Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 13.8 0.8 Müller-Karpe 1994, 229, pl 65.20; Koşay and Akok 1966, 191, pl 41, e7 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Burial, grave D 12.3 ce = 0.75 Müller-Karpe 1994, 230 pl 66.4; Koşay 1951, 67, 162, pl 149, D20 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Burial, grave H 14.8 0.7 Koşay 1951, pl 135, 1.99; Müller-Karpe 1994, 232, pl 68.3 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.3 ce = 0.27 Koşay and Akok 1966, 195, pl 128, 4 A1. H.206; Müller-Karpe 1994, 234 pl 70.8 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.95 ce = 0.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 235 pl 70.27 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.5 ce = 0.4 Koşay and Akok 1966, 195, pl 42, g66, pl 128, A1; Müller-Karpe 1994, 236, pl 71.3 Chisel Carpentry/masonry Settlement Koşay and Akok 1966, 195, pl 42, g.77, 128, A1, g77; Chisel MBA-LBA; 1900-1200 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 975; Koşay 1944, 33, pl. XLIX, A1/a, 37 Alaçam-Pelit Büküköyü - 2nd millennium Casting, Ax, trunnion Alishar Höyük - MBA Carp/mason or metallurgicalUnstratified or unknown 20 ce = 6.9 Müller-Karpe 1994, 227, pl 64.1 Ax, single/flat Level II; early 2nd millennium Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 486; Alishar 1927, II, p. 91, fig 70, 2348 and 1844 Ax, shaft hole 2nd millennium BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.3 cm 3.4 cm Erkanal 1977 13 entry 52, pl 5.52; Alishar II 441, fig 497 Chisel Level II; early 2nd millennium BC Carpentry/masonry Unstratified or unknown 7 socket = 0.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 246, pl 75.20; Schmidt 1932, 153, fig 192, b 1628 Chisel level II, early 2nd millennium Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 973; Alishar 1930-32, II; p. 264, fig 292, c 1084 Chisel level II, early 2nd millennium Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 974; Alishar 1930-32, II; p. 264, fig 292, c 1106 Chisel level II, early 2nd millennium Carpentry/masonry Settlement Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 264, fig 292, c 213 Chisel Level II; early 2nd millennium BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 851; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 24, fig 292, e1334 Chisel Level II; early 2nd millennium BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 704; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 253, fig 287, e1, e 1026 and e2612 Chisel Level II; early 2nd millennium BC; Carpentry/masonry Settlement Deshayes 689; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 253, fig 287, e2520 Chisel Level II Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.3 ce = 0.3 Müller-Karpe 1994, 237, pl 71.20; Schmidt 1932, 152b 1170 Chisel Level II Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.9 ce = 0.45 Müller-Karpe 1994, 72.2; Schmidt 1932, 152, fig 191, b 1880; Chisel, socketed Level 2 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 15 ce = 0.6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 234 pl 70.10; Schmidt 1932, 152, fig 191, b1170 Chisel, socketed level 2; early 2nd millennium Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9 ce = 0.65 Müller-Karpe 1994, 245, pl 75.6; Schmidt 1932, 156, fig 195, b2766; Esin 1969, 126, 170, nr. 17804, type 26a; Drill, socketed 1900-1600 BC Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.3 ce = 0.5 Deshayes 196, Alishar 1928-29, I, p. 151, fig 192, b 165 Knife Level II; early 2nd millennium BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2405; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 253, fig 289, e 1209 and e 1500 Knife Level II; early 2nd millennium BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2406; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 253, fig 289, d 2796 Knife Level II; early 2nd millennium BC Utilitarian Settlement Deshayes 2409; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 253, fig 289, c 322 Mold for lead figurines Level II Metallurgical Settlement 5.7 3.9 Müller-Karpe 1994, 222 pl 60.8; Emre 1971, 22 pl 6.1 Mold for trunnion Ax Metallurgical Settlement Erkanal 1977 6 entry 35, pl 3.35; Osten, Alishar II 96, fig 91 Plowshare Alishar II Agricultural Settlement Catling 1964, 81.; Stratigraphie, fig 195:6 Pointed implement Alishar Höyük - LBA Level II; 1900-1600 BC Small crafts Unstratified or unknown Deshayes 1173; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 264, fig 292, e 2070 and 2136 Ax, trunnion/lugged Hittite period Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.5 cm 1.9 cm Erkanal 1977, 7 entry 36, pl 3.36; Deshayes 1047, Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 253, fig 286, c. 1648 Ax, trunnion/lugged Hittite empire period Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.2 cm 1.6 cm Erkanal 1977, 7 entry 37, pl 3.37; Deshayes 1047, Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 253, fig 286, c 1093 Ax, trunnion/lugged Hittite period Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.7 cm 1.45 cm Erkanal 1977, 7 entry 38, pl 3.38; Deshayes 1071; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 253, fig 287, e1898 Ax, trunnion/lugged Hittite empire period Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.2 ce = 3.3 Erkanal 1977, 6 entry 34, pl 3.34; Deshayes 1085; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 253, fig 286, c 1741 Ax, trunnion/lugged Late Hittite period, but found in Carpentry/masonry a Phryigan level Settlement 8.6 cm 4.1 cm Erkanal 1977, 7 etnry 47, pl 4.47; Deshayes 1165; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 441, fig 497, d 2135 Ax, trunnion/lugged Late Hittite empire, but may belong Carpentry/masonry to Phrygian period Settlement 17.8 cm 5.8 cm Erkanal 1977, 6 entry 26; Osten, H.H. v.d. Osten, Alishar Huyuk III, 110, fig 107 Chisel, fragment Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.75 ce =1.