mid infeed speed when chipping the trimmed <strong>and</strong> untrimmed<br />
hard <strong>and</strong> soft wood. Measurements were made at both mid <strong>and</strong> maximum infeed speed when<br />
chipping the wood simulating the st<strong>and</strong>ard test conditions.<br />
20<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
Sound pressure level dB<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
60<br />
55<br />
16<br />
25<br />
40<br />
63<br />
Woodchipper B maximum infeed speed<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
400<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Third octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
Trimmed softwood Untrimmed softwood Trimmed hardwood<br />
Untrimmed hardwood St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
Figure A2 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 6.5m <strong>from</strong> centre of woodchipper B<br />
21<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
Sound pressure level dB<br />
100<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
60<br />
55<br />
50<br />
16<br />
25<br />
40<br />
Woodchipper C tracked version maximum infeed speed<br />
63<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
400<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Third octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
Trimmed softwood Untrimmed softwood Trimmed hardwood<br />
Untrimmed hardwood St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
Figure A3 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 7.5m <strong>from</strong> centre of tracked version of<br />
woodchipper C<br />
22<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
Sound pressure level dB<br />
100<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
60<br />
55<br />
50<br />
16<br />
25<br />
40<br />
Woodchipper C road tow version maximum infeed speed<br />
63<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
400<br />
Trimmed softwood Untrimmed softwood Trimmed hardwood<br />
Untrimmed hardwood St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Third octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
Figure A4 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 7m <strong>from</strong> centre of road tow version of<br />
woodchipper C.<br />
23<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
Sound pressure level dB<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
60<br />
16<br />
25<br />
40<br />
63<br />
Woodchipper D maximum infeed speed<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
400<br />
Trimmed softwood Untrimmed softwood Trimmed hardwood<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Third octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
Untrimmed hardwood St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
Figure A5 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 7.5m <strong>from</strong> centre of woodchipper D<br />
24<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
Sound pressure level dB<br />
100<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
60<br />
16<br />
25<br />
40<br />
63<br />
Woodchipper E maximum infeed speed<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
400<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Thrid octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
Trimmed softwood Untrimmed softwood Trimmed hardwood<br />
Untrimmed hardwood St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
Figure A6 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 7.5m <strong>from</strong> centre of woodchipper E<br />
25<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
Sound pressure level dB<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
60<br />
16<br />
25<br />
40<br />
63<br />
Woodchipper F maximum infeed speed<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
400<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Thrid octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
Trimmed softwood Untrimmed softwood Trimmed hardwood<br />
Untrimmed hardwood St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
Figure A7 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 7.5m <strong>from</strong> centre of woodchipper F<br />
26<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
Sound pressure level dB<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
60<br />
16<br />
25<br />
40<br />
63<br />
Woodchipper G maximum infeed speed<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
400<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Thrid octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
Trimmed softwood Untrimmed softwood Trimmed hardwood<br />
Untrimmed hardwood St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
Figure A8 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 7.5m <strong>from</strong> centre of woodchipper G<br />
27<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
Sound pressure level dB<br />
100<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
16<br />
25<br />
40<br />
63<br />
Woodchipper H maximum infeed speed<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
400<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Thrid octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
Trimmed softwood Untrimmed softwood Trimmed hardwood<br />
Untrimmed hardwood St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
Figure A9 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 7.5m <strong>from</strong> centre of woodchipper H<br />
28<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
Sound pressure level dB<br />
100<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
60<br />
16<br />
25<br />
Woodchipper I mid <strong>and</strong> maximum infeed speeds<br />
40<br />
63<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
Trimmed softwood max Untrimmed softwood max Trimmed hardwood max<br />
Untrimmed hardwood max St<strong>and</strong>ard max St<strong>and</strong>ard mid<br />
400<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Third octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
Figure A10 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 7.5m <strong>from</strong> centre of woodchipper I<br />
Measurements during chipping of trimmed <strong>and</strong> untrimmed logs made with chipper operating at<br />
maximum infeed speed (PTO 1000rpm). Measurements with st<strong>and</strong>ard wood at max infeed<br />
speed <strong>and</strong> repeated at mid infeed speed (PTO 540rpm).<br />
29<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
Sound pressure level dB<br />
95<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
16<br />
25<br />
40<br />
Woodchipper J maximum infeed speed<br />
63<br />
100<br />
160<br />
250<br />
400<br />
630<br />
1k<br />
1.6k<br />
Third octave b<strong>and</strong> centre frequency Hz<br />
2.5k<br />
4k<br />
Trimmed softwood Untrimmed softwood Trimmed hardwood<br />
Untrimmed hardwood St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
