03469_00_FM_pi-xxxii pp2.indd - CengageBrain

Licensed to:

Licensed to:
The American Pageant
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
The American
Pageant
A History of the American People
Fourteenth Edition
David M. Kennedy
Stanford University
Lizabeth Cohen
Harvard University
Thomas A. Bailey
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
The American Pageant,
Fourteenth Edition
David M. Kennedy, Lizabeth
Cohen, Thomas A. Bailey
Senior Publisher: Suzanne Jeans
Senior Sponsoring Editor:
Ann West
Assistant Editor: Megan Curry
Editorial Assistant: Megan
Chrisman
Senior Media Editor: Lisa Ciccolo
Senior Marketing Manager:
Katherine Bates
Marketing Coordinator:
Lorreen Pelletier
Marketing Communications
Manager: Christine Dobberpuhl
Project Manager, Editorial
Production: Jane Lee
Senior Art Director:
Cate Rickard Barr
Senior Print Buyer:
Rebecca Cross
Text Designer: Henry Rachlin
Senior Text Permissions
Account Manager: Katie Huha
Senior Photo Editor:
Jennifer Meyer Dare
Photo Researcher:
Pre-PressPMG
Cover Image: Childe Hassam,
Victory Day, May 1919. Oil on
canvas. 26” x 22”. American
Academy of Arts and Letters,
NY.
Compositor: Pre-PressPMG
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
© 2010, 2006 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used
in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical,
including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning,
digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or
information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted
under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
For product information and
technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning
Academic Resource Center, 1-800-423-0563
For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/ permissions
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009934263
Student Edition:
ISBN-13: 978-0-495-90346-8
ISBN-10: 0-495-90346-9
Wadsworth
20 Channel Center Street
Boston, MA 02210
USA
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning
solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including
Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan.
Locate your local offi ce at: international.cengage.com/region
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada
by Nelson Education, Ltd.
For your course and learning solutions, visit
www.cengage.com
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
preferred online store www.ichapters.com
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Brief Contents
1 New World Beginnings 33,000 b.c.e.–1769 c.e. 1
2 The Planting of English America 1500–1733 17
3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619–1700 33
4 American Life in the Seventeenth Century 1607–1692 53
5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700–1775 69
6 The Duel for North America 1608–1763 89
7 The Road to Revolution 1763–1775 102
8 America Secedes from the Empire 1775–1783 121
9 The Confederation and the Constitution 1776–1790 143
10 Launching the New Ship of State 1789–1800 165
11 The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic
1800–1812 188
12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of
Nationalism 1812–1824 207
13 The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824–1840 226
14 Forging the National Economy 1790–1860 252
15 The Ferment of Reform and Culture 1790–1860 275
16 The South and the Slavery Controversy 1793–1860 298
17 Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy 1841–1848 318
18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle 1848–1854 337
19 Drifting Toward Disunion 1854–1861 357
20 Girding for War: The North and the South 1861–1865 377
21 The Furnace of Civil War 1861–1865 394
22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865–1877 416
23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age 1869–1896 435
24 Industry Comes of Age 1865–1900 458
25 America Moves to the City 1865–1900 482
26 The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution 1865–1896 511
27 Empire and Expansion 1890–1909 538
28 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt 1901–1912 561
29 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad 1912–1916 582
v
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
vi BRIEF CONTENTS
30 The War to End War 1917–1918 598
31 American Life in the “Roaring Twenties” 1919–1929 621
32 The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932 643
33 The Great Depression and the New Deal 1933–1939 666
34 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War 1933–1941 693
35 America in World War II 1941–1945 714
36 The Cold War Begins 1945–1952 739
37 The Eisenhower Era 1952–1960 766
38 The Stormy Sixties 1960–1968 790
39 The Stalemated Seventies 1968–1980 816
40 The Resurgence of Conservatism 1980–1992 839
41 America Confronts the Post–Cold War Era 1992–2009 859
42 The American People Face a New Century 881
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
MAPS xxiii
PREFACE xxv
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxix
1 NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS
33,000 B.C.E.–1769 C.E. 1
The Shaping of North America
CHRONOLOGY 2
1
Peopling the Americas 4
The Earliest Americans 5
Indirect Discoverers of the New World 6
Europeans Enter Africa 7
Columbus Comes upon a New World 9
When Worlds Collide 9
The Spanish Conquistadores 11
The Conquest of Mexico 13
The Spread of Spanish America 14
TO LEARN MORE 16
2 THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH
AMERICA 1500–1733 17
CHRONOLOGY 18
England’s Imperial Stirrings 18
Elizabeth Energizes England 19
England on the Eve of Empire
England Plants the Jamestown
20
Seedling 21
Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake 23
The Indians’ New World 24
Contents
vii
Virginia: Child of Tobacco 25
Maryland: Catholic Haven 27
The West Indies: Way Station to
Mainland America 27
Colonizing the Carolinas 29
The Emergence of North Carolina
Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer
30
Colony 30
The Plantation Colonies
TO LEARN MORE 32
31
3 SETTLING THE NORTHERN
COLONIES 1619–1700 33
The Protestant Reformation Produces
Puritanism 33
CHRONOLOZGY 34
The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at
Plymouth 35
The Bay Colony Bible
Commonwealth 37
Building the Bay Colony 37
Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth 39
The Rhode Island “Sewer” 39
New England Spreads Out 40
Puritans Versus Indians 42
Seeds of Colonial Unity and
Independence 42
Andros Promotes the First American
Revolution 43
Old Netherlanders at New
Netherland 45
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
viii CONTENTS
Friction with English and Swedish
Neighbors 46
Dutch Residues in New York 47
Penn’s Holy Experiment in
Pennsylvania 48
Quaker Pennsylvania and Its
Neighbors 49
The Middle Way in the Middle
Colonies 51
TO LEARN MORE 52
4 AMERICAN LIFE IN THE
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
1607–1692 53
The Unhealthy Chesapeake 53
CHRONOLOGY 54
The Tobacco Economy 54
Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s
Rebellion 56
Colonial Slavery 57
Africans in America 60
Southern Society 61
The New England Family 62
Life in the New England Towns 64
The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem
Witch Trials 64
The New England Way of Life 65
The Early Settlers’ Days and Ways 67
TO LEARN MORE 68
THINKING GLOBALLY The Atlantic Slave
Trade, 1500–1860 58
5 COLONIAL SOCIETY
ON THE EVE OF
REVOLUTION 1700–1775 69
Conquest by the Cradle 69
CHRONOLOGY 70
A Mingling of the Races 70
The Structure of Colonial Society 72
Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists 74
Workaday America 74
Horsepower and Sailpower 77
Dominant Denominations 77
The Great Awakening 79
Schools and Colleges 81
A Provincial Culture 83
Pioneer Presses 84
The Great Game of Politics 85
Colonial Folkways 86
TO LEARN MORE 88
6 THE DUEL FOR NORTH
AMERICA 1608–1763 89
France Finds a Foothold in Canada
CHRONOLOGY 90
89
New France Fans Out 91
The Clash of Empires 92
George Washington Inaugurates
War with France 93
Global War and Colonial Disunity
Braddock’s Blundering and Its
95
Aftermath 96
Pitt’s Palms of Victory 97
Restless Colonists 98
War’s Fateful Aftermath
TO LEARN MORE 101
99
7 THE ROAD TO
REVOLUTION 1763–1775 102
The Deep Roots of Revolution 102
CHRONOLOGY 103
Mercantilism and Colonial
Grievances 104
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
The Merits and Menace of
Mercantilism 105
The Stamp Tax Uproar 105
Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act 107
The Townshend Tea Tax and the
Boston “Massacre” 108
The Seditious Committees of
Correspondence 110
Tea Brewing in Boston 111
Parliament Passes the
“Intolerable Acts” 112
Bloodshed 113
Imperial Strength and Weakness 114
THINKING GLOBALLY Imperial Rivalry
and Colonial Revolt 115
American Pluses and Minuses 117
A Thin Line of Heroes 118
TO LEARN MORE 120
8 AMERICA SECEDES FROM
THE EMPIRE 1775–1783 121
Congress Drafts George Washington 121
CHRONOLOGY 122
Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings 123
The Abortive Conquest of Canada 124
Thomas Paine Preaches Common
Sense 126
Paine and the Idea of
“Republicanism” 127
Jefferson’s “Explanation” of
Independence 128
Patriots and Loyalists 129
The Loyalist Exodus 130
General Washington at Bay 131
Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion 132
Revolution in Diplomacy? 133
CONTENTS ix
The Colonial War Becomes a Wider
War 135
Blow and Counterblow 135
The Land Frontier and the Sea
Frontier 137
Yorktown and the Final Curtain 138
Peace at Paris 139
A New Nation Legitimized
TO LEARN MORE 142
140
9 THE CONFEDERATION AND THE
CONSTITUTION 1776–1790 143
CHRONOLOGY 144
The Pursuit of Equality 144
Constitution Making in the States 145
Economic Crosscurrents 147
A Shaky Start Toward Union 148
Creating a Confederation 148
The Articles of Confederation: America’s
First Constitution 149
Landmarks in Land Laws 150
The World’s Ugly Duckling 151
The Horrid Specter of Anarchy 152
A Convention of “Demigods” 154
Patriots in Philadelphia 155
Hammering Out a Bundle of
Compromises 156
Safeguards for Conservatism
The Clash of Federalists and
158
Antifederalists 159
The Great Debate in the States 161
The Four Laggard States 162
A Conservative Triumph
TO LEARN MORE 164
163
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
x CONTENTS
10 LAUNCHING THE NEW SHIP
OF STATE 1789–1800 165
CHRONOLOGY 166
Growing Pains 166
Washington for President 167
The Bill of Rights 168
Hamilton Revives the Corpse of
Public Credit 169
Customs Duties and Excise Taxes 170
Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank 171
Mutinous Moonshiners in
Pennsylvania 172
The Emergence of Political Parties 172
The Impact of the French Revolution 173
THINKING GLOBALLY Two
Revolutions 174
Washington’s Neutrality
Proclamation 177
Embroilments with Britain 179
Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s
Farewell 180
John Adams Becomes President 181
Unofficial Fighting with France 182
Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party 182
The Federalist Witch Hunt 183
The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky
(Jefferson) Resolutions 184
Federalists Versus Democratic-
Republicans 185
TO LEARN MORE 187
11 THE TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS
OF THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLIC
1800–1812 188
Federalist and Republican
Mudslingers 188
CHRONOLOGY 189
The Jeffersonian “Revolution of
1800” 190
Responsibility Breeds Moderation 191
Jeffersonian Restraint 192
The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary 193
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior 194
The Louisiana Godsend 196
Louisiana in the Long View 198
The Aaron Burr Conspiracies 199
A Precarious Neutrality 200
The Hated Embargo 201
Madison’s Gamble 203
Tecumseh and the Prophet 204
Mr. Madison’s War 205
TO LEARN MORE 206
12 THE SECOND WAR
FOR INDEPENDENCE AND
THE UPSURGE OF NATIONALISM
1812–1824 207
On to Canada over Land and Lakes
CHRONOLOGY 208
207
Washington Burned and New Orleans
Defended 209
The Treaty of Ghent 210
Federalist Grievances and the Hartford
Convention 211
The Second War for American
Independence 213
Nascent Nationalism 214
“The American System” 214
The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of
215
Hard Times 216
Growing Pains of the West 217
Slavery and the Sectional Balance 217
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
The Uneasy Missouri Compromise 219
John Marshall and Judicial
Nationalism 220
Judicial Dikes Against Democratic
Excesses 220
Sharing Oregon and Acquiring
Florida 221
The Menace of Monarchy in
America 222
Monroe and His Doctrine 223
Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised 224
TO LEARN MORE 225
13 THE RISE OF A MASS
DEMOCRACY 1824–1840 226
The “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824 226
CHRONOLOGY 227
A Yankee Misfit in the White House 229
Going “Whole Hog” for Jackson in
1828 230
“Old Hickory” as President 231
THINKING GLOBALLY Alexis de
Tocqueville on Democracy 232
The Spoils System 234
The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations” 235
“Nullies” in South Carolina 236
The Trail of Tears 237
The Bank War 240
“Old Hickory” Wallops Clay in 1832 241
Burying Biddle’s Bank 242
The Birth of the Whigs 243
The Election of 1836 243
Big Woes for the “Little Magician” 244
Depression Doldrums and the
Independent Treasury 244
Gone to Texas 246
The Lone Star Rebellion 247
CONTENTS xi
Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 249
Politics for the People 250
The Two-Party System
TO LEARN MORE 251
250
14 FORGING THE NATIONAL
ECONOMY 1790–1860 252
The Westward Movement
CHRONOLOGY 253
252
Shaping the Western Landscape 254
The March of the Millions 255
The Emerald Isle Moves West 256
The German Forty-Eighters 257
Flare-ups of Antiforeignism 258
Creeping Mechanization 260
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine 261
Marvels in Manufacturing 262
Workers and “Wage Slaves” 263
Women and the Economy 265
Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the
Fields 267
Highways and Steamboats 268
“Clinton’s Big Ditch” in New York 269
The Iron Horse 270
Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders 271
The Transport Web Binds the Union 272
The Market Revolution
TO LEARN MORE 274
273
15 THE FERMENT OF REFORM
AND CULTURE 1790–1860 275
CHRONOLOGY 276
Reviving Religion 276
Denominational Diversity 278
A Desert Zion in Utah 279
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
xii CONTENTS
Free Schools for a Free People 280
Higher Goals for Higher Learning 281
An Age of Reform 283
Demon Rum—The “Old Deluder” 284
Women in Revolt 285
Wilderness Utopias 287
The Dawn of Scientific Achievement 288
Artistic Achievements 290
The Blossoming of a National
Literature 291
Trumpeters of Transcendentalism 292
Glowing Literary Lights 294
Literary Individualists and
Dissenters 295
Portrayers of the Past 296
TO LEARN MORE 297
16 THE SOUTH AND
THE SLAVERY CONTROVERSY
1793–1860 298
“Cotton Is King!” 298
CHRONOLOGY 299
The Planter “Aristocracy” 300
Slaves of the Slave System 301
The White Majority 302
Free Blacks: Slaves Without
Masters 305
Plantation Slavery 306
Life Under the Lash 307
The Burdens of Bondage 309
Early Abolitionism 310
Radical Abolitionism 311
THINKING GLOBALLY The Struggle to
Abolish Slavery 312
The South Lashes Back 315
The Abolitionist Impact in the North 316
TO LEARN MORE 317
17 MANIFEST DESTINY AND
ITS LEGACY 1841–1848 318
The Accession of “Tyler Too”
CHRONOLOGY 319
318
John Tyler: A President Without a
Party 320
A War of Words with Britain 321
Manipulating the Maine Maps 322
The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone 323
The Belated Texas Nuptials 324
Oregon Fever Populates Oregon 324
A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny 325
Polk the Purposeful 327
Misunderstandings with Mexico
American Blood on American (?)
329
Soil 330
The Mastering of Mexico 331
Fighting Mexico for Peace 333
Profit and Loss in Mexico
TO LEARN MORE 336
333
18 RENEWING THE SECTIONAL
STRUGGLE 1848–1854 337
The Popular Sovereignty Panacea
CHRONOLOGY 338
Political Triumphs for General
337
Taylor 339
“Californy Gold” 340
Sectional Balance and the Underground
Railroad 341
Twilight of the Senatorial Giants 343
Deadlock and Danger on Capitol Hill 344
Breaking the Congressional Logjam 345
Balancing the Compromise Scales 346
Defeat and Doom for the Whigs 348
Expansionist Stirrings South of the
Border 349
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
The Allure of Asia 350
Pacific Railroad Promoters and the
Gadsden Purchase 352
Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska Scheme 353
Congress Legislates a Civil War 355
TO LEARN MORE 356
19 DRIFTING TOWARD DISUNION
1854–1861
Stowe and Helper: Literary
357
Incendiaries 357
CHRONOLOGY 358
The North-South Contest for Kansas 359
Kansas in Convulsion 360
“Bully” Brooks and His Bludgeon 361
“Old Buck” Versus “The Pathfinder” 362
The Electoral Fruits of 1856 363
The Dred Scott Bombshell 364
The Financial Crash of 1857 365
An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges
The Great Debate: Lincoln Versus
366
Douglas 367
John Brown: Murderer or Martyr? 368
The Disruption of the Democrats 370
A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 371
The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 372
The Secessionist Exodus 373
The Collapse of Compromise 374
Farewell to Union 374
TO LEARN MORE 376
20 GIRDING FOR WAR:
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
1861–1865 377
The Menace of Secession 377
CHRONOLOGY 378
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter 378
Brothers’ Blood and Border Blood 379
CONTENTS xiii
The Balance of Forces 381
Dethroning King Cotton 384
The Decisiveness of Diplomacy 385
Foreign Flare-ups 386
President Davis Versus President
Lincoln 387
Limitations on Wartime Liberties 387
Volunteers and Draftees: North and
South 388
The Economic Stresses of War 390
The North’s Economic Boom 391
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
TO LEARN MORE 393
392
21 THE FURNACE OF CIVIL WAR
1861–1865
Bull Run Ends the “Ninety-Day
394
War” 394
CHRONOLOGY 395
“Tardy George” McClellan and the
Peninsula Campaign 396
The War at Sea 398
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
A Proclamation Without
399
Emancipation 400
Blacks Battle Bondage 401
Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg 402
The War in the West 403
Sherman Scorches Georgia 405
The Politics of War 406
The Election of 1864 407
Grant Outlasts Lee 409
The Martyrdom of Lincoln 411
THINKING GLOBALLY The Era of
Nationalism 412
The Aftermath of the Nightmare 414
TO LEARN MORE 415
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
xiv CONTENTS
22 THE ORDEAL
OF RECONSTRUCTION
1865–1877 416
The Problems of Peace
CHRONOLOGY 417
416
Freedmen Define Freedom 418
The Freedmen’s Bureau 419
Johnson: The Tailor President 420
Presidential Reconstruction 421
The Baleful Black Codes 422
Congressional Reconstruction 424
Johnson Clashes with Congress 424
Swinging ’Round the Circle with
Johnson 425
Republican Principles and Programs 426
Reconstruction by the Sword 427
No Women Voters 428
The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in
the South 428
The Ku Klux Klan 430
Johnson Walks the Impeachment
Plank 431
A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson 432
The Purchase of Alaska 432
The Heritage of Reconstruction
TO LEARN MORE 434
433
23 POLITICAL PARALYSIS IN THE
GILDED AGE 1869–1896 435
CHRONOLOGY 436
The “Bloody Shirt” Elects Grant 437
The Era of Good Stealings 438
A Carnival of Corruption 438
The Liberal Republican Revolt of
1872 439
Depression, Deflation, and Inflation 440
Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age 442
The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 443
The Compromise of 1877 and the End of
Reconstruction 444
The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-
Reconstruction South 445
Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes 446
Garfield and Arthur 447
The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of
1884 449
“Old Grover” Takes Over 450
Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff 451
The Billion-Dollar Congress 452
The Drumbeat of Discontent 453
Cleveland and Depression 455
Cleveland Breeds a Backlash
TO LEARN MORE 457
456
24 INDUSTRY COMES OF AGE
1865–1900 458
CHRONOLOGY 459
The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron
Horse 459
Spanning the Continent with Rails
Binding the Country with Railroad
460
Ties 461
Railroad Consolidation and
Mechanization 462
Revolution by Railways 463
Wrongdoing in Railroading 464
Government Bridles the Iron Horse 465
Miracles of Mechanization 466
The Trust Titan Emerges 467
The Supremacy of Steel 468
Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel 469
Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty
Rose 470
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
The Gospel of Wealth 471
Government Tackles the Trust Evil 472
The South in the Age of Industry 473
The Impact of the New Industrial
Revolution on America 475
In Unions There Is Strength 476
Labor Limps Along 477
Unhorsing the Knights of Labor 479
The AF of L to the Fore
TO LEARN MORE 481
479
25 AMERICA MOVES TO THE
CITY 1865–1900 482
The Urban Frontier
CHRONOLOGY 483
482
The New Immigration 486
Southern Europe Uprooted 487
Reactions to the New Immigration 489
Narrowing the Welcome Mat
Churches Confront the Urban
491
Challenge 492
Darwin Disrupts the Churches 493
The Lust for Learning 494
Booker T. Washington and Education for
Black People 495
The Hallowed Halls of Ivy 496
The March of the Mind 497
The Appeal of the Press 498
Apostles of Reform 499
Postwar Writing 499
Literary Landmarks 500
The New Morality 502
Families and Women in the City 503
Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting
Reform 506
Artistic Triumphs 506
The Business of Amusement
TO LEARN MORE 510
508
CONTENTS xv
26 THE GREAT WEST AND
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
1865–1896 511
CHRONOLOGY 512
The Clash of Cultures on the
Plains 513
Receding Native Population 514
Bellowing Herds of Bison 516
The End of the Trail 516
Mining: From Dishpan to Ore
Breaker 517
Beef Bonanzas and the Long
Drive 518
The Farmers’ Frontier 519
The Far West Comes of Age 521
The Fading Frontier 522
The Farm Becomes a Factory 523
THINKING GLOBALLY The Great
Frontier 524
Deflation Dooms the Debtor 526
Unhappy Farmers 527
The Farmers Take Their Stand 528
Prelude to Populism 529
Coxey’s Army and the Pullman
Strike 530
Golden McKinley and Silver Bryan 531
Class Conflict: Plowholders Versus
Bondholders 533
Republican Stand-pattism
Enthroned 536
TO LEARN MORE 537
27 EMPIRE AND EXPANSION
1890–1909 538
America Turns Outward
CHRONOLOGY 539
538
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear 542
Cubans Rise in Revolt 543
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
xvi CONTENTS
Dewey’s May Day Victory at
Manila 544
The Confused Invasion of Cuba 545
America’s Course (Curse?) of
Empire 546
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and
Cuba 548
New Horizons in Two
Hemispheres 549
“Little Brown Brothers” in the
Philippines 550
Hinging the Open Door in China 551
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900? 552
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick 552
Building the Panama Canal 553
TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s
Doctrine 555
Roosevelt on the World Stage 555
THINKING GLOBALLY The Age of
Empire 556
Japanese Laborers in California 559
TO LEARN MORE 560
28 PROGRESSIVISM AND THE
REPUBLICAN ROOSEVELT
1901–1912 561
CHRONOLOGY 562
Progressive Roots 562
Raking Muck with the Muckrakers 563
Political Progressivism 565
THINKING GLOBALLY “Why Is There No
Socialism in the United States?” 566
Progressivism in the Cities and
States 568
Progressive Women 569
TR’s Square Deal for Labor 571
TR Corrals the Corporations 572
Caring for the Consumer 573
Earth Control 574
The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907 575
The Rough Rider Thunders Out 576
Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole
The Dollar Goes Abroad as a
578
Diplomat 578
Taft the Trustbuster 579
Taft Splits the Republican Party 579
The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
TO LEARN MORE 581
580
29 WILSONIAN PROGRESSIVISM
AT HOME AND ABROAD
1912–1916 582
CHRONOLOGY 583
The “Bull Moose” Campaign of
1912 583
Woodrow Wilson: A Minority
President 585
Wilson: The Idealist in Politics 586
Wilson Tackles the Tariff 587
Wilson Battles the Bankers 587
The President Tames the Trusts
Wilsonian Progressivism
588
at High Tide 589
New Directions in Foreign
Policy 590
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico 590
Thunder Across the Sea 592
A Precarious Neutrality 592
America Earns Blood Money
Wilson Wins Reelection
593
in 1916 595
TO LEARN MORE 597
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
30 THE WAR TO END WAR
1917–1918 598
CHRONOLOGY 599
War by Act of Germany 599
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned 600
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points 601
Creel Manipulates Minds 601
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling
Dissent 603
The Nation’s Factories Go to War 603
Workers in Wartime 604
Suffering Until Suffrage 605
Forging a War Economy 606
Making Plowboys into Doughboys 608
Fighting in France—Belatedly 609
America Helps Hammer the “Hun”
The Fourteen Points Disarm
610
Germany 611
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus 612
An Idealist Amid the Imperialists 613
Hammering Out the Treaty
The Peace Treaty That Bred
614
a New War 615
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice 616
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919) 616
Defeat Through Deadlock 617
The “Solemn Referendum” of 1920 618
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
TO LEARN MORE 620
619
31 AMERICAN LIFE IN THE
“ROARING TWENTIES”
1919–1929 621
CHRONOLOGY 622
Seeing Red 622
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK 623
CONTENTS xvii
Stemming the Foreign Flood 624
The Prohibition “Experiment” 627
The Golden Age of Gangsterism 628
Monkey Business in Tennessee 629
The Mass-Consumption Economy 630
Putting America on Rubber Tires 631
The Advent of the Gasoline Age 633
Humans Develop Wings 634
The Radio Revolution 635
Hollywood’s Filmland Fantasies 636
The Dynamic Decade 636
Cultural Liberation 638
Wall Street’s Big Bull Market
TO LEARN MORE 642
641
32 THE POLITICS OF BOOM AND
BUST 1920–1932 643
The Republican “Old Guard” Returns
CHRONOLOGY 644
643
GOP Reaction at the Throttle 645
The Aftermath of War
America Seeks Benefits
646
Without Burdens 647
Hiking the Tariff Higher 649
The Stench of Scandal 650
“Silent Cal” Coolidge 651
Frustrated Farmers 652
A Three-Way Race for the White House
in 1924 652
Foreign-Policy Flounderings 653
Unraveling the Debt Knot 654
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover,
1928 655
President Hoover’s First Moves 657
The Great Crash Ends the Golden
Twenties 658
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
xviii CONTENTS
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty 659
Rugged Times for Rugged
Individualists 660
Hoover Battles the Great
Depression 661
Routing the Bonus Army in
Washington 662
Japanese Militarists Attack China 663
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor
Policy 664
TO LEARN MORE 665
33 THE GREAT
DEPRESSION AND
THE NEW DEAL 1933–1939 666
CHRONOLOGY 667
FDR: Politician in a Wheelchair 667
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 669
Hoover’s Humiliation in 1932 670
FDR and the Three R’s: Relief, Recovery,
Reform 671
Roosevelt Manages the Money 673
Creating Jobs for the Jobless 674
A Day for Every Demagogue 675
New Visibility for Women 675
Helping Industry and Labor 677
Paying Farmers Not to Farm 678
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards 679
Battling Bankers and Big Business 680
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee 681
Housing and Social Security 682
A New Deal for Labor 683
Landon Challenges “the Champ” 685
Nine Old Men on the Bench 686
The Court Changes Course 687
Twilight of the New Deal 688
New Deal or Raw Deal? 690
FDR’s Balance Sheet 691
TO LEARN MORE 692
34 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
AND THE SHADOW OF WAR
1933–1941 693
The London Conference
CHRONOLOGY 694
693
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and
Recognition for the Russians 695
Becoming a Good Neighbor 695
Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade
Agreements 696
Storm-Cellar Isolationism 697
Congress Legislates Neutrality 698
America Dooms Loyalist Spain 699
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S.
700
Neutrality 701
The Fall of France 702
Refugees from the Holocaust 704
Bolstering Britain 705
Shattering the Two-Term Tradition 706
A Landmark Lend-Lease Law 708
Charting a New World 710
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s
U-boats Clash 711
Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor 712
America’s Transformation from Bystander
to Belligerent 713
TO LEARN MORE 713
35 AMERICA IN WORLD WAR II
1941–1945 714
CHRONOLOGY 715
The Allies Trade Space for Time 715
The Shock of War 716
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Building the War Machine 717
Manpower and Womanpower 718
Wartime Migrations 719
Holding the Home Front 720
The Rising Sun in the Pacific 722
Japan’s High Tide at Midway 723
American Leapfrogging Toward
Tokyo 723
The Allied Halting of Hitler 724
A Second Front from North Africa to
Rome 725
D-Day: June 6, 1944 728
FDR: The Fourth-Termite
of 1944 730
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey 730
The Last Days of Hitler 731
Japan Dies Hard 732
The Atomic Bombs 733
The Allies Triumphant 735
THINKING GLOBALLY America and the
World in Depression and War: A Study
in Contrasts 736
TO LEARN MORE 738
36 THE COLD WAR BEGINS
1945–1952 739
Postwar Economic Anxieties
CHRONOLOGY 740
The Long Economic Boom,
739
1950–1970 741
The Roots of Postwar Prosperity 742
The Smiling Sunbelt 743
The Rush to the Suburbs 744
The Postwar Baby Boom 745
Truman: The “Gutty” Man from
Missouri 746
Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal? 746
The United States and the Soviet
Union 747
Shaping the Postwar World 749
THINKING GLOBALLY The Era of
Globalization 750
The Problem of Germany 753
The Cold War Congeals 754
America Begins to Rearm 756
Reconstruction and Revolution
in Asia 757
Ferreting Out Alleged
Communists 758
Democratic Divisions in 1948 759
The Korean Volcano Erupts 762
The Military Seesaw in Korea
TO LEARN MORE 765
763
CONTENTS xix
37 THE EISENHOWER ERA
1952–1960 766
Affluence and Its Anxieties
CHRONOLOGY 767
766
Consumer Culture in the Fifties 769
The Advent of Eisenhower
The Rise and Fall of Joseph
770
McCarthy 772
Desegregating American Society 774
Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution
Eisenhower Republicanism at
776
Home 778
A “New Look” in Foreign Policy 779
The Vietnam Nightmare 779
Cold War Crises in Europe and the
Middle East 780
Round Two for Ike 781
The Continuing Cold War 783
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
xx CONTENTS
Cuba’s Castroism Spells
Communism 784
Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the
Presidency 785
An Old General Fades Away 786
The Life of the Mind in Postwar
America 787
TO LEARN MORE 789
38 THE STORMY SIXTIES
1960–1968 790
Kennedy’s “New Frontier” Spirit 790
CHRONOLOGY 791
The New Frontier at Home 792
Rumblings in Europe 793
Foreign Flare-ups and “Flexible
Response” 794
Stepping into the Vietnam
Quagmire 794
Cuban Confrontations 796
The Struggle for Civil Rights 798
The Killing of Kennedy 799
The LBJ Brand on the Presidency 800
Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964 801
The Great Society Congress 803
Battling for Black Rights 804
Black Power 805
Combating Communism in Two
Hemispheres 807
Vietnam Vexations 808
Vietnam Topples Johnson 809
The Presidential Sweepstakes
of 1968 810
The Obituary of Lyndon
Johnson 812
The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
TO LEARN MORE 815
813
39 THE STALEMATED SEVENTIES
1968–1980 816
Sources of Stagnation
CHRONOLOGY 817
816
Nixon “Vietnamizes” the War 818
Cambodianizing the Vietnam War 820
Nixon’s Détente with Beijing (Peking)
and Moscow 820
A New Team on the Supreme Bench 822
Nixon on the Home Front 824
The Nixon Landslide of 1972 825
The Secret Bombing of Cambodia and
the War Powers Act 826
The Arab Oil Embargo and the
Energy Crisis 827
Watergate and the Unmaking of a
President 828
The First Unelected President 830
Defeat in Vietnam 830
Feminist Victories and Defeats 831
The Seventies in Black and White 832
The Bicentennial Campaign 833
Carter’s Humanitarian Diplomacy 834
Economic and Energy Woes 835
Foreign Affairs and the Iranian
Imbroglio 836
TO LEARN MORE 838
40 THE RESURGENCE OF
CONSERVATISM 1980–1992 839
CHRONOLOGY 840
The Election of Ronald Reagan,
1980 841
The Reagan Revolution 842
The Battle of the Budget 843
Reagan Renews the Cold War 845
Troubles Abroad 845
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Round Two for Reagan 846
The Iran-Contra Imbroglio 848
Reagan’s Economic Legacy 849
The Religious Right 849
Conservatism in the Courts 850
Referendum on Reaganism in 1988 852
George H. W. Bush and the End
of the Cold War 853
The Persian Gulf Crisis 855
Bush on the Home Front 857
TO LEARN MORE 858
41 AMERICA CONFRONTS
THE POST–COLD WAR ERA
1992–2009 859
CHRONOLOGY 860
Bill Clinton: The First Baby-Boomer
President 861
A False Start for Reform 863
The Politics of Distrust 864
Clinton Again 865
Problems Abroad 866
Scandal and Impeachment 867
Clinton’s Legacy and the 2000
Election 868
Bush Begins 869
Terrorism Comes to America 870
Bush Takes the Offensive Against
Iraq 872
Owning Iraq 874
Reelecting George W. Bush 875
CONTENTS xxi
THINKING GLOBALLY America Through
Foreign Eyes: Hyperpower or Hapless
Power? 876
Bush’s Second Term 878
Midterm Elections of 2006 879
Election of 2008 879
TO LEARN MORE 880
42 THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
FACE A NEW CENTURY
881
CHRONOLOGY 881
Economic Revolutions 882
Affluence and Inequality 884
The Feminist Revolution 886
New Families and Old 887
The Aging of America 888
The New Immigration 889
Beyond the Melting Pot 891
Cities and Suburbs 892
Minority America 893
E Pluribus Plures 895
The Life of the Mind 896
The New Media 898
The American Prospect
TO LEARN MORE 900
899
APPENDIX D-1
INDEX I-1
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Maps
1.1 Principal Voyages of Discovery 11
2.1 Early Maryland and Virginia 22
3.1 The Anglo-American Colonies in the Early Eighteenth
Century 41
4.1 Main Sources and Destinations of African Slaves,
c. 1500–1860 59
5.1 Atlantic Trade Routes 76
6.1 The French and Indian War in North America, 1754–1760 94
8.1 Revolution in the North, 1775–1776 125
9.1 The Struggle over Ratification 160
10.1 American Posts Held by the British and British-American
Clashes After 1783 178
11.1 Exploring the Louisiana Purchase and the West 199
12.1 The Missouri Compromise and Slavery, 1820–1821 218
13.1 Indian Removals, 1830–1846 239
14.2 Major Rivers, Roads, and Canals, 1825–1860 270
16.1 Southern Cotton Production and Distribution of Slaves,
1860 304
17.1 Major Campaigns of the Mexican War 332
18.1 Slavery After the Compromise of 1850 347
18.2 Kansas and Nebraska, 1854 354
19.1 Presidential Election of 1856 364
20.1 Seceding States (with order of secession) 380
21.1 Presidential Election of 1864 (showing popular vote by
county) 409
21.2 Grant Against Lee in Virginia 411
22.1 The Reconstruction of the South 426
23.1 Hayes-Tilden Disputed Election of 1876 444
25.1 Woman Suffrage Before the Nineteenth Amendment 505
26.1 Presidential Election of 1896 (with electoral vote
by state) 535
27.1 The Great Powers and Their Colonial Possessions, 1913 557
29.1 Presidential Election of 1912 (with electoral vote
by state) 585
30.1 The United States on the Western Front, 1918 609
32.1 The Election of 1928 657
xxiii
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
xxiv MAPS
33.1 The Tennessee Valley Authority 682
35.1 The War in Europe 729
36.1 Korean War 764
37.1 Presidential Election of 1952 (with electoral vote by
state) 771
38.1 Vietnam and Southeast Asia, 1954–1975 795
40.1 The United States in Central America and the Caribbean,
1978–2006 847
41.1 The Election of 1992 862
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Preface
For this fourteenth edition of The American Pageant, we have worked together closely
to incorporate the most recent scholarship about American history, and to preserve
the readability that has long been the Pageant’s hallmark. We are often told that the
Pageant stands out as the only American history text with a distinctive personality, a
personality best defined by clarity, concreteness, a strong emphasis on major themes, a
clutter-free narrative, attention to a variety of interpretive perspectives, and a colorful
writing style leavened, as appropriate, with wit. That personality, we strongly believe,
is what has made the Pageant both appealing and useful to countless students for more
than five decades.
Our collaboration on the Pageant reflects our respective scholarly interests, which
are complementary to a remarkable degree. David Kennedy is primarily a political
and economic historian, while Lizabeth Cohen’s work emphasizes social and cultural
history. Together, we have revised the Pageant chapter by chapter, even paragraph by
paragraph, guided by our shared commitment to tell the story of the American past as
vividly and clearly as possible, without sacrificing a sense of the often sobering seriousness
of history, and of its sometimes challenging complexity.
CHANGES IN THE FOURTEENTH EDITION
Over the last several editions, we have updated and streamlined the text narrative,
with some reorganization of content, expansion of the discussion of social and cultural
history, and more in-depth exploration of the cultural innovations and intellectual
doctrines that have engaged Americans. The division of the book into six parts, each
with an introductory essay, was introduced in the eleventh edition to demonstrate to
students that the study of history is not just a matter of piling up mountains of facts,
but is principally concerned with discovering complex patterns of change over time,
and organizing seemingly disparate events, actions, and ideas into meaningful chains
of cause and consequence.
While we have continued to revise features and improve the narrative in this fourteenth
edition, our greatest attention has been trained on emphasizing the global context
of American history. We have achieved this by highlighting the people, ideas, and
events that crossed national borders to influence the experience of the United States
and by comparing salient aspects of American history to developments elsewhere in
the world. A full understanding of the unique history of the United States requires
knowing when America’s path followed or departed from that taken by other nations.
Today, political leaders, capital investment, consumer products, rock bands, the Internet,
and much else constantly traverse the globe. But even before sophisticated technology
and mass communication, complex exchanges among peoples and nations around
the world deeply shaped the course of American history.
We have deepened the global emphasis of the Pageant in two distinct ways. First,
within each chapter, we have revised the text and added new graphics to help students
xxv
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
xxvi PREFACE
compare American developments to developments around the world. Railroad building,
cotton production, city size and urban reform strategies, immigration, automobile
ownership, the economic effects of the Great Depression, women’s participation
in voting and the work force, and much more can now be understood as part of world
trends, not just as isolated American experiences. Many new box-quotes bring more
international voices to the events chronicled in the Pageant’s historical narrative.
