Technical Proposal for the Design, Construction ... - GSI

LOI Identification Nº21. [ * obtained from the FAIR project team] 

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FAIR- PAC: make cross 

where applicable 

APPA [ X ] 

NUSTAR [ * ] 

QCD [ * ] 

Date: 15/01/2005 

Technical Proposal for the Design, Construction, Commissioning and Operation of the 

SPARC Project: Stored Particle Atomic Physics Collaboration at the FAIR Facility 

The SPARC Collaboration 

Abstract: The future international accelerator Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research has key 

features that offer a wide range of new and challenging opportunities for atomic physics and related 

fields. In SPARC we plan experiments in two major research areas: collision dynamics in strong 

electromagnetic fields and fundamental interactions between electrons and heavy nuclei up to bare 

uranium. In the first area we will use the relativistic heavy ions for a wide range of collision studies. 

In the extremely short, relativistically enhanced field pulses, the critical field limit (Schwinger limit) 

for lepton pair production can be surpassed by orders of magnitudes and a breakdown of 

perturbative approximations for pair production is expected. The detection methods of reaction 

microscopes will give the momentum of all fragments when atoms or molecules are disintegrating in 

strong field pulses of the ions. This allows to explore the regimes of multi-photon processes that are 

still far from being reached with high-power lasers. For medium and low energies, the cooler rings 

NESR - a "second-generation" ESR – and the low-energy ring LSR, with optimized features and 

novel installations such as an ultra-cold electron target will be exploited for collision studies. 

Fundamental atomic processes can be investigated in a kinematically complete fashion for the 

interaction of cooled heavy-ions up to bare uranium with photons, electrons and atoms. These 

studies extend into the low-energy regime where the atomic interactions are dominated by strong 

perturbations and quasi-molecular effects. 

The other class of experiments will focus on structure studies of selected highly-charged ion species, 

a field which is still largely unexplored. The properties of stable and unstable nuclei will become 

accessible by atomic physics techniques along with precision tests of quantum electrodynamics 

(QED) in extremely strong electromagnetic fields. Different complementary approaches will be 

used: coherent excitation by channeling of relativistic ions, electron-ion recombination, electron and 

photon spectroscopy. All of these give hitherto unreachable accuracies. The relativistic Doppler 

boost of optical or X-UV laser photons into the X-ray regime can now be applied to precision 

spectroscopy at high-Z and to laser-cool the relativistic heavy ions to extremely low temperature. 

Due to the expected gain in luminosity, this may have a considerable impact on accelerator 

technology. Another important scenario for this class of experiments will be the slowing-down, 

trapping and cooling of particles in the ion trap facility HITRAP. This will enable not only highaccuracy 

experiments in the realm of atomic and nuclear physics but as well highly-sensitive tests of 

the Standard Model. 

Spokesperson, email, telephone number 

Reinhold Schuch, University of Stockholm schuch@physto.se, +46 855378621

Figure A 1. Overview of the existing and planned accelerator facilities; locations of the future areas 

for atomic physics experiments are indicated. 

SIS100/300: Laser cooling and spectroscopy installation that will mostly be using Li-like very heavy 

ions. The set up exploits the Doppler boost of optical Laser photons in the rest frame of the counterpropagating 

ions to the XUV regime. 

High Energy Cave for AP/Biophysics/Materials Research: In this cave the experiments in atomic 

physics and applications in radiobiology, space and materials research with extracted beams from 

SIS12 or SIS100 will be performed. 

NESR is the "second-generation" ESR with optimized features and novel experimental installations. 

The NESR will serve also as an accumulator and storage/cooler ring both for ions and antiprotons. 

A large variety of experimental set-ups and installations for atomic physics experiments will be 

made here. 

AP Low-Energy Cave/FLAIR Building: This building is devoted to experiments with decelerated, 

low-energetic highly-charged ions and antiprotons. The experimental area will be served by the 

NESR. In the building, different installations (e.g. the Low-Energy Storage Ring LSR and the Ultralow 

energy Storage Ring USR) are located. From the LSR the ions can be actively slowed down, 

even to rest using the trap facility HITRAP. The installations will be shared with the FLAIR 

collaboration and for detailed descriptions of the LSR and USR we refer to the FLAIR TP. 