Figure A11 <strong>Noise</strong> spectra measured 7.5m <strong>from</strong> centre of woodchipper J<br />
30<br />
6.3k<br />
10k
11 APPENDIX B – CHIPPER PHOTOGRAPHS<br />
Woodchipper A<br />
31
Woodchipper B<br />
32
Woodchipper C tracked version<br />
33
Woodchipper C Road tow version<br />
34
Woodchipper D (prototype with additional noise controls)<br />
35
Woodchipper E<br />
36
Woodchipper F<br />
37
Woodchipper G<br />
38
Woodchipper H<br />
39
Woodchipper I<br />
40
Woodchipper J<br />
41
12 GLOSSARY<br />
A-weighting A weighting of the audible frequencies designed to reflect the response of the<br />
human ear to noise. The ear is more sensitive to noise at frequencies in the middle of the<br />
audible range than it is to either very high or very low frequencies. <strong>Noise</strong> measurements are<br />
often A-weighted (using a dedicated filter) to compensate for the sensitivity of the ear. In this<br />
report A-weighted decibel levels are indicated as dB(A).<br />
Attenuation <strong>Noise</strong> reduction, measured in decibels.<br />
C-weighting A weighting of the audible frequencies often used for measurement of peak<br />
sound pressure level. The A-weighting is not appropriate at very high noise levels; as the noise<br />
level increases the ear is better able hear low <strong>and</strong> high frequency. C-weighting has an almost<br />
flat (or linear) response across the audible frequency range.<br />
Cycle An operation or sequence of operations (of a machine) which is repeated. For the wood<br />
chipper a cycle was the period between the start of infeeding a piece of wood, to the start of<br />
infeeding of the next piece.<br />
Daily personal noise <strong>exposure</strong> (LEP,d) A measure of the average noise energy a person is<br />
exposed to during a working day. The LEP,d is directly related to the risk of hearing damage.<br />
Decibel dB The units of sound level <strong>and</strong> noise <strong>exposure</strong> measurement.<br />
Dosemeter An instrument designed to continuously measure noise <strong>exposure</strong> when worn by a<br />
person during their normal daily work.<br />
Equivalent continuous sound pressure level (Leq) A measure of the average sound pressure<br />
level during a period of time, in dB.<br />
Frequency (Hz) The pitch of the sound, measured in Hertz.<br />
Frequency analysis Analysis of a sound into its frequency components to give the noise<br />
spectrum.<br />
Infeed Wood feed into the chipper for chipping, or the action of feeding wood for chipping.<br />
LEP,d (see daily personal noise <strong>exposure</strong>)<br />
Leq (see equivalent continuous sound pressure level)<br />
Octave-b<strong>and</strong>s A division of the frequency range into b<strong>and</strong>s, the upper frequency limit of each<br />
b<strong>and</strong> being twice the lower frequency limit.<br />
Third octave b<strong>and</strong> Single octave-b<strong>and</strong>s divided into three parts.<br />
Peak sound pressure level The maximum value reached by the sound pressure at any instant<br />
during a measurement period in dB.<br />
Sound level meter Instrument for measuring various noise parameters.<br />
SNR (single number rating) A method of estimating the attenuation of ear protection based on<br />
a single parameter given by the ear protection manufacturer.<br />
42
Sound power level A measure of the total acoustic power produced by a noise source.<br />
Sound pressure level The basic measure of noise loudness, expressed in decibels, usually<br />
measured with an appropriate frequency weighting.<br />
43
Published by the Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Executive 07/08
Health <strong>and</strong> Safety<br />
Executive<br />
<strong>Noise</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>exposure</strong> <strong>from</strong><br />
<strong>mobile</strong> <strong>woodchippers</strong><br />
Mobile wood chipping equipment used in forestry <strong>and</strong><br />
arboriculture generates high levels of noise. Sustained<br />
excessive noise <strong>exposure</strong> leads to gradual hearing damage.<br />
This damage results in deafness <strong>and</strong> tinnitus. Under the Control<br />
of <strong>Noise</strong> at Work Regulations 2005 there is a requirement to<br />
control noise <strong>exposure</strong> by technical <strong>and</strong> managerial means with<br />
hearing protection only used as a last resort.<br />
An important noise control measure is the selection of quieter<br />
machines. <strong>Noise</strong> emission data provided by the machine<br />
manufacturers <strong>and</strong> suppliers should enable this selection.<br />
Manufacturers are obliged to ensure low noise designs <strong>and</strong> to<br />
provide values for the noise emission under stated operating<br />
conditions. It is also recognised that the real world operating<br />
conditions will also influence the noise emission <strong>and</strong> the noise<br />
<strong>exposure</strong> of the operator.<br />
The Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Laboratory performed measurements<br />
of the noise emission <strong>and</strong> operator noise <strong>exposure</strong> of a range<br />
of <strong>mobile</strong>, h<strong>and</strong> fed, wood chippers under simulated st<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
<strong>and</strong> real world operating conditions. These measurements were<br />
made on behalf of the Forestry Commission <strong>and</strong> Jason Liggins<br />
of the Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Executive’s Policy Group - Agriculture<br />
<strong>and</strong> Food Section.<br />
The main aims of the work were:<br />
1. To provide information on the noise emission <strong>from</strong> a<br />
range of wood chipping equipment under a range of set,<br />
typical use conditions.<br />
2. To provide information on noise <strong>exposure</strong>s <strong>from</strong> use of<br />
this equipment, <strong>and</strong> the operational factors which influence<br />
this including, but not limited to, materials being processed,<br />
methods of infeed <strong>and</strong> position of operator.<br />
3. To ascertain whether there are significant variations<br />
between manufacturer’s declared noise <strong>emissions</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>emissions</strong> under typical use.<br />
This report describes the noise measurement procedure <strong>and</strong><br />
details the results. Technical terms used in this report are<br />
explained in a glossary at the end of this report.<br />
This report <strong>and</strong> the work it describes were funded by<br />
the Health <strong>and</strong> Safety Executive (<strong>HSE</strong>). Its contents, including<br />
any opinions <strong>and</strong>/or conclusions expressed, are those of the<br />
author alone <strong>and</strong> do not necessarily reflect <strong>HSE</strong> policy.<br />
RR618<br />
www.hse.gov.uk