Second, we have added a new feature with a global focus. Twelve new “Thinking
Globally” essays, two within each of the Pageant’s six parts, present different aspects of
the American experience contextualized within world history. Readers learn how developments
in North America were part of worldwide phenomena, be it the challenge
to empire in the eighteenth century, the rise of socialist ideology in the nineteenth
century, or the globalization that followed World War II. Students also see how key
aspects of American history—such as participating in the slave trade and its abolition,
making a revolution for independence, creating a more united modern state in the
mid-nineteenth century, and struggling to survive the Great Depression and World
War II—were encountered by other nations but resolved in distinctive ways according
to each country’s history, cultural traditions, and political and economic structures.
We are deeply indebted to the wise counsel of three professional colleagues as
we undertook these revisions: the Latin American historian John Coatsworth, the
modern European historian James Sheehan, and Australia’s transnationally oriented
American historian Ian Tyrrell.
This edition also gives renewed attention to strategies aimed at helping students
learn the material presented in the Pageant. Every chapter concludes with an expanded
chronology and a list of ten readable books to consult “To Learn More.” (A fuller,
chapter-by-chapter annotated bibliography suitable for deeper research is provided on
the student website.) A revised Appendix contains annotated copies of the Declaration
of Independence and Constitution and key historical events and dates such as admission
of the states and presidential elections. On the website, students will also find an
extensive visual profile of the United States with charts and graphs illustrating many
aspects of the American historical experience as well as comparisons to other nations.
At the beginning and end of each chapter we remind students to take advantage of
the many interactive study materials found on the American Pageant website (located
at www.cengage.com/history/kennedy/ampageant14e). See the Supplements section
below for a complete description of the many materials found there. It is our hope that
readers will view our website as an exploratory laboratory enhancing The American
Pageant’s text.
GOALS OF THE AMERICAN PAGEANT
Like its predecessors, this edition of The American Pageant tries to cultivate in its readers
the capacity for balanced judgment and informed understanding about American
society by holding up to the present the mirror and measuring rod that is the past. The
book’s goal is not to teach the art of prophecy but the much subtler and more difficult
arts of seeing things in context, of understanding the roots and direction and pace of
change, and of distinguishing what is truly new under the sun from what is not. The
study of history, it has been rightly said, does not make one smart for the next time,
but wise forever.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
PREFACE xxvii
We hope that the Pageant will help to develop those intellectual assets in its readers,
and that those who use the book will take from it both a fresh appreciation of what
has gone before and a seasoned perspective on what is to come. And we hope, too, that
readers will take as much pleasure in reading The American Pageant as we have had in
writing it.
REVIEWERS FOR THE FOURTEENTH EDITION
David Barber, University of Tennessee at Martin
Robert Berta, Northern Kentucky University
Timothy Buckner, Troy University
Cynthia Clark, University of Texas at Arlington
Will Corprew, Broome Community College
Charles Cox, Bridgewater State College
Chris Drake, Houston Community College
David Fitzpatrick, Washtenaw Community College
Christine Flood, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Nancy Gentile Ford, Bloomsburg University
Ray Gunn, University of Utah
Neil Hamilton, Spring Hill College
Marc Horger, Ohio State University
Ronald Huetter, Suffolk County Community College
Gary Huey, Ferris State University
Don Jacobson, Oakton Community College
Jon Timothy Kelly, West Valley College
Paul Kelton, University of Kansas
Stacy Kowtko, Spokane Community College
Tim Lehman, Rocky Mountain College
Scott Lingenfelter, Roosevelt University
Robert Mayer, Kean University
Kenneth Millen-Penn, Fairmont State University
Sharon Musher, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey
Michael Namorato, University of Mississippi
Deanne Nuwer, University of Southern Mississippi
Keith Pomakoy, Adirondack Community College
David Rayson, Normandale Community College
Lewie Reece, Anderson University
Marc Rodriguez, University of Notre Dame
Clyde Root, Bethel College
Horacio Salinas, Laredo Community College
Aldorigo Scopino, Central Connecticut State University
Karen J. Smith, Columbia Southern University
Robert St. Clair, Central Virginia Community College
Several people deserve special mention their assistance, including:
Bob Burns, Valley Christian High School
John Coatsworth, Columbia University
Johnny McCormick, Stanford University
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
xxviii PREFACE
Maria Ponomarenko, Stanford University
Josie Rodberg, Harvard University
James Sheehan, Stanford University
Ian Tyrrell, University of New South Wales
Benjamin Waterhouse, Harvard University
Ann Wilson, Harvard University
Our warm thanks to each of them.
David M. Kennedy
Lizabeth Cohen
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
About the Authors
DAVID M. KENNEDY is the Donald J. McLachlan Professor of History and Co-
Director of The Bill Lane Center for the Study of the North American West at Stanford
University, where he has taught for four decades. Born and raised in Seattle, he
received his undergraduate education at Stanford and did his graduate training at Yale
in American Studies, combining the fields of history, economics, and literature. His
first book, Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger (1970) was honored
with both the Bancroft Prize and the John Gilmary Shea Prize. His study of the
World War I era, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (1980; rev.
ed., 2005) was a Pulitzer Prize finalist. In 1999 he published Freedom from Fear: The
American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945, which won the Pulitzer Prize for
History, as well as the Francis Parkman Prize, the English-Speaking Union’s Ambassador’s
Prize, and the Commonwealth Club of California’s Gold Medal for Literature. At
Stanford he teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses in American political,
diplomatic, intellectual, and social history, and in American literature. He has received
several teaching awards, including the Dean’s Award for Distinguished Teaching and
the Hoagland Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching. He has been a visiting
professor at the University of Florence, Italy, and in 1995–1996 served as the Harmsworth
Professor of American History at Oxford University. He has also served on the
Advisory Board for the PBS television series, The American Experience, and as a consultant
to several documentary films, including The Great War, Cadillac Desert, and
Woodrow Wilson. From 1990 to 1995 he chaired the Test Development Committee for
the Advanced Placement United States History examination. He is an elected Fellow
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the American Philosophical
Society and serves on the board of the Pulitzer Prizes. Married and the father of two
sons and a daughter, in his leisure time he enjoys hiking, bicycling, river-rafting, flying,
sea-kayaking, and fly-fishing. He is currently writing a book on the American
national character.
LIZABETH COHEN is the Howard Mumford Jones Professor of American Studies
and chair of the history department of Harvard University. In 2007–2008 she was
the Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University. Previously she
taught at New York University (1992–1997) and Carnegie Mellon University (1986–
1992). Born and raised in the New York metropolitan area, she received her A.B. from
Princeton University and her M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of California at
Berkeley. Her first book, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939
(1990) won the Bancroft Prize in American History and the Philip Taft Labor History
Award, and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. In 2008 it was reissued in a second
edition with a new introduction. Her article, “Encountering Mass Culture at the
Grassroots: The Experience of Chicago Workers in the 1920s,” (1989) was awarded the
Constance Roarke Prize of the American Studies Association. Her most recent book,
A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (2003)
xxix
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
xxx ABOUT THE AUTHORS
explored how an economy and culture built around mass consumption shaped social
life and politics in post–World War II America. An article related to this book, “From
Town Center to Shopping Center: The Reconfiguration of Community Marketplaces
in Postwar America,” (1996) was honored as the best article in urban history by the
Urban History Association and received the ABC-CLIO, America: History and Life
Award for the journal article that most advances previously unconsidered topics. She
is currently writing a book on urban renewal in American cities after World War II. At
Harvard, she teaches courses in twentieth-century American history, with particular
attention to the intersection of social and cultural life and politics. Before attending
graduate school, she taught history at the secondary level and worked in history and
art museums. She continues to help develop public history programs for general audiences
through museums and documentary films. She is married to an historian of
modern France, with whom she has two daughters. For leisure, she enjoys swimming
and bicycling with her family, watching films, and reading fiction.
THOMAS A. BAILEY (1903–1983) taught history for nearly forty years at Stanford
University, his alma mater. Long regarded as one of the nation’s leading historians of
American diplomacy, he was honored by his colleagues in 1968 with election to the presidencies
of both the Organization of American Historians and the Society for Historians
of American Foreign Relations. He was the author, editor, or co-editor of some twenty
books, but the work in which he took most pride was The American Pageant, through
which, he liked to say, he had taught American history to several million students.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
The American Pageant
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Documents
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
In Congress, July 4, 1776
The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen
United States of America
[Bracketed material in color has been inserted by the authors.]
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political
bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the
separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent
respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to
the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;
that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of
these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying
its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem
most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long
established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath
shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves
by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations,
pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism,
it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their
future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity
which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment
of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended
in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly
neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people [by
establishing new countries], unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the
legislature, a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the
depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures. [e.g., removal of Massachusetts Assembly to Salem, 1774.]
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions
on the rights of the people. [e.g., Virginia Assembly, 1765.]
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the
legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the
state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without and convulsions
within.
D-1
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-2 Documents
He has endeavored to prevent the population [populating] of these states; for that purpose
obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration
hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. [e.g., Proclamation of 1763.]
He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing
judiciary powers.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount
and payment of their salaries. [See Townshend Acts.]
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and
eat out their substance. [See enforcement of Navigation Laws.]
He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our
legislatures.
He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and
unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us [See Boston Massacre];
For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they
should commit on the inhabitants of these states [See 1774 Acts];
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world [See Boston Port Act];
For imposing taxes on us without our consent [See Stamp Act];
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefi ts of trial by jury;
For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended off enses;
For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province [Quebec],
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render
it at once an example and fi t instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into
these colonies [Quebec Act];
For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally
the forms of our governments [e.g., in Massachusetts];
For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to
legislate for us in all cases whatsoever [See Stamp Act repeal.]
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against
us. [Proclamation]
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our
people. [e.g., the burning of Falmouth (Portland).]
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries [Hessians] to complete the
works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy
scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas [by impressment], to bear
arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves
by their hands.
He has excited domestic insurrection among us [i.e., among slaves], and has endeavored to bring
on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an
undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms;
our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus
marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from
time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have
reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to
their native justice and magnanimity; and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred,
to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity [blood relationship]. We
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces [announces] our separation, and hold
them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Constitution of the United States of America D-3
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled,
appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name
and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are
absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent states,
they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all
other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the support of this declaration,
with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other
our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
[Signed by] John Hancock
[President] [and fifty-five others]
CONSTITUTION OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
[Boldface headings and bracketed explanatory matter and marginal comments (both in color) have been
inserted for the reader’s convenience. Passages that are no longer operative are printed in italic type.]
PREAMBLE
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure
domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure
the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for
the United States of America.
Article I. Legislative Department
SECTION I. Congress
Legislative power vested in a two-house Congress. All legislative powers herein granted
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
Representatives.
SECTION II. House of Representatives
1. The people elect representatives biennially. The House of Representatives shall be composed of
members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors [voters] in
each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State
Legislature.
2. Who may be representatives. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when
elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
3. Representation in the House based on population; census. Representatives and direct taxes1 shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according
to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons,
including those bound to service for a term of years [apprentices and
indentured servants], and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths
of all other persons [slaves]. 2 See 1787 compromise.
See 1787 compromise.
The actual enumeration [census] shall
be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of
1 Modifi ed in 1913 by the Sixteenth Amendment re income taxes (see p. 732).
2 Th e word slave appears nowhere in the original, unamended Constitution. Th e three-fi ft hs rule ceased to be
in force when the Th irteenth Amendment was adopted in 1865 (see p. 74 and amendments below).
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-4 Documents
Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one
Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled
to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five,
New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North
Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
4. Vacancies in the House are filled by election. When vacancies happen in the representation
from any State, the Executive authority [governor] therefore shall issue writs of election [call a special
election] to fill such vacancies.
See Chase and Johnson
trials, Nixon trial preliminaries,
and discussion of
Clinton’s impeachment.
5. The House selects its Speaker; has sole power to vote impeachment
charges (i.e., indictments). The House of Representatives shall
choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power
of impeachment.
SECTION III. Senate
1. Senators represent the states. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, 1 for six Years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
2. One-third of senators chosen every two years; vacancies. Immediately after they shall be
assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three
classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of
the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth
year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation or
otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the Executive [governor] thereof may make
temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 2
3. Who may be senators. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an
inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
4. The vice president presides over the Senate. The Vice President of the United States shall be
President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided [tied].
5. The Senate chooses its other officers. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a
President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of the
President of the United States.
See Chase and Johnson
trials, and discussion of
Clinton’s impeachment.
6. The Senate has sole power to try impeachments. The Senate
shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting
for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When
the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall
preside 3 : and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence
of two-thirds of the members present.
7. Penalties for impeachment conviction. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further
than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust
or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to
indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.
SECTION IV. Election and Meetings of Congress
1. Regulation of elections. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and
Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at
any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
1 Repealed in favor of popular election in 1913 by the Seventeenth Amendment.
2 Changed in 1913 by the Seventeenth Amendment.
3 Th e vice president, as next in line, would be an interested party.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Constitution of the United States of America D-5
2. Congress must meet once a year. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 4
SECTION V. Organization and Rules of the Houses
1. Each house may reject members; quorums. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns
and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business;
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide.
2. Each house makes its own rules. Each house may determine the
See “Bully” Brooks case. rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior,
and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.
3. Each house must keep and publish a record of its proceedings. Each house shall keep a journal
of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their
judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question
shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
4. Both houses must agree on adjournment. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall,
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in
which the two houses shall be sitting.
SECTION VI. Privileges of and Prohibitions upon Congressmen
1. Congressional salaries; immunities. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation
for their services, to be ascertained by law and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They
shall in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and
for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place [i.e., they
shall be immune from libel suits].
2. A congressman may not hold any other federal civil office. No Senator or Representative shall,
during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased,
during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of
either house during his continuance in office.
SECTION VII. Method of Making Laws
1. Money bills must originate in the House. All bills for raising
See 1787 compromise. revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate
may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.
Nixon, more than any predecessors,
“impounded” billions
of dollars voted by Congress
for specific purposes, because
he disapproved of them.
The courts generally failed
to sustain him, and his
impeachment foes regarded
wholesale impoundment as
a violation of his oath to
“faithfully execute” the laws.
2. The president’s veto power; Congress may override. Every bill
which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate,
shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the
United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return
it with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated,
who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed
to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house
shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections,
to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered,
and, if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law.
But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by
yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against
4 Changed in 1933 to January 3 by the Twentieth Amendment (see p. 844 and below).
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-6 Documents
the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by
the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same
shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent
its return, in which case it shall not be a law [this is the so-called pocket veto].
3. All measures requiring the agreement of both houses go to president for approval. Every order,
resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary
(except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States;
and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be
repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations
prescribed in the case of a bill.
SECTION VIII. Powers Granted to Congress
Congress has certain enumerated powers:
1. It may lay and collect taxes. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties,
imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of
the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
2. It may borrow money. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. It may regulate foreign and interstate trade. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and
among the several States, and with the Indian tribes;
4. It may pass naturalization and bankruptcy laws. To establish an
uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of
bankruptcies throughout the United States;
5. It may coin money. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the
standard of weights and measures;
6. It may punish counterfeiters. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities
and current coin of the United States;
7. It may establish a postal service. To establish post offices and post roads;
8. It may issue patents and copyrights. To promote the progress of science and useful arts by
securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings
and discoveries;
9. It may establish inferior courts. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
10. It may punish crimes committed on the high seas. To define
and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas [i.e.,
outside the three-mile limit] and offenses against the law of nations
[international law];
11. It may declare war; authorize privateers. To declare war, 1 grant letters of marque and reprisal, 2
and make rules concerning captures on land and water;
12. It may maintain an army. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that
use shall be for a longer term than two years; 3
For 1798 naturalization.
See Judiciary Act of 1789.
13. It may maintain a navy. To provide and maintain a navy;
14. It may regulate the army and navy. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land
and naval forces;
15. It may call out the state militia. To provide for calling forth the
See Whiskey Rebellion. militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and
repel invasions;
1 Note that presidents, though they can provoke war (see the case of Polk, pp. 407–408) or wage it aft er it is
declared, cannot declare it.
2 Papers issued private citizens in wartime authorizing them to capture enemy ships.
3 A refl ection of fear of standing armies earlier expressed in the Declaration of Independence.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Constitution of the United States of America D-7
16. It shares with the states control of militia. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining
the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United
States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training
the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
17. It makes laws for the District of Columbia and other federal areas. To exercise exclusive
legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by
cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the
United States, 1 and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature
of the State, in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and
other needful buildings;—and
Congress has certain implied powers:
This is the famous “elastic
clause”.
18. It may make laws necessary for carrying out the enumerated
powers. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for
carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers
vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any departure or officer
thereof.
SECTION IX. Powers Denied to the Federal Government
See 1787 slave compromise. 1. Congressional control of slave trade postponed until 1808. The
migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing
shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 1808; but a tax or
duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding $10 for each person.
See Lincoln’s unlawful
suspension.
2. The writ of habeas corpus 2 may be suspended only in cases of
rebellion or invasion. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall
not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the
public safety may require it.
3. Attainders3 and ex post facto laws4 forbidden. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.
4. Direct taxes must be apportioned according to population. No capitation [head or poll tax] or
other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed
to be taken. 5
5. Export taxes forbidden. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.
6. Congress must not discriminate among states in regulating commerce. No preference shall be
given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor
shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.
See Lincoln’s unlawful
7. Public money may not be spent without congressional appro-
in-fraction.
priation; accounting. No money shall be drawn from the treasury,
but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
time to time.
8. Titles of nobility prohibited; foreign gifts. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United
States; and no person holding office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of
Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king,
prince, or foreign state.
1 Th e District of Columbia, ten miles square, was established in 1791 with a cession from Virginia.
2 A writ of habeas corpus is a document that enables a person under arrest to obtain an immediate examination
in court to ascertain whether he or she is being legally held.
3 A bill of attainder is a special legislative act condemning and punishing an individual without a judicial trial.
4 An ex post facto law is one that fi xes punishments for acts committed before the law was passed.
5 Modifi ed in 1913 by the Sixteenth Amendment (see amendments below).
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-8 Documents
SECTION X. Powers Denied to the States
Absolute prohibitions on the states:
On contracts see Fletcher v.
Peck.
1. The states are forbidden to do certain things. No State shall enter
into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque
and reprisal [i.e., authorize privateers]; coin money; emit bills of
credit [issue paper money]; make anything but gold and silver coin a [legal] tender in payment of
debts; pass any bill of attainder, 1 ex post facto, 1 or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant
any title of nobility.
Conditional prohibitions on the states:
2. The states may not levy duties without the consent of Con-
Cf. Confederation chaos.
gress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any
imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its
inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports,
shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision
and control of the Congress.
3. Certain other federal powers are forbidden the states except with the consent of Congress.
No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage [i.e., duty on ship tonnage],
keep [nonmilitia] troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with
another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent
danger as will not admit of delay.
Article II. Executive Department
SECTION I. President and Vice President
1. The president is the chief executive; term of office. The executive power shall be vested in a
President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, 2 and,
together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:
See 1787 compromise. 2. The president is chosen by electors. Each State shall appoint, in
such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of elec-
See 1876 Oregon case.
tors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to
which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding
an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
A majority of the electoral votes needed to elect a president. The electors shall meet in their
respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant
See Burr-Jefferson disputed
election of 1800.
of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all
the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government
of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all
the certificates, and the votes shall be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall
be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there
be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of
Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a
majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall in like manner choose the President.
But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State
having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of
the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice
1 For defi nitions see footnotes 3 and 4 on preceding page.
2 No reference to reelection; for anti–third term Twenty-second Amendment, see below.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Constitution of the United States of America D-9
of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President.
But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them
by ballot the Vice President. 1
See Jefferson as vice president
in 1796.
To provide for foreign-born
people, like Alexander
Hamilton, born in the
British West Indies.
Modified by Twentieth and
Twenty-fifth Amendments
below.
3. Congress decides time of meeting of Electoral College. The
Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors and
the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the
same throughout the United States.
4. Who may be president. No person except a natural-born citizen, or
a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution,
shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person
be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirtyfive
years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States
[i.e., a legal resident].
5. Replacements for president. In case of the removal of the
President from office or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge
the powers and duties of said office, the same shall devolve
on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the
case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring
what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be
removed, or a President shall be elected.
6. The president’s salary. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation,
which shall neither be increased or diminished during the period for which he shall have been
elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or
any of them.
7. The president’s oath of office. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following
oath or affirmation:—“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office
of the President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the United States.”
SECTION II. Powers of the President
1. The president has important military and civil powers. The
President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the
United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United
States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments,
upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to
grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2
See cabinet evolution.
For president’s removal
power.
2. The president may negotiate treaties and nominate federal
officials. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators
present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall
appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other
officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which
shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers,
as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
3. The president may fill vacancies during Senate recess. The President shall have power to fill up
all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall
expire at the end of their next session.
1 Repealed in 1804 by the Twelft h Amendment (for text see below).
2 To prevent the president’s pardoning himself or his close associates, as was feared in the case of Richard
Nixon. See p. 1016.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-10 Documents
SECTION III. Other Powers and Duties of the President
For president’s personal
appearances.
Messages; extra sessions; receiving ambassadors; execution of the
laws. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration
such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene
both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the
time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive
ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and
shall commission all the officers of the United States.
SECTION IV. Impeachment
See discussion of Presidents
Johnson, Nixon, and
Clinton.
Article III. Judicial Department
Civil officers may be removed by impeachment. The President, Vice
President and all civil officers 1 of the United States shall be removed
from office on impeachment for, and on conviction of, treason, bribery,
and other high crimes and misdemeanors.
SECTION I. The Federal Courts
The judicial power belongs to the federal courts. The judicial
power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court,
and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges,
both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at
stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished2 See Judiciary Act of 1789.
during their
continuance in office.
SECTION II. Jurisdiction of Federal Courts
1. Kinds of cases that may be heard. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity,
arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall
be made, under their authority;—to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls;—to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;—to controversies to which the United
States shall be a party;—to controversies between two or more States;—between a State and citizens
of another State3 ;—between citizens of different States;—between citizens of the same State claiming
lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states,
citizens or subjects.
2. Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original
jurisdiction. 4 In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate
jurisdiction, 5 both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the
Congress shall make.
3. Trial for federal crime is by jury. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be
by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but
1i.e., all federal executive and judicial offi cers, but not members of Congress or military personnel.
2In 1978, in a case involving federal judges, the Supreme Court ruled that diminution of salaries by infl ation
was irrelevant.
3Th e Eleventh Amendment (see below) restricts this to suits by a state against citizens of another state.
4i.e., such cases must originate in the Supreme Court.
5i.e., it hears other cases only when they are appealed to it from a lower federal court or a state court.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Constitution of the United States of America D-11
when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by
law have directed.
SECTION III. Treason
1. Treason defined. Treason against the United States shall consist
only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies,
giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two
witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.
2. Congress fixes punishment for treason. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment
of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during
the life of the person attained. 1
See Burr trial.
Article IV. Relations of the States to One Another
SECTION I. Credit to Acts, Records, and Court Proceedings
Each state must respect the public acts of the others. Full faith and credit shall be given in each
State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 2 And the Congress may
by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved
[attested], and the effect thereof.
SECTION II. Duties of States to States
1. Citizenship in one state is valid in all. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
and immunities of citizens in the several States.
This stipulation is
sometimes openly flouted.
In 1978 Governor Jerry
Brown of California, acting
on humanitarian grounds,
refused to surrender to
South Dakota an American
Indian, Dennis Banks, who
was charged with murder in
an armed uprising.
Basis of fugitive-slave laws.
2. Fugitives from justice must be surrendered by the state to which
they have fled. A person charged in any State with treason, felony,
or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another
State, shall on demand of the executive authority [governor] of the
State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State
having jurisdiction of the crime.
3. Slaves and apprentices must be returned. No person held to
service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into
another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be
discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim
of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 3
SECTION III. New States and Territories
1. Congress may admit new states. New States may be admitted by
the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or
erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or
more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well
as of the Congress. 4
e.g., Maine (1820).
2. Congress regulates federal territory and property. The Congress shall have power to dispose of
and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the
1i.e., punishment only for the off ender; none for his or her heirs.
2e.g., a marriage in one is valid in all.
3Invalidated in 1865 by the Th irteenth Amendment (for text see below).
4Loyal West Virginia was formed by Lincoln in 1862 from seceded Virginia. Th is act was of dubious constitutionality
and was justifi ed in part by the wartime powers of the president.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-12 Documents
United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the
United States, or of any particular State.
SECTION IV. Protection to the States
See Cleveland and the
Pullman strike.
United States guarantees to states representative government
and protection against invasion and rebellion. The United States
shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of
government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and
on application of the legislature, or of the executive [governor] (when the legislature cannot be
convened), against domestic violence.
Article V. The Process of Amendment
The Constitution may be amended in four ways. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both
houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
application of the legislature of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing
amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions
in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by
the Congress; provided that no amendments which may be made prior to the year one thousand
eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section
of the first article; 1 and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in
the Senate.
Article VI. General Provisions
This pledge honored by
Hamilton.
1. The debts of the Confederation are taken over. All debts contracted
and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this
Constitution, as under the Confederation.
2. The Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land. This Constitution,
and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or
which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land;
and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State
to the contrary notwithstanding.
3. Federal and state officers bound by oath to support the Constitution. The Senators and Representatives
before mentioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and
judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation
to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any
office or public trust under the United States.
Article VII. Ratification of the Constitution
See 1787 irregularity.
The Constitution effective when ratified by conventions in nine states.
The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the
establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.
1 Th is clause, regarding slave trade and direct taxes, became inoperative in 1808
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Amendments to the Constitution D-13
Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of
September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven and of the Independence
of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed
our names.
[Signed by] G° Washington
Presidt and Deputy from Virginia
[and thirty-eight others]
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
Amendment I. Religious and Political Freedom
Congress must not interfere with freedom of religion, speech or press, assembly, and petition.
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 1 or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,
and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment II. Right to Bear Arms
The people may bear arms. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State,
the right of the people to keep and bear arms [i.e., for military purposes] shall not be infringed. 2
Amendment III. Quartering of Troops
See Declaration of Independence
and British quartering
above.
Soldiers may not be arbitrarily quartered on the people. No
soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.
Amendment IV. Searches and Seizures
A reflection of colonial
grievances against the
crown.
Unreasonable searches are forbidden. The right of the people to be
secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable
searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no [search]
warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath
or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to
be seized.
Amendment V. Right to Life, Liberty, and Property
The individual is guaranteed certain rights when on trial and the right to life, liberty, and
property. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
1 In 1787 “an establishment of religion” referred to an “established church,” or one supported by all taxpayers,
whether members or not. But the courts have oft en acted under this article to keep religion, including
prayers, out of the public schools.
2 Th e courts long held that the right to bear arms was a limited right linked to the maintenance of militias.
But in the case of District of Columbia v. Heller in 2008, the Supreme Court defi ned the right to bear arms
as an individual right, not contingent on “participation in some corporate body.” Yet the Court still left the
door open to some kinds of gun-control legislation.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-14 Documents
When witnesses refuse to
answer questions in court,
they routinely “take the
Fifth Amendment.”
presentment [formal charge] or indictment of a grand jury, except
in cases arising in the naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual
service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject
for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb;
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against
himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private
property be taken for public use [i.e., by eminent domain] without just compensation.
Amendment VI. Protection in Criminal Trials
See Declaration of Independence
above.
An accused person has important rights. In all criminal prosecutions,
the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by
an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have
been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of
the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
process [subpoena] for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel
for his defense.
Amendment VII. Suits at Common Law
The rules of common law are recognized. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury
shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the
common law.
Amendment VIII. Bail and Punishments
Excessive fines and unusual punishments are forbidden. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.
Amendment IX. Concerning Rights Not Enumerated
The Ninth and Tenth
Amendments were bulwarks
of southern states’
rights before the Civil War.
Amendment X. Powers Reserved to
the States and to the People
A concession to states’
rights.
The people retain rights not here enumerated. The enumeration in
the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.
Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the
states and the people. The powers not delegated to the United States
by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to
the States respectively, or to the people.
Amendment XI. Suits Against a State
The federal courts have no authority in suits by citizens against a state. The judicial power of the
United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted
against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign
state. [Adopted 1798.]
Amendment XII. Election of President and Vice President
1. Changes in manner of electing president and vice president; procedure when no presidential
candidate receives electoral majority. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and
vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Forestalls repetition of 1800
electoral dispute.
See 1876 disputed election.
See 1824 election.
Amendments to the Constitution D-15
of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots
the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the
person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted
for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which
lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States,
directed to the President of the Senate;—the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall be counted;—the
person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be
a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then
from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as
President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having
one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds
of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of
Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon
them, before the fourth day of March1 next following, then the Vice President shall act as President,
as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.
2. Procedure when no vice presidential candidate receives electoral majority. The person
having the greatest number of votes as Vice President, shall be the Vice President, if such number
be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then
from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum
for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office
of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States. [Adopted 1804.]
Amendment XIII. Slavery Prohibited
Slavery forbidden. 1. Neither slavery2 nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [Adopted 1865.]
Amendment XIV. Civil Rights for Ex-slaves, 3 etc.
1. Ex-slaves made citizens; U.S. citizenship primary. All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein
they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Abolishes three-fifths rule
for slaves, Art. I., Sec. II,
para. 3.
2. When a state denies citizens the vote, its representation shall
be reduced. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole
number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But
when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice President of the
United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members
of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one
1Changed to January 20 by the Twentieth Amendment (for text see below).
2Th e only explicit mention of slavery in the Constitution.
3Occasionally an off ender is prosecuted under the Th irteenth Amendment for keeping an employee or other
person under conditions approximating slavery.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-16 Documents
years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion,
or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the
number of such make citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age
in such State. 4
Leading ex-Confederates
denied office.
3. Certain persons who have been in rebellion are ineligible
for federal and state office. No person shall be a Senator or
Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice
President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who,
having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or
as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the
Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same,
or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each
house, remove such disability.
The ex-Confederates were
thus forced to repudiate their
debts and pay pensions to
their own veterans, plus taxes
for the pensions of Union
veterans, their conquerors.
4. Debts incurred in aid of rebellion are void. The validity of
the public debt of the United States, authorizing by law, including
debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services
in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned.
But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay
any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation
of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held
illegal and void.
5. Enforcement. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions
of this article. [Adopted 1868.]
Amendment XV. Suffrage for Blacks
Black males are made voters. 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition
of servitude.
2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [Adopted 1870.]
Amendment XVI. Income Taxes
Congress has power to lay and collect income taxes. The Congress shall have power to lay and
collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several
States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. [Adopted 1913.]
Amendment XVII. Direct Election of Senators
Senators shall be elected by popular vote. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of
two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have
one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of [voters for]
the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
2. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority
of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, that the Legislature of any
4 Th e provisions concerning “male” inhabitants were modifi ed by the Nineteenth Amendment, which enfranchised
women. Th e legal voting age was changed from twenty-one to eighteen by the Twenty-sixth
Amendment.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Amendments to the Constitution D-17
State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the
vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct.
3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator
chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. [Adopted 1913.]
Amendment XVIII. National Prohibition
The sale or manufacture of intoxicating liquors is forbidden. 1. After one year from the ratification
of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation
thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, for beverage purposes, is hereby prohibited.
2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution
by the legislatures of the several States, as provided by the Constitution, within seven years from the
date of the submission thereof to the States by the Congress. [Adopted 1919; repealed 1933 by Twentyfirst
Amendment.]
Amendment XIX. Woman Suffrage
Women guaranteed the right to vote. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [Adopted 1920.]
Amendment XX. Presidential and Congressional Terms
Shortens lame duck periods
by modifying Art. I, Sec. IV,
para. 2.
1. Presidential, vice presidential, and congressional terms of
office begin in January. The terms of the President and Vice
President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the
terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of
January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and
the terms of their successors shall then begin.
2. New meeting date for Congress. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year,
and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint
a different day.
3. Emergency presidential and vice presidential succession. If, at the time fixed for the beginning
of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice President–elect shall
become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning
of his term, or if the President-elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President–elect shall
act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the
case wherein neither a President-elect nor a Vice President–elect shall have qualified, declaring
who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and
such persons shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.
4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the
House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved
upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a
Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this
article.
6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution
by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its
submission. [Adopted 1993.]
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-18 Documents
Amendment XXI. Prohibition Repealed
1. Eighteenth Amendment repealed. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of
the United States is hereby repealed.
2. Local laws honored. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of
the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is
hereby prohibited.
3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution
by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the
date of the submission thereof to the States by the Congress. [Adopted 1933.]
Amendment XXII. Anti–Third Term Amendment
Sometimes referred to as
the anti–Franklin Roosevelt
amendment.
1. Presidential term is limited. No person shall be elected to the
office of President more than twice, and no person who has held the
office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years
of a term to which some other person was elected President shall
be elected to the office of President more than once. But this article
shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the
Congress [i.e., Truman], and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President,
during the term within which this article becomes operative [i.e., Truman] from holding the
office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.
2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution
by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission
to the States by the Congress. [Adopted 1951.]
Amendment XXIII. District of Columbia Vote
Designed to give the District
of Columbia three electoral
votes and to quiet the
century-old cry of “No taxation
without representation.”
Yet the District of Columbia
still has only one nonvoting
member of Congress.
1. Presidential electors for the District of Columbia. The District,
constituting the seat of government of the United States, shall appoint
in such manner as the Congress shall direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the
whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which
the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more
than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed
by the States, but they shall be considered for the purposes of
the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed
by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth
article of amendment.
2. Enforcement. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
[Adopted 1961.]
Amendment XXIV. Poll Tax
Designed to end
discrimina tion against poor
people, including southern
blacks who were often denied
the vote through inability to
pay poll taxes.
1. Payment of poll tax or other taxes not to be prerequisite for
voting in federal elections. The right of citizens of the United
States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice
President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator
or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax
or other tax.
2. Enforcement. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
[Adopted 1964.]
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Amendments to the Constitution D-19
Amendment XXV. Presidential Succession and Disability
1. Vice president to become president. In case of the removal of the
President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President
shall become President. 1
Gerald Ford was the first
“appointed president.”
2. Successor to vice president provided. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice
President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a
majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
3. Vice president to serve for disabled president. Whenever the President transmits to the President
pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration
that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a
written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President
as Acting President.
4. Procedure for disqualifying or requalifying president. Whenever the Vice President and a majority
of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress
may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House
of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as
Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall
resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the
principal officers of the executive department[s] or of such other body as Congress may by law
provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of
the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge
the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within
forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after
receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days
after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the
President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall
continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the
powers and duties of his office. [Adopted 1967.]
Amendment XXVI. Lowering Voting Age
A response to the current
revolt of youth.
1. Ballot for eighteen-year-olds. The right of citizens of the United
States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age.
2. Enforcement. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
[Adopted 1971.]
Amendment XXVII. Restricting Congressional Pay Raises
Reflects anti-incumbent
sentiment of early 1990s. First
proposed by James Madison
in 1789; took 203 years to be
ratified.
Congress not allowed to increase its current pay. No law varying
the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives
shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.
[Adopted 1992.]
1 Th e original Constitution (Art. II, Sec. I, para. 5) was vague on this point, stipulating that “the powers and
duties” of the president, but not necessarily the title, should “devolve” on the vice president. President Tyler,
the fi rst “accidental president,” assumed not only the powers and duties but the title as well.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-20 Documents
TABLE A.1 Presidential Elections*
TABLES
Election Candidates Parties
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
1789 GEORGE WASHINGTON No party designation 69
JOHN ADAMS 34
MINOR CANDIDATES 35
1792 GEORGE WASHINGTON No party designation 132
JOHN ADAMS 77
GEORGE CLINTON 50
MINOR CANDIDATES 5
1796 JOHN ADAMS Federalist 71
THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 68
THOMAS PINCKNEY Federalist 59
AARON BURR Democratic-Republican 30
MINOR CANDIDATES 48
1800 THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 73
AARON BURR Democratic-Republican 73
JOHN ADAMS Federalist 65
CHARLES C. PINCKNEY Federalist 64
JOHN JAY Federalist 1
1804 THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 162
CHARLES C. PINCKNEY Federalist 14
1808 JAMES MADISON Democratic-Republican 122
CHARLES C. PINCKNEY Federalist 47
GEORGE CLINTON Democratic-Republican 6
1812 JAMES MADISON Democratic-Republican 128
DEWITT CLINTON Federalist 89
1816 JAMES MONROE Democratic-Republican 183
RUFUS KING Federalist 34
1820 JAMES MONROE Democratic-Republican 231
JOHN Q. ADAMS Independent Republican 1
1824 JOHN Q. ADAMS (Min.) † Democratic-Republican 108,740 84
ANDREW JACKSON Democratic-Republican 153,544 99
WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD Democratic-Republican 46,618 41
HENRY CLAY Democratic-Republican 47,136 37
1828 ANDREW JACKSON Democratic 647,286 178
JOHN Q. ADAMS National Republican 508,064 83
1832 ANDREW JACKSON Democratic 687,502 219
HENRY CLAY
WILLIAM WIRT
JOHN FLOYD
National Republican
Anti-Masonic
National Republican }
530,189
33,108
49
7
11
1836 MARTIN VAN BUREN
WILLIAM H. HARRISON
HUGH L. WHITE
DANIEL WEBSTER
W. P. MANGUM
Democratic
}
Whig
Whig
Whig
Whig
765,483
739,795
170
73
26
14
11
(Continued)
*Candidates receiving less than 1 percent of the popular vote are omitted. Before the Twelfth Amendment
(1804), the Electoral College voted for two presidential candidates, and the runner-up became vice president.