2

ARGENTINA 

Pablo D. Fainstein 

Centro Atomico Bariloche 

Collaborating Individuals and Institutions 

AUSTRIA 

Joachim Burgdoerfer, Christoph Lemell, Shuhei Yoshida 

Vienna University of Technolgy 

Friedrich Aumayr, Hannspeter Winter 

Institut fuer Allgemeine Physik, TU Wien 

CANADA 

Gerald Gwinner 

University of Manitoba 

Marko Horbatsch 

York University 

Jens Dilling 

TRIUMF National Laboratory Vancouver 

CHINA 

Xiantang Zeng 

China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 

Jianguo Wang 

Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 

Chongyang Chen 

Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 

Xiaohong Cai, Xinwen Ma, Baoren Wei, Feng Shou Zhang, Xiaolong Zhu 

Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 

Dajun Ding 

Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Jilin 

Chen Ximeng 

Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 

Ji Chen, Lin-fan Zhu 

University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 

Kelin Gao 

Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Wuhan 

Chenzhong Dong 

Physics Department, Northwest Normal University 

Yaming Zou 

Applied Ion Beam Physics Laboratoy, Fudan University 

CROATIA 

Krunoslav Pisk, Tihomir Suric 

Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb 

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CZECH REPUBLIC 

Oldrich Renner 

Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences 

DENMARK 

Lars Bojer Madsen 

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus 

EGYPT 

Hassan Hanafy, Tarek Mohamed 

Physics Department, Beni-Suef Faculty of Science 

FRANCE 

Bruno Manil, Hermann Rothard 

CIRIL Ganil 

Alexandre Simionovici 

Ecole Normale Superieure – Lyon 

Denis Dauvergne 

Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon 

Emily Lamour, Jean-Pierre Rozet 

Groupe de Physique des Solides 

Eric-Olivier Le Bigot 

Univ. P. & M. Curie et Ecole Normale Supérieure 

GERMANY 

Alexander Herlert, Gerrit H. Marx, Lutz Schweikhard 

Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität Greifswald 

Gerhard Baur, Detlev Gotta, Thomas Krings, Davor Protic, Frank Rathmann 

Forschungszentrum Jülich 

John Briggs, Ulrich Jentschura 

Freiburg University 

Dietrich Beck, Frank Becker, Thomas Beier, Heinrich F. Beyer, Michael Block, Fritz Bosch, Angela 

Braeuning-Demian, Carsten Brandau, Peter Egelhof, Alexandre Gumberidze, Thomas Hahn, Frank 

Herfurth, H.-Jürgen Kluge, Christophor Kozhuharov, Thomas Kühl, Dieter Liesen, Rido Mann, Paul 

Mokler, Manas Mukherjee, Wolfgang Quint, Saidur Rahaman, Rodolfo Sanchez, Haik Simon, Thomas 

Stöhlker, Marco Tomasseli, Sergiy Trotsenko, Christine Weber 

GSI, Darmstadt 

Harald Bräuning, Alfred Müller, Stefan Schippers 

Institut für Atom- und Molekülphysik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen 

Werner Scheid 

Institut für Theoretische Physik der Universität Gießen 

Dietrich Habs, Ulrich Schramm 

Sektion Physik, LMU Munich 

Daniel Fischer, Christoph H. Keitel, Michael Lestinsky, Robert Moshammer, Sascha Reinhardt, Guido 

Saathoff, Frank Sprenger, Joachim Ullrich, Carsten Welsch, Andreas Wolf 

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg 

Oleg Yu. Andreev, Guenter Plunien, Ralf Schützhold, Gerhard Soff, Andrei Volotka 

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Institut für Theoretische Physik, TU Dresden 

Wilfried Nörtershäuser 

Tübingen University 

Reinhard Dörner, Siegbert Hagmann, Horst Schmidt-Böcking, Kurt Ernst Stiebing 

IKF, J.W.v.Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main 

Hartmut Backe, Slobodan Djekic, Gerhard Huber, Sergej Karpuk, Christian Novotny, Stefan Stahl, 

Manuel Vogel 

Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz 

Josef Anton, Burkhard Fricke, Stephan Fritzsche, Wolf-Dieter Sepp, Andrey Surzhykov 