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 231, pl 67.18; Von der Osten 1937b, 253, 262, fig 287 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7 ce = 0.4 Müller-Karpe 1994, 235, pl 70.35; Von der Osten 1937b, 267, fig 293, c213 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.5 ce = 0.6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 236, pl 70.39; Von der Osten 1937b, 267, fig 292, e1334 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.3 ce = 0.4 Müller-Karpe 1994, 236 pl 70.41; Von der Osten 1937b, 267, fig 292, c1084; Esin 1969, 127, #17843 type 2c4 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.35 ce =0.45 Müller-Karpe 1994, 238, pl 71.38; Von der Osten 1937b, 267, fig 292, c 468 Chisel fragment Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.95 ce =1.9 Müller-Karpe 1994, 241, pl 72.33; Von der Osten 1937b, 253, 262, fig. 287, e 909 Chisel fragment Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 2.1 ce = 0.85 Müller-Karpe 1994, 241, pl 72.37; Von der Osten 1937b, 253, 262, fig 287, d2612 Chisel fragment Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 3.1 ce = 0.9 Müller-Karpe 1994, 241, pl 72.39; Von der Osten 1937b, 253, 262, fig 287, e 1026 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.5 ce = 1.9 Müller-Karpe 1994, 242, pl 73.3; Erkanal 1977, 7, nr. 35, pl 3.36; Von der Osten 1937b, 253, 261, fig 286, c 1648 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.2 ce = 1.6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 242, pl 73.4; Erkanal 1977, 7 nr. 37, pl 3.37; Von der Osten 1937b, 261, fig 286, c 1093 ANATOLIA TOOLS 630
Sites & Object types Specific object date Tool type category Context L W Bibliography Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.8 ce =1 Müller-Karpe 1994, 242, pl 73.5; Deshayes 418; Erkanal 1977, 12 entry 49b, pl 4.49b; Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.7 ce = 1.45 Erkanal 1977, 7 nr. 38 pl 3, 38; Müller-Karpe 1994, 242 pl 73.6; Von der Osten 1937b, 253, 262, fig 287, e1898 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 5.4 ce = 1.2 Müller-Karpe 1994, 243 pl 73.16; Von der Osten 1937b, 253, 262, fig 287, d 2520 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.4 ce = 0.6 Müller-Karpe 1994, 243 pl 73.28; Von der Osten 1937b, 267, fig 293, d2149, Esin 1969, 125, 154, nr. 17785, type 2c; Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.25 ce = 0.84 Müller-Karpe 1994, 243 pl 73.30; Von der Osten 1937b, 267, fig 292, e1106 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 6.7 ce =0.4 Müller-Karpe 1994, 244, pl 73.38; Von der Osten 1937b, 267, fig 293, d1958 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement Von der Osten 1937b, 267, fig 292, e 2136 Chisel Hittite level Carpentry/masonry Settlement 14.1 ce = 1.2 Müller-Karpe 1994, 245, pl 74.14; Von der Osten 1937b, 267, fig 292, e 2070 Chisel, socketed Hittite Carpentry/masonry Settlement 12.4 ce = 0.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 246, pl 75.19; Von der Osten 1937b, 266, fig 291, e2323 Implement, engraver Hittite level Small crafts Settlement 9.1 socket = 0.95; Müller-Karpe 1994, 246, pl 75.21;Esin 1969, 126, 170, type 25a, nr. 17805; Von der Osten 1937b 266, fig 291, d, 2964 Mold for bar ingots Period of Hittite empires Metallurgical Settlement 13.7 12.4 Müller-Karpe 1994, 197 pl 15.4; Von der Osten 1937b, 273, 281 fig. 306, #e674; Przeworski 1939, 109, 111. Mold for Ax? Period of Hittite empires Metallurgical Settlement 8 Müller-Karpe 1994, 198 pl 17.6; Von der Osten 1937, 230; 235, fig 263, e 2155 Mold, stone Hittite level Metallurgical Settlement 8.2 5.5 Müller-Karpe 1994, 199 pl 20.5; Von der Osten 1937, 230, 234 fig 262, c 2408 Mold for Axs Hittite level Metallurgical Settlement 9 8.7 Müller-Karpe 1994, 204, pl 34.1; Von der Osten 1937: 234, 236, fig 262, d2852 Mold for Ax Hittite level Metallurgical Settlement 9.7 9 Müller-Karpe 1994, 210 pl 44.4; Von der Osten 1937, 230, 235, fig 262, d 2776 Mold for bar Hittite level Metallurgical Settlement 7.3 Müller-Karpe 1994, 212 pl 49.6; Von der Osten 1937b, 235, fig 263, d 294 Mold for ornament Hittite level Metallurgical Settlement 11.33 7.45 Müller-Karpe 1994, 216 pl 54.7; Von der Osten 1937, 235, fig 263, e 2316 Mold for ornament Period of the Hittite empire Metallurgical Settlement 7.5 6.3 Müller-Karpe 1994, 217 pl 55.6; Von der Osten 1937: 230, 235 fig 263, d 2016 Mold cover Alishar Höyük - EIA? Hittite