Basic fi gures are taken primarily from Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (1975),
pp. 1073–1074, and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.
† “Min.” indicates minority president—one receiving less than 50 percent of all popular votes.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
TABLE A.1 (Continued)
Election Candidates Parties
Popular
Vote
Tables D-21
Electoral
Vote
1840 WILLIAM H. HARRISON Whig 1,274,624 234
MARTIN VAN BUREN Democratic 1,127,781 60
1844 JAMES K. POLK (Min.) † Democratic 1,338,464 170
HENRY CLAY Whig 1,300,097 105
JAMES G. BIRNEY Liberty 62,300
1848 ZACHARY TAYLOR Whig 1,360,967 163
LEWIS CASS Democratic 1,222,342 127
MARTIN VAN BUREN Free Soil 291,263
1852 FRANKLIN PIERCE Democratic 1,601,117 254
WINFIELD SCOTT Whig 1,385,453 42
JOHN P. HALE Free Soil 155,825
1856 JAMES BUCHANAN (Min.)* Democratic 1,832,955 174
JOHN C. FRÉMONT Republican 1,339,932 114
MILLARD FILLMORE American 871,731 8
1860 ABRAHAM LINCOLN (Min.)* Republican 1,865,593 180
STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS Democratic 1,382,713 12
JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE Democratic 848,356 72
JOHN BELL Constitutional
Union
592,906 39
1864 ABRAHAM LINCOLN Union 2,206,938 212
GEORGE B. MC CLELLAN Democratic 1,803,787 21
1868 ULYSSES S. GRANT Republican 3,013,421 214
HORATIO SEYMOUR Democratic 2,706,829 80
1872 ULYSSES S. GRANT Republican 3,596,745 286
HORACE GREELEY Democratic Liberal
Republican
2,843,446 66
1876 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES (Min.)* Republican 4,036,572 185
SAMUEL J. TILDEN Democratic 4,284,020 184
1880 JAMES A. GARFIELD (Min.)* Republican 4,453,295 214
WINFIELD S. HANCOCK Democratic 4,414,082 155
JAMES B. WEAVER Greenback-Labor 308,578
1884 GROVER CLEVELAND (Min.)* Democratic 4,879,507 219
JAMES G. BLAINE Republican 4,850,293 182
BENJAMIN F. BUTLER Greenback-Labor 175,370
JOHN P. ST. JOHN Prohibition 150,369
1888 BENJAMIN HARRISON (Min.)* Republican 5,447,129 233
GROVER CLEVELAND Democratic 5,537,857 168
CLINTON B. FISK Prohibition 249,506
ANSON J. STREETER Union Labor 146,935
1892 GROVER CLEVELAND (Min.)* Democratic 5,555,426 277
BENJAMIN HARRISON Republican 5,182,690 145
JAMES B. WEAVER People’s 1,029,846 22
JOHN BIDWELL Prohibition 264,133
1896 WILLIAM MC KINLEY Republican 7,102,246 271
WILLIAM J. BRYAN Democratic 6,492,559 176
1900 WILLIAM MC KINLEY Republican 7,218,491 292
WILLIAM J. BRYAN Democratic; Populist 6,356,734 155
JOHN C. WOOLLEY Prohibition 208,914
1904 THEODORE ROOSEVELT Republican 7,628,461 336
ALTON B. PARKER Democratic 5,084,223 140
EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 402,283
SILAS C. SWALLOW Prohibition 258,536
*“Min.” indicates minority presid eceiving less than 50 percent of all popular votes.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-22 Documents
TABLE A.1 (Continued)
Election Candidates Parties
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
1908 WILLIAM H. TAFT Republican 7,675,320 321
WILLIAM J. BRYAN Democratic 6,412,294 162
EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 420,793
EUGENE W. CHAFIN Prohibition 253,840
1912 WOODROW WILSON (Min.)* Democratic 6,296,547 435
THEODORE ROOSEVELT Progressive 4,118,571 88
WILLIAM H. TAFT Republican 3,486,720 8
EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 900,672
EUGENE W. CHAFIN Prohibition 206,275
1916 WOODROW WILSON (Min.)* Democratic 9,127,695 277
CHARLES E. HUGHES Republican 8,533,507 254
A. L. BENSON Socialist 585,113
J. F. HANLY Prohibition 220,506
1920 WARREN G. HARDING Republican 16,143,407 404
JAMES M. COX Democratic 9,130,328 127
EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 919,799
P. P. CHRISTENSEN Farmer-Labor 265,411
1924 CALVIN COOLIDGE Republican 15,718,211 382
JOHN W. DAVIS Democratic 8,385,283 136
ROBERT M. LA FOLLETTE Progressive 4,831,289 13
1928 HERBERT C. HOOVER Republican 21,391,993 444
ALFRED E. SMITH Democratic 15,016,169 87
1932 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 22,809,638 472
HERBERT C. HOOVER Republican 15,758,901 59
NORMAN THOMAS Socialist 881,951
1936 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 27,752,869 523
ALFRED M. LANDON Republican 16,674,665 8
WILLIAM LEMKE Union 882,479
1940 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 27,307,819 449
WENDELL L. WILLKIE Republican 22,321,018 82
1944 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 25,606,585 432
THOMAS E. DEWEY Republican 22,014,745 99
1948 HARRY S TRUMAN (Min.)* Democratic 24,179,345 303
THOMAS E. DEWEY Republican 21,991,291 189
J. STROM THURMOND States’ Rights
Democratic
1,176,125 39
HENRY A. WALLACE Progressive 1,157,326
1952 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Republican 33,936,234 442
ADLAI E. STEVENSON Democratic 27,314,992 89
1956 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Republican 35,590,472 457
ADLAI E. STEVENSON Democratic 26,022,752 73
1960 JOHN F. KENNEDY (Min.)* † Democratic 34,226,731 303
RICHARD M. NIXON Republican 34,108,157 219
1964 LYNDON B. JOHNSON Democratic 43,129,566 486
BARRY M. GOLDWATER Republican 27,178,188 52
1968 RICHARD M. NIXON (Min.)* Republican 31,785,480 301
HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, JR. Democratic 31,275,166 191
GEORGE C. WALLACE American
Independent
9,906,473 46
1972 RICHARD M. NIXON Republican 47,169,911 520
GEORGE S. MC GOVERN Democratic 29,170,383 17
(Continued)
*“Min.” indicates minority president—one receiving less than 50 percent of all popular votes.
† Six Democratic electors in Alabama, all eight unpledged Democratic electors in Mississippi, and one
Republican elector in Oklahoma voted for Senator Harry F. Byrd.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
TABLE A.1 (Continued)
Election Candidates Parties
Popular
Vote
Tables D-23
Electoral
Vote
1976 JIMMY CARTER Democratic 40,828,657 297
GERALD R. FORD Republican 39,145,520 240
1980 RONALD W. REAGAN Republican 43,899,248 489
JIMMY CARTER Democratic 35,481,435 49
JOHN B. ANDERSON Independent 5,719,437 0
1984 RONALD W. REAGAN Republican 52,609,797 525
WALTER MONDALE Democratic 36,450,613 13
1988 GEORGE BUSH Republican 47,946,422 426
MICHAEL DUKAKIS Democratic 41,016,429 111
1992 WILLIAM CLINTON (Min.)* Democratic 44,909,889 370
GEORGE BUSH Republican 39,104,545 168
H. ROSS PEROT Independent 19,742,267
1996 WILLIAM CLINTON (Min.)* Democratic 47,401,898 379
ROBERT DOLE Republican 39,198,482 159
H. ROSS PEROT Reform 7,874,283
2000 GEORGE W. BUSH (Min.)* Republican 50,456,002 271
ALBERT GORE, JR. Democratic 50,999,897 266
RALPH NADER Green 2,783,728 0
2004 GEORGE W. BUSH Republican 60,693,281 286
JOHN KERRY Democratic 57,355,978 252
RALPH NADER Green 405,623 0
2008 BARACK OBAMA Democratic 65,980,131 364
JOHN MC CAIN Republican 57,779,170 174
*“Min.” indicates minority president—one receiving less than 50 percent of all popular votes.
TABLE A.2 Presidents and Vice Presidents
Term President Vice President
1789–1793 George Washington John Adams
1793–1797 George Washington John Adams
1797–1801 John Adams Thomas Jefferson
1801–1805 Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr
1805–1809 Thomas Jefferson George Clinton
1809–1813 James Madison George Clinton (d. 1812)
1813–1817 James Madison Elbridge Gerry (d. 1814)
1817–1821 James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins
1821–1825 James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins
1825–1829 John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun
1829–1833 Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun (resigned 1832)
1833–1837 Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren
1837–1841 Martin Van Buren Richard M. Johnson
1841–1845 William H. Harrison (d. 1841)
John Tyler
John Tyler
1845–1849 James K. Polk George M. Dallas
1849–1853 Zachary Taylor (d. 1850)
Millard Fillmore
Millard Fillmore
1853–1857 Franklin Pierce William R. D. King (d. 1853)
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
D-24 Documents
TABLE A.2 (Continued)
Term President Vice President
1857–1861 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge
1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln Hannibal Hamlin
1865–1869 Abraham Lincoln (d. 1865)
Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson
1869–1873 Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax
1873–1877 Ulysses S. Grant Henry Wilson (d. 1875)
1877–1881 Rutherford B. Hayes William A. Wheeler
1881–1885 James A. Garfi eld (d. 1881)
Chester A. Arthur
Chester A. Arthur
1885–1889 Grover Cleveland Thomas A. Hendricks (d. 1885)
1889–1893 Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton
1893–1897 Grover Cleveland Adlai E. Stevenson
1897–1901 William McKinley Garret A. Hobart (d. 1899)
1901–1905 William McKinley (d. 1901)
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
1905–1909 Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks
1909–1913 William H. Taft James S. Sherman (d. 1912)
1913–1917 Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall
1917–1921 Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall
1921–1925 Warren G. Harding (d. 1923)
Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge
1925–1929 Calvin Coolidge Charles G. Dawes
1929–1933 Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis
1933–1937 Franklin D. Roosevelt John N. Garner
1937–1941 Franklin D. Roosevelt John N. Garner
1941–1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt Henry A. Wallace
1945–1949 Franklin D. Roosevelt (d. 1945)
Harry S Truman
Harry S Truman
1949–1953 Harry S Truman Alben W. Barkley
1953–1957 Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard M. Nixon
1957–1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard M. Nixon
1961–1965 John F. Kennedy (d. 1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson
1965–1969 Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert H. Humphrey, Jr.
1969–1974 Richard M. Nixon Spiro T. Agnew (resigned 1973);
Gerald R. Ford
1974–1977 Gerald R. Ford Nelson A. Rockefeller
1977–1981 Jimmy Carter Walter F. Mondale
1981–1985 Ronald Reagan George Bush
1985–1989 Ronald Reagan George Bush
1989–1993 George Bush J. Danforth Quayle III
1993–2001 William Clinton Albert Gore, Jr.
2001–2005 George W. Bush Richard Cheney
2005–2009 George W. Bush Richard Cheney
2009– Barack Obama Joseph Biden
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
TABLE A.3 Admission of States
(See Table 9.3 on p. 193 for order in which the original thirteen entered the Union.)
Order of
Admission State
Date of
Admission
Order of
Admission State
Date of
Admission
14 Vermont Mar. 4, 1791 33 Oregon Feb. 14, 1859
15 Kentucky June 1, 1792 34 Kansas Jan. 29, 1861
16 Tennessee June 1, 1796 35 W. Virginia June 20, 1863
17 Ohio Mar. 1, 1803 36 Nevada Oct. 31, 1864
18 Louisiana April 30, 1812 37 Nebraska Mar. 1, 1867
19 Indiana Dec. 11, 1816 38 Colorado Aug. 1, 1876
20 Mississippi Dec. 10, 1817 39 N. Dakota Nov. 2, 1889
21 Illinois Dec. 3, 1818 40 S. Dakota Nov. 2, 1889
22 Alabama Dec. 14, 1819 41 Montana Nov. 8, 1889
23 Maine Mar. 15, 1820 42 Washington Nov. 11, 1889
24 Missouri Aug. 10, 1821 43 Idaho July 3, 1890
25 Arkansas June 15, 1836 44 Wyoming July 10, 1890
26 Michigan Jan. 26, 1837 45 Utah Jan. 4, 1896
27 Florida Mar. 3, 1845 46 Oklahoma Nov. 16, 1907
28 Texas Dec. 29, 1845 47 New Mexico Jan. 6, 1912
29 Iowa Dec. 28, 1846 48 Arizona Feb. 14, 1912
30 Wisconsin May 29, 1848 49 Alaska Jan. 3, 1959
31 California Sept. 9, 1850 50 Hawaii Aug. 21, 1959
32 Minnesota May 11, 1858
TABLE A.4 Estimates of Total Costs and Number of Battle Deaths of Major U.S. Wars 1
Total Costs 2 Original Costs Number of
War (millions of dollars) Battle Deaths
Iraq War (2003–) N.A. $616,000 3,267
Vietnam Confl ict $352,000 140,600 47,355
Korean Confl ict 164,000 54,000 33,629
World War II 664,000 288,000 291,557
World War I 112,000 26,000 53,402
Spanish-American War 6,460 400 385
Civil War
Union only
Confederacy (est.)
12,952
N.A.
3,200
1,000
140,414
94,000
Mexican War 147 73 1,733
War of 1812 158 93 2,260
American Revolution 190 100 6,824
}
Tables D-25
1Deaths from disease and other causes are not shown. In earlier wars especially, owing to poor medical and
sanitary practices, nonbattle deaths substantially exceeded combat casualties.
2The difference between total costs and original costs is attributable to continuing postwar payments for
items such as veterans’ benefi ts, interest on war debts, and so on.
3Through June 30, 2008
4 Through April 5, 2008
5 1957–1990
(Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States, Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, The
World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1986, and Congressional Research Service Reports.)
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
AARP (American Association
of Retired Persons), 878
Abbott, Lyman, 482
ABM (anti-ballistic missile)
treaty, 822
Abolitionist movement:
antislavery societies,
144, 310–311; in Britain,
310, 312–313, 322, 384;
early, 310–311; Emancipation
Proclamation for,
399–401; Free Soil party
for, 339–340, 348; Fugitive
Slave Law stirring,
346–347; Harpers Ferry
revolt in, 369; in Kansas,
359–363; literature
on, 307, 311, 357–359,
384; Mexican, 248, 313;
popular sovereignty as
issue of, 338, 354, 359,
361, 368; radical, 311–315;
Republican Party born
from, 355–356; Southern
response to, 315–316;
Underground Railroad
in, 342–343, 346–347;
women’s role in, 313, 428;
World’s Anti-Slavery Convention
(1840), 312
Abortion, 823, 824, 831–832,
850–852, 858
Abraham Lincoln Brigade,
699–700
Abu Ghraib prison, 874, 878
Acheson, Dean, 758, 762,
772, 809
Act of Toleration (1649), 27
Adams, Abigail, 145
Adams, Charles Francis, 386
Adams, Henry, 435,
501–502, 638
Adams, John: on art, 290, 506;
on closure of courts, 147;
Constitutional Convention
absence of, 155; on
education, 81; as First
Continental Congress
Index
participant, 113; as lawyer,
74, 110; as Model Treaty
author, 134; as president,
181–184, 188–190, 193;
quotation by, 81, 102;
Treaty of Paris role of,
139–140
Adams, John Quincy: freedom
of speech defense
by, 316; as lawyer, 309; as
president, 226–230; quotation
by, 139; as Secretary
of State, 221–224; Treaty
of Ghent by, 210–211
Adams, Samuel: as antifederalist,
160, 161; committees
of correspondence by,
110–111; Constitutional
Convention absence of,
155; as First Continental
Congress participant,
113; quotation by, 69;
Revolutionary role of, 77,
110–111, 113, 130
Adamson Act (1916), 589
Adams-Onís Treaty, 222, 327
Addams, Jane, 490, 504, 563,
565, 583, 626
Adjusted Compensation Act
(1924), 647
Adkins v. Children’s
Hospital, 645
Adultery, 63–64
Adventists, 278
Advertising, 631
Affi rmative action, 801,
824–825, 832, 850, 857,
865, 875, 895
Affl uence. See Wealth
Th e Affl uent Society
(Galbraith), 770
Afghanistan, 838,
871–872, 900
Africa: American foreign
relations in, 834, 848, 866;
Dey of Algiers in, 152,
156; European domination
of, 557; European
I-1
exploration of, 8–9;
resettlement of American
blacks in, 310, 311,
638; slaves from, 8–9,
26, 28–29, 57–62; World
War II impact on, 698,
725–726. See also specifi c
countries
African Americans: as abolitionists,
311; affi rmative
action for, 801, 824–825,
832, 850, 857, 865, 875,
895; in American Revolution,
119; Black Codes
on, 422–423; Black Power
of, 805–807; as Cabinet
appointees, 803, 895; civil
rights movement of (See
Civil rights movement);
culture of, 637–638, 640,
788, 896; desegregation of,
760, 776–777, 798–799,
800–801, 832; discrimination
of (See Racial
discrimination); education
for, 281, 282, 305,
309, 419–420, 495–496,
798, 800, 832, 894–896;
emancipation of, 400–401,
418–420; equality for,
445, 800–801, 804–807;
free blacks, 119, 305–306,
311, 313, 314, 364–365,
401–402; inner-city,
745–746, 832, 893–894;
Irish confl icts with,
257; Jim Crow laws for,
445–446, 455, 774–776;
Ku Klux Klan attacks on,
430–431, 623–624, 805;
labor unions and, 478;
migration of, 719–720,
745; in military, 119,
401–402, 514, 608, 720,
819; music of, 309, 637;
Nation of Islam and,
806; political participation
of, 428–430, 453–455,
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-2 Index
African Americans: (continued)
529, 675–676, 805–807,
861–862, 893–895; political
party of, 670, 686; race
riots involving, 605, 720,
798–799, 805, 806–807,
814, 893; racial pride
of, 637–638; religion of,
308–309, 419, 777; resettlement
in Africa, 310,
311, 638; in Roosevelt
administration, 675, 676;
segregation of (See Segregation);
in Union Army,
401–402; voting rights
for, 427, 428–429, 446,
454–455, 798–799, 804–
805; wartime employment
of, 605; women, 429,
505, 861–862, 894–895;
World War II impact on,
719–720. See also Slavery
African Methodist Episcopal
Church, 419
Agassiz, Louis, 288, 494
Age, voting, 820
Th e Age of Reason
(Paine), 277
Agnew, Spiro T., 810–811,
819, 829
Agricultural Adjustment Act
(1933), 674
Agricultural Adjustment Act
(1938), 679
Agricultural Adjustment
Administration, 678
Agricultural Marketing Act
(1929), 657
Agriculture: as business,
523, 526–527, 744; cattle
ranching, 518–519; corn,
5–6, 266; cotton, 261–262,
298–302, 304, 306–308,
384, 474, 720; decline of,
458, 475; economic policies
impacting, 652, 657–
658, 678–680; economy
impacting, 526–528, 652,
657–658; farm subsidies
for, 678–679; international
trade in, 538, 540; as
leading colonial industry,
74–75; mechanization
of, 266–267, 523, 526,
652, 720, 744; Mexican
workers in, 718–719, 778;
Native American, 5–6;
New Deal policies on,
678–680; in New England,
65–66; Old World/New
World exchange of,
10–11; overproduction
in, 659, 678–679; politics
of farmers, 453, 528–530,
653; railroad impact on,
528–529; rice, 29; sugar
cane, 28–29, 542; tariff s
on, 649, 658; three-sister
farming, 6; tobacco industry,
25–27, 54–56, 74, 473;
wartime, 607, 717–719,
720; in West, 266–267,
519–521, 523, 526–528
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 545, 550
AIDS (acquired immunodefi -
ciency syndrome), 814
Aid to Families with Dependent
Children, 824
Air Force, 705–706, 724, 725,
731, 768, 779. See also
Military
Airplanes: aerospace industry
growth, 768; invention of,
634–635; passenger, 768;
Strategic Air Command,
768, 779; in terrorist attacks,
870–871; in World
War II, 705–706, 724,
725, 731
Alabama, 373, 798–799, 805
Alabama, 385–386
Alaska: Exxon Valdez spill in,
899; national park land
in, 842; oil pipeline in,
828; purchase of, 432–433;
statehood of, 786
Albany Congress, 95–96
Albee, Edward, 788
Albright, Madeleine, 867
Alcohol: prohibition of, 285,
506, 570–571, 607, 627–
628; repeal of prohibition
on, 678; temperance
crusade against, 284–285,
506, 570–571
Alcott, Louisa May, 295
Aldrich-Vreeland Act
(1908), 576
Alexander I, Tsar, 210
Alger, Horatio, 500
Algonquins, 25
Alien Laws (1798),
183–184, 192
Allen, Ethan, 124
Allende, Salvador, 822
Alliance for Progress, 796
Al Qaeda, 871, 874, 877
Alternative energy, 899
Altgeld, John P., 479, 531, 563
Amazon.com, 898
America First Committee,
706
American Anti-Slavery
Society, 311
American Association of
Retired Persons
(AARP), 878
American Colonization
Society, 310
American Federation of
Labor (AF of L), 479–480,
531, 604, 653, 683–685
American Independent
Party, 811
American Legion, 647
American Liberty League,
685
American Peace Society, 283
American Protective
Association, 491
American Red Cross, 506
American Revolution: Battle
of Long Island in, 131;
Battle of Saratoga in, 133;
Battle of Yorktown in,
138–139; British strengths
and weaknesses in, 114,
117; Canadian invasion
during, 124–126, 132;
colonies’ strengths and
weaknesses in, 117–120;
committees of correspondence
fostering, 110–111;
Declaration of Independence
and, 128–129;
eff ects of, 143–147; end
of, 138–141; expansion
to world war, 135; fi rst
bloodshed of, 114; France
as ally in, 115, 116–117,
133–135, 138–140; French
Revolution comparison
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
to, 139, 175–177; imperial
rivalry aiding, 115–116,
139–141; Intolerable Acts
leading to, 112–113; loyalists
in, 129–131, 139–140,
151; map of troop movements
during, 125; Native
American role in, 137; naval
battles in, 138; roots of,
43–45, 98–100, 102–117,
129; southern battles
in, 136–137; taxation
as catalyst of, 105–112;
Washington, George role
in, 117, 119–120, 121–123,
131, 133, 135, 138–139;
western battles in, 137
American Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals (ASPCA), 506
Americans with Disabilities
Act (1990), 857
American System, 215
American Temperance
Society, 284
American Tobacco
Company, 473
Ames, Fisher, 181
Amistad slave rebellion,
309–310
Amusement, 508–509,
635–636, 769–770, 788,
813, 897
Anasazi peoples, 6
Ancient Order of Hibernians,
257
Anderson, John, 842
Anderson, Sherwood, 639
Andros, Edmund, 44
Anglican Church, 77–78,
130, 144. See also Church
of England; Episcopal
Church
Anglo-American Convention,
222, 325
Anthony, Susan B., 282,
286, 504
Anthrax, 871
Anti-American sentiment,
876–878
Anti-ballistic missile (ABM)
treaty, 822
Anticommunism, 622–623,
759–760, 772–774
Antietam Creek, Maryland,
399–400
Antifederalists, 160–164
Antiforeignism, 258–260,
362–363, 413, 491–492,
623–626, 864
Anti-Imperialist League, 548
Anti-Masonic party, 243,
244–245
Antin, Mary, 488
Anti-Saloon League, 506
Antislavery societies, 144,
310–311. See also Abolitionist
movement
Anti-trust regulations,
472–473, 572–573, 579,
588–589, 645–646
Antiwar protests, 709,
808–809, 810–811,
813–814, 819–820
Apaches, 513, 515
Appalachia, people of, 305,
801, 803
Appalachian Mountains, 4
Appomattox Courthouse,
410, 415
Aquino, Corazon, 848
Arafat, Yasir, 808, 867
Arapahos, 515
Architecture: colonial, 83;
reforms/achievements in,
290, 507–508, 640–641,
897–898; urban, 484,
507–508
Argentina, 234, 314,
525, 591
Arizona, 515, 591, 890
Arkansas, 379
Arminius, Jacobus/
Arminianism, 79
Armour, Philip, 471
Arms. See Weapons
Armstrong, Louis, 640
Army: African American
soldiers in, 401–402, 514;
Bonus, 662–663; British,
114, 117, 123–124, 126,
129–139, 209; “Buff alo
Soldiers” in, 514; colonial,
118–120, 121–126,
129–139; Confederate,
381–384, 389–390,
394–395, 397–400,
402–403, 410–411; Cuban
invasion by, 545–546, 555;
early American, 179, 182,
194–195, 207–211, 214;
expansion of, 214; French,
135, 200, 619; in Mexican
War, 329–335; Union,
381–384, 388–390, 394–
398, 399–403, 409–411;
weapons for (See Weapons);
West Point academy
of, 334; women in, 718;
World War I involvement
of, 603, 608–611; World
War II involvement of,
704, 722–729, 731–738.
See also Military
Arnold, Benedict, 124–126,
132, 135–136
Aroostook War, 322–323
Art: colonial era, 83; National
Endowments for the
Arts and the Humanities
promoting, 803; reforms/
achievement in, 290–291,
506–508, 897; twenty-fi rst
century, 897
Arthur, Chester A., 447–448
Arthur, T. S., 284
Articles of Confederation,
118, 148–150, 153–154,
156, 159, 163
Ashburton, Lord, 323
Asian Americans, 892, 897.
See also Immigration:
Chinese, Filipino, Japanese,
Vietnamese
ASPCA (American Society
for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals), 506
Assassinations/assassination
attempts: of Evers
(Medgar), 799; of
Garfi eld (James), 448; of
Kennedy (John), 799–800;
of Kennedy (Robert), 810;
of King (Martin Luther,
Jr.), 806; of Lincoln
(Abraham), 411–414;
of Malcolm X, 806; of
McKinley (William),
552; of Reagan (Ronald),
843, 863; of Th eodore
Roosevelt, 585
Assembly, right of, 168
Index I-3
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-4 Index
Associated Press, 498
Th e Association, 113–114
Astor, John Jacob, 273
Atchison, Topeka and Santa
Fe Railroad, 461
Atlanta, Georgia, 405
Atlantic Charter, 711,
716, 750
Atlantic Conference, 710–711
Atomic bombs, 733–735, 748,
758, 760. See also Nuclear
weapons
Attucks, Crispus, 110
Auchincloss, Louis, 787
Audubon, John J./Audubon
Society, 288, 575
Austin, Stephen, 248
Australia, 525, 723, 724
Austria: French invasion of,
174; Seven Years’ War
involvement by, 95; Soviet
release of, 780; women’s
suff rage in, 605; World
War I involvement of,
592–593, 611; World
War II involvement of,
701
Automobile industry,
470–471, 630–634,
684, 828
Th e Awakening (Chopin), 500
Awful Disclosures (Monk),
259
Aztecs, 5, 13–14, 15
Baby boom, 746
Bacon, Nathaniel/Bacon’s
Rebellion, 56, 58, 61
Baer, George F., 571
Bailey, James A., 509
Baker, Josephine, 774
Baker, Ray Stannard, 564
Bakke, Allan, 832
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez, 11
Baldwin, James, 788
Ballinger, Richard, 579–580
Baltimore, Lord, 27
Baltimore, Maryland,
166, 210
Bancroft , George, 296
Banking system: Bank War
over, 241–244, 246; creation
of central, 171–172;
Federal Reserve Act on,
587–588; independent
Treasury and, 246–247,
320; international, 749,
750; nationalism and,
214, 216–217; New
Deal reform of, 673;
Reconstruction Finance
Corporation and, 661;
savings and loans failures,
852; Supreme Court on,
220, 242
Bank of the United States,
171–172, 214, 216–217,
220, 241–244, 320, 587
Bank War, 241–244, 246
Baptists, 277, 278–279, 630
Baraka, Imamu Amiri, 788
Barbados, 28–30, 37
Barbados slave code, 28
Barnum, Phineas T., 509
Barton, Bruce, 631
Barton, Clara, 392, 506
Baruch, Bernard, 604, 753
Baseball, 370, 509, 631,
770, 775
Batista, Fulgencio, 696, 784
Battle of Acoma, 15
Battle of Britain, 705–706
Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 780
Battle of Fallen Timbers, 179
Battle of Gettysburg, 403
Battle of Long Island, 131
Battle of Midway, 723
Battle of New Orleans, 210
Battle of Québec, 98
Battle of Saratoga, 133
Battle of the Bulge, 731
Battle of the Coral Sea, 723
Battle of the Little Bighorn,
514, 515
Battle of the Th ames, 209
Battle of Tippecanoe, 205
Battle of Wounded Knee, 517
Battle of Yorktown, 138–139
Bay of Pigs invasion, 797
Beavers, 91
Beecher, Catharine, 265,
285, 310
Beecher, Henry Ward, 310,
359–360, 503
Beecher, Lyman, 310
Begin, Menachem, 834
Belgium: imperial power of,
557; NATO participation
of, 757; Texas treaty with,
323; World War I involvement
of, 592–593, 610;
World War II involvement
of, 703
Belknap, William, 439
Bell, Alexander Graham, 467
Bell, John, 370, 372–373
Bellamy, Edward, 499
Bellow, Saul, 788–789
Benedict, Ruth, 676
Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ
(Wallace), 500
Berger, Victor L., 580
Berkeley, William, 56, 58
Berkeley Free Speech Movement,
813
Berlin Wall, 793, 853
Berryman, John, 788
Bethune, Mary McLeod,
675, 676
Bicentennial, 833–834
Bicycles, 509
Biddle, Nicholas, 242,
243–244
Bill of Rights, 161–162, 168. See
also specifi c Amendments
bin Laden, Osama, 871
Biological weapons, 871
Birmingham, Alabama,
798–799
Birth control, 636–637, 814,
823
Birth of a Nation
(Griffi th), 636
Birthright citizenship, 447
Bismark, Otto von, 412,
413, 541
Black, Hugo, 687
Black Codes, 422–423
Blackfoots, 198
Black Hawk War, 240
Black Monday, 852
Black Panther Party, 806
Black Power, 805–807
Black Tuesday (October 29,
1929), 658–659
Blackwell, Elizabeth, 286, 392
Blaine, James G., 443,
447–448, 449–450, 540
Blake, Eubie, 640
Th e Blithdale Romance
(Hawthorne), 287
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Blogs, 898
Bloomer, Amelia, 286–287
Blue laws, 38, 50
Boas, Franz, 676
Boeing Company, 768
Bolshevik Revolution, 622
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 176,
183, 196–197, 200,
202–204
Bonds, 390, 456, 464, 607
Bonus Army, 662–663
Books. See Literature
Booth, John Wilkes, 411–412
Borah, William, 614, 617
Border States, 379–381,
399–401
Bosnia, 867
Boston, Massachusetts:
Boston Massacre in, 110;
Boston Port Act (1774) in,
112; Boston Tea Party in,
111–112; British presence
in, 43–44; Bunker Hill
in, 124; committees of
correspondence in, 111;
Evacuation Day in, 126;
historians from, 297; immigrants
to, 257; library
in, 498; population of,
166; sewer system in, 255;
society in, 73; transcendalism
in, 292–293
Boston Associates, 263, 265
Boston Massacre, 110
Boston Port Act (1774), 112
Boston Tea Party, 111–112
Bourne, Randolph, 626, 895
Bowditch, Nathaniel, 288
Bowie, Jim, 248
Boxer Rebellion, 551
Boxing, 509, 631
Boy Scouts of America, 575
Bracero program,
718–719, 778
Braddock, Edward, 96–97
Bradford, William, 36, 53
Brady, James, 863
Brady Bill (1993), 863
Brandeis, Louis D., 588,
589, 626
Brant, Joseph, 137
Brazil, 11, 234, 306, 314, 591
Breckinridge, John C., 370,
371, 372–373
Bretton Woods Conference,
749
Brezhnev, Leonid, 837
Bricker, John W., 730–731,
772
Britain (Great Britain,
England, United
Kingdom): abolitionism
in, 310, 312–313, 322,
384; American foreign
relations with, 151–152,
179–180, 200–211,
222, 321–323, 328–329,
384–387, 541–542, 553,
648, 654–655, 842–843;
Atlantic Charter by, 711,
716, 750; Canadian
colonization by, 69,
92, 112–113; Central
American right of transit
for, 349; Chinese foreign
relations with, 350–351;
civil war in, 29, 42–43,
44; Civil War role of,
384–387; colonist treatment
by, 43–45, 98–100,
102–117, 129; culture
from, 83; Dutch confl ict
with, 45–47, 135; exploration
by, 14, 21–32; French
confl ict with, 92–98, 115,
133–135, 139–141, 177,
200–204; Great Depression
impact on, 689;
Hong Kong control by,
351; immigrants from,
625; imperial power of,
556–558; imperial rivalry
of, 115–116, 139–141,
197; imperial strengths
and weaknesses of, 114,
117; imposition of laws by,
43–45, 112–113; international
debt of, 654–655;
Intolerable Acts by, 112–
113; Iraqi war involvement
of, 873; Jamestown
settlement by, 17, 21–23;
legislation by (See Legislation,
British); nationalism
of, 412; Native American
relations with, 179–180,
205; NATO participation
of, 757; navy of, 20, 106,
131, 138, 179, 200, 210,
224–225, 593–594; North
American settlement by,
21–32, 33–53 (See also
Colonies; Colonists);
Oregon interests of,
222, 324–325, 328–329;
Quartering Act by, 106,
112; Quebec Act by,
112–113; Reform Bill of
1867, 413, 415; religious
confl ict in, 18–20, 35,
44; social and political
changes in, 20–21; Spanish
confl ict with, 18–20,
31, 92–93, 95, 115–116,
135, 139–140; taxation
by, 105–112, 115–116;
Texas negotiations with,
323; textile industry in,
299–300, 384–385; Townshend
Acts by, 108–110;
trade restrictions by, 44,
76–77, 104–107, 109–110,
151–152; United Nations
participation by, 753;
voter participation in,
235–236; War of 1812
with, 205–214; women’s
suff rage in, 605; World
War I involvement of,
592–594, 610–615; World
War II involvement of,
702, 705–706, 725–729,
737–738, 747–748
British East India Company,
111, 314
Brock, Isaac, 209
Brook Farm, 287
Brooks, Preston, S., 361–362
Brown, John, 360, 368–369
Brown, Moses, 261
Brown v. Board of Education
of Topeka, Kansas,
776–777
Bruce, Blanche K., 430
Bryan, William Jennings: on
free silver, 456; as Fundamentalist,
630; political
party switch by, 583; as
presidential candidate,
532–536, 552, 576; as
Secretary of State, 590,
594; on trusts, 563
Index I-5
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-6 Index
Bryant, William Cullen, 292
Buchanan, James, 361–365,
373–374
Buck, Pearl S., 677
Budget defi cit, 455, 688,
843–844, 849, 852, 863,
870. See also National debt
Budget surplus, 451, 863,
869, 870
Buff alo, New York, 272
Buff alo/bison, 12, 254, 513,
516
“Buff alo Soldiers,” 516
Bulgaria, 592, 747
Bull Run, 394–395, 399
Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 554
Bunker Hill, 123–124
Bureau of Corporations, 572
Bureau of Indian Aff airs, 240
Bureau of Mines, 579
Bureau of Reclamation, 575
Bureau of the Budget, 641
Burger, Warren E., 824
Burgoyne, John, 132–133
Burke, Edmund, 107
Burma, 722
Burnaby, Andrew, 99
Burned-Over District,
278–279
Burnham, Daniel, 507–508
Burns, Ken, 897
Burnside, A. E., 402–403
Burr, Aaron, 190, 199–200
Bush, George H. W.: domestic
policies of, 857–858; foreign
policies of, 853–857,
873, 874; as president,
853–858, 873, 874; as
presidential candidate,
852–853, 861–862; quotation
by, 874
Bush, George W.: Cabinet of,
871, 895; domestic policies
of, 870, 875, 878–879,
884, 889, 891; foreign
policies of, 871–875;
as president, 869–880,
878–880, 884, 889, 891,
895; as presidential candidate,
868–869, 875
Businesses: agriculture
as, 523, 526–527, 744;
anti-trust regulations
on, 472–473, 572–573,
579, 588–589, 645–646;
consumerism impacting,
484–485, 523, 631,
721, 741–742, 769–770;
corruption and, 467–468,
563–569, 875; government
interactions with, 456,
459–460, 531–532, 564–
569, 645–647; Industrial
Revolution creating, 261–
266, 466–480, 629–635;
Internet/high-tech, 865,
881–883, 898–899; interstate
commerce regulation
of, 465–466, 472, 572,
589, 645–646; joint-stock
companies as, 21; labor
disputes with (See Labor
disputes); manufacturing
as (See Manufacturing);
in mining industry
(See Mining); New Deal
regulation of, 677–678,
680–681; productivity of,
744, 816, 818; titans of,
467–473, 572; twentyfi
rst century, 882–884,
898–899; vertical integration
of, 467; World War II
impact on, 721
Butler, Benjamin F., 432, 437
Butler, Elihu, 240
Byrd, Harry F., 786
Cabinet: of Adams (John),
181; of Bush (George
W.), 871, 895; of Carter
(Jimmy), 834, 837; of
Cleveland (Grover),
451; of Grant (Ulysses),
438–439; of Harding
(Warren), 644–645; of
Johnson (Andrew), 431;
of Johnson (Lyndon), 800,
803; of Kennedy (John),
790–791; of Roosevelt
(Franklin), 675; of Taft
(William), 578; of Washington
(George), 168
Cabot, John (Giovanni
Caboto), 12, 14
Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez, 16
Cadillac, Antoine, 91
Cahokia, 6, 138
Calhoun, John C.: on Mexican
territory annexation,
335; on slavery, 343; as
South Carolina tariff
protest leader, 237–239;
southern society infl uencing,
300–301; as vice
presidential candidate,
229; as Whig, 244
California: affi rmative action
legislation (Proposition
209) in, 865; agriculture
in, 526; defense reduction
impact in, 855; gay
marriage in, 875; gold in,
340–341, 517; Hollywood,
636; immigrants in, 559,
590, 591, 890, 892; Latino
population in, 892; Los
Angeles, 805, 806, 891,
892–893; Mexican-American
dispute over, 329–335,
337; oil industry in, 633;
race riots in, 805, 806,
893; shift ing demographics
in, 719–720, 744–745,
892–893; social reforms
in, 569; Spanish settlement
of, 16; statehood of,
341; tax revolt (Proposition
13) in, 843; University
of California, 813,
832; water in, 857
Calvin, John/Calvinism,
34–35, 79, 277
Cambodia, 820, 826–827
Camp, Walter C., 509
Campaign fi nance reform,
866
Canada: American foreign
relations with,
541; British-American
relations impacted by,
322–323; British colonization
of, 69, 92, 112–113;
British-French confl ict in,
92, 95, 97–98; Civil War
role of, 386; colonial army
invasion of, 124–126, 132;
European exploration and
settlement of, 17; French
colonization of, 89–91;
immigrants from, 626;
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Québec, 17, 90, 97–98,
112–113, 124, 126; transcontinental
railroad in,
525; unifi cation of, 412;
War of 1812 involving,
207–211, 213; western
expansion of, 524–525;
World War II involvement
of, 726
Canadian Shield, 4
Canals, 215, 269–270, 271,
272, 476, 781
Canning, George, 223
Capone, Al, 628
Capper-Volstead Act (1921),
652
Carey Act (1894), 574
Caribbean islands. See Cuba;
Dominican Republic;
Haiti; Jamaica; West
Indies
Carmichael, Stokely, 806
Carnegie, Andrew, 467, 469,
472, 498, 548
Carolinas, 28, 29–30. See also
North Carolina; South
Carolina
Carpentier, Georges, 631
Carranza, Venustiano,
591–592
Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring,
825, 833
Carter, James Earl “Jimmy,”
Jr., 833–838, 841–842
Cartier, Jacques, 15
Cartwright, Peter, 278
Carver, George Washington,
496
Cascade Mountains, 3–4
Cass, Lewis, 338
Cassatt, Mary, 507
Castro, Fidel, 784, 797
Catawba nation, 25
Cather, Willa, 638
Catherine the Great, 135
Catholicism: on abortion,
832, 851; discrimination
based on, 785; immigrants
practicing, 258–260, 493;
in Maryland, 27; Native
American conversion to,
15; reform of, 813; religious
confl icts over, 18–20,
35, 44, 71, 89–90, 113
Catlin, George, 255
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 504
Cattle, 518–519
Cavour, Camillo di, 412
Cayugas, 30
CCC (Civilian Conservation
Corps), 674
Central America: abolitionism
in, 313; Alliance for
Progress in, 796;
American foreign relations
with, 540, 553–555,
590, 653, 846, 848; Big
Sister policy toward,
540; debts of, 555; Good
Neighbor policy in,
664–665, 695–696; immigrants
from, 626, 803;
map of, 847; Mayans in, 5;
Panama Canal crossing,
553–555, 590; rebellions
in, 223–224; right
of transit through, 349;
World War II impact on,
704–705. See also specifi c
countries
Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA), 757, 809, 822, 829,
846
Central Pacifi c Railroad, 461
Chaco Canyon, 6
Champlain, Samuel de, 90
Chapultepec battle, 334, 335
Charles, William, 212
Charles I, King, 29, 37
Charles II, King, 29, 40, 43, 58
Charleston, South Carolina,
29, 111, 136, 166
Chase, Salmon, 406, 407
Chase, Samuel, 194
Chechnya, 855
Cheever, John, 787
Cheney, Richard, 869, 870,
873, 878–879, 880
Cherokees, 30, 239–241
Chesapeake aff air, 201
Chesnutt, Charles W., 502
Cheyenne, 513, 515
Chiang Kai-Shek, 722, 728,
748, 758
Chicago, Illinois: 1968 Democratic
Convention in,
810–811; Erie Canal impact
on, 269; gang warfare
Index I-7
in, 628; growth of, 482; labor
disputes in, 479, 685;
meatpacking industry in,
519, 573; Pullman strike
in, 530–531; race riots
in, 605; railroad through,
353; World’s Columbian
Exposition in, 508
Chickasaws, 239–241
Children: baby boom of, 746;
child labor of, 264, 570,
589, 685; colonial, 62–64,
67; family demographics
impacting, 886–888; in
poverty, 888, 894–895. See
also Families
Children’s Bureau, 570
Chile, 234, 541, 591, 822
China: abolitionism in, 314;
American foreign relations
with, 351, 551–552,
648, 700–701, 820–822,
834, 853, 866–867; Boxer
Rebellion in, 551; British
foreign relations with,
350–351; communism in,
758, 820–822; diplomatic
relations with, 834;
immigrants from, 413,
447, 486, 492; Japanese
control in, 578, 663–664,
700–701, 722; Korean War
involvement of, 763–764,
772; post-World War II,
758; Russian interest in,
551, 555, 578; Tiananmen
Square revolt in,
853; trade with, 866–867;
United Nations participation
by, 753; World War
II impact on, 663–664,
700–701, 722, 748
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882), 413, 447
Chippewas, 513
Chivington, J. M., 514
Choctaws, 239–241
Cholera, 288
Chopin, Kate, 500
Christianity: communism vs.,
755–756; Crusades of, 8;
Native American conversion
to, 13, 15, 16, 42, 91,
239, 517; social gospel
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-8 Index
Christianity: (continued)
of, 490, 493, 563. See also
Catholicism; Protestantism;
Quakers
Christian Science, 493, 630
Chronologies: of New World
beginnings, 2–3; of early
American settlement, 18,
34, 54; of pre-Revolution
events, 70, 90, 103; of
Revolutionary War events,
122; of post-Revolution
events, 144; of U.S. early
years, 166, 189; of early to
mid 1800s, 208, 226, 253,
276, 299, 319; of mid to
late 1800s, 338, 358, 378,
395, 417, 436, 459, 483–
484, 512, 539; of Western
expansion, 512; of early
to mid 1900s, 484, 512,
539, 562, 583, 599, 622,
644, 667, 694, 715, 740; of
women’s right to vote, 606;
of mid to late 1900s, 740,
767, 791, 817, 840, 860; of
early 2000s, 860
Churches. See Religion;
specifi c denominations
by name
Churchill, Winston, 704,
710–711, 725–728, 739,
747–748, 750
Church of Christ, Scientist,
493, 630
Church of England, 35,
37–38, 77–78. See also
Anglican Church
Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter-Day Saints,
279–280, 521
CIA (Central Intelligence
Agency), 757, 809, 822,
829, 846
CIO (Congress of Industrial
Organizations), 685, 731
Circuses, 509
Cisneros, Sandra, 897
Cities: architecture in, 484,
507–508; churches in,
492–493; consumerism in,
485; families in, 503–505;
growth of, 255, 482,
484–486; immigration to,
257, 486–492; migration
to, 522, 719–720; sanitation
in, 485; segregation
in, 745–746, 832, 893;
settlement houses in,
490; slums in, 485–486,
682; social reforms in,
568–569; suburbs of,
486, 633, 745–746, 832,
892–893; subways in, 484;
twenty-fi rst century, 892–
894; waste disposal in,
485; women in, 484–485,
503–505. See also Towns;
specifi c cities by name
Citizenship, 424–425, 447,
517, 545, 548
Civil disobedience, 293
Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC), 674
Civil Rights Act (1875), 445
Civil Rights Act (1957), 777
Civil Rights Act (1964),
800–801
Civil Rights Bill (1866),
424–425
Civil rights movement:
affi rmative action and,
824–825, 832, 857; beginning
of, 774–777; Black
Power and, 805–807;
desegregation in, 760,
776–777, 798–799,
800–801; Freedom Riders
of, 798; legislation on, 777,
800–801, 804–805; March
on Washington, 799;
race riots in, 798–799,
805, 806–807, 814; sit-in
movement of, 777, 798;
on voting rights, 798–799,
804–805
Civil service: desegregation
of, 776; employment in,
449; patronage in, 233,
236, 442–443, 448; reform
of, 448
Civil War: Antietam Creek
battle in, 399–400; balance
of forces in, 381–385;
Border States in, 379–381,
399–401; Bull Run
battle of, 394–395, 399;
economic impact of, 317,
390–393, 414–415;
Emancipation Proclamation
during, 399–401;
foreign relations during,
384–387; Fort Sumter
seizure as start of,
378–379; Gettysburg
battle in, 403; Lincoln’s assassination
aft er, 411–414;
nationalism forged by,
412–413; naval action
during, 379, 383, 385–386,
398–399; Peninsula
Campaign in, 396–398;
presidential election during,
406–410; presidential
strength during, 387–388;
reconstruction aft er (See
Reconstruction); secession
leading to, 373–375;
Sherman’s march during,
405–406; Shiloh battle in,
404; slavery as issue in,
380–381, 397, 399–402;
Vicksburg battle in,
404; western battles in,
403–405; Wilderness
Campaign in, 410–411
Civil Works Administration
(CWA), 674
Clafl in, Tennessee, 503
Clark, George Rogers,
137, 140
Clark, William, 198, 325
Clay, Henry: American
System by, 215; Bank
of United States charter
renewal by, 242; Compromise
Tariff of 1833
by, 238–239; Missouri
Compromise role of, 219;
as presidential candidate,
226–227, 242–243,
325–327; secession
compromises by, 343, 345,
349; as Secretary of State,
228–229; Treaty of Ghent
by, 210–211; as Whig, 244,
319–320
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
(1914), 588
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty,
349, 553
Clean Air Act (1970), 825
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Clemenceau, Georges, 614,
615
Clemens, Samuel Langhorne.