Institut für Physik, Universität Kassel 

Tom Kirchner 

Institut für Theoretische Physik, TU Clausthal 

Andreas Fleischmann 

Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg 

Andreas Zilges 

TU Darmstadt 

Volker Dangendorf 

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt 

Doris Jakubassa-Amundsen 

Mathematics Institute, University of Munich, 80333 Munich 

Günter Zwicknagel 

Theoretische Physik, Universität Erlangen 

Gerd Röpke 

Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock 

Joerg Eichler 

Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin 

Alejandro Saenz 

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 

Eckhart Förster 

Institute for Optics, Jena University 

GREECE 

Theo Zouros 

University of Crete and IESL-FORTH 

HUNGARY 

Béla Sulik, Karoly Tokesi 

Inst. of Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Debrecen 

INDIA 

Krishnamurthy Manchikanti, Deepak Mathur, Lokesh Tribedi 

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 

Punita Verma 

Vaish College, Rohtak 

Tapan Nandi, C P Safvan 

Nuclear Science Centre, New Delhi 

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Brij Suri 

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre 

Debasis Mitra 

Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics 

ITALY 

Gaetano Lanzano 

Inst. Naz. Fisica Nucleare, Dip. di Fisica, Catania 

JAPAN 

Yasunori Yamazaki 

University of Tokyo & Atomic Physics Laboratory RIKEN, Wako 

JORDAN 

Feras Afaneh, Rami Ali 

Hashemite University 

MEXICO 

Carmen Cisneros 

CCF Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 

POLAND 

Dariusz Banas, Marek Pajek, 

Institute of Physics, Swietokrzyska Academy 

Stefan Samek, Andrzej Warczak 

Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University 

Krzysztof Pachucki 

Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University 

Zbigniew Stachura 

Institute of Nuclear Physics of Polish Academy of Sciences 

Jacek Rzadkiewicz 

The Soltan Institute For Nuclear Studies 

ROMANIA 

Constantin Ciortea, Dana Elena Dumitriu, Alexandru Enulescu, Daniela Fluerasu, Liviu Constantin 

Penescu, Aimee Theodora Radu 

NIPNE National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering 

RUSSIA 

Leonid Presnyakov, Viatcheslav Shevelko 

Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow 

Oleg Yu Andreev, Anton Artemyev, Igor Goidenko, Leonti N. Labzowsky, Andrei Nefiodov, Vladimir 

Shabaev, Vladimir Yerokhin 

Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University 

Vitaly Pal'Chikov 

Institute of Metrology for Time and Space at VNIIFTRI 

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Lyudmila Bureyeva 

Institute of Spectroscopy of the RAS 

Victor Varentsov 

V.G.Khlopin Radium Institute, St.Petersburg 

Vsevolod Balashov 

Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University 

Evgenii Drukarev 

Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute 

SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 

Bratislav Marinkovic 

Institute of Physics, Belgrade 

SPAIN 

Gustavo Garcia 

CSIC 

SWEDEN 

Ingvar Lindgren, Sten Salomonson 

Chalmers University of Technology and Goteborg University 

Eva Lindroth, Stojan Madzunkov, Szilard Nagy, Reinhold Schuch, György Vikor 

Stockholm University 

Glans Peter 

Mid-Sweden University 

Roger Hutton 

Lund University 

Guillermo Andler, Lars Bagge, Håkan Danared, Mats Engström, Anders Källberg, Leif Liljeby, Patrik 

Löfgren, Andras Paál, K.-G. Rensfelt, Ansgar Simonsson 

Örjan Skeppstedt 

Manne Siegbahn Laboratory MSL 

SWITZERLAND 

Klaus Blaum 

CERN 

Jean-Claude Dousse 

Department of Physics, University Fribourg 

Kai Hencken, Dirk Trautmann 

Institut für Physik, Universität Basel 

UNITED KINGDOM 

Robert Potvliege 

Department of Physics, The University of Durham 

Fred Currell 

Queen's University, Belfast 

Daniel Segal, Richard Thompson, Danyal Winters 

Imperial College 

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UNITED STATES 

Thomas Schenkel, Dieter Schneider, Sven Toleikis 

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 

Steven Manson 

Georgia State University 

Robert DuBois, Michael Schulz 

University of Missouri Rolla 

Michael Fogle, Joseph Macek 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

Emanuel Kamber 

Western Michigan University 

Eric Silver 

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 

Christian Enss 

Brown University, Physics Department 

Erhard Gaul 

Univeristy of Texas at Austin 

Patrick Richard 

Kansas State University 

Daniel Wolf Savin 

Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University 

John Tanis 

Western Michigan University 

UZBEKISTAN 

Davron Matrasulov, Khamdam Rakhimov 

Heat Physics Department of the Uzbek Academy of Sciences 

Spokesperson: Reinhold Schuch schuch@physto.se +46 855378621 

Deputy: Andrzej Warczak ufwarcza@cyf-kr.edu.pl +48 126324 888 5658 

Contact person @ GSI Thomas Stöhlker t.stoehlker@gsi.de +49 6159 712712 

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A INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................12 

A 1 PHYSICS CASE .........................................................................................................................................................12 

A 2 COMPETITIVENESS...................................................................................................................................................14 

A 3 EXPERIMENTAL CONCEPTS AND REQUIREMENTS......................................................................................................15 

B SYSTEMS .....................................................................................................................................................................18 