empire period Metallurgical Settlement 6 4.2 Müller-Karpe 1994, 223 pl 61.1; Von der Osten 1937, 235 fig. 262, d 233 Knife End of the 2nd to the start of the Utilitarian 1st millennium BC; level Settlement IV Deshayes 2415; Alishar 1930-32, II, p. 442, fig 495, c400 Amasya area - 2nd millennium Chisel Beycesultan - MBA Carpentry/masonry Burial 8.1 ce = 0.75 Müller-Karpe 1994, 232 pl 68.4 Awl level 4b Small crafts Settlement 11.55 cm tip = 0.2 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 130, c28, fig O3 Awl level 5 Small crafts Settlement 12.3 cm tip = 0.4 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 129, c16 Awl Level 4b Small crafts Settlement 4.4 cm middle = 0.4 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 130, c29, fig O3 Awl or drill Level 5 Small crafts Settlement 10.9 cm tip = 0.15 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 129, c.15 Ax, trunnion/lugged Level 5 Carpentry/masonry Settlement Mellaart and Murray 1995, 129, d.17, fig O.2 Ax, trunnion/lugged Level 4a Carpentry/masonry Settlement Mellaart and Murray 1995, 130, b35, fig O4 Ax, trunnion/lugged Level 4 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 16.3 cm ce = 4.3 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 131, c46; Erkanal 1977, 7 entry 43, pl 4.43 Ax, trunnion/lugged Level 4; Carpentry/masonry Settlement 18.1 cm ce = 4.85 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 131, c45,Deshayes 1046; Erkanal 1977, 7 entry 42, pl 4.42 Ax, single/flat or razor Level 4a Carpentry/masonry and utilitarian Settlement 11 cm ce =3.35 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 130, B36, fig O4 Chisel level 5 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9.7 cm ce = 0.8 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 128, c.9, fig O.1, Chisel, tanged level 5 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 4.7 cm ce = 0.45 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 129, c.10, fig O.1 Chisel Level 5 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.5 cm ce = 0.8 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 129, c.11, fig O.1 Chisel Level 5 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 11.95 cm ce = 0.55 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 129, c.12; fig O.1 Chisel Level 4b Carpentry/masonry Settlement 9 cm ce =0.3 Mellaart and Murray 1995,130, c30, fig O3, level 4b Chisel, socketed level 5 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 8.05 cm ce = 0.6 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 128, c.8, fig O.1 (?) Chisel-like implement Level 5 Small crafts Settlement 14.9 cm ce = 0.6 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 128, c. 7, fig O.1; Deshayes 29; AS, V (1955), p. 91, fig. 21, 15 and 16 Implement Level 5 Small crafts Settlement 6.2 cm ce = 0.25 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 129, c. 13 Pointed tool Beycesultan - LBA Level 5 Small crafts Settlement 11.7 cm 0.9 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 129, c.14, fig O.1 Awl Level 2 Small crafts Settlement 6.75 cm greatest = 0.45 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 134, c96, fig. O7 Awl or chisel bit Level 3 Small crafts Settlement 7.2 cm middle = 0.35 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 132, c73 Ax, trunnion/lugged Level 3 Carpentry/masonry Settlement Mellaart and Murray 1995, 132, c76, fig. O6, Ax, trunnion/lugged Level 2; 13th century Carpentry/masonry Settlement 21 cm ce =5.7 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 135, c 112, fig O10, Deshayes 1101; Erkanal 1977, 6 entry 33, pl 3.33 Chisel Level I Carpentry/masonry Settlement 7.6 cm ce = 0.5 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 136, c140, fig. O.11 Chisel Level 3 Carpentry/masonry Settlement 10.8 cm ce = 2.2 cm Mellaart and Murray 1995, 132, c. 70, fig O6 ANATOLIA TOOLS 631
Page 1:
Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
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———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
Page 440 and 441:
Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
Page 442 and 443:
Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
Page 444 and 445:
Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 446 and 447:
Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449:
2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453:
Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461:
General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473:
Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477:
Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481:
Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572:
Sites & Object types Specific date
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Page 593 and 594:
Page 595 and 596:
Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604: Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
Page 605 and 606: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 621 and 622: Sites & Object types Specific perio
Page 653: Sites & Object types Specific objec
Page 691: Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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