See Twain, Mark
Clergy, 74
Cleveland, Grover, 448–452,
455–457, 459, 465,
531–533, 541–543
Cleveland, Ohio, 269, 807
Clinton, DeWitt, 269
Clinton, Hillary Rodham,
862–863, 879
Clinton, William Jeff erson
“Bill”: domestic policies
of, 862–866; foreign policies
of, 865–867; impeachment
proceedings against,
868; Kennedy infl uence
on, 800; as president,
862–869; as presidential
candidate, 861–862, 864;
quotation by, 859; scandals
involving, 867–868
Clipper ships, 271
Coal mining, 571, 718
Coast Guard, 718
Coast Ranges, 3–4
Cody, William F. “Buff alo
Bill,” 511, 516
Coen brothers, 897
Cohan, George M, 602
Cohens v. Virginia, 220
Cold War: American culture
during, 741–743, 766–
770, 787–789; American
domestic policies during,
759–760, 762, 772–774,
782–783, 786, 792–793,
798–799, 844–845;
American foreign policy
during, 749, 754–765,
779–781, 783–784, 786–
787, 793–798, 820–822,
830–831, 834–835, 837,
846–848, 853–855, 876;
arms-reduction agreements
during, 822, 837,
847; Asian arena during,
758–759, 762–765,
779–780, 820–822; beginning
of, 749; Berlin Wall
during, 793; détente, 798,
820–822, 830; disarmament
during, 783–784;
elections during, 760–762,
781–782, 785–786, 801–
802, 809–812, 825–826,
833–834, 841–842, 846;
end of, 847–848, 853–855;
Korean War during, 743,
762–765, 771–772; rearmament
during, 757–758,
762–763, 844–845; Strategic
Defense Initiative
(Star Wars) in, 845; Vietnam
War during
(See Vietnam War)
Colleges and universities:
affi rmative action in, 832,
865, 875, 895; African
Americans admitted to,
282, 496; colonial education
in, 82–83; desegregation
of, 798; early
establishment of, 14, 64;
land-grant, 496; political
activism at, 777–778,
806, 813, 820; reform
of, 281–282, 497–498;
veterans attending, 741;
women admitted to, 282,
286, 287, 496. See also
specifi c schools by name
Collier, John, 680
Colonies: army of, 118–120,
121–126, 129–139;
Carolinas, 28, 29–30;
committees of correspondence
in, 110–111;
confl icts between British
and French, 92–95; Connecticut,
40, 43; culture
in, 83–84; Delaware,
50–52; disunity of, 95–96,
117–118; education in,
64, 81–83; First Continental
Congress of, 113,
117–118; France as ally to,
115–116, 117, 133–135,
138–140; French, 89–95;
Georgia, 30–31; governments
of, 26–27, 36–38,
42–43, 64, 78, 85–86;
governors of, 85–86,
109; Maine, 40–41, 43;
Maryland, 27, 53–56, 74;
multicultural immigration
to, 70–72; New England
Index I-9
(See New England); New
Hampshire, 41; New Jersey,
50, 51–52; New York,
45–48, 51–52, 61, 74–75,
84–85, 95–96; northern
(See North); Pennsylvania,
48–52, 70–72, 83; politics
in, 85–86; population
growth in, 69–70; printing
presses in, 84–85; professions
in, 74–77; religion
in, 35–39, 48–51, 64–65,
77–81; resentment of British
rule in, 43–45, 98–100,
102–117, 129; Rhode
Island, 30, 39–40, 43;
slavery in, 9, 26, 28–29,
31–32, 59–62; society
in, 61–68, 72–74, 83–84,
86–87; southern (See
South); Spain as ally to,
115–116; Spanish, 13–14,
98, 115–116, 222, 350,
543–546; strengths and
weaknesses of, 117–120;
taxation of, 105–110,
115–116; trade restrictions
on, 44, 104–107,
109–110; transportation
in, 77; unity of, 42–43,
95–96, 99, 107–108, 113,
117–118; Virginia, 17,
21–27, 53–56, 74, 111.
See also Colonists; specifi c
colonies by name
Colonists: diseases aff ecting,
22–23, 53–54; education
for, 64, 81–83; Jamestown
settlement by, 17, 21–23;
multiculturalism of,
70–72; Native American
confl icts with, 23–25,
30, 42, 46, 56, 58, 90, 97,
100; Pilgrims as, 35–39,
42; professions of, 74–77;
Puritans as, 35–39, 42–43,
62–67, 81–83, 290–293;
Quakers as, 39, 48–51;
religion of, 35–39, 48–51,
64–65, 77–81; republicanism
of, 103–104, 126,
127–128; resentment of
British rule by, 43–45,
98–100, 102–117, 129;
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-10 Index
Colonists: (continued)
society developed by,
61–68, 72–74, 83–84,
86–87; transportation of,
77; West Indies colonization
by, 27–29, 37, 59,
74–76. See also Colonies
Colorado: agriculture in,
521; Columbine High
School in, 863; mining
in, 517–518; statehood of,
521; women’s voting rights
in, 518
Colored Farmers’ National
Alliance, 529
Colored National Labor
Union, 478
Colt, Samuel, 262
Columbia, 349, 554–555
Columbia, South Carolina,
406, 417
Columbine High School
shooting, 863
Columbus, Christopher, 1,
9–10, 12
Comanches, 513, 720
Committee for Industrial
Organization (CIO),
683–685
Committee on Public Information,
601–603
Committees of correspondence,
110–111
Common Sense (Paine),
126–127, 291
Commonwealth of Independent
States, 854–855
Commonwealth v. Hunt, 264
Communal societies, 287–288
Communication: computers
as method of,
766–768, 865, 881–883,
888, 898–899; Moscow-
Washington hot line for,
797; radio as method of,
635, 656, 673; telegraph as
method of, 263, 272, 476;
telephones as source of,
467; television as method
of, 769–770, 771, 785–786
Communism: American anticommunism,
622–623,
759–760, 772–774;
Chinese, 758, 820–822;
collapse of, 853–854;
Cuban, 784; Laotian, 794;
North Korean, 762–765,
772; Russian, 622; Soviet,
697, 748–749, 755–760,
820–822, 853–855; Truman
Doctrine support
against, 755–756; Vietnamese,
779–780, 807
Compromise of 1850,
343–346, 347, 355
Compromise of 1877,
444–445
Compromise Tariff of 1833,
238–239
Computers, 766–768, 865,
881–883, 888, 898–899
Comstock, Anthony, 503
Concord, Massachusetts, 114
Confederate States of
America: army of, 381–
384, 389–390, 394–395,
397–400, 402–403,
410–411; balance of forces
in, 381–384; constitution
of, 387; creation of, 373;
currency of, 390–391, 441;
economy of, 390–391,
392–393; foreign allies
of, 384; navy of, 385–386,
398–399; reconstruction
of (See Reconstruction);
surrender of, 410–411
Confederation: Articles of,
118, 148–150, 153–154,
156, 159, 163; creation
of, 148–149; New
England, 42–43
Congregational Church:
demographics of, 278; as
dominant denomination,
77–78; education fostered
by, 81–83; founding of, 38;
government fostered by,
64, 78; post-Revolutionary
status of, 144
Congress: Albany, 95–96;
Billion-Dollar, 452–453;
Constitutional Convention
shaping, 156–161; demographics
of, 861–862;
election dispute settlement
by, 229, 444–445;
elections to
(See Elections, congressional);
First Continental,
113, 117–118; impeachment
proceedings by, 194,
431–432, 829–830, 868;
legislation by (See Legislation);
post-Revolutionary,
148–150; Reconstruction
views of, 422, 424–426;
Second Continental, 121,
128–129; war powers of,
205–206, 827. See also
House of Representatives;
Senate
Congressional Committee
on the Conduct of the
War, 406
Congress of Industrial
Organizations (CIO),
685, 731
Congress of Racial Equality
(CORE), 720
Conkling, Roscoe, 443,
447–448
Connecticut: colonization of,
40; constitution of, 146;
Hartford, 40, 211–213;
Hartford Convention
involvement of, 211–213;
in New England
Confederation, 43; New
Haven, 40. See also New
England; North
Conservation. See Environmental
protection
Constitution, Confederate,
387
Constitution, U.S.:
Amendments to (See
Bill of Rights; specifi c
Amendments); antifederalist
concerns over,
159–161; Civil War
challenges to, 387–388;
ratifi cation of, 161–164;
writing of, 146, 156–159
Constitutional Convention,
154–161
Constitution (Old Ironsides),
209
Constitutions, state,
146–147, 361
Construction industry, 741,
745, 766, 824
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Consumerism, 484–485,
523, 631, 721, 741–742,
769–770
Consumer Price Index, 836
Consumer Product Safety
Commission, 825
Consumer safety, 573, 825
Contraceptives, 636–637,
814, 823
Convention of 1800, 183
Conwell, Russell, 472
Coolidge, Calvin, 618–619,
647, 649, 651–655
Cooper, James Fenimore, 214,
254, 291–292
Copley, John Singleton, 83
Copperheads, 406–407
Copyrights, 321
Corbett, “Gentleman Jim,”
511
CORE (Congress of Racial
Equality), 720
Corn, 5–6, 266
Cornbury, Lord, 85
Cornwallis, Charles, 137, 138
Coronado, Francisco, 11–12
Corporations, 263. See also
Businesses
Corruption: business,
467–468, 563–569, 875;
campaign fi nance reform
on, 866; governmental,
430, 435–436, 437–439,
448–449, 464, 564–569,
650–651, 828–830,
848–849, 878–879; of
labor unions, 783; in
white-Native American
relations, 514. See also
Scandals
Cortés, Hernán, 13–14
Cotton, John, 38
Cotton agriculture, 261–262,
298–302, 304, 306–308,
384, 474, 720
Cotton gin, 261
Cotton Stabilization
Corporation, 657
Coughlin, Charles, 675
Council of Economic
Advisors, 741
Council of National
Defense, 603
County government, 86
Courts. See Judicial system;
Supreme Court
Cox, James M., 618–619
Coxey, Jacob S., 530
Cozzens, James Gould, 787
Crane, Stephen, 501
Crawford, William H., 227–228
Crazy Horse, 514
Credit, 441, 631, 769. See also
Debt
Credit cards, 769
Crédit Mobilier scandal, 438,
460, 464
Creeks, 30, 239–241
Creel, George, 601–603
Crime, 628–629, 863, 892. See
also Judicial system
Criminal syndicalism laws,
623
Crittenden, John Jordan, 374,
381
Crockett, Davy, 248
Croly, Herbert, 584
Cromwell, Oliver, 29
Croquet, 509
Crows, 513
Cruel and unusual
punishment, 168
Crusades, 8
Cruz, Nilo, 897
Cuba: abolitionism in, 313;
American foreign relations
with, 543–546, 549,
696, 784, 797–798; Bay
of Pigs invasion in, 797;
British-Spanish trade
of, 98; communism in,
784; Cuban missile crisis,
797–798; economic sanctions
on, 784; expansion
attempts in, 350;
Guantánamo, 696, 872;
immigrants from, 784,
891; independence of,
549; military intervention
in, 545–546, 555, 579,
696, 797–798; revolt in,
543–544; Soviet Union
involvement in, 784,
797–798, 834–835
Cult of domesticity, 265–266,
285, 768–769
Culture: of 1960s, 813–814;
African American,
637–638, 640, 788, 896;
anthropology studying,
676–677; during Cold
War, 741–743, 766–770,
787–789; colonial, 83–84;
conservative, 839, 843,
849–852, 864; counterculture,
813–814; German
immigrant support for,
258; infl uence of American,
881–882; National
Endowments for the
Arts and the Humanities
promoting, 803; Native
American, 515–517,
896; post-World War II,
741–743, 766–770;
Puritans, 290–291;
reforms of, 280–284,
290–297, 498–502, 506–
509, 638–641, 769–770,
787–789, 813–814; slave,
308; twenty-fi rst century,
881–882, 896–898. See
also Amusement; Art;
Literature; Multiculturalism;
Music
Cumberland Road, 268
cummings, e. e., 640
Currency: Confederate,
390–391, 441; devaluation
of, 825; exchange rates
on, 694, 749, 750, 825;
gold-backed, 104–105,
390, 441–442, 455–456,
531–532, 825; paper, 118,
241, 244, 440–442, 455,
673; shortage of, 104–105,
118; silver-backed, 104–
105, 441, 453, 455–456,
529–530, 532–533; wildcat,
244, 246
Cushing, Caleb, 351
Custer, George Armstrong,
515
CWA (Civil Works Administration),
674
Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic,
701, 814, 853, 867
da Gama, Vasco, 9
Daguerre, Louis, 290
Daley, Richard, 810
Index I-11
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-12 Index
Dams, 574–575, 661,
678, 681
Darrow, Clarence, 630
Dartmouth College v.
Woodward, 221
Darwin, Charles, 472,
493–494, 629–630
Daugherty, Harry M., 645,
647, 650
Davis, Jeff erson: as Confederate
president, 373, 375,
387, 403, 411; as military
leader, 240; pardoning of,
416–417; southern society
infl uencing, 301
Davis, John W., 652–653
Dawes, Charles, 655
Dawes Plan (1924), 655
Dawes Severalty Act
(1887), 517
Dawson, Rosario, 896
Daylight savings time, 607
D-Day (June 6, 1944),
728–729
Dean, James, 813
Dean, John, III, 829
Debs, Eugene V., 530–531,
566, 576, 603, 619
Debt: British, 105, 140,
151, 180; defl ation and,
526–527; imprisonment
for, 31, 217, 264, 283;
indentured servants owing,
27, 55–56, 58, 59–60,
62, 73, 144; international,
170, 180, 555, 653–655,
698, 708; of Loyalists,
140, 151; Mexican, 329;
national, 150, 152, 165,
169–170, 193, 641–642,
690–691, 721–722, 849,
872 (See also Budget
defi cit); personal, 31, 153,
160, 441, 631; Revolutionary
War, 138; southern,
375, 422, 425; state, 149,
150, 169–170
Decatur, Stephen, 195, 214
Declaration of Independence,
128–129
Declaratory Act (1766), 108
Deere, John, 266
Defi cit: budget, 455, 688,
843–844, 849, 852, 863,
872 (See also National
debt); trade, 844, 852
de Gaulle, Charles, 793, 808
de Grasse, Admiral, 138
Deism, 277
de Kooning, Willem, 897
Delany, Martin, 311
Delaware, 50–52, 379. See
also North
De La Warr, Lord, 23–24,
50–51
de Lôme, Dupuy, 543
Democracy in America (de
Tocqueville), 234–235
Democratic Party: in 1844
election, 325–327; in 1848
election, 338–340; in 1852
election, 348; in 1856
election, 362–364; in 1860
election, 370–373; in 1864
election, 406–410; in 1868
election, 437; in 1872 election,
440; in 1876 election,
443–445; in 1880 election,
447–448; in 1884 election,
449–450; in 1888 election,
452; in 1892 election, 455;
in 1896 election, 532–536;
in 1900 election, 552;
in 1908 election, 576;
in 1910 election, 580; in
1912 election, 583–586; in
1916 election, 595–596; in
1920 election, 618–619; in
1924 election, 652–653; in
1928 election, 655–657; in
1930 election, 662; in 1932
election, 666–670; in 1936
election, 685–686; in 1940
election, 706–708; in 1944
election, 730–731; in 1948
election, 760–762; in 1952
election, 770–772; in 1956
election, 781–782; in 1960
election, 785–786; in 1964
election, 801–802; in 1968
election, 809–812; in 1972
election, 825–826; in 1976
election, 833–834; in 1980
election, 841–842; in 1984
election, 846; in 1986 election,
852; in 1988 election,
852–853; in 1992 election,
861–862; in 1994 election,
864; in 1996 election, 864;
in 2000 election, 868–869;
in 2004 election, 875; in
2006 election, 879–880;
in 2008 election, 879,
880; African-Americans
in, 670, 686; demographics
of, 442–443; emergence
of, 244–245, 252;
national convention of,
810–811; sectionalism of,
361; Southern power of,
445–446
Democratic-Republicans,
173–174, 180, 181,
183–187, 188–192,
205–206, 231, 244–245
Demographics. See
Population
Dempsey, Jack, 631
Denmark, 703
Dennis v. United States, 759
Department of Commerce,
571–572
Department of Defense,
757, 880
Department of Energy, 834
Department of Homeland
Security, 871
Department of Housing and
Urban Development
(HUD), 803
Department of Labor, 570,
571–572, 605
Department of the Navy, 182
Department of the Treasury:
Civil War policies of, 390;
defi cit of (See Budget
defi cit; National debt);
gold buying by, 673; gold
reserves of, 455–456;
Hamilton as Secretary
of, 168, 169–172, 180;
independent, 246–247,
320, 328; surplus of, 451;
tax reforms by, 641
Department of Transportation,
803
Department stores, 484–485
Depressions: of 1893, 455–
457, 530–531; of 1930s
(See Great Depression).
See also Panics, economic;
Recessions
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Desegregation, 760, 776–777,
798–799, 800–801, 832
Desert Land Act (1877), 574
Desert Storm, 857
de Soto, Hernando, 12
Despotism, 146, 153, 161,
174, 188, 222–223
de Tocqueville, Alexis,
234–235, 276, 285, 568
Detroit, Michigan: as automobile
capital, 632, 828;
Erie Canal impact on, 269;
founding of, 91; Pontiac’s
uprising in, 100; race riots
in, 720, 806
Devries, Martin, 660
Dewey, George, 544–545
Dewey, John, 626, 629
Dewey, Th omas E., 706,
730–731, 760
Dey of Algiers, 152, 156
Dias, Bartholomeu, 9
Dickens, Charles, 232, 321
Dickinson, Emily, 295, 500
Dingley Tariff Bill (1897), 536
Diplomacy: Chinese diplomatic
relations, 834;
dollar, 578–579, 590;
expanding American role
in, 540–541; Franklin
(Benjamin) role in, 117,
134, 139–140; Roosevelt
(Th eodore) role in, 558–
559; Soviet diplomatic
recognition, 695. See also
Foreign aff airs/policies
Disabilities, people with, 857
Disarmament, 648, 653,
783–784
Discrimination: affi rmative
action and, 801, 824–825,
832, 850, 857, 865, 875,
895; anticommunism
fostering, 622–623;
antiforeignism promoting,
258–260, 362–363, 413,
491–492, 623–626, 864;
economic, 474; gender
(See Women’s rights
movement); racial (See
Racial discrimination);
religious, 785; wartime
treatment of immigrants,
592–593, 603, 716
Diseases: AIDS as, 814;
colonists suff ering, 22–23,
53–54; during Cuban
invasion, 546; epidemics
of, 74, 288, 612; infl uenza
pandemic, 612; medical
advances in treating,
288–290, 630, 870, 884,
888; Native Americans
impacted by, 11, 14,
24–25, 42, 100, 513; polio
as, 888; smallpox as, 14,
24, 74, 100, 288; venereal,
610, 814; yellow fever as,
288, 549
Disneyland, 769
District of Columbia. See
Washington, D.C.
Divorce, 63, 503, 832,
887, 888
Divorce Bill, 246–247
Dix, Dorothea, 283, 392
Doctorow, E. L., 789
Doctors, 74, 497. See also
Healthcare
Doheny, Edward L., 650
Dole, Robert, 864
Dollar diplomacy, 578–579,
590
Dominican Republic, 555,
579, 590, 653, 807
Dominion of New England,
43–45
Donnelly, Ignatius, 530
Douglas, Stephen A., 343,
353–355, 360–361, 366,
367–368, 370–371,
372–373, 406
Douglass, Frederick, 305–306,
311, 314, 402
Dow, Neal S., 284–285
Draft , military, 388–390, 608,
704, 718, 757, 808, 820,
827, 837
Drake, Francis, 19–20
Dred Scott v. Stanford,
364–365
Dreiser, Th eodore, 484, 502,
563, 639
Drugs, 813, 814
Du Bois, W. E. B., 496
Dukakis, Michael,
852–853
Duke, James Buchanan, 473
Dulles, John Foster, 779,
780, 794
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 502
Dunmore, Lord, 119
Dunne, Finley Potter, 546,
559
Dutch East India Company,
45
Dutch people. See
Netherlands, Th e
Dutch West India Company,
45–47
Dwight, Timothy, 189
Eagleton, Th omas, 826
Eakins, Th omas, 507
Earth Day, 825
East Germany, 754, 793, 853.
See also Germany
East Indies, 45
Economic policies: agriculture
impacted by, 652,
657–658, 678–680; banking
system reforms as (See
Banking system); Bank
of the United States and,
171–172, 214, 216–217,
220, 241–244, 320, 587;
budget defi cit and, 455,
688, 843–844, 849, 852,
863, 870; budget surplus
and, 451, 863, 869, 870;
of Cleveland (Grover),
450–452; consumerism
and, 484–485, 523, 631,
721, 741–742, 769–770;
Divorce Bill as, 246–247;
economic sanctions
as, 664, 712, 784, 838;
embargoes as, 201–204,
262, 712, 784, 828, 837,
856; gold standard as,
531–536, 536–537, 673,
825; during Great Depression,
660–662, 673–692,
693–697; Great Society,
801, 803, 818; Hamilton
shaping, 169–172, 180;
on international debt, 653–
655; laissez-faire, 450–451,
471–472, 604, 645–647;
national debt impacted by,
150, 152, 165, 169–170,
Index I-13
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-14 Index
Economic policies (continued)
193, 641–642, 690–691,
721–722, 849, 870; nationalism
shaping, 214–215;
New Deal, 673–692,
693–697; New Frontier,
792–793; post-World War
II, 750–752; progressive,
587–588; Reaganomics,
843–844, 849; during
Roaring Twenties, 645–
647, 649–650; supply-side
economics, 843–844, 849;
on tariff s (See Tariff s);
taxation as (See Taxation);
wartime, 603–607; welfare
as, 674, 682–683, 824;
Western expansion and,
217, 241–242, 244
Economy: 1970s stagnation
of, 816, 818; of 1990s,
861, 864–865; agriculture
impacted by, 526–528,
652, 657–658; baby boom
impact on, 746; Black
Monday as crash of, 852;
Black Tuesday as crash of,
658–659; boom of 1950-
1970, 741–746, 766–770;
Civil War impact on,
317, 390–393, 414–415;
Confederate, 390–391,
392–393; consumerism
and, 484–485, 523, 631,
721, 741–742, 769–770;
defense reductions
impacting, 855; depression
of 1893, 455–457,
530–531; embargo aff ecting,
201–202; European
exploration transforming,
12–13; Great Depression
impact on, 659–660, 689;
immigrant impact on,
260; Industrial Revolution
impact on, 261–266, 475–
476, 630–631; inequality
of, 844, 849, 884–886,
899; infl ation and, 118,
390–391, 441–443, 604,
673, 818, 824, 835–836;
Internet/high-tech impact
on, 882–883; market, 273–
274; mercantilism eff ect
on, 105–107; oil industry
impact on, 743, 828; panic
of 1819, 216–217; panic
of 1837, 244, 246–247,
264, 321–322; panic of
1857, 365–366; panic of
1873, 440–442; panic of
1907, 576; plantation, 9,
26, 28–29, 31–32, 59–62,
300–302, 306–310; post-
Revolutionary War, 147,
152–154; post-World War
I, 653–655; post-World
War II, 739–746, 766–770;
productivity impacting,
744, 816, 818; railroad
impacting, 270–273,
460, 463–464; recession
of 1920-1921, 630;
recession of 1981-1982,
844; recession of 1987,
852; in Roaring Twenties,
630–631, 633–634,
641–642, 653–655, 658–
659; southern, 392–393,
474–475; transportation
impacting, 267–273, 366,
460, 463–464; twentyfi
rst century, 882–884;
Union dissolution impact
on, 317; Vietnam War
impacting, 818; wartime,
317, 390–393, 414–415,
603–607, 717–718,
720–722, 737, 743, 818;
wealth and, 467–472, 476,
844, 849, 884–886, 899
Eddy, Mary Baker, 493
Edict of Nantes, 90
Edison, Th omas Alva, 467,
470, 507, 636
Education: for African
Americans, 281, 282, 305,
309, 419–420, 495–496,
798, 800, 832, 894–896;
collegiate (See Colleges
and universities); colonial,
64, 81–83; desegregation
of, 776–777, 798, 800, 832;
German immigrant support
for, 258; high school,
495, 629; immigrant, 489,
490; Land Ordinance on,
150–151; medical, 497;
multicultural, 895–896;
for Native Americans,
517; No Child Left Behind
Act (2002) on, 875; parochial,
258–259, 489, 495,
803; reform of, 280–282,
494–495, 497–498,
629–630, 783; school violence,
863; separation of
church and state in, 144,
785, 803, 823; southern,
82, 495–496; tax-supported,
280–281, 494–495; of
veterans, 741; vocational,
497; for women, 146,
282, 286–287, 496, 886.
See also Colleges and
universities
Education Amendments,
Title IX (1972), 831
Edwards, Jonathan, 79
EEC (European Economic
Community), 793
Egypt, 781, 808, 827, 834
Eighteenth Amendment, 571,
607, 627
Einstein, Albert, 734, 759
Eisenhower, Dwight D. “Ike”:
domestic policies of,
776–779, 782–783; foreign
policies of, 779–781,
783–784; as president,
766, 768, 772, 776–781,
782–784, 786–787; as
presidential candidate,
760, 770–771, 781–782;
quotation by, 766;
World War II role of,
726, 728, 731
Elderly. See Older Americans
Elections, congressional: of
1858, 366, 367–368; of
1866, 425–426; of 1874,
442; of 1878, 442; of 1890,
453; of 1894, 456; of 1910,
580; of 1918, 612; of 1930,
662; of 1938, 689; of 1946,
760; of 1956, 782; of 1964,
802; of 1986, 852; of 1992,
861–862; of 1994, 864;
of 2006, 879–880; campaign
fi nance reform for,
866; progressive changes
to, 565
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Elections, presidential: of
1789, 181; of 1796, 181;
of 1800, 188, 190–191; of
1804, 200, 202; of 1816,
215; of 1820, 219; of 1824,
227–230; of 1828, 227,
231–232; of 1832, 242–
243; of 1836, 245; of 1840,
227, 250; of 1844, 324,
325–327; of 1848, 338; of
1852, 348–349; of 1856,
362–364; of 1860, 370–
373; of 1864, 406–410; of
1868, 436–437; of 1872,
440; of 1876, 443–445;
of 1880, 447–448, 529; of
1884, 449–450; of 1888,
452; of 1892, 453–454,
455; of 1896, 531–536;
of 1900, 552; of 1904,
575–576; of 1908, 576; of
1912, 580–581, 583–586;
of 1916, 595–596; of
1920, 618–619; of 1924,
633, 652–653; of 1928,
655–657; of 1932, 666–
670; of 1936, 685–686; of
1940, 706–708; of 1944,
730–731; of 1948, 760–
762; of 1952, 770–772; of
1956, 781–782; of 1960,
785–786; of 1964, 801–
802; of 1968, 809–812;
of 1972, 825–826; of
1976, 833–834; of 1980,
841–842; of 1984, 846; of
1988, 852–853; of 1992,
861–862; of 1996, 864; of
2000, 868–869, 893–894;
of 2004, 875; of 2008, 863,
879, 880, 895; campaign
fi nance reform for, 866;
national nominating
conventions for, 243,
810–811; negative campaigning
in, 189–190, 231,
449, 656, 801–802
Electoral College, 157
Electoral Count Act
(1877), 445
Electric industry: electric
light bulb invention
impacting, 467, 470;
hydroelectric power,
661, 681–682; New Deal
impact on, 678, 681–682;
post-World War II, 743
Eliot, Charles W., 497
Eliot, T. S., 640
Elizabeth I, Queen, 18–20
Elkins Act (1903), 572
Ellison, Ralph, 788
El Salvador, 846, 855
Emancipation Proclamation,
399–401
Embargo Act (1807), 201–202
Embargoes, 201–204, 262,
712, 784, 828, 837, 856
Emergency Banking Relief
Act (1933), 673
Emergency Quota Act
(1921), 625
Emerson, Ralph Waldo: on
John Brown, 369; on
Kansas-Nebraska Act,
355; as lyceum lecturer,
282, 292–293; on Mexican
territory annexation, 335;
quotation by, 50, 114,
252–253, 275; religion of,
277; Self-Reliance lectureessay
by, 254; on slavery,
304, 347; as transcendalist,
292–293
Empire State Building,
640–641
Employment Act (1946), 741
Endangered Species Act
(1973), 825
Energy: alternative, 899;
conservation, 835, 899;
crisis, 828, 835. See also
Oil industry
Engels, Friedrich, 566
Engel v. Vitale, 823
England. See Britain (Great
Britain, England, United
Kingdom)
Enron, 875
Ensler, Eve, 897
Environmental protection:
Carson’s Silent Spring
impacting, 825, 833;
Civilian Conservation
Corps programs on, 674;
conservative opposition
to, 870; legislation on,
825; as Progressive issue,
574–575; twenty-fi rst
century, 899
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), 825
Epidemics, 74, 288, 612
Episcopal Church, 144, 278,
419. See also Anglican
Church
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission
(EEOC), 801
Equality: for African Americans,
445, 800–801, 804–
807; Equal Rights Amendment
on, 637, 881–882;
income gap and, 844, 849,
884–886, 895, 899; politics
refl ecting, 251–252; post-
Revolutionary pursuit of,
144–146; society refl ecting,
234–235; for women,
145, 287, 637, 645, 801,
831–832
Equal Rights Amendment,
637, 831–832
Era of Good Feelings,
215–216
Erie Canal, 215, 269, 271, 272
Esch-Cummins Transportation
Act (1920), 646
Escobedo case, 823
Espionage Act (1917), 603
Ethnic cleansing, 866, 867
E*Trade, 898
European Community, 756.