B 1 LASER INTERACTIONS WITH RELATIVISTIC AND HIGHLY-CHARGED IONS AT SIS 100/300 .......18 

B 1 1 GENERAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE SIS LASER EXPERIMENTS.............................................................................18 

B 1 2 TRIGGER, DACQ, CONTROLS ...............................................................................................................................21 

B 1 3 BEAM REQUIREMENTS ..........................................................................................................................................21 

B 1 4 PHYSICS PERFORMANCE........................................................................................................................................22 

B 2 ATOMIC PHYSICS WITH ION BEAMS FROM SIS12/100...............................................................................23 

B 2 1 THE HIGH-ENERGY ATOMIC PHYSICS CAVE.........................................................................................................23 

B 2 1.1 The Charge State Spectrometer....................................................................................................................23 

B 2 1.2 Resonant Coherent Excitation in Crystals at Relativistic Energies .............................................................24 

B 2 1.3 Pair Production and Electron Capture in Relativistic Atomic Collisions....................................................27 

B 3 ATOMIC PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS WITH STORED AND COOLED IONS AT THE NESR ....................31 

B 3 1 EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATIONS ...........................................................................................................................31 

B 3 1.1 Electron Target (Second Electron Cooler)...................................................................................................32 

B 3 1.2 The Internal Target ......................................................................................................................................35 

B 3 1.3 High-Resolution Photon Spectrometers .......................................................................................................38 

B 3 1.4 Electron Spectroscopy at the Internal Target...............................................................................................53 

B 3 1.5 Extended Reaction Microscope ....................................................................................................................57 

B 3 1.6 Laser Experiments at the NESR ...................................................................................................................64 

B 3 2 TRIGGER, DACQ, CONTROLS, ON-LINE/OFF-LINE COMPUTING...........................................................................73 

B 3 2.1 Electron Target ............................................................................................................................................73 

B 3 2.2 Internal Target .............................................................................................................................................73 

B 3 2.3 Photon Spectroscopy....................................................................................................................................73 

B 3 2.4 Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target...............................................................................................74 


B 3 2.6 Laser Experiments........................................................................................................................................75 

B 3 3 BEAM/TARGET REQUIREMENTS ...........................................................................................................................75 

a) Beam specifications:.............................................................................................................................................75 

b. Running Scenario .................................................................................................................................................76 

B3 4 PHYSICS PERFORMANCE........................................................................................................................................79 

B 3 4.1 Electron Target ............................................................................................................................................79 

B 3 4.2 Internal Target .............................................................................................................................................81 

B 3 4.3 Photon Spectroscopy....................................................................................................................................84 

B 3 4.4 Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target...............................................................................................89 


B 3 4.6 Laser Experiments at the NESR ..................................................................................................................90 

B 4 ATOMIC PHYSICS WITH DECELERATED AND EXTRACTED HIGHLY CHARGED IONS................93 

B 4 1 INFRASTRUCTURE AND EXPERIMENTS...................................................................................................................93 

B 4 1.1 Low-energy highly charged ion experimental area at FLAIR......................................................................97 

B 4 1.2 HITRAP......................................................................................................................................................102 

B 4 2 EXPERIMENTS .....................................................................................................................................................103 

B 4 2.1 Precision Spectroscopy of Slow HCI with the Reaction Microscope .........................................................103 

B 4 2.2 Ion-Surface Interaction Experiments at HITRAP/Low-energy Cave A ......................................................105 

B 4 2.3 X-ray Measurements at HITRAP/Low-energy Cave A ...............................................................................107 

B 4 2.4 g-Factor Measurements .............................................................................................................................108 

B 4 2.5 Mass Measurements ...................................................................................................................................111 

B 4 2.6 Laser Experiments......................................................................................................................................113 

B 4 3 TRIGGER, DACQ, CONTROLS, AN-LINE/OFF-LINE COMPUTING..........................................................................116 

B 4 4 BEAM/TARGET REQUIREMENTS LOW-ENERGY CAVE/ HITRAP.........................................................................116 

B 4 4.1 Beam specifications....................................................................................................................................116 

B 4 4.2 Running scenario........................................................................................................................................117 

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B 5 PHYSICS PERFORMANCE ........................................................................................................................................118 

B 5 1 The Low Energy Cave ...................................................................................................................................118 

B 5 2 HITRAP.........................................................................................................................................................118 

C IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTALLATION......................................................................................................120 

C 1 LASER INTERACTIONS WITH HIGHLY RELATIVISTIC AND HIGHLY CHARGED IONS AT SIS 100/300......................120 

C 1 1 Cave and Annex Facilities ...........................................................................................................................120 

C 1 2 Detector –Machine Interface .......................................................................................................................120 

C 1 3 Assembly and installation ............................................................................................................................121 

C 2 ATOMIC PHYSICS WITH ION-BEAMS FROM SIS12/SIS100.....................................................................................122 

C 2 1 Cave and Annex Facilities ...........................................................................................................................122 

C 2 2 Detector –Machine Interface .......................................................................................................................123 

C 2 3 Assembly and Installation ............................................................................................................................124 

C 3 EXPERIMENTS WITH STORED AND COOLED IONS AT THE NESR ...........................................................................125 

C 3 1 Electron Target ............................................................................................................................................125 

C 3 2 Internal Target .............................................................................................................................................127 

C 3 3 Photon Spectroscopy....................................................................................................................................131 

C 3 4 Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target ..............................................................................................133 

C 3 5 Extended Reaction Microscope....................................................................................................................134 

C 3 6 Laser Spectroscopy ......................................................................................................................................137 

C 4 COOLED, DECELERATED AND EXTRACTED IONS....................................................................................................141 

C 4 1 Low-Energy Experimental Area...................................................................................................................141 

C 4 2 Implementation and Installation: HITRAP ..................................................................................................143 

C 4 3 Experiments with HCI...................................................................................................................................146 

D COMMISSIONING ..................................................................................................................................................148 

D 1 LASER SPECTROSCOPY AND LASER COOLING AT SIS100/300 ..............................................................................148 

D 2 ION-BEAMS FROM SIS12/SIS100..........................................................................................................................148 

D 3 ATOMIC PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS AT THE NESR....................................................................................................148 

D 3 1 Electron Target............................................................................................................................................148 

D 3 2 Internal Jet-Target.......................................................................................................................................149 

D 3 3 Photon Spectroscopy....................................................................................................................................149 

D 3 4 Electron Spectroscopy at the Internal Target ..............................................................................................150 

D 3 5 Extended Reaction Microscope....................................................................................................................150 

D 3 6 Laser Experiments .......................................................................................................................................150 

D 4 COOLED, DECELERATED AND EXTRACTED IONS....................................................................................................151 

D 4 1 The Low-Energy Cave .................................................................................................................................151 

D 4 2 HITRAP........................................................................................................................................................151 

E OPERATION.............................................................................................................................................................152 

E 1 LASER INTERACTIONS WITH HIGHLY RELATIVISTIC AND HIGHLY CHARGED IONS AT SIS100/300.......................152 

E 2 ION BEAMS FROM SIS12/100 ................................................................................................................................152 

E 3 ATOMIC PHYSICS AT THE NESR............................................................................................................................153 

E 3 1 Electron Cooler............................................................................................................................................153 

E 3 2 Internal Target .............................................................................................................................................153 

E 3 3 Photon Spectroscopy....................................................................................................................................153 

E 3 4 Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target...............................................................................................154 

E 3 5 Reaction Microscope....................................................................................................................................154 

E 3 6 Laser Experiments........................................................................................................................................154 

E 4 COOLED, DECELERATED AND EXTRACTED IONS....................................................................................................154 

E 4 1 The Low-Energy AP Cave ............................................................................................................................154 

E 4 2 HITRAP........................................................................................................................................................155 

F SAFETY .....................................................................................................................................................................157 

F 1 LASER SPECTROSCOPY AND LASER COOLING AT SIS100/300 ...............................................................................157 

F 2 ION-BEAMS FROM SIS12/SIS100 ..........................................................................................................................157 

F 3 ATOMIC PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS AT THE NESR.....................................................................................................157 

F 3 1 Electron Target ............................................................................................................................................157 

F 3 2 Internal Target .............................................................................................................................................158 

F 3 3 Photon Spectroscopy....................................................................................................................................158 

F 3 4 Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target...............................................................................................158 

F 3 5 Extended Reaction Microscope....................................................................................................................158 

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F 3 6 Laser Spectroscopy ......................................................................................................................................158 

F 4 COOLED, DECELERATED AND EXTRACTED IONS ...................................................................................................159 

F 4 1 The Low-Energy AP Cave ............................................................................................................................159 

F 4 2 HITRAP........................................................................................................................................................159 

G ORGANISATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES, PLANNING (WORKING PACKAGES: WP)..................161 

A. WBS- WORKING PACKAGE BREAK DOWN STRUCTURE .............................................................................................162 

B. STRUCTURE OF EXPERIMENT MANAGEMENT ...........................................................................................................163 

C. RESPONSIBILITIES AND OBLIGATIONS ......................................................................................................................166 