See also specifi c countries
by name
European Economic
Community (EEC), 793
European exploration and
settlements: of Africa,
8–9; by Britain, 14, 21–32;
by France, 14–15, 16;
maps of, 11, 22, 41; by the
Netherlands, 45–48; by
Norsemen, 7; by Portugal,
8–9, 11; by Spain, 9–16; by
Sweden, 47
Evangelism, 79–81, 277–278,
770, 849–850
Evans, Hiram Wesley,
624
Everett, Edward, 290
Evers, Medgar, 799
Index I-15
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-16 Index
Evolution, theory of,
493–494, 629–630
Exchange rates, 694, 749,
750, 825
Excise taxes, 171, 172,
192–193
Exxon Valdez spill, 899
Facebook, 898
Factories. See Manufacturing
Fair Deal, 762
Fair Employment Practices
Commission, 720
Fair Labor Standards Act
(1938), 685
Fall, Albert B., 645, 650
Falwell, Jerry, 849–850
Families: baby boom in, 746;
Civil War dividing, 381;
emancipation impact on,
419; immigration laws
impacting, 803; mobility
of population impacting,
744; New England, 62–64;
patriots and loyalists in,
130; single parent, 888,
894–895; size of, 265–266,
503; slave, 307–308;
southern, 54, 61–62;
twenty-fi rst century, 886–
888; urbanization impact
on, 503–505; women’s
movement impact on,
285–286, 832, 886–887
Family Leave Bill (1993), 887
Farmers’ Alliance, 453, 529
Farming. See Agriculture
Farragut, David G., 404, 408
Faubus, Orval, 777
Faulkner, William, 640, 788
FBI (Federal Bureau of
Investigation), 790–791,
805, 829
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation), 673
Federal Art Project, 675
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI), 790–791,
805, 829
Federal courts, 168. See also
Supreme Court
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC), 673
Federal Emergency Relief Act
(1933), 674
Federal Emergency Relief
Administration, 674
Federal Farm Board, 657
Federal Farm Loan Act
(1916), 589
Federal government: antifederalist
opposition to,
160–164; antigovernment
distrust of, 863–864;
anti-trust regulations
of, 472–473, 572–573,
579, 588–589, 645–646;
budget defi cit of, 455, 688;
budget surplus of, 451;
business interactions with,
456, 459–460, 531–532,
564–569, 645–647; Civil
War defi ning role of, 413;
conservative role reduction
of, 841, 842–843,
849; Constitutional
Convention shaping,
154–161; corruption in,
430, 435–436, 437–439,
448–449, 464, 564–569,
650–651, 828–830,
848–849; desegregation
of, 776; economic policies
of (See Economic policies);
foreign policies of
(See Foreign aff airs/policies);
interstate commerce
regulation by, 465–466,
472, 572, 589, 645–646;
labor intervention by, 225,
446–447, 571–572, 662;
land policies of, 149–151,
217, 366, 392, 459–460,
496, 519–520, 574–575;
national debt of, 150, 152,
165, 169–170, 193, 641–
642, 690–691, 721–722;
national park system of,
255, 522, 574; patronage
in, 233, 236, 442–443,
448; post-Revolutionary
War, 148–150, 153–154;
progressive strengthening
of, 565–568, 571–578;
public works projects
by, 661, 674, 675, 678,
681–682, 778–779; road
construction by, 215, 230,
268–269, 633, 778–779;
spoils system in, 233, 236;
Supreme Court strengthening
of, 220–221. See
also Congress; Presidency;
Vice presidency; department,
offi ce and bureaurelated
entries
Federal Highway Act (1956),
778–779
Federal Housing Administration
(FHA), 682, 745
Th e Federalist, 162, 291
Federalists, 160–164,
173–174, 181, 183–192,
202, 205–206, 211–213
Federal judges, 193
Federal Reserve Act (1913),
576, 588
Federal Securities Act (1933),
680
Federal Trade Commission,
588
Federal Trade Commission
Act (1914), 588
Th e Feminine Mystique
(Friedan), 769
Feminist movement. See
Women’s rights movement
Ferraro, Geraldine, 846
Fetterman, William J., 515
FHA (Federal Housing
Administration), 682, 745
Field, Cyrus, 271
Fift eenth Amendment, 427,
428
Fillmore, Millard, 345,
351–352, 363
Finland, 655, 702–703
Finney, Charles Grandison,
278, 310
Firearms, 168, 262–263, 863.
See also Weapons
First Amendment, 603
First Anglo-Powhatan War,
23–24
First Continental Congress,
113, 117–118
Fishing industry, 66, 75
Fisk, “Jubilee Jim,” 440
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 639
Five Power Naval Treaty
(1922), 648
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Flappers, 637
Fletcher v. Peck, 220–221
Florida: 2000 election dispute
in, 869, 893–894; Cuban
immigrants in, 784, 891;
Florida Purchase Treaty
for, 222, 327; Native Americans
in, 222, 240, 515; real
estate boom in, 641; secession
of, 373; Spanish rule
of, 98, 222; St. Augustine,
15. See also South
Food, wartime, 607, 718
Food Administration, 607
Food safety, 573
Food Stamps, 824
Football, 509
Foraker Act (1900), 548
Forbes, Charles R., 650
Force Acts (1870 and 1871),
431
Force Bill (1833), 238–239
Ford, Gerald, 829, 830–833
Ford, Henry, 466, 630,
632–633
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
Law (1922), 649–650
Foreign aff airs/policies:
Afghani-American,
871–872, 900; African-
American, 834, 848, 866;
anti-American sentiment
impacting, 876–878;
anticommunism shaping,
622–623; British-
American, 151–152,
179–180, 200–211, 222,
321–323, 328–329,
384–387, 541–542, 553,
648, 654–655, 842–843;
Canadian-American, 541;
Central American-U.S.,
540, 553–555, 590, 653,
846, 848; Chilean-
American, 541, 822;
Chinese-American, 351,
551–552, 648, 700–701,
820–822, 834, 853,
866–867; during Civil
War, 384–387; during
Cold War, 749, 754–765,
779–781, 783–784,
786–787, 793–798,
820–822, 830–831,
834–835, 837, 844–845,
846–848, 853–855, 876;
Columbian-American,
349, 554–555; Cuban-
American, 543–546,
549, 696, 784, 797–798;
Democratic-Republican
vs. Federalist views of,
187; diplomacy as (See
Diplomacy); disarmament
and, 648, 783–784; dollar
diplomacy as, 578–579,
590; domestic policy
superseding, 693–695;
Dominican Republic-
American, 555, 579, 590,
653, 807; embargo as tool
in, 201–204, 262, 712, 784;
French-American, 151–
152, 182–183, 189–190,
196–197, 386–387, 615,
619, 654–655, 793, 808;
French Revolution impact
on, 173–174; German-
American, 540–541, 593–
595, 710–711, 724–729,
731–732, 735–738; Good
Neighbor policy, 664–665,
695–696; Great Depression
impact on, 663–665,
693–696; Haitian-
American, 578, 590,
653, 664, 696; Hawaiian,
542–543, 545; Iranian-
American, 780–781,
835, 837–838, 842,
848–849; Iraqi-American,
855–857, 872–875, 880,
900; isolationist policies
of, 177–179, 198, 600,
616, 647–649, 653–654,
695, 698–702, 835;
Israeli-American, 756,
827–828, 834, 845–846,
867; Italian-American,
541; Japanese-American,
351–352, 559, 578, 590,
648, 700–701, 712–713,
722–724, 732–735;
Laotian-American,
793–794; Lebanonese-
American, 783, 845–846,
848; McCarthyism
tarnishing, 773–774;
Mexican-American,
248–250, 323–324,
329–335, 590–592,
653, 696, 718–719,
778; Middle East, 756,
780–781, 827–828, 834,
835, 837–838, 845–846,
848–849, 855–857, 867,
871–875, 880, 900; Monroe
Doctrine on, 224–225,
555, 704–705; nationalism
shaping, 214–216, 221–
222, 230–231, 412–413;
NATO and, 757–758;
neutrality in, 177–179,
592–595, 598, 698–702,
709–710, 711; Nixon
Doctrine on, 819; Open
Door policy as, 551–552,
558, 559, 578, 648;
Panamanian-American,
696, 834, 855; Philippine-
American, 413, 544–545,
547–548, 550–551, 590,
695; post-Cold War,
866–867, 876–878; post-
Revolutionary, 151–152,
179–180; Puerto Rican-
American, 413, 546–547,
548–549; reform of, 538–
542; Russian-American,
432–433, 558–559, 578,
648, 855; segregation
tarnishing, 774; Soviet-
American, 728, 747–749,
754–765, 779–787, 793,
797–798, 820–822, 830,
834–835, 837, 844–845,
846–848, 853–855;
Spanish-American,
152, 180, 350, 543–550,
699–700; Vietnamese-
American, 779–780,
794–796, 801–802, 807–
812, 818–820, 825–827,
830–831; War of 1812
impact on, 213; World
War I impact on, 592–593,
598–619; World War II impact
on, 693–706, 708–713
Foreign trade. See International
trade
Forest Reserve Act (1891),
574
Index I-17
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-18 Index
Forest Service, 575
Fort Duquesne, 95, 96
Fort Sumter, 378–379
Foster, Stephen C., 291
Four-Power Treaty
(1922), 648
Fourteenth Amendment,
425, 427, 428, 445, 446,
447, 472
France: abolitionism in, 312,
313; American foreign
relations with, 151–152,
182–183, 189–190,
201–204, 386–387, 615,
619, 654–655, 793, 808;
army of, 135, 200, 619;
British confl ict with,
92–98, 115, 133–135, 139–
141, 177, 200–204; Civil
War neutrality of, 384;
as colonial ally, 115–116,
117, 133–135, 138–140;
exploration by, 14–15,
16; imperial power of,
556, 558; imperial rivalry
of, 115–116, 139–141,
197; international debt
of, 654–655; Louisiana
transitions involving,
98, 196–197; Mexican
invasion by, 386–387; nationalism
of, 412; Native
American relations with,
90, 91, 92; NATO participation
of, 757, 808; navy
of, 135, 138, 182; North
American colonization by,
89–95; nuclear weapons
in, 793; post-World War
II, 756; protests in, 814;
Reign of Terror in, 174,
176; religious confl ict in,
89–90; revolution in, 129,
131, 139, 141, 143, 165,
173–179; Security Treaty
with, 615, 619; Texas
treaty with, 323; trade
with, 76; United Nations
participation by, 753;
Vietnam War involvement
of, 779–780, 808; voter
participation in, 235–236;
World War I involvement
of, 592, 609–615; World
War II involvement of,
702–705, 710, 726–729
Franco, Francisco, 699–700
Franklin, Benjamin:
Albany Congress role of,
96; American Revolution
role of, 130, 134, 139–140;
Autobiography by, 291; on
British treatment of colonies,
105; Constitutional
Convention role of, 155,
156, 159; as diplomat, 117,
134, 139–140; as federalist,
160; library established
by, 84; Philadelphia arrival
of, 51; Poor Richard’s
Almanack by, 83–84;
quotations by, 129, 159;
as scientist/inventor, 84;
travel by, 77; University
of Pennsylvania support
from, 83
Franklin, William, 130
Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy
Act (1934), 680
Frederick the Great, 95
Free blacks, 119, 305–306,
311, 313, 314, 364–365,
401–402
Freedmen’s Bureau, 419–420
Freedom of religion, 27,
39–40, 50, 168
Freedom of speech, 168, 184,
623
Freedom of the press, 85,
168, 184
Freedom Riders, 798
Freedom Summer (1964), 805
Freemen, 56, 58, 62
Freeport Doctrine, 367
Free Soil party, 339–340, 348
Free trade, 133–134, 750–752,
865–866
Frémont, John C., 331,
362–364
French and Indian War,
94–99
Freud, Sigmund, 637
Friedan, Betty, 769
Frontiero v. Richardson, 831
Frost, Robert, 640, 792
Fuel Administration, 607
Fugitive Slave Law (1850),
346–347, 348–349, 355
Fulbright, William, 808
Fuller, Margaret, 286, 287
Fulton, Robert, 268
Fundamentalism, 630,
849–850
Fundamental Orders, 40
Fur trappers, 91, 254, 325
Gabriel (slave), 309
Gadsden, James/Gadsden
Purchase, 353
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 770
Gallatin, Albert, 192–193
Gálvez, José, 116
Gandhi, Mohandas
“Mahatma,” 295, 776
Gangsters, 628–629
Gang warfare, 628–629, 893
Garfi eld, James A., 447–448
Garrison, William Lloyd, 311,
314–315, 316–317, 347
Garvey, Marcus, 637–638, 806
Gary, Indiana, 807
Gates, Horatio, 133
Gay and lesbian rights, 814,
862, 875, 878, 888
Gehry, Frank, 898
General Agreement on Tariff s
and Trade (GATT), 750
General Federation of
Women’s Clubs, 505, 569
General Motors, 684, 882
Genêt, Edmond, 177
Geology, 1, 3–4, 65–66
George, David Lloyd, 614
George, Henry, 458, 499
George II, King, 31
George III, King, 108,
110, 114, 124, 128–129,
139, 375
Georgia: Atlanta, 405; Black
Codes in, 423; Civil War
battles in, 405–406; colonization
of, 30–31; Native
American relations in,
231, 239; Revolutionary
battles in, 136–137; Savannah,
30–31, 405–406;
secession of, 373. See also
South
Germany: African invasion
by, 698, 725–726;
American attacks by, 710,
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
711, 724–725; American
foreign relations
with, 540–541, 593–595,
710–711, 724–729,
731–732, 735–738; Berlin
Wall in, 793, 853; British
attacks by, 705–706; division
of, 754, 793; Great
Depression impact on,
689, 736–738; Hessians
from, 114, 124; Hitler rule
in, 619, 658, 697–698,
701–706, 710–711, 724–
729, 731–732, 736–738;
immigrants from, 70–71,
257–258, 363, 486, 603,
716; imperial power
of, 556, 558; industry
dominance of, 818; invasions
by, 698, 701–704,
710–711, 724–729;
Jewish Holocaust in, 701,
705, 731–732, 736–737;
nationalism of, 412, 413;
NATO participation
of, 757, 780; navy of,
593–594, 598–600, 706,
711; post-World War II,
753–754, 756; reunifi cation
of, 853; Seven Years’
War involvement by, 95;
Soviet Union relations
with, 701–702, 710,
725–726, 731–732, 793;
voter participation in, 236;
wartime reparations from,
654–655; women’s suffrage
in, 605; World War I
involvement of, 592–595,
598–600, 609–615; World
War II involvement of,
697–698, 701–706, 710–
711, 724–729, 731–732,
736–738
Geronimo, 515
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,
403
Gettysburg Address, 403
Gibbons, James, 493
Gibbons v. Ogden, 220
GI Bill, 741
Gibraltar, Spain, 139–140
Gibson, Charles Dana/Gibson
Girls, 476
Gideon v. Wainwright, 823
Gilbert, Humphrey, 20
Gilded Age, 442–443, 457,
500–501
Th e Gilded Age (Twain and
Warner), 501
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins,
503–504
Gingrich, Newt, 864, 868
Ginsberg, Allen, 813
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 862
Gladden, Washington, 490
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform
Act (1933), 673
Glidden, Joseph F., 521
Globalization, 750–752, 793
Glorious Revolution, 44
Godey’s Lady Book, 282
Godkin, Edwin L., 499
Goebbels, Joseph, 705
Goering, Hermann, 738, 753
Gold: corruption involving
sale of, 438; currency,
104–105, 390, 441–442,
455–456; European
exploration/discovery
of, 13–14; gold rush,
340–341, 392, 517–518;
reserves, 455–456; standard,
531–536, 536–537,
673, 825
Gold Standard Act (1900),
536–537
Goldwater, Barry, 801–802
Gompers, Samuel, 479–480,
548, 604
Good Neighbor policy,
664–665, 695–696
Goodwin, Richard, 792
Google, 898
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 847–848,
853–854
Gordon, N. P., 306
Gore, Albert, 861, 868–869
Gorgas, William C., 549, 555
Gorges, Ferdinando, 41
Gould, Jay, 438, 464, 477, 478
Government: antigovernment
distrust of, 863–864;
bonds, 390, 456, 607;
business interactions with,
456, 459–460, 531–532,
564–569, 645–647;
colonial, 26–27, 36–38,
42–43, 64, 78, 85–86; corruption
in, 430, 435–436,
437–439, 448–449, 464,
564–569, 650–651,
828–830, 848–849,
878–879; county, 86;
House of Burgesses in,
26–27, 111; Mayfl ower
Compact forming, 36;
New England Confederation
as, 42–43; patronage
in, 233, 236, 442–443,
448; post-Revolutionary
War, 148–150, 152–154;
Puritan/Congregationalist-fostered,
37–38, 64,
78; republic as form of,
103–104, 126, 127–128,
159; state (See States);
town meeting style of,
64, 86. See also Congress;
Federal government;
Politics; Presidency; Vice
presidency; department,
offi ce and bureau-related
entries
Governors, colonial,
85–86, 109
Grady, Henry W., 473, 474
Graham, Billy, 770
Graham, Sylvester, 289
Grain Stabilization Corporation,
657
Grand Canyon, 12
Th e Grange, 528–529
Grant, Ulysses S.: as military
leader, 334, 383, 403–405,
410–411; as president,
436–442, 443
Th e Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck),
680
Graves, Michael, 898
Gray, Asa, 288
Gray, Robert, 325
Great Awakening, 79–81,
275–280, 283, 310–311
Great Britain. See Britain
(Great Britain, England,
United Kingdom)
Great Coulee Dam, 678
Great Depression: agricultural
policies during,
678–680; Black Tuesday
as start of, 658–659;
Index I-19
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-20 Index
Great Depression (continued)
business and industry
regulation during,
677–678, 680–681; causes
of, 659–660; economic
impact of, 659–660, 689;
economic policies during,
660–662, 673–692, 693–
695, 696–697; elections
during, 662, 666–670;
foreign relations/policies
impacted by, 663–665,
693–696; in Germany,
689, 736–738; housing
programs during, 682;
international trade during,
696–697; job creation
programs during, 673–
674, 675; labor reforms
during, 677, 683–685;
New Deal response to (See
New Deal); public works
projects during, 661, 674,
675, 678, 681–682; relief,
recovery and reform
during, 670–673; repeal of
prohibition during, 678;
securities regulation during,
680; Social Security as
result of, 682–683; stock
market during, 658–659,
680; Tennessee Valley
Authority during, 661,
681–682; unemployment
during, 659, 673–674,
677–678, 688, 691, 736;
veteran political involvement
during, 662–663;
women in politics during,
675–677; World War II
ending, 702
Th e Great Gatsby (Fitzgerald),
639
Great Lakes, 4, 209, 213, 269,
466
Great Northern Railroad,
461–462
Great Society, 801, 803–807,
818
Greece, 755, 757
Greeley, Horace, 381, 401, 440
Greenback Labor party, 529,
562
Greene, Nathanael, 137
Greenwich Village, 640
Grenada, 846
Grenville, George, 106, 116
Griffi th, D. W., 636
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 824
Grimké sisters (Angelina and
Sarah), 286
Griswold v. Connecticut, 823
Grundy, Felix, 205
Guadalcanal, 723–724
Guam, 413, 546–547, 722, 724
Guantánamo, Cuba, 696, 872
Guiteau, Charles J., 448
Guns, 168, 262–263, 863. See
also Weapons
Gustavus Adolphus, King, 47
Haiti: foreign investment in,
578; military intervention
in, 590, 653, 664, 696;
slave revolts in, 197, 312
Hale, Edward Everett, 407
Hale, John P., 348
Hale, Sarah Josepha, 282
Halsey, Harlan F., 500
Halsey, William F., 732
Hamilton, Alexander: on
aristocratic government,
154, 155; Constitutional
Convention role of, 155,
162; death of, 199–200;
as federalist, 162, 173,
181, 185–186, 188–189;
on French Revolution,
177; opponents of, 169,
171–173, 181, 186;
quotations by, 154, 165; as
Secretary of Treasury, 168,
169–172, 180
Hamilton, Andrew, 84
Hancock, John, 105, 155
Hancock, Winfi eld Scott, 447
Handy, W. C., 637
Hanna, Marcus Alonzo,
531–532, 533–535, 552
Hansberry, Lorraine, 788
Harding, Warren, 603,
618–619, 621, 643–651
Harlem, 637–638, 640
Harmar, Josiah, 179
Harpers Ferry revolt, 369
Harrington, Michael, Th e
Other America, 801
Harrison, Benjamin, 452, 542
Harrison, William Henry,
205, 213, 245, 250–251,
318–319
Hart, Gary, 852
Harte, Bret, 501, 518
Hartford, Connecticut, 40,
211–213
Hartford Convention,
211–213
Harvard College, 64, 497
Harvey, William Hope, 530
Hatch Act (1887), 496
Hatch Act (1939), 688–689
Haussmann, Georges-
Eugène, 507
Havana Conference, 704
Hawaii, 542–543, 545,
712–713, 786
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
(1930), 658
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 64,
287, 296
Hay, John, 549, 551–552
Hay-Bunau-Varilla
Treaty, 554
Hayes, Rutherford B.,
443–445, 447
Haymarket Square, 479, 566
Hayne, Robert Y., 238
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 553
Hayslip, Le Ly, 795
Haywood, William D. “Big
Bill,” 605
Head Start, 804
Healthcare: advances in, 288–
290, 630, 870, 884, 888;
education in, 497; mental
health, 283; public health
programs, 630; reforms,
283, 288–290, 630, 804,
862–863, 884, 888; view of
doctors practicing, 74
Hearst, William Randolph,
498, 540, 543, 591
Heller, Joseph, 787
Helms-Burton Act
(1996), 784
Helper, Hinton R., 359
Helsinki accord, 830
Hemingway, Ernest, 639, 787
Henry, Patrick: as antifederalist,
160, 161, 162,
163; Constitutional
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Convention absence of,
155; as First Continental
Congress participant, 113;
Revolutionary role of, 130
Henry Street Settlement, 490
Henry VIII, King, 18, 35
Hepburn Act (1906), 572
Hessians, 114, 124
Hetch Hetchy Valley
dam, 575
Hiawatha, 6
Hickok, James B.
“Wild Bill,” 521
High schools, 495, 629
High-tech businesses, 865,
881–883, 898–899
Hill, Anita, 858
Hill, James J., 462, 572
Hirihito, Emperor, 735
Hispanic-Americans,
890–892, 897. See also
Immigration: Cuban,
Mexican, Puerto Rican
Hispaniola, 10–11, 13.
See also Dominican
Republic; Haiti
Hiss, Alger, 759
Historians, 296–297
Hitler, Adolf: African invasion
led by, 698, 725–726;
American attacks led by,
710, 711, 724–725; British
attacks led by, 705–706;
invasions led by, 698,
701–704, 710–711, 724–
729; Jewish Holocaust
led by, 701, 705, 731–732,
736–737; last days of,
731–732; post-World War
I events bolstering, 619,
658, 697, 701; Roosevelt
leadership compared to,
736–738; Soviet Union
relations with, 701–702,
710, 725–726, 731–732
Hitler-Stalin Pact, 701–702
Ho Chi Minh, 558, 779–780
Hoff a, James R. “Jimmy,”
785
Holland. See Netherlands,
Th e Hollywood,
California, 636
Holmes, Oliver Wendell (Dr./
father), 289–290, 295
Holmes, Oliver Wendell
(Justice), 645
Holocaust, 701, 705, 731–732,
736–737
Home Owners’ Loan
Corporation, 674
Homer, Winslow, 507
Homestead Act (1862), 392,
519–520
Homestead Strike, 453, 454
Honduras, 578–579
Hone, Philip, 288
Hong Kong, 351, 722
Hooker, Joseph, 403
Hooker, Th omas, 40
Hoover, Herbert C.: as Food
Administration head, 607;
Landon support from,
685; on poverty, 643; as
president, 657–665; as
presidential candidate,
655–657, 669–670; quotation
by, 643; as Secretary
of Commerce, 644, 646;
on Social Security, 683
Hoover, J. Edgar, 791, 798
Hoover Dam, 661
Hopkins, Harry L., 674, 675
Hopwood v. Texas, 865
Horses, 10, 24–25
Hostages, 837–838, 842,
848–849
House of Burgesses, 26–27,
111
House of Representatives:
formation of, 156; House
Rules Committee of, 792;
House Un-American
Activities Committee in,
759–760; presidential
selection by, 229; slave vs.
free state representation
in, 218. See also Congress
Housing: construction
industry creating, 741,
745, 766, 824; Department
of Housing and Urban
Development on, 803;
home ownership of, 743,
745, 766; New Deal on,
682; in slums, 485–486,
682; suburban, 486, 633,
745–746
Housing Act (1949), 762
Houston, Sam, 248–249
Howard, Oliver O., 420
Howe, Elias, 263
Howe, William, 131–133
Howells, William Dean, 501,
638
How the Other Half Lives
(Riis), 563
HUAC (House Un-American
Activities Committee),
759–760
HUD (Department of Housing
and Urban Development),
803
Hudson, Henry, 45
Hudson Bay Company, 325,
328
Huerta, Victoriano, 591
Hughes, Charles Evans, 569,
595, 644, 648
Hughes, Langston, 637, 640
Hull, Cordell, 694, 696–697
Hull House, 490
Human Genome Project, 884
Human sacrifi ces, 5, 15
Humphrey, Hubert H.,
810–812
Hungary: communist collapse
in, 853; NATO participation
by, 867; Soviet
control of, 754, 779, 780;
uprising in, 779, 780, 853;
women’s suff rage in, 605;
World War I involvement
of, 592
Huntington, Collis P., 461
Hurons, 90
Hurricane Katrina, 879
Hurston, Zora Neale, 640, 897
Hussein, Saddam, 848,
855–857, 872–874
Hutchinson, Anne, 39
Hutchinson, Th omas,
111–112
Hwang, David, 897
Hydroelectric power, 661,
681–682
IBM (International Business
Machines), 767, 882
Ice Age, 4–5
Ickes, Harold L., 678
Idaho, 515, 518, 521
Index I-21
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-22 Index
Illegal immigrants, 891
Illinois, 137, 269, 366–368.
See also Chicago, Illinois
Immigration: antiforeignism
toward, 258–260,
362–363, 413, 491–492,
623–626, 864; British,
625; Canadian, 626;
Central American, 626,
803; Chinese, 413, 447,
486, 492; by convicts and
paupers, 73; Cuban, 784,
891; education for immigrants,
489, 490; Filipino,
551; German, 70–71,
257–258, 363, 486, 603,
716; illegal, 891; initial, to
North America, 4–5; Irish,
71–72, 255–257, 305, 306,
362–363, 447, 486, 625;
Italian, 269, 486–487,
625, 626, 716; Japanese,
559, 590, 626, 716; Jewish,
486–487, 489, 493, 626,
705; laws on, 183–184,
192, 491–492, 625–626,
803, 891; Mexican, 591,
778, 890–891; multicultural,
70–72, 256, 626;
Patriot Act impact on immigrants,
871–872; Polish,
269, 486–487, 626; Puerto
Rican, 548, 891; quotas
on, 625–626, 803; railroad
impact on, 463; reasons
for increased, 255–256,
889–890; reform, 878,
891; religious issues over,
258–260, 492–493; Scots-
Irish, 71; settlement
houses for immigrants, 490;
social reforms addressing,
489–491; southern, 302,
591, 890–891; southern
European, 486–492,
624–626; twenty-fi rst century,
889–891; Union Army
immigrant recruitment,
383; urban, 257, 486–492;
Vietnamese, 831; wartime
treatment of immigrants,
592–593, 603, 716
Immigration Act (1924),
625–626
Immigration Act (1929), 625
Immigration and Nationality
Act (1965), 803
Immigration Reform and
Control Act (1986), 891
Impeachment: of Clinton (attempted),
868; of Johnson
(attempted), 431–432;
of Nixon (impending),
829–830; of Supreme
Court justices, 194
Th e Impending Crisis of the
South (Helper), 359
Import duty, 109–110
Impressment, 200–201
Incas, 5, 12–13
Income. See Wages
Income taxes, 456, 587, 885
Indentured servants, 27,
55–56, 58, 59–60, 62, 73,
144
Independent Treasury Bill
(1840), 247
India, 9, 314
Indiana, 269, 287, 807
Indian Removal Act (1830),
240
Indian Reorganization Act
(1934), 680
Indians. See Native
Americans
Industrial Revolution:
anti-trust regulation
in, 472–473; beginning
of, 260–261; economic
impact of, 261–266,
475–476, 630–631;
labor disputes during,
476–480; mechanization
and, 466–467, 629–635;
oil industry in, 470–471,
633–634; in Roaring
Twenties, 629–635; in the
South, 473–475; steel in,
462, 466, 468–469, 633;
trusts in, 467–468, 471,
472–473; wages during,
263–264, 476–477; wealth
generated in, 467–472,
476; women impacted by,
475–476
Industrial Workers of the
World, 567, 603, 604
INF (Intermediate-Range
Nuclear Forces) Treaty,
847
Infl ation, 118, 390–391,
441–443, 604, 673, 818,
824, 835–836
Infl uenza pandemic, 612
Inness, George, 507
Insane asylums, 283
Insull, Samuel, 680–681
Insurance: FDIC, 673; Medicaid,
803, 824; Medicare,
803–804, 888–889; unemployment,
682–683
Inter-American Conference,
696
Intermediate-Range Nuclear
Forces (INF) Treaty, 847
International Business Machines
(IBM), 767, 882
International debt, 170, 180,
555, 653–655, 698, 708
International Energy Agency,
828
International Monetary Fund,
749, 750
International trade:
agricultural, 538, 540;
with China, 866–867;
colonial support for,
76–77, 133–134; currency
exchange rate regulation
impacting, 694, 749, 750,
825; defi cit in, 844, 852;
embargoes on, 201–204,
262, 712, 784, 828, 837,
856; European-American,
793; globalization of,
750–752, 793; growth of,
538, 540–542; Industrial
Revolution leading to,
476; Internet/high-tech
role in, 882–883; NAFTA
impacting, 865–866; post-
Revolutionary, 151–152;
reciprocal trade agreements
on, 696–697; tariff s
impacting (See Tariff s);
World Trade Organization
and, 750, 866; during
World War I, 593–595;
during World War II,
702, 712
Internet, 865, 881–883, 888,
898–899
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Interstate commerce,
465–466, 472, 572, 589,
645–646
Interstate Commerce Act
(1887), 465
Interstate Commerce Commission,
465, 572, 645
Intolerable Acts (1774),
112–113
Iran: American-backed coup
in, 780–781; Iran-Contra
aff air, 848–849; Iranian
hostage crisis, 837–838,
842; nuclear weapons in,
873; revolution in, 835;
Soviet support of, 755,
780–781
Iraq: Iraq War with, 872–875,
877–878, 880, 900; Persian
Gulf war with, 855–857,
873, 874
Ireland: immigrants from,
71–72, 255–257, 305,
306, 362–363, 447, 486,
625; religious confl icts in,
18–19, 71
Iroquois, 6, 30, 90, 137
Irrigation, 521, 574, 678, 857
Irving, Washington, 214, 291
Islam, Nation of, 806,
874–875
Isolationism, 177–179, 198,
600, 616, 647–649, 653–
654, 695, 698–702, 835
Israel: American foreign relations
with, 756, 827–828,
834, 845–846, 867; Arab-
Israeli confl icts, 756, 808,
827, 845–846; Arab-Israeli
peace negotiations, 834,
867; creation of, 756
Italy: American foreign relations
with, 541; fascism
in, 697; immigrants from,
269, 486–487, 625, 626,
716; nationalism of, 412,
413; popular rebellion
in, 223; post-World War
II, 756; World War I
involvement of, 592, 610,
614–615; World War II
involvement of, 697–698,
726–729
Iwo Jima, 733
Jackson, Andrew: as military
leader, 210, 213, 222;
as president, 232–233,
236–245, 250, 264, 270;
as presidential candidate,
226–230; quotation by,
226; Scots-Irish heritage
of, 71
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 516
Jackson, Jesse, 852
Jackson, Th omas J.
“Stonewall,” 384, 395,
397, 403
Jamaica, 69
James, Henry, 502, 638
James, William, 490, 497–498,
548
James I, King, 21, 26–27, 35
James II, King, 44, 50
Jamestown, Virginia, 17,
21–23
Japan: American foreign
relations with, 351–352,
559, 578, 590, 648,
700–701, 712–713,
722–724, 732–735;
atomic bombs dropped
on, 733–735; Chinese
territory controlled by,
578, 663–664, 700–701,
722; economic sanctions
on, 712; immigrants from,
559, 590, 626, 716; imperial
power of, 556, 558;
industry dominance of,
818; nationalism of, 412,
413; Pearl Harbor attack
by, 712–713; post-World
War I events infl uencing,
697–698; post-World War
II, 758; Russian war with,
555, 558–559; voter participation
in, 236; World
War I involvement of, 592,
610, 615; World War II
involvement of, 700–701,
712–713, 717, 722–723,
732–735, 747–748
Jay, John, 139–140, 162, 180
Jay’s Treaty, 180, 182
Jazz, 637
Jeff erson, Th omas: as
architect, 290; on Articles
of Confederation,
150; Constitutional
Convention absence
of, 155; Declaration of
Independence written by,
128–129; as Democratic-
Republican, 173, 180, 181,
184–187; on despotism,
146, 153, 188; on
education, 281; on French
Revolution, 177, 178; as
Hamilton opponent, 169,
171–173, 186; as inventor,
288; Kentucky Resolution
by, 184–185; Louisiana
Purchase by, 196–199; on
national bank, 171–172;
as president, 190–203;
quotations by, 143, 155,
188; as Secretary of State,
168, 169; on slavery,
74, 186, 218, 219, 302;
University of Virginia
involvement of, 282, 290;
as vice president, 181
Jen, Gish, 897
Jenkins, Robert, 92
Jesuits, 91
Jews: immigration of,
486–487, 489, 493, 626,
705; Israeli (See Israel);
literature by, 788–789;
Nazi persecution of, 701,
705, 731–732, 736–737;
religious persecution of,
27, 29, 40, 46
Jiang Jieshi, 722, 728, 748, 758
Jim Crow laws, 445–446, 455,
774–776
Johns Hopkins University,
497
Johnson, Andrew: impeachment
proceedings against,
431–432; as president,
414, 417–418, 420–425,
431–432; as vice president,
407, 420
Johnson, Hiram W., 569,
614, 617
Johnson, Lyndon B.: domestic
policies of, 800–801, 803–
807, 808–809, 818; foreign
policies of, 801–802,
807–810, 812–813, 818;
Great Society of, 801,
Index I-23
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-24 Index
Johnson, Lyndon B:
(continued)
803–807, 818; obituary
of, 812–813; as president,
800–810; as presidential
candidate, 785, 801–802,
809–810
Johnson, William T., 305
Johnson Debt Default Act
(1934), 698
Joint Chiefs of Staff , 757
Joint-stock companies, 21
Jolson, Al, 636
Jones, Edward P., 896
Jones, James, 787
Jones, John Paul, 138
Jones, LeRoi, 788
Jones Act (1916), 590
Jordan, 808
Joseph, Chief, 515
Juárez, Benito, 387
Judges, federal, 193
Judicial system: anticommunist
trials and, 759–760,
772–774; Bill of Rights on,
168; crime and, 628–629,
863, 892; debtor imprisonment
and, 31, 217, 264,
283; government scandals
and, 650–651; judicial review
in, 194, 220; military
tribunals and, 427, 872;
Miranda warnings in, 823;
Patriot Act impact on,
871–872; in pioneer West,
518, 519; racial tensions
and, 893; reform of, 283;
right to legal counsel in,
823; war crimes trials and,
753–754, 758, 867. See
also Judges, federal; Juries;
Supreme Court
Judiciary Act (1789), 168
Judiciary Act (1801), 193
Th e Jungle (Sinclair), 573
Juries, right to trial by, 168
Kahn, Louis, 897
Kaiser, Henry J., 717
Kallen, Horace, 626, 895
Kansas: agriculture in,
521; meatpacking industry
in, 519;
Native American removal
to, 515; North-South
dispute over, 355–356,
359–363; as territory,
354–355
Kansas-Nebraska Act,
355–356
Kansas Pacifi c Railroad, 516
Katrina, Hurricane, 879
Kearney, Denis, 447
Kearny, Stephen W., 331
Kelley, Florence, 490, 570
Kelley, Oliver H., 528
Kellogg, Frank B., 649
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928),
649
Kelly, William, 468–469
Kennan, George F., 755
Kennedy, Edward, 841–842
Kennedy, John F.: assassination
of, 799–800; domestic
policies of, 791–793,
798–799; foreign relations
under, 793–798; as
president, 790–800; as
presidential candidate,
785–786; quotations by,
192, 785, 790, 799
Kennedy, Robert F., 790, 798,
810–812
Kent State University, 820
Kentucky: as Border State,
379–380; migration to,
137, 254; statehood of,
166; states’ rights
resolution by, 184–185
Kerouac, Jack, 813
Kerry, John, 875
Key, Francis Scott, 210
Keynes, John Maynard, 688
Khrushchev, Nikita, 779, 780,
784–785, 793, 797
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 293,
776, 777, 798–799, 805,
806–807
King George’s War, 92–93
King Philip’s War, 42
Kingston, Maxine Hong, 897
King William’s War, 92
Kiowas, 513
Kipling, Rudyard, 548,
550
Kissinger, Henry A., 821–822,
826, 827
Knickerbocker’s History of
New York (Irving), 291
Knights of Labor, 478–479
Know-Nothing party, 259,
260, 363
Knox, Henry, 168
Knox, Philander C., 578
Korea, 314, 558, 762–765,
772, 873
Korean War, 743, 762–765,
771–772
Korematsu v. U.S., 716
Kosovo, 867
Kristol, Irving, 841
Ku Klux Klan, 430–431,
623–624, 805
Kushner, Tony, 897
Kuwait, 856–857
Kyoto Treaty, 870
Labor disputes: child labor
as cause of, 264, 570, 589,
685; class/ethnic confl icts
leading to, 446–447;
immigrant-based,
491–492; Industrial
Revolution and, 476–480;
political unity of laborers,
453–455; with railroad,
446, 478, 530–531,
589, 647, 718; in steel
industry, 604–605, 647,
684–685, 792; strikes
as (See Strikes); over
wages, 263–264, 476–477,
491–492, 685, 718, 792;
wartime, 604–605, 718;
over working conditions,
264, 570–572, 604, 645,
685
Labor unions: affi rmative
action in, 824; as anticommunist
targets, 622–623;
corruption of, 783; decline
of, 647, 768; formation of,
264, 477–479; immigrant
disputes with, 491–492;
Industrial Workers of the
World as, 567, 603, 604;
labor reforms and, 570–
572, 588–589, 647, 677,
683–685; laws on, 264,
645, 662, 677, 683–685,
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
740–741; NAFTA
opposition by, 865–866;
New Deal policies
impacting, 677, 683–685;
political involvement
of, 731; post-World
War II regulation of,
740–741; strengthening
of, 479–480; wartime,
604–605, 718
Ladd, William, 284
Laden, Osama bin, 871
Lafayette, Marquis de, 117,
129
La Follette, Robert M., 569,
580, 653
La Follette Seaman’s Act
(1915), 589, 647
Lahiri, Jhumpa, 897
Laird rams, 386
Laissez-faire economic policies,
450–451, 471–472,
604, 645–647
Lake Bonneville, 4
Lakotas (Sioux), 24–25, 255,
513, 515, 517
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 494
Lancaster Turnpike, 268
Land Act (1820), 217
Land-grant colleges, 496
Landon, Alfred M., 685–686
Land Ordinance (1785),
150–151
Land policies, 149–151, 217,
366, 392, 459–460, 496,
519–520, 574–575
Landrum-Griffi n Act
(1959), 783
Laos, 793–794
La Salle, Robert de, 16, 91
Th e Last of the Mohicans
(Cooper), 292
Latin America. See Central
America
Latinos, 890–892, 897. See
also Immigration: Cuban,
Mexican, Puerto Rican
Latter-Day Saints, Church
of Jesus Christ of,
279–280, 521
Laud, William, 37
Laws. See Legislation
Lawson, Th omas W., 564
Lawyers, 74, 823
Lazarus, Emma, 492
League of Nations, 614–619,
648, 653, 663–664,
697–698, 753
League of Women Voters, 668
Lease, Mary Elizabeth, 530
Leatherstocking Tales (Cooper),
292
Leaves of Grass (Whitman),
293–294, 500
Lebanon, 783, 845–846, 848
LeCompton Constitution, 361
Lee, Ann, 288
Lee, Richard Henry, 128,
160, 161
Lee, Robert E., 334, 369,
382, 397, 399–400, 403,
410–411
Lee, Spike, 897
Legislation: Act of Toleration
(1649), 27; Adamson Act
(1916), 589; Adjusted
Compensation Act (1924),
647; Agricultural Adjustment
Act (1933), 674;
Agricultural Adjustment
Act (1938), 679;
Agricultural Marketing
Act (1929), 657; Aldrich-
Vreeland Act (1908), 576;
Alien Laws (1798), 183–
184, 192; Americans with
Disabilities Act (1990),
857; Brady Bill (1993),
863; Capper-Volstead Act
(1921), 652; Carey Act
(1894), 574; China trade
bill (2000), 867; Chinese
Exclusion Act (1882),
413, 447; Civil Rights
Act (1875), 445; Civil
Rights Act (1957), 777;
Civil Rights Act (1964),
800–801; Civil Rights Bill
(1866), 424–425; Clayton
Anti-Trust Act (1914),
588; Clean Air Act (1970),
825; Compromise Tariff
(1833), 238–239; criminal
syndicalism laws, 623;
Dawes Severalty Act
(1887), 517; defi cit-reduction
(1993), 863; Desert
Land Act (1877), 574;
Dingley Tariff Bill (1897),
536; Divorce Bill, 246–
247; Education Amendments,
Title IX (1972),
831; Electoral Count Act
(1877), 445; Elkins Act
(1903), 572; Embargo Act
(1807), 201–202; Emergency
Banking Relief Act
(1933), 673; Emergency
Quota Act (1921), 625;
Employment Act (1946),
741; Endangered Species
Act (1973), 825; environmental
protection, 825;
Esch-Cummins Transportation
Act (1920), 646;
Espionage Act (1917),
603; Fair Labor Standards
Act (1938), 685; Family
Leave Bill (1993), 887;
Federal Emergency Relief
Act (1933), 674; Federal
Farm Loan Act (1916),
589; Federal Highway Act
(1956), 778–779; Federal
Reserve Act (1913), 576,
588; Federal Securities Act
(1933), 680; Federal Trade
Commission Act (1914),
588; Foraker Act (1900),
548; Force Acts (1870
and 1871), 431; Force Bill
(1833), 238–239; Fordney-
McCumber Tariff Law
(1922), 649–650; Forest
Reserve Act (1891), 574;
Frazier-Lemke Farm
Bankruptcy Act (1934),
680; Fugitive Slave Law
(1850), 346–347, 348–349,
355; Glass-Steagall Banking
Reform Act (1933),
673; Gold Standard Act
(1900), 536–537; Great
Society, 801, 803–807;
gun-control, 863; Hatch
Act (1887), 496; Hatch
Act (1939), 688–689;
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
(1930), 658; Helms-
Burton Act (1996), 784;
Hepburn Act (1906), 572;
Homestead Act (1862),
Index I-25
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-26 Index
Legislation (continued)
392, 519–520; Housing
Act (1949), 762; Immigration
Act (1924), 625–626;
Immigration Act (1929),
625; Immigration and
Nationality Act (1965),
803; immigration laws,
183–184, 192, 491–492,
625–626, 803, 891; Immigration
Reform and
Control Act (1986), 891;
Independent Treasury
Bill (1840), 247; Indian
Removal Act (1830), 240;
Indian Reorganization
Act (1934), 680; Interstate
Commerce Act (1887),
465; Johnson Debt Default
Act (1934), 698; Jones
Act (1916), 590; Judiciary
Act (1789), 168; Judiciary
Act (1801), 193; Kansas-
Nebraska Act, 355–356;
labor-related, 264, 645,
662, 677, 683–685,
740–741; La Follette
Seaman’s Act (1915), 589,
647; Land Act (1820),
217; Landrum-Griffi n Act
(1959), 783; Lend-Lease
Bill (1940), 708–710, 711;
Lindbergh Law (1932),
629; Macon’s Bill No. 2,
203; McCain-Feingold Act
(2002), 866; McCarran
Internal Security Bill
(1950), 760; McKinley
Tariff Act (1890), 452–
453, 542; McNary-Haugen
Bill, 652; Meat Inspection
Act (1906), 573; Merchant
Marine Act (1920), 647;
minimum wage laws, 645,
685; Morrill Act (1862),
496; Morrill Tariff Act
(1861), 390; National Defense
and Education Act
(1958), 783; National Labor
Relations Act (1935),
683, 687; National Origins
Act (1924), 413; National
Security Act (1947), 757;
Neutrality Acts (1935,
1936 and 1937), 699, 702,
711; Newlands Act (1902),
574; No Child Left Behind
Act (2002), 875; Non-
Intercourse Act (1809),
202, 203; Norris-
LaGuardia Anti-
Injunction Act (1932),
662; North American Free
Trade Agreement (1993),
865–866; Occupational
Safety and Health Act
(1970), 825; Patriot Act
(2001), 871–872; Payne-
Aldrich Bill (1909), 579;
Pendleton Act (1883),
448; Postal Reorganization
Act (1971), 449;
prohibition laws, 285;
Public Utility Holding
Company Act (1935), 681;
Pure Food and Drug Act
(1906), 573; Reciprocal
Trade Agreements Act
(1934), 696–697; Reconstruction
Act (1867),
427; Reorganization Act
(1939), 688; Resumption
Act (1875), 441; Sedition
Act (1798), 184, 603;
Servicemen’s Readjustment
Act (1944), 741;
Sheppard-Towner Material
Act (1921), 605–606;
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
(1890), 472–473, 579;
Sherman Silver Purchase
Act (1890), 455–456;
Smith Act (1940), 759;
Smith-Connally Anti-
Strike Act (1943), 718;
Social Security Act (1935),
682–683, 687; Social
Security Act (1950), 762;
Soil Conservation and
Domestic Allotment Act
(1936), 679; Taft -Hartley
Act (1947), 741; Tariff of
1816, 214–215, 262; Tariff
of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations),
237–238; Tariff
of 1832, 238–239; Tariff
of 1842, 321; Tariff of
1846, 328; Tariff of 1857,
366; Tenure of Offi ce Act
(1867), 431–432; Tonkin
Gulf Resolution (1964),
802, 820; Trade Expansion
Act (1962), 793; treaties
as (See Treaties); Truth
in Securities Act (1933),
680; Tydings-McDuffi e
Act (1934), 695; Underwood
Tariff (1913), 587;
USA Patriot Act (2001),
871–872; Volstead Act
(1919), 627; Voting Rights
Act (1965), 804–805;
Wade-Davis Bill (1864),
422; Wagner Act (1935),
683, 687; Walker Tariff
(1846), 328; Warehouse
Act (1916), 589; War
Powers Act (1973), 827;
water projects (1992),
857; Welfare Reform Bill
(1996), 864–865, 885;
Wilson-Gorman Tariff
(1894), 456, 536; Workingmen’s
Compensation
Act (1916), 589
Legislation, British: Boston
Port Act (1774), 112;
Declaratory Act (1766),
108; Intolerable Acts
(1774), 112–113; Molasses
Act (1733), 76; Navigation
Laws, 44, 104–105, 106,
110, 147; Quartering Act
(1765), 106, 112; Quebec
Act (1774), 112–113;
Reform Bill (1867), 413,
415; Stamp Act (1765),
106; Sugar Act (1764),
106; Townshend Acts,
108–110
Leisler’s Rebellion, 68
LeMay, Curtis, 811
Lend-Lease Bill (1940),
708–710, 711
Lenin, Vladimir, 854
Leutze, Emanuel, 119
Levitt brothers, 745
Lewinsky, Monica/Lewinsky
scandal, 867–868
Lewis, John L., 683, 685, 718
Lewis, Meriwether, 198, 325
Lewis, Sinclair, 639
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Lexington, Massachusetts,
114
Liberal Protestantism, 493
Liberal Republican Party,
439–440
Liberator (newspaper),
311, 315
Libraries, 84, 282, 498
Libya, 848
Lieberman, Joseph, 868
Lifestyle. See Culture; Society
Liliuokalani, Queen, 542
Lincoln, Abraham: assassination
of, 411–414;
Border State treatment
by, 379–381, 399–401;
Confederate surrender to,
411; constitutional infractions
by, 387–388; Davis
presidency compared to,
387; early political life
of, 366–368; early years
of, 254; Emancipation
Proclamation by, 399–401;
Gettysburg Address by,
403; military involvement
of, 240; as president,
377–388, 394–415; as
presidential candidate,
370, 371–373, 406–410;
quotations by, 298, 357,
377, 394, 416, 881; on
Reconstruction, 416,
421–422; on secession,
377–378; on slavery,
298, 317, 357, 371, 374,
380–381, 394; spot resolutions
by, 330
Lindbergh, Charles A.,
628–629, 634–635, 706
Lindbergh Law (1932), 629
Lindsay, Vachel, 533
Lister, Joseph, 497
Literature: abolitionist,
307, 311, 357–359, 384;
British-American animosity
in, 321; colonial,
83–84; copyrights on, 321;
environmentalist, 825,
833; feminist, 503–504,
769, 897; libraries of, 84,
282, 498; nationalist, 214;
reforms/achievements
in, 291–297, 498–502,
638–640, 769, 770,
787–789, 813, 896–897;
self-reliance in, 254; social
reform/social justice,
563–564, 787–789; temperance,
284; twenty-fi rst
century, 896–897
Little, Malcolm (Malcolm
X), 806
Little Turtle, 179
Livingston, Robert R.,
196–197
Lloyd, Henry Demarest, 563
Lochner v. New York, 570
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 540,
613, 614, 616, 617
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 785
London, Jack, 502, 575
London Economic Conference,
693–695
Long, Huey P., 675, 736
Long, John D., 544
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth,
294
Looking Backward (Bellamy),
499
Los Angeles, California, 805,
806, 891, 892–893
Louisbourg, 92–93, 97
Louisiana: French and
Spanish transition of, 98,
196; Hurricane Katrina
in, 879; naming of, 91;
New Orleans, 92, 98, 196,
210, 404, 879; secession
of, 373; U.S. purchase of,
196–199
Louis XIV, King, 90, 174
L’Ouverture, Toussaint,
197, 368
Lovejoy, Elijah P., 317
Lowell, James Russell,
294–295, 330, 335, 375
Lowell, Robert, 788
Lowery, Joseph E., 776
Loyalists, 129–131,
139–140, 151
Lucas, George, 897
Lumber industry, 75–76
Lusitania, 594
Luther, Martin, 33–34
Luxembourg, 757
Lyceum lecture
associations, 282
Lynd, Robert and Helen, 634
Lyon, Mary, 282
MacArthur, Douglas: Bonus
Army eviction by, 662;
Korean War role of,
763–764; post-World War
II in Japan, 758; World
War II military leadership
of, 722–723, 724, 732, 735
Macdonough, Th omas, 209,
213
Macon’s Bill No. 2, 203
Madison, James: Bill of Rights
by, 168; Constitutional
Convention role of, 155,
158; as federalist, 162; on
French Revolution, 178; as
Hamilton opponent, 173;
as president, 203–206,
215; as Secretary of State,
194; as slave owner, 119;
on slavery, 145; Virginia
Resolution by, 185
Magazines, 282, 499, 563
Magellan, Ferdinand, 11
Mahan, Alfred Th ayer, 540,
550
Mailer, Norman, 787
Mail service, 77, 272, 449, 634
Maine: boundary disputes in,
322–323; colonization of,
40–41; in New England
Confederation, 43;
prohibition laws in, 285;
statehood of, 219. See also
New England
Maine, 543–544
Malamud, Bernard, 788
Malcolm X, 806
Malinche, 13
Malthus, Th omas, 472
Mamet, David, 897
Mandans, 198, 513
Mandela, Nelson, 855
Manhattan Project, 734
Manifest Destiny, 326–335,
349–350
Mann, Horace, 281
Manufacturing: in automobile
industry, 470–471,
630–634, 828; during Civil
War, 391–392; colonial,
Index I-27
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-28 Index
Manufacturing (continued)
75–76; embargo strengthening,
202, 262; Industrial
Revolution impact
on, 260–262; international
trade in, 538, 540;
mechanization impacting,
260–266, 391–392,
466–467, 629–633; munitions,
262–263, 698–699,
710, 714, 717–718, 735,
738; nationalist protection
of, 214–215; northern
vs. southern, 382–383,
473–475; overproduction
in, 659; productivity in,
744, 816, 818; in Roaring
Twenties, 630–635; social
reforms in, 570–572; steel
(See Steel/steel industry);
tariff s aff ecting, 170,
236–238, 262; vertical
integration of, 467;
War of 1812 impact on,
213; wartime, 391–392,
603–607, 698–699, 710,
714, 717–718, 735, 738;
women in, 263, 265–266,
605–606, 719; working
conditions in, 264,
570–572, 604, 677, 685
Th e Man Without a Country
(Hale), 407
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung),
758
Maps: of African slave sources
and destinations, 58;
of American Revolution
troop movements, 125; of
British-American clashes
aft er 1783, 178; of Central
American and the Caribbean,
847; of early Maryland
and Virginia, 22; of
European exploration
voyages, 12; of French and
Indian War, 94; of Grant’s
Virginia campaign, 411;
of great powers and their
colonial possessions,
557; of Hayes-Tilden
disputed 1876 election,
444; of Kansas and
Nebraska territories, 354;
of Korean War, 764; of
Louisiana Purchase and
West exploration, 199; of
Mexican War campaigns,
332; of military reconstruction,
426; of Missouri
Compromise and slavery,
218; of presidential
election of 1856, 364; of
presidential election of
1864, 409; of presidential
election of 1896, 534; of
presidential election of
1912, 585; of presidential
election of 1952, 771;
of seceding states, 380;
of seventeenth-century
settlements, 41; of slavery
aft er Compromise of
1850, 347; of southern
cotton production and
slave distribution, 304; of
Tennessee Valley Authority,
682; of Vietnam and
Southeast Asia, 795; of
woman suff rage before
Nineteenth Amendment,
505; of World War II in
Europe and North
Africa, 729
Marbury v. Madison, 194
March on Washington, 799
Marconi, Guglielmo, 635
Marco Polo, 7, 8
Marcy, William, 233
Mariana Islands, 724, 732
Marine Corps, 182, 334, 590,
608. See also Military
Market economy, 273–274
Marriage: colonial, 54, 63–64;
communal society views
on, 287–288; divorce
from, 63, 503, 832, 887,
888; gay, 875, 878, 888;
interracial, 145; polygamist,
279–280, 521; slave,
307–308; twenty-fi rst
century, 887–888; urbanization
impacting, 503;
women’s reforms impacting,
285–286, 832
Marshall, George C., 756, 772
Marshall, John, 162, 182, 193–
194, 200, 220–221, 273
Marshall, Th urgood, 832
Marshall Plan, 756, 793
Martin v. Wilks, 850
Marx, Karl, 566
Maryland: Antietam Creek
battle in, 399–400;
Articles of Confederation
approval by, 149; Baltimore,
166, 210; as Border
State, 379–380; Catholicism
in, 27; colonization
of, 27, 53–54; map of,
22; tobacco industry in,
54–56, 74. See also South
Masonic order, 243
Massachusetts: Boston (See
Boston, Massachusetts);
British imposition of
laws impacting, 43–45,
112–113; Brook Farm
in, 287; colonization of,
35–39; committees of
correspondence in, 111;
constitution of, 146; Constitution
(U.S.) ratifi cation
by, 161–162; gay marriage
in, 875, 888; Hartford
Convention involvement
of, 211–213; Lexington
and Concord, 114; Native
American relations in, 42;
in New England Confederation,
43; Plymouth, 36,
42; Salem witch trials in,
64–65; Shay’s Rebellion
in, 153, 155, 156, 158. See
also New England; North
Massachusetts Bay Colony,
37–39, 43
Massachusetts Bay Company,
37
Massasoit, 42
Maury, Matthew F., 288
Maximilian, 386–387
Mayans, 5
Mayfl ower, 35
Mayfl ower Compact, 36
McAuliff e, A. C., 731
McCain, John, 866
McCain-Feingold Act (2002),
866
McCarran Internal Security
Bill (1950), 760
McCarthy, Eugene, 809–812
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
McCarthy, Joseph, 760,
772–774
McClellan, George B.,
395–396, 399, 407–410
McCormick, Cyrus/
McCormick’s reaper,
266–267
McCulloch v. Maryland, 220,
242
McDonald’s, 769
McGovern, George, 826, 842
McGuff ey, William H./
McGuff ey’s Readers, 281
McHenry, James, 157
McKay, Claude, 640
McKay, Donald, 271
McKinley, William: McKinley
Tariff Act by, 452–453,
542; as president, 536–
537, 543–544, 547–548,
552; as presidential
candidate, 531–536
McKinley Tariff Act (1890),
452–453, 542
McNamara, Robert S., 791,
794, 808
McNary-Haugen Bill, 652
Mead, Margaret, 676–677
Meade, George G., 403
Meat Inspection Act
(1906), 573
Meatpacking industry, 519,
573
Mechanization: of agriculture,
266–267, 523, 526,
652, 720, 744; Industrial
Revolution and, 466–467,
629–635; of manufacturing,
260–266, 391–392,
466–467, 629–633; of
railroads, 462–463; during
Roaring Twenties,
629–633
Media: corruption exposed
by, 563–564; freedom
of the press for, 85, 168,
184; growth of, 498;
muckraking, 563–564;
new, 898–901 (See also
Internet); newspapers as
(See Newspapers)
Medicaid, 803, 824
Medicare, 803–804, 888–889
Medicine. See Healthcare
Mellon, Andrew, 630,
641–642, 644, 651
Melville, Herman, 254, 296
Mencken, H. L., 639, 675
Mennonites, 59
Mental health reforms, 283
Mercantilism, 104–107
Merchant Marine Act (1920),
647
Meredith, James, 798
Merrimack, 398–399
Metacom (King Philip), 42
Methodists, 31, 277–279, 419
Mexico: abolitionism in,
248, 313; agricultural
workers from, 718–719,
778; American foreign
relations with, 248–250,
323–324, 329–335,
590–592, 653, 696,
718–719, 778; Aztecs in,
5, 13–14, 15; European
exploration/settlement of,
13–14, 15; French invasion
of, 386–387; Gadsden
Purchase from, 353; immigrants
from, 591, 778,
890–891; independence
of, 234, 248; Mexican
War over California,
329–335, 337; revolution
in, 590–592; Texas dispute
with, 248–250, 323–324,
329; voter participation
in, 236
Miami Confederacy, 179
Michigan: automobile
industry in, 632, 828;
Detroit, 91, 100, 269, 632,
720, 806, 828; Erie Canal
impact on, 269; Pontiac’s
uprising in, 100; race riots
in, 720, 806; University of
Michigan, 875; women’s
suff rage in, 605
Microsoft Corporation, 882
Middle East: Afghanistan war
in, 871–872, 900; American
foreign relations in,
756, 780–781, 827–828,
834, 835, 837–838, 845–
846, 848–849, 855–857,
867, 871–875, 880, 900;
Iraq war in, 872–875,
877–878, 880, 900; Israeli-
Arab confl ict in, 756, 808,
827, 834, 845–846, 867;
oil industry in, 648, 743,
756, 780–781, 827–828,
835, 837, 856–857; Persian
Gulf war in, 855–857, 873,
874; Soviet Union policies
in, 755, 780–781, 827,
837–838. See also specifi c
countries
Middle passage, 57, 60
Midway Island, 723
Midwives, 63
Military: African Americans
in, 119, 401–402, 514,
608, 720, 819; Cold War
growth of, 757–758,
762–763, 844–845; colonial,
118–120, 121–126,
129–139; Confederate,
381–386, 389–390,
394–395, 397–400,
402–403, 410–411; Cuban
intervention by, 545–546,
555, 579, 696, 797–798;
desegregation of, 760,
776; disarmament, 648,
653, 783–784; Dominican
Republic intervention
by, 579, 590, 653, 807;
draft , 388–390, 608, 704,
718, 757, 808, 820, 827,
837; early American, 138,
179, 182, 190, 194–196,
207–211, 214; in El
Salvadore, 846; expansion
of, 214, 700, 704, 757–758,
762–763, 844–845; “fl exible
response” of, 794; in
former Yugoslavia, 867;
gays/lesbians in, 862; in
Grenada, 846; Haitian
intervention by, 590,
653, 664, 696; Iranian
hostage mission by, 838;
in Iraq war, 872–875,
877–878, 880; Korean
War involvement of,
762–765; in Lebanon, 846;
in Mexican War, 329–335;
Native Americans in,
720; in Nicaragua, 579,
653, 664–665, 846, 848;
Index I-29
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-30 Index
Military (continued)
Operation Desert Storm
by, 857; Panama Canal
and, 553; pensions, 451;
in Persian Gulf war,
856–857; Puerto Rican
invasion by, 546; rearmament
of, 757–758, 762–
763, 844–845; reduction
of, 855; in Somalia, 866;
Special Forces of, 794,
837–838; tribunals, 427,
872; Union, 379, 381–384,
388–390, 394–398,
399–403, 409–411; veterans
of, 451, 647, 662–663,
741; in Vietnam War,
794, 801–802, 807–810,
818–820, 825–827,
830–831; weapons for (See
Weapons); women in, 608,
718–719; in World War I,
603, 608–611, 722–725; in
World War II, 704, 712–
713, 722–729, 731–738.
See also Air Force; Army;
Marine Corps; Navy; Wars
Miller, Arthur, 788
Miller, Lewis, 308
Miller, William/Millerites,
278
Milligan, Ex parte, 427
Milliken v. Bradley, 832
Milosevićapple, Slobodan, 867
Minimum wage laws, 645,
685
Mining: coal, 571, 718; gold,
340–341, 392, 517–518,
536–537; iron, 323, 466;
silver, 518
Minnesota, 323, 466, 526
Minorities. See African
Americans; Asian
Americans; Hispanic-
Americans; Native
Americans
Minstrel shows, 291
Miranda warning, 823
Missions, 16
Mississippi: Black Codes in,
423; civil rights movement
in, 804–805; desegregation
in, 798; Mississippi
Freedom Democratic
party, 805; secession of,
373; University of Mississippi,
798; Vicksburg, 404
Mississippi Freedom
Democratic party, 805
Mississippi River, 4, 404–405
Missouri, 217–219, 379–380
Missouri Compromise,
217–219, 354–355
Moby Dick (Melville), 296
Moctezuma, 13–14
Model Treaty, 134
Mohawks, 30
Molasses Act (1733), 76
Molly Maguires, 257
Momaday, N. Scott, 896
Mondale, Walter, 846
Monk, Maria, 259
“Monkey Trial,” 631–630
Monroe, James, 196, 215–216,
219, 221–225
Monroe, Marilyn, 770
Monroe Doctrine, 224–225,
555, 704–705
Montana, 515, 518, 521
Montcalm, Marquis de, 97
Montgomery, Bernard, 725
Montgomery, Richard,
124–125, 126
Montgomery bus boycott, 776
Montgomery Ward, 523
Moody, Dwight Lyman, 493
Moore, Michael, 863
Morality, 502–503, 637, 638,
770, 813–814
Moral Majority, 849–850
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 456, 467,
469, 492, 572–573, 593
Mormon Church, 279–280,
521
Morrill Act (1862), 496
Morrill Tariff Act (1861), 390
Morrison, Toni, 896
Morse, Samuel F. B., 263, 272
Morton, “Jelly Roll,” 639
Moseley-Braun, Carol,
861–862, 895
Mott, Lucretia, 286
Mount Holyoke Seminary/
College, 282
Movies/motion pictures, 636,
813, 897
Muckrakers, 563–564
Muhammed, Elijah, 806
Muir, John, 575
Muller v. Oregon, 570, 645
Multiculturalism, 70–72, 256,
626, 895–896
Music: reforms of, 291, 507,
637, 640, 770; slave spirituals
as, 309
Muslims, 806, 874–875
Mussolini, Benito, 697, 698,
726
Myrdal, Gunnar, 774
MySpace, 898
NAACP (National Association
for the Advancement
of Colored People), 496,
720, 775, 857
NAFTA (North American
Free Trade Agreement),
865–866
Naismith, James, 509
Napoleon. See Bonaparte,
Napoleon
Napoleon III, Emperor,
386–387
NASA (National Aeronautics
and Space Administration),
783, 793
Nasser (Egyptian President),
781
Nast, Th omas, 438, 439
Nation, 499
Nation, Carrie A., 506
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
(NASA), 783, 793
National American Woman
Suff rage Association, 504,
505, 605
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP), 496,
720, 775, 857
National Association of Baseball
Players, 370
National Association of Colored
Women, 505
National Banking System, 390
National Consumers League,
570
National debt, 150, 152, 165,
169–170, 193, 641–642,
690–691, 721–722, 849,
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
870. See also Budget
defi cit
National Defense and
Education Act (1958), 783
National Endowments for the
Arts and the Humanities,
803
National government. See
Federal government
Nationalism, 214–216,
220–222, 230–231,
412–413
National Labor Relations Act
(1935), 683, 687
National Labor Union, 478
National Organization for
Women (NOW), 857
National Origins Act
(1924), 413
National park system, 255,
522, 574, 842
National Progressive
Republican League, 580
National Prohibition Party,
506
National Recovery
Administration (NRA),
677, 683
National Republicans,
231, 243
National Security Act
(1947), 757
National Security Council
(NSC), 757, 762
National War Labor Board,
604, 718
National Woman’s party,
605, 637
Nation of Islam, 806, 874–875
Native Americans: agriculture
of, 5–6; American Revolution
role of, 137; assimilation
of, 778; British
relations with, 179–180,
205; Christian conversion
of, 13, 15, 16, 42, 91, 239,
517; citizenship of, 517;
colonist confl icts with,
23–25, 30, 42, 46, 56, 58,
90, 97, 100; culture of,
515–517, 896; diseases
aff ecting, 11, 14, 24–25,
42, 100, 513; early civilizations
of, 4–7; education of,
517; European exploration
impact on, 10–16; French
relations with, 90, 91,
92; Indian Removal Act
(1830) on, 240; Indian
Reorganization Act (1934)
on, 680; military involvement
of, 720; New Deal
impact on, 680; political
activism of, 832–833;
post-Revolutionary
relations with, 151–152;
railroad protests by, 460;
reservations for, 513, 515,
517; slavery of, 29; southern
tribes of, 5–6, 222,
231, 239–241; sovereignty
of, 832–833; Trail of Tears
of, 239–241; treaties
with, 137, 179, 239, 513,
515; twenty-fi rst century,
892; War of 1812 impact
on, 213; West expansion
and relations with, 15,
204–205, 239–241, 460,
513–517, 523, 524; World
War II impact on, 720
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization), 757–758,
808, 867, 877
Navajos, 720
Navigation Laws, 44,
104–105, 106, 110, 147
Navy: Annapolis academy
of, 334; British, 20, 106,
131, 138, 179, 200–201,
210, 224–225, 593–594;
Confederate, 385–386,
398–399; Cuban intervention
by, 545–546, 797;
disarmament of, 648,
653; early American, 138,
182, 190, 195–196, 209,
214; French, 135, 138,
182; German, 593–594,
598–600, 706, 711; in
Mexican War, 334; Panama
Canal aiding, 553;
reconstruction of, 700,
704; Spanish, 20, 545–546;
steel, 540; submarines in,
593–594, 598–600, 706,
711, 724–725, 732; Union,
379, 383, 398–399; in
Vietnam War, 801–802;
women serving in, 608,
718; World War I involvement
of, 603, 608; World
War II involvement of,
711, 723–726, 731–733.
See also Military
Nazi party, 697, 736, 753–754.
See also Hitler, Adolf
Nebraska, 353–356, 526
Negative campaigning,
189–190, 231, 449, 656,
801–802
Nelson, Horatio Lord, 200
Netherlands, Th e: abolitionism
in, 314; British
confl ict with, 45–47, 135;
exploration and settlement
by, 45–48; Israeli
support from, 828; NATO
participation of, 757;
Texas treaty with, 323;
World War II impact
on, 703
Neutrality, 177–179, 592–595,
598, 698–702, 709–710,
711
Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936
and 1937), 699, 702, 711
Neutrality Proclamation,
177–179
Nevada, 518
New Amsterdam, 45–47
Newark, New Jersey, 806
New Deal: agricultural
policies under, 678–680;
business and industry
regulation under, 677–
678, 680–681; criticisms
of, 690–691; demise of,
688–689, 716; economic
policies of, 673–692,
693–695, 696–697; foreign
relations/policies under,
663–665, 693–706; housing
programs under, 682;
job creation programs
under, 673–674, 675;
labor reforms under,
677, 683–685; Native
American reforms under,
680; principal acts of, 671;
public works projects
under, 661, 674, 675, 678,
Index I-31
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-32 Index
New Deal (continued)
681–682; relief, recovery
and reform under, 670–
673; repeal of prohibition
under, 678; securities
regulations under, 680;
Social Security under,
682–683; Supreme Court
rulings on, 686–688; Tennessee
Valley Authority
under, 661, 681–682
New England: agriculture
in, 65–66; colonization
of, 35–41; Confederation,
42–43; education in,
81–83; Federalists in,
206, 211–213; fi shing
industry in, 66, 75;
Hartford Convention by,
211–213; historians from,
297; manufacturing in,
261–262; Salem witch
trials in, 64–65; society in,
62–67, 73; tariff s favored
by, 236–237; towns in,
64; transcendalism in,
292–293; War of 1812
position of, 206, 211. See
also specifi c states
New England Emigrant Aid
Company, 359–360
New France, 90–92
New Frontier, 791–793
New Guinea, 723, 724, 732
New Hampshire: capital of,
147; colonization of, 41;
Constitution ratifi cation
by, 162; free blacks in,
305; Hartford Convention
involvement of, 211–213.