SUMMARY OF RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................................168 

TABLES: RESOURCE PLANNING FOR THE INDIVIDUAL WORKING PACKAGES................................................................170 

H RELATION TO OTHER PROJECTS ..............................................................................................................222 

I OTHER ISSUES.................................................................................................................................................223 

A THE FLAIR BUILDING ..............................................................................................................................................223 

1 The Low-energy Storage Ring, LSR.....................................................................................................................225 

2 The Synchrotron ..................................................................................................................................................226 

3 Subsystems...........................................................................................................................................................226 

B TRIGGER, DACQ, CONTROLS, AN-LINE/OFF-LINE COMPUTING ...............................................................................228 

C IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTALLATION.....................................................................................................................229 

D COMMISSIONING.......................................................................................................................................................233 

E OPERATION...............................................................................................................................................................234 

F SAFETY.....................................................................................................................................................................234 

G ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES....................................................................................................................234 

J REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................239 

11

A Introduction and Overview 

A 1 Physics Case 

At the proposed new accelerator Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research the investigation of 

extreme atomic conditions becomes accessible with highly-charged very-heavy ions over an energy 

range from rest to the relativistic regime. These studies are needed for our understanding of the 

processes ongoing in extreme states of matter, as the majority of matter in the universe exists as 

stellar plasmas. There high temperatures, high atomic charge states and highest field strengths 

prevail. Conditions that become available at FAIR will provide the highest intensities of relativistic 

beams of both stable and unstable heavy nuclei, in combination with the strongest electromagnetic 

fields, thus allowing extending atomic spectroscopy virtually up to the limits of atomic matter. In the 

different accelerator structures, the ions, after having stripped off most of their electrons can be 

decelerated basically to rest. The wide ranges of ion energies and electromagnetic field strengths 

that will become available are demonstrated in Figure A 2. 

Figure A 2. Ion energies and Lorentz factors γ that can be obtained with the different FAIR 

facilities. The adiabadicity value η = 1 (specific kinetic ion energy corresponding to the mean 

velocity for an electron bound with EBK in the uranium K shell) is indicated. On the right hand scale 

the electric field strengths that are reached in collisions, in bound states and with lasers are shown. 

Atomic physics research with highly-charged heavy-ion beams at the new GSI facility can be 

associated mainly with four types of experimental studies: 

a. Highly relativistic heavy ions will be employed for a wide range of atomic collision studies 

involving photons, electrons and atoms, for getting rapidly varying strong fields in the interaction. 

One goal of future experiments will be the measurement of the complete momentum balance in 

relativistic collisions both in transverse and in longitudinal direction by detecting the emitted 

electrons/positrons in coincidence with the recoiling target ion. From measuring the momenta of 

both the electrons/positrons and the recoil ion with high accuracy, direct information on the 

correlated many-lepton dynamics can be obtained. 

An understanding of these collision phenomena is required for all lines of research in atomic 

physics, in material research, for irradiation of living cells (radiobiology), and for accelerator 

technology. For example, the electron-positron pair production with the electron created in a bound 

12

state of one of the colliding ions – the so called bound-free pair production – changes the charge 

state of that ion. This is one of the main loss processes for ions in relativistic heavy-ion colliders. 

Relativistic ions will also exploit the large Doppler boost for transforming laser photons to the Xray 

regime. 

b. High-energy beams will be utilized for achieving high stages of ionization up to bare uranium 

nuclei. Experiments will focus on structure studies for these ion species, a field being still largely 

unexplored. Despite the enormous success of QED in predicting the properties of electrons in weak 

fields, a precise test in the strong-field limit where novel phenomena might show up, is still pending. 

Accurate measurements of electron binding energies are very well suited to deduce characteristic 

QED phenomena in strong fields. Along with the precise determination of binding energies, 

measurements of the g factor of the bound electron in highly-charged ions provide a sensitive test of 

the magnetic sector of bound-state QED calculations in strong electromagnetic fields. It is planned 

to measure the g factor of an electron in the 1s-state of a hydrogen-like ion and in the 2s-state of a 

lithium-like ion. Thereby, it can be expected that the uncertainty of the nuclear size correction drops 

out and the full experimental accuracy can be exploited for QED tests with high precision. 

Dielectronic recombination (DR) of ions, having at least one electron, with free electrons turned out 

to be a novel and sensitive tool for precise structure studies. The possibility of producing highlycharged 

heavy ions and of storing and cooling them in a storage ring opened a new window for the 

investigation of the recombination of ions and electrons at low relative velocities. In this resonant 

process a free electron is captured and the excess energy excites one of the bound electrons to a 

higher state. The DR measurements provide information on both electron-electron interactions in the 

presence of a strong central field and on the ionic structure of the investigated species. 

In addition, new fields will be opened for these studies by the intensities of unstable nuclei that 

become available. 

c. Fundamental atomic physics studies and model-independent determination of nuclear properties 

with stable as well as radioactive atoms in well-defined charge states will be performed, applying 

atomic physics methods. An important scenario for this class of experiments will be the slowingdown, 

trapping and cooling of particles in the ion-trap facility HITRAP. In highly-charged ions 

precise calculations of the atomic structure can be performed. In addition, there are neardegeneracies 

of levels of opposite parity. The most advantageous situation probably occurs in heavy 

helium-like ions near Z = 64 and Z = 92, due to almost degenerated 2 3 P0 and 2 1 S0 states with 

opposite parity. In atoms with non-zero nuclear spin the hyperfine and weak quenching effects are 

mixed. This leads to an unusually large asymmetry of the delayed photon emission by polarized ions 

which can be measured in beam-foil type experiments. The potential of the new GSI facility for 

these studies is obvious since the energy splitting between the 3 P0 und 1 S0 states depends on the 

nuclear size and can be minimized by selecting the appropriate isotope. Thereby the parity violating 

effects can be amplified strongly. The prerequisite for this type of experiments is a polarized ion 

beam. Quite recently, promising schemes for the polarization of stored highly-charged ions and of 

the measurement of the degree of the polarization have been presented. This scenario will enable 

high-accuracy experiments in the realm of atomic and nuclear physics, as well as highly-sensitive 

tests of the Standard Model. 

d. Low energy beams of high-Z few-electron ions from an additional “low energy” storage ring 

(“LSR”) behind the NESR will be employed for collisions characterized by very large Sommerfeld 

parameters. In this domain of strong perturbations, the ionization mechanism is unclear. 

Experiments are essential to address the fundamental question of the nature of the ionization 

mechanism at threshold which is, surprisingly enough, still open. No perturbation theories are 

13

applicable and corresponding experiments will be best suited to test the predictive power of the most 

advanced ab initio theories. 

The combination of ultra-intense laser pulses and highly charged ions will open a completely 

unique field of research. In the strong electrical field created in the focus of ultra-high intensity 

lasers, the Coulomb potential of atoms or low-charge ions is sufficiently depressed to allow bound 

electrons to escape over the potential barrier or to tunnel through it. This is not the case for heavy 

and highly-charged ions where the binding field strength is still much higher than the applied fieldstrength 

produced in the focus of the most intense present-day lasers. Distinctly different from the 

case of low-charged ions where the processes induced by the intense laser field saturate due to the 

onset of field-ionization, no such saturation is expected for highly-charged, high-Z ions. 

Consequently, high-Z ions will allow one to enter a completely new regime for the study of the 

interaction of intense laser fields with matter. 

A 2 Competitiveness 

At high, relativistic energies, the FAIR facility will be unique by providing the heaviest ions over a 

wide energy range from 1 to 30 GeV/u. In the special case of pair production there are very few and 

only inclusive measurements of pair production available in the intermediate relativistic regime of a 

few GeV/u. Here, even the target charge dependence is not well understood, whereas at extreme 

energies, in the region beyond hundred GeV/u, there is good agreement between theory and 

experiment. The new facility will be worldwide the only one capable of filling this important gap. 

Utilizing the high luminosity of the future GSI facility, beyond inclusive cross section studies also 

differential aspects of atomic processes at high energies become accessible, for which the 

electromagnetic interaction differs significantly from the low-energy regime. A measurement of the 

impact parameter dependence for both inner-shell ionization and excitation processes will enable the 

separation of the longitudinal and the transversal field contributions to the interaction. For such 

investigations, precise spectroscopy of photons as well as of electrons and positrons is required. The 

photon and electron emission gives the details of the specific excitation mechanism in those fields. 

One may also mention the possibility to search for recombination followed by e + -e - pair production 

instead of photon emission. This higher-order process, requiring high collision energies, is similar to 

dielectronic recombination, but with one electron being excited from the negative continuum into a 

bound state 

The new facility will provide intense beams of stable and unstable isotopes up to uranium at the 

highest charge states. At the NESR storage ring these ions can be stored and cooled at energies of 

760 MeV/u down to 4 MeV/u and at the LSR even down to 0.5 MeV/u. For the low-energetic ions 

(below 100 MeV/u) the possibility to extract them into the dedicated low-energy Cave exists. These 

storage rings in their combination with the facilities installed have a decisive advantage over other 

experimental techniques as they allow to address fundamental process which become feasible at this 

time only in inverse kinematics: fully differential photoionization cross sections - including 

polarization - for the heaviest ions in arbitrary charge states, recombination, complete differential 

cross sections for the short wavelength limit of electron-nucleus bremsstrahlung and fully 

differential (e,2e) cross sections for ions by mapping the complete momentum balance of all emitted 

particles. Also, the combination of these very heavy, highly-charged ions with the low collision 

energies, where the Sommerfeld parameter q/v becomes very large, is an additional unique feature 

not available at any other machine. 