See also New England;
North
New Harmony, Indiana, 287
New Haven, Connecticut, 40
New Jersey: colonization of,
50, 51–52; manufacturing
in, 262; Newark, 806;
New Jersey Plan, 156;
Princeton University in,
82; race riots in, 806. See
also North
Newlands Act (1902), 574
New media, 898–899. See also
Internet
New Mexico: immigrants in,
591, 890; Native Americans
in, 515; Santa Fé, 17;
Spanish settlement of, 15,
17; Texas land disputes
with, 342, 345, 346
New Netherland, 45–48
New Orleans, Louisiana, 92,
98, 196, 210, 404, 879
Newspapers: antifederalist,
160–161; antislavery, 311,
315; colonial era, 84–85;
growth of, 498; Internet
impact on, 898–899;
yellow journalism of, 498,
540, 543
New Sweden, 47
New World: chronology
of development, 2–3;
exploration and discovery
of, 7–16; shaping of, 1,
3–4; slavery in, 9. See also
Central America; North
America; South America
New York City: 9/11 terrorist
attacks in, 870–872, 877;
as art capital, 897; British
army concentration in,
131, 135; draft riots in,
388–389; Empire State
Building in, 640–641;
Greenwich Village in,
640; growth of, 482, 484;
Harlem in, 637–638,
640; immigrants to, 257;
Leisler’s Rebellion in, 68;
library in, 498; population
of, 166; protests in, 68,
111, 388–389; settlement
of, 45–48; Stamp Act Congress
in, 107; Tweed Ring/
Boss Tweed in, 438, 489;
water system in, 255
New York Evening Post, 292
New York state: agriculture
in, 74–75; Albany Congress
in, 95–96; Buff alo,
272; capital of, 147;
colonization of, 45–48,
51–52; Constitution
ratifi cation by, 162–
163; Erie Canal in, 215,
269, 271, 272; manufacturing
in, 262; Oneida
Community in, 287;
Rochester, 269; Shakers
in, 287–288; slave revolt
in, 61; social reforms in,
569; Syracuse, 269; western
lands of, 149; women’s
suff rage in, 605; Zenger
trial in, 84–85. See also
New York City; North
Nez Perces, 515
Ngo Dinh Diem, 780, 794
Nguyen Sinh Cung, 558
Nicaragua: covert intervention
in, 846, 848; expansion
attempts in, 349; free
elections in, 855; military
intervention in, 579, 653,
664–665, 846, 848
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 755–756
Nimitz, Chester W., 723, 724
9/11 terrorist attacks,
870–872, 900
Nine-Power Treaty (1922),
648
Nineteenth Amendment,
605, 645
Ninth Amendment, 168
Nixon, Richard M.: domestic
policies of, 824–825; foreign
policies of, 818–822,
825–827; HUAC role of,
759; Nixon Doctrine by,
819; pardoning of, 830;
as president, 816–830;
as presidential candidate,
785–786, 810–812,
825–826; quotation by,
816; Supreme Court
under, 822–824; as vice
president, 771, 780;
Watergate scandal, 828–830
Nixon Doctrine, 819
No Child Left Behind Act
(2002), 875
Nonimportation agreements,
108, 110, 113
Non-Intercourse Act (1809),
202, 203
Noriega, Manuel, 855
Norris, Frank, 502
Norris, George W., 681
Norris-LaGuardia
Anti-Injunction Act
(1932), 662
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
North: abolitionist impact
in, 316–317; African
American migration
to, 719–720, 745; army
of, 381–384, 388–390,
394–398, 399–403,
409–411; balance of forces
in, 381–385; Civil War by
(See Civil War); colonization
of, 35–41, 45–52;
Compromise of 1850 for,
343–346, 347, 355; cotton
trade in, 299–300; economic
boom of, 391–392;
free blacks in, 305–306,
401–402; free states in,
217–219; Kansas dispute
in, 359–363; Kansas-
Nebraska Act reaction in,
355–356; manufacturing
in, 261–262, 382–383,
473–475; navy of, 379,
383, 398–399; racial strife
in, 806; railroad through,
353, 382; shift ing demographics
in, 745; society
in, 62–64, 67–68. See also
New England; specifi c
states
North, Lord, 110, 114, 139
North America: British/
French confl ict over,
92–96; British settlement
of, 21–32, 33–52; exploration
and discovery of,
7–16; free trade agreement
in, 865–866; French
colonization in, 89–95;
native people of, 4–7;
shaping of, 1, 3–4. See also
specifi c countries
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA),
865–866
North American Review, 282
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 757–758,
808, 867, 877
North Carolina: capital of,
147; colonization of,
28, 29–30; Constitution
ratifi cation by, 162–163;
secession of, 379. See also
South
North Dakota, 521, 526
Northern Pacifi c Railroad,
461, 520
Northern Securities
Company, 572
North Korea, 762–765, 772,
873. See also Korea
Northwest Ordinance (1787),
151
Northwest Territory, 150–151
Norway, 703
NOW (National Organization
for Women), 857
NRA (National Recovery
Administration), 677, 683
NSC (National Security
Council), 757, 762
Nuclear weapons, 753, 758–
759, 760, 779, 783–784,
793, 797–798, 847, 873.
See also Atomic bombs
Nuremberg war crimes trial,
753–754
Nye, Gerald, 698–699
Oakley, Annie, 509
Obama, Barack, 879, 895, 896
Oberlin College, 282
Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
(OSHA), 825
O’Connor, Flannery, 788
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 850,
878, 895
Offi ce of Economic
Opportunity, 803
Offi ce of Price Administration,
718
Oglethorpe, James, 31, 92
Ohio: Cleveland, 269, 807;
Erie Canal impact on, 269;
Kent State University in,
820; Ohio Valley, 93–95,
137, 215, 217; statehood
of, 166
Oil industry: automobile
impact on, 470–471,
633–634, 828; dependence
on foreign, 835,
837; development of, 392,
467, 470–471; economic
impact of, 743, 828;
energy crisis and, 828,
835; environmental issues
with, 835, 899; in Middle
East, 648, 743, 756,
780–781, 827–828, 835,
837, 856–857
Okinawa, Japan, 733
Oklahoma: “Indian Territory”
in, 241, 514; Native
Americans removal to,
240–241, 515; oil industry
in, 633; Oklahoma City
bombing, 863; statehood
of, 521–522; women’s suffrage
in, 605
Oldenburg, Claes, 897
Older Americans: Medicare
for, 803–804, 888–889;
political activism of, 878,
888; Social Security for,
682–683, 762, 824, 878,
889; twenty-fi rst century,
888–889
Olds, Ransom E., 630
O’Leary, J. A., 596
Olive Branch Petition, 124
Oliver, Joseph King, 637
Olney, Richard, 465, 531, 541
Olympic Games, 837, 845
Oñate, Don Juan de, 15
Oneida Community, 287
Oneidas, 137
O’Neill, Eugene, 640
Onondagas, 30
On the Duty of Civil Disobedience
(Th oreau), 293
OPEC (Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries), 781, 828, 835
Open Door policy, 551–552,
558, 559, 578, 648
Operation Desert Storm, 857
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 734,
758–759
Oregon: British and American
interests in, 222,
324–325, 328–329; Native
Americans in, 239; social
reforms in, 569
Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries
(OPEC), 781, 828, 835
Organized crime, 628–629
Orlando, Vittorio, 613–614
Osceola, 240
Index I-33
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-34 Index
OSHA (Occupational Safety
and Health Administration),
825
Ostend Manifesto, 350
O’Sullivan, John L., 318
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 799
Th e Other America (Harrington),
801
Owen, Robert, 287
Pact of Paris (1928), 649
Pahlevi, Mohammad Reza,
780–781, 835
Paine, Th omas: Th e Age of
Reason by, 277; Common
Sense by, 126–127, 291;
Constitutional Convention
absence of, 155; on
French Revolution, 176,
179; on republicanism,
126, 127–128; on “times
that try men’s souls,” 122
Palestine, 808, 845–846, 867
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 622–623
Panama: American foreign
relations with, 696, 834,
855; Noriega arrest in,
855; Panama Canal Zone,
349, 553–555, 590, 834
Pan-American Conference,
696
Panics, economic: of 1819,
216–217; of 1837, 244,
246–247, 264, 321–322; of
1857, 365–366; of 1873,
440–442; of 1907, 576
Pardons, presidential,
416–417, 603, 830, 834
Parkman, Francis, 297
Parks, Rosa, 775–776
Parochial education, 258–259,
489, 495, 803
Passos, John Dos, 608
Pasteur, Louis, 497
Patent Offi ce, 263
Patents, 263, 466
Patriot Act (2001), 871–872
Patronage, 233, 236, 442–443,
448
Patton, George S., 728
Paul, Alice, 605, 637
Pawnees, 513
Paxton boys, 71
Payne-Aldrich Bill (1909),
579
Peace, reforms for, 283–284.
See also Antiwar protests
Peace Corps, 792, 808
Peale, Charles Willson, 83,
290
Pearl Harbor, 712–713
Pei, I. M., 898
Pelosi, Nancy, 880
Pendleton Act (1883), 448
Peninsula Campaign,
396–398
Penn, William, 29, 48–50
Pennsylvania: coal mining
in, 571; colonization
of, 48–52; Constitution
ratifi cation by, 161,
163; Gettysburg, 403;
Lancaster Turnpike in,
268; manufacturing in,
262; multiculturalism of,
70–72; oil in, 392; Philadelphia
(See Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania); University
of Pennsylvania, 83; Valley
Forge, 118; Whiskey
Rebellion in, 172. See also
North
Pensions, 451. See also Social
Security
Pentagon Papers, 820
Pequot War, 42
Percy, George, 23
Percy, Walker, 788
Perkins, Frances, 675
Perot, H. Ross, 812, 861–862,
864
Perry, Matthew C., 351–352
Perry, Oliver Hazard, 209, 213
Pershing, John J. “Black Jack,”
594, 610–611, 612
Persian Gulf war, 855–857,
873, 874
Peru, 5, 12–13, 14, 234, 313
Petroleum. See Oil industry
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
Constitutional Convention
in, 154–161; First
Continental Congress in,
113, 117–118; founding
of, 49–50, 51–52; growth
of, 482; immigrant confl
icts in, 259–260; library
establishment in, 84; population
of, 166; protests in,
111; Revolutionary battles
in, 132–133; Second Continental
Congress in, 121,
128–129; society in, 73
Philadelphia Plan, 824
Philip II, King, 20
Philippines: American
invasion of, 544–545; annexation
of, 413, 547–548,
550–551, 590; Aquino
vs. Marcos in, 848;
immigrants from, 551;
independence of, 551,
590, 695; World War II
involvement of, 722–723,
732
Phillips, David G., 564
Phillips, Wendell, 311, 400
Phips, William, 62
Phonograph, 507
Physicians, 74, 497. See also
Healthcare
Pickett, George, 334, 403
Pierce, Franklin, 348,
349–350, 354
Pike, Zebulon M., 198–199
Pilgrims, 35–39, 42
Pinchot, Giff ord, 574, 575,
580
Pinochet, Augusto, 822
Pitcher, Molly, 289
Pitt, William, 95, 97, 98, 114,
203
Pizarro, Francisco, 12
Planned Parenthood v. Casey,
851
Plantation economy, 9, 26,
28–29, 31–32, 59–62,
300–302, 306–310
Plath, Sylvia, 788
Platt Amendment, 549, 696
Plessy v. Ferguson, 446, 776
Plymouth, Massachusetts,
36, 42
Pocahontas, 23, 24
Podhoretz, Norman, 841
Poe, Edgar Allan, 295–296
Poetry. See Literature
Poland: immigrants from,
269, 486–487, 626; NATO
participation by, 867;
Solidarity movement in,
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
845, 853; Soviet infl uence
of, 754, 830, 845; World
War II impact on, 702,
747–748
Polio, 888
Political parties: animosity of,
181, 183–187, 188–190;
emergence of separate,
172–173, 231, 244–245;
gender gap in, 858;
national conventions of,
243, 810–811; patronage
in, 233, 236, 442–443, 448;
platforms of, 252; twoparty
system, 252. See also
specifi c parties by name
Politics: abolitionism
through, 314; African
American participation
in, 428–430, 453–455,
529, 675–676, 805–807,
861–862, 893–895; campaign
fi nance reform in,
866; change in methods
of, 227–230; during Civil
War, 406–410; colonial,
85–86; farmers’ participation
in, 453, 528–530,
653; Irish American
participation in, 257, 616;
labor disputes creating
interest in, 453–455; labor
union involvement in,
731; Latino participation
in, 891–892; Native
American participation
in, 832–833; negative
campaigning in, 189–190,
231, 449, 656, 801–802;
older Americans’ involvement
in, 878, 888; for the
people, 251–252; political
parties in (See Political
parties); progressivism
in (See Progressivism);
radio impact on, 635, 656;
Religious Right activism
in, 849–850; republicanism
shaping, 103–104,
126, 127–128, 144–146,
159; slavery as issue in,
337–349, 361–362; spoils
system in, 233, 236;
television impact on,
771, 785–786; veterans
involvement in, 647,
662–663; voting in (See
Voting rights); women
in, 675–677, 846, 858,
861–862, 879–880, 895;
youth participation in,
777–778, 806, 813–814,
820. See also Government
Polk, James K., 324, 326–335
Pollock, Jackson, 897
Poll tax, 804
Pol Pot, 827
Polygamy, 279–280, 521
Ponce de Léon, Juan, 11
Pontiac’s uprising, 100
Pony Express, 272
Poole, Elijah, 806
Poor Richard’s Almanack,
83–84
Pope, John, 399
Popé’s Rebellion, 15
Popular sovereignty, 338, 354,
359, 361, 368
Population: aging, 888–889;
baby boom impact on,
746; colonial growth of,
69–70; demographics
of U.S., 166, 719–720,
744–746, 803, 887–895;
minority, 890–892; multiculturalism
of, 70–72,
256, 626, 895–896; Native
American, 517; of slaves,
304, 306–308; of United
States, 255–256, 435
Populist Party, 453–455,
529–530, 533, 562–563
Portugal, 8–9, 11
Postal Reorganization Act
(1971), 449
Postal system, 77, 272, 449,
634
Potsdam conference, 734
Pound, Ezra, 640, 787
Poverty: aging and, 888–889;
in colonies, 73; income
gap between wealth and,
844, 849, 884–886, 899;
Medicaid as insurance in,
803, 824; single parenthood
and, 888, 894–895;
social programs addressing,
801, 803–804, 824;
welfare and, 674, 682–683,
824, 843, 864–865, 885,
894
Powderly, Terence V., 478
Powell, Colin, 873, 895
Powell, John Wesley, 520–521
Powhatan/Powhatan Confederacy,
23–24
Presbyterian Church, 78,
278–279
Prescott, William H., 296–297
Presidency: assassination/
assassination attempts
on, 411–414, 448, 552,
799–800, 843; Constitution
creating, 157; elections
for (See Elections,
presidential); executive
privilege of, 829; fi rst,
167–168, 171–172, 174,
177–181; impeachment
proceedings against,
431–432, 829–830, 868;
pardons by, 416–417, 603,
830, 834; term limits on,
443, 707–708; veto power
of, 242. See also specifi c
presidents by name
Presley, Elvis, 770
Press. See Media
Princeton University, 82
Printing presses, 84–85
Privacy, right of, 823, 831
Privateers, 138
Proclamation of 1763, 100
Productivity, 744, 816, 818
Progress and Poverty
(George), 499
Progressivism: in 1912
presidential election,
580–581, 583–586; in
1916 presidential election,
595–596; in 1924 presidential
election, 653; in
1948 presidential election,
760–761; anti-trust regulations
in, 572–573, 588;
in cities/states, 568–569;
on consumer safety, 573;
economic policies of,
587–588; end of, 644–646;
on environmental protection,
574–575; interstate
commerce regulation in,
Index I-35
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-36 Index
Progressivism (continued)
572, 589; on labor reforms,
570–572, 588–589;
literary, 563–564; New
Deal resurgence of, 672;
political, 565–568; roots
of, 562–563; women’s role
in, 563, 569–571. See also
Social reforms
Prohibition, 284–285, 506,
570–571, 607, 627–628,
678
Project Head Start, 804
Propaganda: World War I,
601–603, 607, 636; World
War II, 706, 716
Property rights: Bill of Rights
on, 168; Supreme Court
on, 220–221, 365; of
women, 62–64, 287, 505
Protestantism: dominant
denominations of, 77–78;
Filipino conversion to,
547; liberal, 493; Protestant
Reformation, 18,
33–35; Puritan practice
of, 35–39, 64–65; reform
of, 277–280, 813; religious
confl icts over, 18–20, 35,
44, 71, 89–90, 113. See
also specifi c denominations
Proulx, E. Annie, 897
Prussia, 95. See also Germany
Public Utility Holding Company
Act (1935), 681
Public works, 661, 674, 675,
678, 681–682, 778–779
Public Works Administration
(PWA), 678
Pueblo peoples, 5–6, 15, 680
Puerto Rico, 413, 546, 547,
548–549, 891
Pujo, Arsene, 587
Pulitzer, Joseph, 498, 540, 543
Pullman strike, 530–531
Pure Food and Drug Act
(1906), 573
Puritans: colonization by,
35–39, 42; cultural views
of, 290–291; education
of, 64, 81–83; families of,
62–64; Native American
relations with, 42; New
England Confederation
by, 42–43; Salem witch
trials by, 64–65; society of,
62–67; transcendalism in
response to, 292–293
PWA (Public Works Administration),
678
Qaeda, Al, 871, 874, 877
Quakers, 39, 48–51, 144, 310
Quartering Act (1765), 106,
112
Quayle, J. Danforth, 861
Québec, Canada, 17, 90,
97–98, 112–113, 124, 126
Quebec Act (1774), 112–113
Queen Anne’s War, 92
Quotas: affi rmative action,
824–825; immigration,
625–626, 803
Rabin, Yitzhak, 867
Racial discrimination: affi
rmative action against,
801, 824–825, 832, 850,
857, 865, 875, 895; Black
Codes perpetuating,
422–423; civil rights
movement on (See Civil
rights movement); Ku
Klux Klan fostering,
430–431, 623–624, 805;
labor disputes infl amed
by, 446–447; race riots,
605, 720, 798–799, 805,
806–807, 814, 893; Reconstruction
failure to eradicate,
422–423, 428–431,
433, 445–446; segregation
as (See Segregation); slavery
fostering (See Slavery);
wartime reduction of,
719–720
Racial pride, 637–638
Radio, 635, 656, 673
Railroad: agriculture
impacted by, 528–529;
airplane impact on, 635;
anti-trust regulations
on, 572–573; automobile
industry impact on, 633;
Canadian, 525; cattle
shipped via, 518–519;
development of, 270–271,
353; economic discrimination
of, 474; economic
impact of, 270–273, 460,
463–464; improvements
to, 462–463; interstate
commerce regulation
of, 465–466, 572, 589,
645; labor disputes with,
446, 478, 530–531, 589,
647, 718; Manchurian,
578; mechanization and,
462–463; Panamanian,
349; privatization of, 646;
transcontinental, 353,
459–466, 518–519, 525;
wrongdoings by, 446,
464–465
Railway Labor Board, 647
Raleigh, Walter, 17, 20
Randolph, A. Philip, 719–720
Randolph, John, 229, 262
Rankin, Jeannette, 600
Rationing, 717–718
Rauschenbusch, Walter, 490
Raynal, Abbé, 127
Reagan, Ronald: assassination
attempt on, 843,
863; domestic policies of,
842–844, 849–852; foreign
policies of, 842–843,
844–848; Iran-Contra
aff air and, 848–849; as
president, 842–852, 863;
as presidential candidate,
833, 839, 841–842, 846;
quotations by, 839, 849,
852; Religious Right and,
849–850; Supreme Court
appointments by, 850–852
Recessions: of 1920-1921,
630; of 1981-1982, 844;
of 1987, 852. See also
Depressions; Panics,
economic; Recessions
Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Act (1934), 696–697
Reconstruction: African
American political participation
during, 428–430;
Black Codes during, 422–
423; Congressional strife
during, 422, 424–427;
end of, 444–445; freedom
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
from slavery during,
418–420; impact in South,
428–430, 433; Johnson
as president during,
414, 417–418, 420–425,
431–432; Ku Klux Klan
during, 430–431; Lincoln’s
assassination impacting,
414; military, 426–428;
problems faced during,
416–418; racial discrimination
during, 422–423,
428–431, 433, 445–446;
Republican divisiveness
over, 422, 424–427,
431–432, 433
Reconstruction Act (1867),
427
Reconstruction Finance
Corporation, 661
Reed, Th omas B., 452, 536,
548
Reed, Walter, 549
Reed v. Reed, 831
Rees, Bert, 249
Reform Bill (1867), 413, 415
Reforms: abolitionist (See
Abolitionist movement);
amusement, 508–509,
635–636, 769–770, 788,
813, 897; anticommunist,
760; architectural, 290,
507–508, 640–641, 897–
898; artistic, 290–291,
506–508, 897; budget,
641; campaign fi nance,
866; civil service, 448;
communal societies as,
287–288; cultural, 280–
284, 290–297, 498–502,
506–509, 638–641, 770,
787–789, 813–814; educational,
280–282, 494–495,
497–498, 629–630, 783;
foreign policy, 538–542;
healthcare, 283, 288–290,
630, 804, 862–863, 884,
888; immigration, 878,
891; judicial, 283; labor,
570–572, 588–589, 647,
677, 683–685; literary,
291–297, 498–502,
638–640, 769, 770,
787–789, 813, 896–897;
musical, 291, 507, 637,
640, 770; New Deal (See
New Deal); peace-driven,
283–286 (See also Antiwar
protests); religious,
275–280, 283, 493, 637,
813; scientifi c, 288–290,
630, 766–768, 783, 882,
883–884; social (See
Social reforms); Social
Security, 878, 889; tax,
641, 843–844, 849, 858;
welfare, 864–865, 885;
women leading, 278, 283,
285–287, 313, 490, 506,
563, 569–571, 605–606,
636–637
Regulator movement, 71
Rehnquist, William, 868, 878
Religion: abolitionism
inspired by, 144, 310–311;
African Americans practicing,
308–309, 419, 777;
colonial, 35–39, 48–51,
64–65, 77–81; communism
vs., 755–756; confl
icts over, 8, 18–20, 35,
44, 71, 89–90, 113; decline
of, 813; Deism as, 277;
denominational diversity
of, 279; discrimination
based on, 785; evangelical,
79–81, 277–278, 770, 849–
850; feminization of, 278;
freedom of, 27, 39–40, 50,
168; fundamentalist, 630,
849–850; Great Awakening
of, 79–81, 275–280,
283, 310–311; immigration
impacting, 258–260,
492–493; Muslim, 806,
874–875; Native American
religious conversion,
13, 15, 16, 42, 91, 239,
517; parochial education,
258–259, 489, 495, 803;
reforms of, 275–280, 283,
493, 637, 813; Religious
Right, 849–850, 870;
revivalist, 79–81, 277–278;
science confl icting with,
493–494, 629–630, 884;
separation of church and
state, 144, 785, 803, 823;
slavery as issue dividing,
279; of slaves, 308–309,
419; social gospel of, 490,
493, 563; televangelists for,
770, 850; transcendalism
as, 292–293; urbanization
impact on, 492–493. See
also Christianity; specifi c
denominations
Religious Society of Friends.
See Quakers
Remington, Frederic, 543
Reorganization Act (1939),
688
Republicanism, 103–104, 126,
127–128, 144–146, 159
Republican Party: in 1856
election, 362–364; in 1858
election, 366–368; in 1860
election, 371–373; in 1864
election, 407–410; in 1868
election, 437; in 1872
election, 439–440; in 1876
election, 443–445; in 1880
election, 447–448; in 1884
election, 449–450; in 1888
election, 452; in 1892 election,
455; in 1896 election,
531–536; in 1900 election,
552; in 1904 election,
575–576; in 1908 election,
576; in 1910 election, 580;
in 1912 election, 580–581,
583–586; in 1916 election,
595–596; in 1920 election,
618–619; in 1924 election,
652–653; in 1928 election,
655–657; in 1930 election,
662; in 1932 election, 666,
669–670; in 1936 election,
685–686; in 1938 election,
689; in 1940 election,
706–708; in 1944 election,
730–731; in 1948 election,
760–762; in 1952 election,
770–772; in 1956 election,
781–782; in 1960 election,
785–786; in 1964 election,
801–802; in 1968 election,
809–812; in 1972 election,
825–826; in 1976 election,
833–834; in 1980 election,
841–842; in 1984 election,
846; in 1986 election, 852;
Index I-37
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-38 Index
Republican Party (continued)
in 1988 election, 852–853;
in 1992 election, 861–862;
in 1994 election, 864; in
1996 election, 864; in
2000 election, 868–869;
in 2004 election, 875; in
2006 election, 879–880;
in 2008 election, 880; demographics
of, 442–443;
emergence of, 355–356;
Free Soil party foreshadowing,
340; Liberal,
439–440; Reconstruction
as divisive issue in,
422, 424–427, 431–432,
433; Taft -Roosevelt split
in, 579–581, 584–586;
Watergate involvement of,
828–830
Republic Steel Company, 685
Reservation system, 513,
515, 517
Resettlement
Administration, 680
Resumption Act (1875), 441
Revels, Hiram, 430
Revivalism, 79–81, 277–278
Revolutionary War. See
American Revolution
Rhode Island: colonization of,
30, 39–40; Constitutional
Convention absence of,
154, 159; constitution of,
146; Constitution ratifi cation
by, 162–163; Hartford
Convention involvement
of, 211–213; manufacturing
in, 262; in New
England Confederation,
43. See also New England;
North
Rhodes, Cecil, 557
Ricardo, David, 472
Rice, 29
Rice, Condoleezza, 895
Richmond, Virginia, 395, 397,
410–411
Rickover, H. G., 543
Riesman, David, 770
Right(s): of assembly, 168; to
bear arms, 168; gay and
lesbian, 814, 862, 875,
878, 888; to jury trial, 168;
to legal counsel, 823; of
privacy, 823, 831; property,
62–64, 168, 220–221,
287, 365, 505; right-tolife
movement, 850, 851;
voting (See Voting rights);
women’s, 285–287, 769,
801, 831–832, 886–887.
See also freedom-related
entries
Riis, Jacob A., 563
Road systems, 215, 230,
267–270, 633, 778–779
Roanoke colony, 20
Roaring Twenties: agriculture
during, 652; anticommunism
during, 622–623;
antiforeignism during,
623–626; automobile
industry in, 630–633; cultural
reforms during, 638–
641; economic policies
during, 645–647, 649–650;
economy during, 630–631,
633–634, 641–642,
653–655, 658–659; educational
reforms during,
629–630; elections during,
618–619, 633, 652–653,
655–657; foreign relations/
policies during, 647–649,
653–655; Fundamentalism
during, 630; government
scandals during, 650–651;
healthcare reforms during,
630; Industrial Revolution
during, 629–635; Ku Klux
Klan during, 623–624;
organized crime during,
628–629; prohibition
during, 627–628; social
reforms during, 636–638;
stock market in, 641–642,
658–659
Roberts, Oral, 770
Roberts, Owen J., 687
Robeson, Paul, 774
Robinson, Jackie, 775
Roca, Julio, 525
Rochambeau, Comte de,
135, 138
Rochester, New York, 269
Rockefeller, John D., 467,
470–472, 492, 497
Rockwell, Norman, 717
Rocky Mountains, 3–4
Roethke, Th eodore, 787–788
Roe v. Wade, 824, 831
Rogers, Will, 690
Röhm, Ernst, 736
Rolfe, John, 24
Roman Catholicism. See
Catholicism
Romania, 747, 853
Rome-Berlin Axis, 697
Rommel, Erwin, 725
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 667–669
Roosevelt, Franklin D.:
agricultural policies
under, 678–680; appeal
of, 667–669; business
and industry regulation
under, 677–678, 680–681;
Churchill meeting with,
726, 727, 728, 747–748,
750; criticism of, 690–692;
death of, 732, 752; demise
of New Deal under, 688–
689, 716; economic policies
of, 673–692, 693–695,
696–697; on experimentation,
666; fi reside chats
of, 673; foreign policy
of, 663–665, 693–706,
708–713; Hitler leadership
compared to, 736–738;
housing programs under,
682; on isolationism,
704; job creation programs
by, 673–674, 675;
labor reforms under, 677,
683–685; New Deal of
(See New Deal); as president,
670–692, 693–713,
714–732, 736–738,
747–749, 752; as presidential
candidate, 665–670,
685–686, 706–708,
730–731; public works
projects by, 661, 674, 675,
678, 681–682; Quarantine
Speech by, 700; quotations
by, 666, 689, 693, 704,
714; relief, recovery and
reform by, 670–673; repeal
of prohibition under,
678; securities regulation
under, 680; Social
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Security under, 682–683;
Stalin meeting with, 728,
747–748; Supreme Court
reform plan of, 686–688;
Tennessee Valley Authority
under, 661, 681–682;
as vice presidential candidate,
618–619; women in
Cabinet of, 675
Roosevelt, Th eodore: on
America as emerging
nation, 105; on American
strength, 540; assassination
of, 585; business
regulation by, 572–573,
577; on consumer safety,
573; on crookedness,
561; Cuban invasion
role of, 544, 546; as
diplomat, 558–559; on
environmental protection,
574–575; on labor reforms,
571–572; Monroe
Doctrine interpretation
by, 555; on muckrakers,
563; Panama Canal built
under, 553–555; panic of
1907 blamed on, 576; on
patronage, 448; on Philippine
annexation, 548;
as president, 552–555,
558–559, 565, 571–578;
as presidential candidate,
580–581, 583–586, 595; as
progressive, 565, 571–578,
595; quotation by, 561;
Taft rift with, 579–581,
584–586; as vice president,
552
Roosevelt, Th eodore, Jr., 647
Roosevelt Dam, 574
Root, Elihu, 550
Root-Takahira agreement,
559
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel,
760
Rostow, Walt Whitman, 794,
796
Roth, Philip, 788
Rough Riders, 546
Royal African Company, 60
Ruby, Jack, 799
Rumsfeld, Donald, 880
Rush-Bagot agreement, 213
Russia: abolitionism in,
314; American foreign
relations with, 432–433,
558–559, 578, 648, 855;
arms-reduction agreement
with, 855; Chinese
interests of, 551, 555,
578; in Commonwealth
of Independent States,
854–855; communism
in, 622; frontiers in, 525;
Japanese war with, 555,
558–559; North American
presence of, 223, 225,
432–433; revolution in,
131, 143, 599, 622; Seven
Years’ War involvement
by, 95; START II accord
with, 855; World War
I involvement of, 592,
609–611. See also Soviet
Union
Russo-American Treaty, 225
Ruth, George H. “Babe,” 633
Rwanda, 866
Saarinen, Eero, 898
Sacajawea, 198
Sadat, Anwar, 834
St. Augustine, Florida, 15
St. Clair, Arthur, 179
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 507
St. Leger, Barry, 132, 133
Salem witch trials, 64–65
Salinger, J. D., 788
Salk, Jonas, 888
Salt Lake, 4
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks), 822
SALT II (Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks II), 837
Salvation Army, 493
Samoa, 413, 540–541
Sanger, Margaret, 636–637
Sanitation, 485
Santa Anna, 248–249, 331,
333
Santa Fé, New Mexico, 17
Sargent, John Singer, 507
Saudi Arabia, 314
Savannah, Georgia, 30–31,
405–406
Savannahs, 29
Savings and loans, 852
Scandals: Bush (George W.)
administration, 878–879;
Clinton-Lewinsky
scandal, 867–868; Crédit
Mobilier scandal, 438,
460, 464; Iran-Contra
aff air, 848–849; Religious
Right, 850; Teapot Dome
Scandal, 650, 651; Union
Pacifi c Railroad scandal,
438; Watergate scandal,
828–830; Whitewater
scandal, 867. See also
Corruption
Th e Scarlet Letter
(Hawthorne), 64, 296
Schenck v. United States, 603
Schlafl y, Phyllis, 832
School District of
Abington Township v.
Schempp, 823
Schools. See Colleges and
universities; Education
Schurz, Carl, 258
Schwarzkopf, Norman,
856–857
Science: atomic bomb as
scientifi c invention, 734,
758–759; colonial, 84;
reforms/achievements in,
288–290, 630, 766–768,
783, 882, 883–884;
religious confl icts with,
493–494, 629–630, 884;
stem cell research as,
870, 884
Scopes, John T., 630
Scots-Irish immigrants, 71
Scott, Michael, 212
Scott, Walter, 301
Scott, Winfi eld, 332–333, 348
SDS (Students for a Democratic
Society), 814
Secession: from Confederacy,
387; New England considering,
211, 213; problems
of, 377–378; of the South,
373–375, 377–384; South
Carolina threat of, 238;
Southern threats of,
343–346, 371
Second Anglo-Powhatan
War, 24
Index I-39
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-40 Index
Second Continental
Congress, 121, 128–129
Second Great Awakening,
275–280, 283, 310–311
Securities and Exchange
Commission, 680
Security Treaty, 615, 619
Sedition Act (1798), 184, 603
Segregation: desegregation,
760, 774–777, 798–799,
800–801, 832; inner-city,
745–746, 832, 893; Jim
Crow laws on, 446, 455,
774–776
Selma, Alabama, 805
Seminoles, 222, 239–241
Senate: Committee on
Foreign Relations, 808;
formation of, 156; Oregon
settlement by, 328; slave
vs. free state representation
in, 218. See also
Congress
Senecas, 30
Separation of church and
state, 144, 785, 803, 823
Separatists, 35–39
September 11, 2001 terrorist
attacks, 870–872, 900
Sequoia Park, 522
Sequoyah, 239
Serbia, 867
Serra, Junipero, 16
Servicemen’s Readjustment
Act (1944), 741
Settlement houses, 490, 569
Seventeenth Amendment,
565
Seven Years’ War, 94–99
Seward, William H., 371, 433
Sewing machines, 263,
391–392
Sexton, Anne, 788
Sexual harassment, 858
Sexuality, 502–503, 637, 770,
814
Sexually transmitted diseases,
610, 814
Seymour, Horatio, 437
Shaft er, William R., 545
Shakers, 287–288
Shakespeare, William, 20
Shaw, Robert Gould, 507
Shawnees, 204–205
Shay’s Rebellion/Shay, Daniel,
153, 155, 156, 158
Sheen, Fulton J., 770
Sheffi eld, Lord, 151, 156
Sheppard-Towner Material
Act (1921), 605–606
Sheridan, Philip “Little Phil,”
410, 516
Sherman, William Tecumseh,
405–406, 408
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
(1890), 472–473, 579
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
(1890), 455–456
Shiloh battle, 404
Shipping Board, 647
Sierra Club, 575
Sierra Nevada Mountains,
3–4
Silent Spring (Carson), 825,
833
Silliman, Benjamin, 288
Silver: currency, 104–105,
441, 453, 455–456, 529–
530, 532–533; European
exploration/discovery of,
12–13; free coinage of,
453, 529–530, 532–536;
mining, 518
Simpson, O. J., 893
Sinclair, Harry F., 650
Sinclair, Upton, 573
Singer, Isaac, 263, 789
Sioux (Lakotas), 24–25, 255,
513, 515, 517
Sister Carrie (Dreiser),
484–485, 502
Sitting Bull, 515
Six-Day War, 808
Sixteenth Amendment, 456,
587
Th e Sketch Book (Irving), 291
Skyscrapers, 484
Slater, Samuel, 261, 264
Slavery: abolitionists opposing
(See Abolitionist
movement); American
Revolution impact on,
119; antislavery societies,
144, 310–311; Barbados
slave code, 28; as Civil
War issue, 380–381, 397,
399–402; colonial, 9, 26,
28–29, 31–32, 59–62;
Compromise of 1850
on, 343–346, 347, 355;
Constitution on, 157–158;
cotton agriculture impact
on, 261, 263, 298–300,
301–302, 306–308; Emancipation
Proclamation
on, 399–401; European
expansion of, 8–9; free
blacks and, 119, 305–306,
311, 313, 314, 364–365,
401–402; freedom from,
418–420; Fugitive Slave
Law (1850), 346–347,
348–349, 355; history
of Atlantic slave trade,
57–59; maps related to,
58, 218, 304, 347; Mexican
prohibition on, 248;
Mexican War raising
debate over, 335, 337;
middle passage of, 57, 60;
Missouri Compromise on,
217–219, 354–355; Native
American, 29; Northwest
Ordinance forbidding,
151; plantation economy
based on, 9, 26, 28–29,
31–32, 59–62, 300–302,
306–310; as political issue,
337–349, 361–362; popular
sovereignty on issue
of, 338, 354, 359, 361, 368;
post-Revolutionary views
of, 144–145; protests
against, 59, 74; religion of,
308–309, 419; religious
denominations split over,
279; slave revolts, 61,
237, 309–310, 312, 315,
368–369, 402; slave trade,
8–9, 57–59, 151, 248, 306,
313, 346; societal oppression
through, 73–74;
Southern defense of,
315–316; three-fi ft hs comprise
on, 157, 212; treatment
during, 307–308;
Underground Railroad
and, 342–343, 346–347; in
West Indies, 59, 74, 306,
310, 312, 322, 327
Slidell, John, 329
Slums, 485–486, 682
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Smallpox, 14, 24, 74, 100, 288
Smiley, Jane, 897
Smith, Alfred E., 655–657,
669, 690
Smith, Gerald L. K., 675
Smith, John, 22–23
Smith, Joseph, 279
Smith, Josiah, Jr., 119
Smith Act (1940), 759
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike
Act (1943), 718
SNCC (Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee),
777–778, 806
Social Darwinists, 472
Social gospel, 490, 493, 563
Socialism/Socialist Party,
566–568, 576, 580, 585,
603, 619
Social reforms: as 1912
presidential campaign
issue, 584–585; anticommunist,
760; antipoverty,
801, 803–804; antiwar
protests for, 709, 808–809,
810–811, 813–814,
819–820; automobile as
agent for, 633–634; call
for, 562–563; in cities,
568–569; civil rights
movement as (See Civil
rights movement); conservative
reduction of, 839,
843, 849–852, 864, 870;
consumer safety as, 573,
825; environmental protection
as, 574–575, 825,
899; Great Society, 801,
803–807, 818; for immigrants,
489–491; interstate
commerce regulation as,
572, 589; labor reforms as,
570–572, 588–589, 647,
677, 683–685; literature
promoting, 563–564,
787–789; morality and,
502–503, 637–638, 770;
political progressivism
promoting, 565–568;
prohibition as, 285, 506,
570–571; prosperity/economic
boom underwriting,
742; racial pride and,
637–638; Religious Right
opposition to, 849–850,
870; reversal of, 644–646,
839, 843, 849–852, 864,
870; during Roaring
Twenties, 636–638;
sexuality and, 502–503,
637, 770; Supreme
Court (Warren Court)
addressing, 822–824;
trust-busting as, 572–573,
579, 588; women’s movement
as, 285–287, 769,
801, 831–832, 886–887;
women’s role in, 563,
569–571, 636–637
Social Security, 682–683, 762,
824, 878, 889
Social Security Act (1935),
682–683, 687
Social Security Act
(1950), 762
Society: 1960s upheaval of,
813–814; colonial, 61–68,
72–74, 83–84, 86–87; conservative
changes to, 839,
843, 849–852, 864, 870;
culture of (See Culture);
equality’s impact on, 234–
235; ethnic divisions in,
626; New England, 62–67,
73; post-Revolutionary
War, 144–146; post-World
War II, 741–743, 766–770;
reforms to (See Reforms);
southern, 61–62, 67–68,
73–74, 300–301; twentyfi
rst century (See Twentyfi
rst century)
Society of Cincinnati, 144
Soil Conservation and
Domestic Allotment Act
(1936), 679
Somalia, 866
Sombart, Werner, 566–568
Sousa, John Philip, 549
South: abolitionist response
in, 315–316; American
Revolution battles in,
136–137; balance of forces
in, 381–385; Black Codes
in, 422–423; civil rights
movement in (See Civil
rights movement); Civil
War by (See Civil War);
colonization of, 17, 21–31,
53–54; Compromise of
1850 for, 343–346, 347,
355; confederacy of (See
Confederate States of
America); cotton agriculture
in, 261–262, 298–300,
304, 306–308, 384, 474,
720; debt of, 375, 422,
425; defense of slavery in,
315–316; desegregation
of, 776–777, 798–799,
800–801, 832; economy
of, 392–393, 474–475;
education in, 82, 495–496;
emancipation of slaves
in, 418–420; expansion
attempts by, 349–350;
free blacks in, 305–306;
immigration in, 302, 591,
890–891; Industrial Revolution
in, 473–475; Jim
Crow laws in, 446, 455,
774–776; Kansas dispute
in, 355–356, 359–363;
Kansas-Nebraska Act
reaction in, 355–356; Ku
Klux Klan in, 430–431,
623–624, 805; labor
unions in, 741; Lincoln’s
assassination impact
on, 414; manufacturing
in, 382–383, 473–475;
Native Americans in,
5–6, 222, 231, 239–241,
515; plantation economy
in, 9, 26, 28–29, 31–32,
59–62, 300–302, 306–310;
railroad through, 353;
Reconstruction of
(See Reconstruction);
secession by, 373–375,
377–384; secession threats
by, 343–346, 371; segregation
in, 446, 455, 774–776;
shift ing demographics
in, 744–745; slavery in
(See Slavery); society in,
61–62, 67–68, 73–74,
300–301; tariff s protested
by, 236–239; tobacco
industry in, 25–27, 54–56,
74, 473; white majority
in, 302–303, 305, 359;
Index I-41
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-42 Index
South (continued)
World War II impact on,
719–720. See also specifi c
states
South Africa, 525–526, 834,
855
South America, 5, 12–13, 59,
222, 223–224. See also
specifi c countries
South Carolina: Charleston,
29, 111, 136, 166;
Civil War battles in, 406;
colonization of, 28, 29–30;
Columbia, 406, 417;
Fort Sumter seized by,
378–379; Revolutionary
battles in, 136–137; secession/secession
threats by,
238, 373; slave revolt in,
61; tariff s protested by,
237–239. See also South
South Dakota, 515, 521, 605
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference, 777
Southern Pacifi c Railroad,
461
South Korea, 762–765, 772.
See also Korea
Southwest: early civilization
in, 5–6; immigration in,
591, 890–891; shift ing demographics
in, 744–745,
892–893. See also specifi c
states
Soviet Union: American
foreign relations with,
728, 747–749, 754–765,
779–787, 793, 797–798,
820–822, 830, 834–835,
837, 844–845, 846–848,
853–855; arms-reduction
agreements with, 822,
837, 846–848; Atlantic
Charter by, 711; Berlin
Wall by, 793; Cold War
with (See Cold War);
communism in, 697,
748–749, 755–760,
820–822, 853–855; Cuban
involvement of, 784,
797–798, 834–835; diplomatic
recognition of, 695;
disarmament of, 783–784;
dissolution of, 854–855;
eastern bloc control by,
754, 780, 814, 830, 845,
853; German foreign
relations with, 701–702,
710, 725–726, 731–732,
793; glasnost/perestroika
in, 847; Middle East
policies of, 755, 780–781,
827, 837–838; nuclear
weapons of, 758–759, 760,
783–784, 797–798, 847;
space program of, 783;
United Nations participation
by, 753; World War II
involvement of, 701–702,
710, 725–728, 731–732,
734–735, 737–738. See
also Russia
Space program/space travel,
783, 792–793
Spain: as American colonial
ally, 115–116; American
foreign relations with,
152, 180, 350, 543–550,
699–700; British confl ict
with, 18–20, 31, 92–93,
95, 115–116, 135, 139–
140; civil war in, 699–700;
colonies of, 13–14,
98, 115–116, 222, 350,
543–546; conquistadores
from, 11–13, 15; Cuba as
colony of, 350, 543–546;
decline of imperialism,
20; exploration by, 9–16;
Gibraltar, 139–140; imperial
rivalry of, 115–116,
139–140; Louisiana
transitions involving, 98,
196; Mexican conquest
by, 13–14; navy of, 20,
545–546; popular rebellion
in, 223; Seven Years’
War involvement by, 95;
Spanish Armada, 20
Spanish-American War,
543–550
Spargo, John, 564
Special Forces, 794
Specie Circular, 244, 246
Spencer, Herbert, 472
Spielberg, Steven, 897
Spock, Benjamin, 744
Spoils system, 233, 236
Sports, 370, 509, 631, 770,
775, 831
Spruance, Raymond A., 723
Th e Spy (Cooper), 292
Squanto, 42
Stagecoaches, 271
Stalin, Joseph, 697,
701–702, 710, 725,
728, 747–749, 779
Stamp Act (1765), 106
Stamp Act Congress, 107
Stamp tax, 105–108
Standard Oil Company, 467,
471, 563, 579
Standish, Myles, 36
Stanford, Leland, 461, 496
Stanton, Edwin, 387, 412,
431–432
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 286,
287, 504
“Th e Star Spangled Banner,”
211
START II accord, 855
States: Articles of Confederation
of, 118, 148–150,
153–154, 156, 159,
163; Border, 379–381,
399–401; Congressional
representation of,
156, 218; Constitutional
Convention delegates
from, 154–161; Constitution
ratifi cation by, 159,
161–164; constitutions of,
146–147, 361; debts of,
149, 150, 169–170; interstate
commerce, 465–466,
472, 572, 589, 645–646;
northern (See New England;
North); post-Revolutionary
government of,
152–154; reconstruction
of southern (See Reconstruction);
secession of,
373–375, 377–384; slave
vs. free, 217–219, 250,
335, 337–343, 353–355,
359–363; social reforms
in, 569; southern (See
South); territory conversion
to, 151. See also
specifi c states by name
Statue of Liberty,
492, 625
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Steamboats, 268–269, 271,
272
Stedman, E. C., 369
Steele, Shelby, 896
Steel/steel industry: automobile
industry and, 633;
Industrial Revolution
and, 462, 466, 468–469,
633; Kennedy disagreement
with, 792; labor
relations in, 604–605, 647,
684–685, 792
Steff ens, Lincoln, 563–564
Stein, Gertrude, 639–640
Steinbeck, John, 675, 680, 787
Stem cell research, 870, 884
Stephens, Alexander, 424
Stevens, Th addeus, 426, 432
Stevens, Wallace, 787
Stevenson, Adlai E., 455,
770–772, 781–783
Stimson, Henry L., 664, 721
Stocks: railroad, 464; securities
regulations on, 680;
stock market in 1920s,
641–642, 658–659; stock
market in 1987, 852; stock
market in 2000s, 883
Stone, Lucy, 286
Stoughton, William, 33
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 307,
310–311, 357–359, 384
Strategic Air Command, 768,
779
Strategic Defense Initiative
(Star Wars), 845
Strikes: coal mine, 571, 718;
during/post-World War
I, 604–605, 622, 647; in
France, 814; Homestead
Strike, 453, 454; during
Industrial Revolution,
264; legislation in
response to, 683–685, 718;
Populists supporting, 453,
530–531; post-Civil War,
478–479; post-Reconstruction,
446; Pullman
Strike, 530–531; railroad,
446, 478, 530–531, 647,
718; steel industry,
604–605, 647, 684–685
Strong, Josiah, 540
Stuart, Gilbert, 290
Stuart, “Jeb,” 399
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee
(SNCC), 777–778, 806
Students for a Democratic
Society (SDS), 814
Stuyvesant, Peter, 47
Styron, William, 788
Submarines, 593–594,
598–599, 706, 711,
724–725, 732
Suburbs, 486, 633, 745–746,
832, 892–893
Subways, 484
Suez Canal, 476, 781
Suff rage. See Voting rights
Sugar Act (1764), 106
Sugar cane, 28–29, 542
Sullivan, John L., 509
Sullivan, Louis, 484
Sumner, Charles, 361–362,
426
Sumner, William
Graham, 472
Sunday, Billy, 622
Supplemental Security
Income, 824
Supreme Court: 2000 election
resolution by, 869;
on abortion, 824, 831,
850–851; on affi rmative
action, 824–825, 832, 850,
875, 895; on annexation,
549; on antisedition law,
759; on anti-trust regulation,
572, 579; on Bank of
United States, 220, 242;
on birthright citizenship,
447; Bush (George W.)
appointments to, 878; on
Confederate currency,
441; conservatism in,
850–852; constitutionality
of laws decided by, 185,
194; on contraceptives,
823; on desegregation/
segregation, 446, 775,
776–777, 832; Dred Scott
decision by, 364–365;
establishment of, 168;
on executive privilege,
829; federal government
strengthened by, 220–221;
Federalist domination of,
184; on gender discrimination,
831; Ginsburg
appointment to, 862; on
income tax, 456; on interstate
commerce, 465; on
Japanese relocation, 716;
judicial review by, 194,
220; on labor issues, 570,
645; on market economy,
273; on military tribunals,
427; on Native American
rights, 239–240, 833; on
property rights, 220–221,
365; Roosevelt reform
plan for, 686–688; size of,
441, 686–687; social issues
addressed by, 822–824; on
term limits, 863; Th omas
appointment to, 857–858
Swartwout, Samuel, 233
Sweatt v. Painter, 775
Sweden, 47
Swift , Gustavus F., 471
Syracuse, New York, 269
Syria, 808, 827
Taft , Robert A., 706
Taft , William H.: as chair
of National War Labor
Board, 604; as civil governor
of Philippines, 551;
as president, 573, 576,
578–581; Roosevelt rift
with, 579–581, 584–586;
as Supreme Court justice,
645; as trustbuster, 573,
579
Taft -Hartley Act (1947), 741
Taiwan, 822
Taliban, 871–872
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice
de, 182
Tallmadge amendment, 218
Tammany, Chief, 49
Tan, Amy, 897
Taney, Roger B., 273, 365
Tappan, Arthur and Lewis,
310, 317
Tarantino, Quentin, 897
Tarbell, Ida M., 564
Tariff s: agricultural, 649,
658; Compromise Tariff
of 1833, 238–239;
Index I-43
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-44 Index
Tariff s (continued)
Dingley Tariff (1897),
536; fi rst law on, 170–171;
Fordney-McCumber
Tariff (1922), 649–650;
General Agreement on
Tariff s and Trade on,
750; Hawaiian relations
impacted by, 542; Hawley-
Smoot Tariff (1930), 658;
manufacturing impacted
by, 170, 236–238, 262;
McKinley Tariff Act
(1890), 452–453, 542;
Morrill Tariff Act (1861),
390; Payne-Aldrich Bill
(1909), 579; as protectionism,
214–215, 236–239,
262, 321, 366, 456, 536,
649–650, 658, 750; Reciprocal
Trade Agreements
impacting, 696–697; reduction
of, 587, 696–697,
793; as revenue source,
170–171, 320–321, 328,
390, 451–453, 536; southern
protests of, 237–239,
366; Tariff of 1816, 214–
215, 262; Tariff of 1828
(Tariff of Abominations),
237–238; Tariff of 1832,
238–239; Tariff of 1842,
321; Tariff of 1846, 328;
Tariff of 1857, 366; Trade
Expansion Act (1962)
impacting, 793; Treasury
surplus from, 451–452;
Underwood Tariff (1913),
587; Walker Tariff (1846),
328; Wilson-Gorman
Tariff (1894), 456, 536
Taverns, 77
Taxation: British imposition
of, 105–112, 115–116;
demographics of, 885;
education supported
by, 280–281, 494–495;
excise taxes, 171, 172,
192–193; import duty as,
109–110; income taxes
as, 456, 587, 885; policy
reform on, 641, 843–844,
849, 858; poll tax as, 804;
revolt against, 843; stamp
tax as, 105–108; of tea,
109–112
Taylor, Frederick W., 632
Taylor, Zachary, 330–331,
339–343, 345
Tea, taxes on, 109–110,
111–112
Teapot Dome Scandal, 650,
651
Tecumseh, 204–205
Telegraphs, 263, 272, 476
Telephones, 467
Televangelists, 770, 850
Television, 769–770, 771,
785–786, 888, 898–899
Teller Amendment, 544, 549
Temperance crusade,
284–285, 506, 570–571.
See also Prohibition
Tennessee, 166, 379, 404,
629–630
Tennessee Valley Authority,
661, 681–682
Ten Nights in a Barroom
and What I Saw Th ere
(Arthur), 284
Tenochtitlán, 13–14, 15
Tenskwatawa, 204
Tenth Amendment, 168
Tenure of Offi ce Act (1867),
431–432
Term limits, 443, 707–708,
863
Terrorism, 863, 870–872,
877, 900
Texas: affi rmative action reform
in, 865; annexation
of, 324, 327, 329; cattle in,
518–519; immigrants in,
591, 890; independence
of, 248–250; Mexican
disputes over, 248–250,
323–324, 329; migration
to, 248; New Mexico land
disputes with, 342, 345,
346; oil industry in, 633;
secession of, 373; Spanish
settlements in, 16; treaties
with, 323
Textile industry, 260–261,
299–300, 384–385,
474–475
Th anksgiving, 36, 42, 87
Th atcher, Margaret, 842–843
Th eater, 509, 640, 788, 897
Th irteenth Amendment, 400,
428
Th omas, Clarence, 857–858
Th oreau, Henry David, 293
Th ree-fi ft hs compromise,
157, 212
Th ree-sister farming, 6
Th urmond, J. Strom, 760–761
Tilden, Samuel J., 438,
443–445
Till, Emmett, 774
Time, daylight savings, 607
Timelines. See Chronologies
Time zones, 463
Title IX, 831
Tobacco, 25–27, 54–56, 74,
473
Tocqueville, Alexis de,
234–235, 276, 285, 568
Tompkins, Sally, 392
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
(1964), 820
Tories, 129–131, 139–140,
151
Towns: Land Ordinance division
into, 150–151; mining,
518; New England,
64; railroads impacting
economy of, 460; town
meetings of, 64, 86
Townsend, Francis E., 675
Townshend, Charles/Townshend
Acts, 108–110
Trade: British restrictions
on, 44, 76–77, 104–107,
109–110, 151–152; cotton,
299–300; defi cit, 844, 852;
embargoes on, 201–204,
262, 712, 784, 828, 837,
856; free, 133–134,
750–752, 865–866; fur
trapping, 254; Industrial
Revolution impact on,
260–266; international
(See International trade);
mercantile system
of, 104–107; Native
Americans impacted
by, 25; nonimportation
agreements on, 108, 110,
113; post-Revolutionary,
151–152; railroad impacting,
270–271; slave, 8–9,
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
57–59, 151, 248, 306,
313, 346; tariff s on (See
Tariff s); transportation
impacting, 267–273;
triangular, 75
Trade Expansion Act (1962),
793
Trail of Tears, 239–241
Transcendalism, 292–294
Transportation: airplane as
(See Airplanes); automobile
as, 470–471, 630–634;
canals for, 215, 269–270,
271, 272, 476, 781; cattle
ranching impacted by,
518–519; clipper ships as,
271; colonial, 77; Department
of Transportation
on, 803; economic impact
of, 267–273, 366, 460,
463–464; railroad as (See
Railroad); road systems
for, 215, 230, 267–270,
633, 778–779; stagecoaches
as, 271; steamboats as,
268–269, 271, 272; subways
as, 484; urbanization
impacted by, 484; Western
expansion necessitating,
268–272, 352–353,
459–466, 518–519
Travis, W. B., 248
Treaties: Adams-Onís Treaty,
222, 327; Anti-ballistic
missile (ABM) treaty, 822;
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty,
349, 553; Columbian-
American treaty, 349; Five
Power Naval Treaty, 648;
Florida Purchase Treaty,
222, 327; Four-Power
Treaty, 648; Hay-Bunau-
Varilla Treaty, 554;
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty,
553; Intermediate-Range
Nuclear Forces (INF)
Treaty, 847; Jay’s Treaty,
180, 182; Kyoto Treaty,
870; Model Treaty, 134;
Native American treaties,
137, 179, 239, 513, 515;
NATO treaty, 757–758;
Nine-Power Treaty, 648;
Panama Canal treaties,
834; Russo-American
Treaty, 225; Security
Treaty, 615, 619; Texas
treaties, 323; Treaty of
Fort Laramie, 515; Treaty
of Fort Stanwix, 137;
Treaty of Ghent, 210–211;
Treaty of Greenville, 179;
Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo, 333; Treaty of
Kanagawa, 352; Treaty
of Paris (1783), 139–140;
Treaty of Paris (1973),
826; Treaty of Tordesillas,
11; Treaty of Versailles,
615–619, 647; Treaty of
Wanghia, 351, 551; Washington
Naval Treaty, 698
Trent aff air, 385
Triangular trade, 75
Tripartite Pact, 698
Tripolitan War, 195–196
Trist, Nicholas P., 333
Trollope, Frances, 321
Truman, Harry S.: Fair Deal
programs of, 762; loyalty
program of, 759–760;
Marshall Plan by, 756;
as president, 732–738,
746–747, 755–765, 776;
as presidential candidate,
760–762; quotation by,
761; Truman Doctrine of,
755–756; as vice presidential
candidate, 730
Truman Doctrine, 755–756
Trumbull, John, 83, 123, 290
Trusts, 467, 471, 472–473,
563, 572–573, 579,
588–589, 645–646
Truth, Sojourner, 311
Truth in Securities Act
(1933), 680
Tubman, Harriet, 342
Tupac Amaru II, 115, 116
Turkey, 592, 755, 757
Turner, Frederick Jackson,
511, 522, 524
Turner, Nat/Nat Turner’s Rebellion,
309–310, 315, 368
Tuscaroras, 30, 137
Tuscarora War, 30
Tuskegee Institute, 495–496
Twain, Mark, 301, 442, 501,
518, 548, 852
Tweed Ring/Boss Tweed,
438, 489
Twelft h Amendment, 181,
190, 229
Twentieth Amendment, 686
Twenty-fi ft h Amendment,
829
Twenty-fi rst Amendment,
678
Twenty-fi rst century: affl uence
and inequality in,
884–886; aging of America
in, 888–889; cities and
suburbs, 892–894; culture
in, 881–882, 896–898;
economic revolutions in,
882–884; immigration in,
889–891; minorities in,
890–896; multiculturalism
in, 895–896; new media
in, 898–899; prospects
in, 899–900; racial/ethnic
tensions in, 893–895; society
in, 886–888; women’s
movement in, 886–887
Twenty-fourth Amendment,
804
Twenty-sixth Amendment,
820
Twenty-third Amendment,
826
Tydings-McDuffi e Act (1934),
695
Tyler, John, 250–251,
319–321, 324, 327
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe),
307, 311, 357–359, 384
Underground Railroad,
342–343, 346–347
Underwood Tariff (1913), 587
Unemployment: during
1981-1982 recession, 844;
during Great Depression,
659, 673–674, 677–678,
688, 691, 736; during
Industrial Revolution,
477; insurance, 682–683;
during panic of 1837, 264;
political participation
fostered by, 530
Union. See North
Index I-45
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-46 Index
Union League, 429
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR). See
Soviet Union
Union Pacifi c Railroad, 438,
460
Unions. See Labor unions
Unitarian Church, 277, 278
United Kingdom. See Britain
(Great Britain, England,
United Kingdom)
United Nations: formation of,
747, 750–751, 752–753;
Korean War response of,
763; Persian Gulf response
of, 856; weapons inspections
by, 873
United Negro Improvement
Association, 638
United States Housing Authority
(USHA), 682
United States Steel Company,
684–685
United States v. Wheeler, 833
Universities. See Colleges
and universities; specifi c
schools by name
University of California,
813, 832
University of Michigan,
875
University of Mississippi,
798
University of Pennsylvania,
83
University of Virginia, 282,
290
Updike, John, 787
Urbanization, 255, 482, 484–
486, 492–493, 503–505,
522. See also Cities
U.S. Sanitary Commission,
392
U.S. Steel Corporation, 573,
579, 882
U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, 447
USA Patriot Act (2001),
871–872
USHA (United States
Housing Authority), 682
USSR (Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics). See
Soviet Union
Utah, 279–280, 518, 521
Vallandigham, Clement L.,
406–407
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania,
118
Van Buren, Martin, 245–247,
250–251, 264, 340
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 462,
464, 468
Vanderbilt, William H., 464
Vaudeville, 509
Veblen, Th orstein, 563
Védrine, Hubert, 876
Venereal diseases, 610, 814
Venezuela, 234, 314,
541–542
Venturi, Robert, 898
Vermont, 166, 211–213
Verrazano, Giovanni da, 12,
14–15
Vesey, Denmark, 237, 309
Veterans, 451, 647, 662–663,
741
Veterans Administration,
741, 745
Veterans Bureau, 647, 650
Vetoes, presidential, 242
Vice presidency, 181. See also
specifi c vice presidents by
name
Vicksburg battle, 404
Vidal, Gore, 787
Vietnam: communism in,
779–780, 807; immigrants
from, 831; independence
of, 558; Vietnam War
impact on, 779–780,
794–796, 807–810,
819–820, 830–831
Vietnam War: American
involvement in, 779–780,
794–796, 801–802, 807–
812, 818–820, 825–827,
830–831; beginning of,
779–780; Cambodia and,
820, 826–827; economic
impact of, 818; elections
during, 781–782, 785–
786, 801–802, 809–812,
825–826; end of, 831; Laos
and, 793–794; protesting
against, 808–809, 810–
811, 813–814, 819–820;
Soviet/China détente
impacting, 820–822
Villa, Franciso “Pancho,”
593–592
Virginia: Civil War battles
in, 410–411; colonization
of, 17, 21–27, 53–54;
committees of correspondence
in, 111; Constitution
ratifi cation by, 162;
emancipation denied in,
315; Harpers Ferry, 369;
House of Burgesses in,
26–27, 111; Jamestown
settlement in, 17, 21–23;
map of, 22; Richmond,
395, 397, 410–411; secession
of, 379; states’ rights
resolution by, 185; Statute
for Religious Freedom,
144; tobacco industry
in, 25–27, 54–56, 74;
University of Virginia,
282, 290; Virginia Plan,
156; western lands of, 149;
Yorktown, 138–139. See
also South
Virginia Company, 21, 23–24,
26–27
Virginia Statute for Religious
Freedom, 144
Virgin Islands, 590
Vocational education, 497
Volstead Act (1919), 627
Voltaire, 89
von Gentz, Friedrich, 139
von Metternich,
Klemens, 412
Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr., 787
von Steuben, Baron, 119,
133, 137
Voter Education Project, 798
Voting rights: for African
Americans, 427, 428–429,
446, 454–455, 798–799,
804–805; age limit on,
820; for laboring men,
264; political participation
through, 235–236; progressivist
goals on, 565;
for propertied, white men,
86, 186; for women, 145,
287, 428, 504–505, 518,
565, 568, 605–606, 645
Voting Rights Act (1965),
804–805
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacifi c
Railroad Company v.
Illinois, 465
Wade, Benjamin, 432
Wade-Davis Bill (1864), 422
Wages: African American,
895; immigrant, 491–492;
income taxes on, 456,
587, 885; during Industrial
Revolution, 263–264,
476–477; inequality
of, 844, 849, 884–886,
895, 899; labor disputes
over, 263–264, 476–477,
491–492, 685, 718, 792;
minimum, 645, 685;
veterans’, 647, 662–663;
wartime, 604, 718
Wagner, Robert F., 683
Wagner Act (1935), 683, 687
Wald, Lillian, 490, 563
Walden: Or Life in the Woods
(Th oreau), 293
Walker, Alice, 896
Walker, David, 311
Walker, Robert J., 328
Walker, William, 349
Walker Tariff (1846), 328
Wallace, George C., 811–812
Wallace, Henry A., 730,
760–761
Wallace, Lewis, 500
Wampanoags, 42
Ward’s Cove Packing v.
Antonia, 850
Warehouse Act (1916), 589
Warhol, Andy, 897
War Industries Board, 604,
607, 646
Warner, Charles Dudley, 501
War of 1812, 205–214
War of Austrian Succession,
92–93
War of Jenkin’s Ear, 92
War Powers Act (1973), 827
War Production Board, 717
War Refugee Board, 705
Warren, Earl, 776, 799,
822–823
Warren, Robert Penn, 788
Wars: Afghanistan war,
871–872, 900; agriculture
during, 607, 717–719,
720; American Revolution
(See American Revolution);
Anglo-Dutch War,
45; Anglo-French War,
92–98; antiwar protests,
709, 808–809, 810–811,
813–814, 819–820;
Aroostook War, 322–323;
Black Hawk War, 240;
British civil, 29, 42–43, 44;
Civil War (See Civil War);
Cold War (See Cold War);
economic impact of, 317,
390–393, 414–415, 603–
607, 717–718, 720–722,
737, 743, 818; First Anglo-
Powhatan War, 23–24;
French-American War,
182–183, 189–190; French
and Indian War, 94–99;
French revolution, 129,
131, 139, 141, 143, 165,
173–179; gang, 628–629,
893; Iraq war, 872–875,
877–878, 880, 900; King
George’s War, 92–93; King
Philip’s War, 42; King
William’s War, 92; Korean
War, 743, 762–765,
771–772; Mexican-American,
329–335, 337; Native
American-American,
240, 514–515; Native
American and colonist,
23–24, 30, 42, 56, 58;
Pequot War, 42; Persian
Gulf war, 855–857, 873,
874; Queen Anne’s War,
92; Russo-Japanese War,
555, 558–559; Second
Anglo-Powhatan War, 24;
Seven Years’ War, 94–99;
Six-Day War, 808; societal
stratifi cation as result of,
73; Spanish-American
War, 543–550; Tripolitan
War, 195–196; Tuscarora
War, 30; Vietnam War
(See Vietnam War); war
crimes trials, 753–754,
758, 867; War of 1812,
205–214; War of Austrian
Succession, 92–93; War of
Jenkin’s Ear, 92; war powers,
205–206, 827; world
wars, 89, 95, 135, 175 (See
also World War I; World
War II); Yom Kippur War,
827. See also Military;
Weapons
Warsaw Pact, 780
Washakie, 511
Washington, Booker T., 310,
495–496
Washington, D.C.: burning
of, 209–210; electoral
votes of, 826; March
on Washington in, 799;
rebuilding of, 214; slavery
in, 342, 345, 346
Washington, George: American
Revolution role of,
117, 119–120, 121–123,
131, 133, 135, 138–139; as
Constitutional Convention
chairman, 155, 158;
as federalist, 160, 162; as
First Continental Congress
participant, 113; as
fi rst president, 167–168,
171–172, 173–174,
177–181; French and
Indian war role of, 94–95,
97; leadership of, 117, 122;
Neutrality Proclamation
of, 177–179; quotation
by, 118
Washington, Martha, 251
Washington Naval Treaty, 698
Washington state, 521
Waste disposal, 485
Water: dams controlling,
574–575, 661, 678, 681;
hydroelectric power from,
661, 681–682; for irrigation,
521, 574, 678, 857;
New York City water system,
255. See also specifi c
bodies of water
Watergate scandal, 828–830
Watson, Tom, 453, 455
Watts riot, 805
Wayne, “Mad Anthony,” 180
Wealth, 467–472, 476, 844,
849, 884–886, 899
Weapons: arms for hostages,
848–849; arms-reduction
agreements, 822, 837,
847–848, 855; atomic
Index I-47
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
I-48 Index
Weapons (continued)
bombs as, 733–735,
748, 758, 760; biological,
871; disarmament
of, 648, 653, 783–784;
gun-control laws on, 863;
inspections, 872–873;
lend-lease of, 708–710,
711; manufacturing of,
262–263, 698–699, 710,
714, 717–718, 735, 738;
of mass destruction, 873;
mass-produced, 262–263;
nuclear, 753, 758–759,
760, 779, 783–784, 793,
797–798, 847, 873;
rearmament, 757–758,
762–763, 844–845; right
to bear arms, 168
Weathermen, 814
Weaver, James B., 453, 462,
529
Weaver, Robert C., 803
Webster, Daniel: Bank of
United States charter
renewal by, 242; as lawyer,
221; quotation by, 170,
337; on secession, 337,
343–344, 349; as Secretary
of State, 320, 323;
Seventh of March speech,
343–344; as Whig, 244,
319–320
Webster, Noah, 281
Webster v. Reproductive
Health Services, 851
Welch, James, 896
Weld, Th eodore Dwight,
310–311
Welfare, 674, 682–683, 824,
843, 864–865, 885, 894
Welfare Reform Bill (1996),
864–865, 885
Wells, David A., 441
Wells, Ida B., 505
Welty, Eudora, 788
Wesley, John, 31
West: African American
migration to, 719–720;
agriculture in, 266–267,
519–521, 523, 526–528;
Alaska purchase expansion
into, 432–433;
American Revolution
battles in, 137; buff alo in,
12, 254, 513, 516; cattle
ranching in, 518–519;
Civil War battles in,
403–405; economic policies
in, 217, 241–242, 244;
expansion/migration to,
100, 198–199, 217, 252–
256, 324–335, 352–355,
392, 432–433, 511–526;
exploration of, 198–199,
325; frontier in, 522–523;
gold rush/mining in,
340–341, 392, 517–518;
immigration in, 559, 590,
591, 890–891, 892; land
policies in, 149, 150–151,
217, 366, 392, 459–460,
519–520, 574–575; landscape
of, 3–4, 254–255;
Louisiana Purchase
expanding into, 198–199;
Native American relations
in, 15, 204–205, 239–241,
460, 513–517, 523, 524;
shift ing demographics
in, 719–720, 744–745,
892–893; statehood in,
341, 521–522; transportation
in, 268–272, 352–353,
459–466, 518–519; water
in, 521, 574, 678, 857. See
also specifi c states by name
West, Benjamin, 83
West Germany, 754, 757,
780, 793, 853. See also
Germany
West Indies: blockade runners
in, 398; colonization
of, 27–29, 37; European
discovery of, 10–11, 13;
slavery in, 59, 74, 306,
310, 312, 322, 327; trade
with, 75–76, 151–152;
Virgin Islands in, 590
West Virginia, 379
Weyler, “Butcher,” 545
Wharton, Edith, 638
Wheatley, Phillis, 83
Wheeler, Burton, 709, 713
Wheeler, Joseph, 550
Wheeler; United States v., 833
Whigs: in 1836 election, 245;
in 1840 election, 250–252;
in 1844 election, 325–327;
in 1848 election, 339–340;
in 1852 election, 348;
American Patriots as, 129;
birth of as political party,
244–245; British (radical),
103–104, 114, 117;
platforms of, 244–245,
246–247, 252; presidents
as (Harrison & Tyler),
318–321
Whipple, Prince, 119
Whiskey Rebellion, 172
Whistler, James, 506–507
White, John, 63
White, William Allen, 583
Whitefi eld, George,
79–80, 310
Whiteman, Paul, 637
Whitewater scandal, 867
Whitman, Walt, 293–294, 500
Whitney, Eli, 261, 262–263
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 289,
294, 344, 360
Whyte, William H., Jr., 770
Wigglesworth, Michael, 39
Wilberforce, William,
310, 313
Wildcat currency, 244, 246
Wilder, L. Douglas, 895
“Wild West” shows, 509
Wiley, Harvey W., 564
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 593
Wilkinson, James, 200
Willard, Emma, 282
Willard, Frances E., 506,
570–571
William and Mary, College
of, 64, 78
William III, King, 44
Williams, Roger, 39–40
Williams, Tennessee, 788
Williams, William Carlos, 787
Willkie, Wendell L., 706–708
Wilmot, David/Wilmot
Proviso, 335, 337
Wilson, August, 896
Wilson, Sloan, 770
Wilson, (Th omas) Woodrow:
on American enterprise,
582; anti-trust regulations
by, 588–589; banking system
reform by, 587–588;
education of, 497; foreign
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Licensed to:
policy of, 590–595,
598–601, 605, 611–619;
Fourteen Points of, 601,
611–612, 615–616; as
governor, 582–583; labor
reforms by, 588–589;
League of Nations and,
614–619; as president,
586–596, 598–601, 605,
611–619, 750; as presidential
candidate, 583–586,
595–596; quotations by,
582, 598, 900; tariff policy
of, 587; women’s suff rage
support from, 605; World
War I role of, 598–601,
605, 611–619
Wilson-Gorman Tariff
(1894), 456, 536
Winthrop, John, 37–38, 39
Wisconsin, 569
Witch trials, 64–65
“Wobblies” (Industrial
Workers of the World),
567, 603, 604
Wolfe, James, 97
Woman’s Christian Temperance
Union, 506, 570–571
Women: as abolitionists, 313,
428; affi rmative action
for, 801, 824–825, 832,
850, 857, 865, 875, 895;
African American, 429,
505, 861–862, 894–895;
birth control for, 636–637,
814, 823; changing roles
of, 265–266, 768–769;
Civil War impact on, 392;
colonial, 54, 62–64, 67;
cult of domesticity of,
265–266, 285, 768–769;
education for, 146, 282,
286–287, 496, 886; equality
for, 145, 287, 637,
645, 801, 831–832; Equal
Rights Amendment for,
637, 831–832; as factory
workers, 263, 265–266,
605–606, 719; feminist
literature of, 503–504,
769, 897; feminization
of religion by, 278; as
fl appers, 637; Industrial
Revolution impact on,
475–476; labor unions
and, 478; as midwives,
63; military involvement
of, 608, 718–719; Native
American, 6; pioneer,
254; political involvement
of, 675–677, 846, 858,
861–862, 879–880, 895;
post-Revolutionary role
of, 145–146; post-World
War II role of, 743; professions
of, 392, 475–476,
490–491, 743, 768–769,
886; property rights of,
62–64, 287, 505; reforms
by, 278, 283, 285–287,
313, 490, 506, 563, 569–
571, 605–606, 636–637;
southern, 301; urbanization
impact on, 484–485,
503–505; voting rights for,
145, 287, 428, 504–505,
518, 565, 568, 605–606,
645; as war protesters,
709; wartime roles of,
605–606, 608, 718–719;
witch trials involving,
64–65; women’s movement
by, 285–287, 769,
801, 831–832, 886–887
Women and Economics
(Gilman), 503–504
Women’s Bureau, 570, 605
Women’s Rights Convention
at Seneca Falls, 287
Women’s rights movement,
285–287, 769, 801,
831–832, 886–887
Women’s Trade Union
League, 570, 668
Wong Kim Ark; U.S. v., 447
Wood, Leonard, 546, 549
Woodhull, Victoria, 502–503
Woods, Tiger, 896
Worcester, Samuel
Austin, 240
Working conditions, 264,
570–572, 604, 645, 677,
685, 825
Workingmen’s Compensation
Act (1916), 589
Works Progress Administration
(WPA), 675
World Bank, 749, 750
WorldCom, 875
World Court, 653
World’s Anti-Slavery Convention
(1840), 312
World’s Columbian Exposition,
508
World Trade Organization
(WTO), 750, 866
World War I: American
involvement in, 599–619;
American military operations
in, 603, 608–611,
722–725; American neutrality
in, 592–595, 598;
beginning of, 592; draft
during, 608; economy
impacted by, 603–607,
653–655; end of, 611–616,
647; factories/manufacturing
during, 603–607;
immigrant treatment
during, 592–593, 603;
international debt from,
653–655; international
trade during, 593–595;
labor policies during,
604–605; propaganda for,
601–603, 607, 636; Treaty
of Versailles, 615–619,
647; Wilson’s Fourteen
Points on, 601, 611–612,
615–616; women’s role in,
605–606, 608
World War II: African arena,
698, 725–726; agriculture
during, 717–719, 720;
American foreign policy
and, 693–706, 708–713;
American military
involvement in, 704, 712–
713, 722–729, 731–738;
Atlantic Charter during,
711, 716, 750; atomic
bombs in, 733–735, 748;
costs of, 737; D-Day, 728–
729; economic impact of,
717–718, 720–722, 737;
elections during, 706–708,
730–731; end of, 732, 735,
830; European arena, 697,
701–706, 710–711, 724–
729, 731–732; German
and Soviet invasions in,
698, 701–704, 710–711,
Index I-49
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

I-50 Index
World War II (continued)
724–729; international
trade during, 702, 712;
Japanese invasion in,
700–701, 712–713, 717,
722–723; Jewish persecution
during, 701, 705,
731–732, 736–737; lendlease
of weapons during,
708–710, 711; Pacifi c
arena, 700–701, 712–713,
717, 722–724, 732–735;
Pearl Harbor attack during,
712–713; post-World
War I events leading
to, 619, 658, 697–698,
701–702; propaganda for,
706, 716; rationing during,
717–718; wartime migrations
during, 719–720;
weapons manufacturing
during, 698–699, 710, 714,
717–718; Yalta conference
on, 747–748
WPA (Works Progress
Administration), 675
Wright, Frank Lloyd,
640, 897
Wright, Orville and Wilbur,
634
Wright, Richard, 788
WTO (World Trade
Organization), 750,
866
Wyoming, 505, 518, 521
XYZ Aff air, 182
Yalta conference, 747–748
Yamasees, 30
Yellow fever, 288, 549
Yellow journalism, 498, 540,
543
Yellowstone Park, 255, 522
Yeltsin, Boris, 854–855
Yemen, 314
YMCA/YWCA (Young
Men’s/Women’s Christian
Associations), 493
York, Alvin C., 611
York, Duke of, 47
Yorktown battle, 138–139
Yosemite Park, 522, 575
Young, Andrew, 834
Young, Brigham, 279–280
Youth: education of (See
Education); political
participation of, 777–778,
806, 813–814, 820. See
also Children
Youth International
Party, 811
YouTube, 898
Yugoslavia, 855, 867
Yuppies (young, urban professionals),
844
Zenger, John Peter, 84–85
Zimmermann, Arthur, 599
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.