A singular opportunity is given by the combination of the SIS 12/100/300, the NESR storage ring 

and the PHELIX laser facility. In contrast to the typical experimental situation in gas targets, the 

14

storage ring provides precise control of the initial ion species and diagnostics of the final states of 

the ions and of ejected electrons on the single-event level. This will enable research at truly 

undisturbed single-ion condition, where the only interacting partners will be the laser field, the 

highly charged ion, and the detached electron. 

The proposed FAIR facility with its intense heavy ion beams, in combination with novel 

experimental techniques such as excitation by X-ray or laser photons, mono-energetic electron 

beams, high-resolution spectrometers, or channelling in crystals gives world-wide unique 

opportunities for atomic spectroscopy. This will enable the exploration of the fundamental QED 

corrections to binding energies, magnetic moments, and the magnetic interactions in strong fields. 

The new accelerator complex at GSI will enable another important step by a large increase of the 

photon frequency range and by allowing spectroscopy for a wide variety of radioactive beams that is 

not available otherwise. The present limitations for the application of wavelength-restricted lasers 

will most certainly be widely removed. For instance, in the SIS300 ring the accessible transition 

energy range will be increased considerably due to a large Doppler shift. Spectroscopy in the NESR, 

although limited in the energy range, will be a key instrument for frontier experiments on highlycharged 

ions and radioactive isotopes. Furthermore, a completely new regime of laser cooling of 

heavy relativistic highly-charged ions can be opened. 

The HITRAP Facility where highly-charged ions can be brought practically to rest will be the only 

facility world-wide where bare U nuclei can be trapped in a strong magnetic field. The highlycharged 

ions will be cooled down to cryogenic temperatures. There the g-factor of a single electron 

bound in the potential of an arbitrary stable or unstable nucleus like 238 U nucleus and others can be 

determined. Measurements of the hyperfine splitting (HFS) in hydrogen-like ions will give 

information about the distribution of the nuclear magnetization within the nucleus. By optical 

pumping within the HFS-levels of the ground state, the nuclear spins of radioactive nuclides can be 

polarized with high efficiency, opening unique possibilities to study questions of the Standard 

Model of fundamental interactions. 

Finally it has to be stressed that currently several heavy-ion beam factories are planned, or under 

construction or already in the commission phase worldwide. In the first line RIA (USA), MUSES 

(Riken, Japan) and HIRFL (Lanzhou, China) have to be mentioned in this context. Presently, traps 

but no ion storage-cooler rings are foreseen at RIA. Therefore, atomic physics experiments 

comparable to those planned for the NESR are missing there. The plans at MUSES and HIRFL in 

the realm of atomic physics, on the other hand, cover a rather similar spectrum. However, due to 

the comparatively low energies foreseen for these facilities, the achievable intensity of highlycharged 

heavy ions (e.g. bare uranium) should be there significantly smaller than that expected at 

the new GSI facility. 

A 3 Experimental concepts and requirements 

Figure A 1 shows an overview of the different experimental installations of SPARC at FAIR. First 

we give here very short descriptions of these installations, and then list the different experimental 

requirements. 

The following major installations will be developed and used by SPARC: 

SIS100/300: Laser cooling and spectroscopy installation that will mostly use Li-like very heavy 

ions. The set up exploits the Doppler boost of optical Laser photons in the rest frame of the counterpropagating 

ions to the XUV regime. 

High Energy Cave for AP/Biophysics/Materials Research: In this cave atomic physics 

experiments and applications in radiobiology, space and materials research with extracted beams 

15

from SIS12 or SIS100 will be performed. The investigation will concentrate on atomic structure 

(resonant coherent excitation) and collision studies at moderate and high-relativistic energies 

(ionization, capture, and pair production) as well as on irradiation of individual samples for 

biological or solid material research. 

New Experimental Storage Ring NESR – a “second generation ESR” New possibilities will be 

opened up by instrumentations such as the second electron target and the electron collider. The 

intense beams of highly charged, radioactive ions makes novel experiments possible. 

NESR is the "second-generation" ESR with optimized features and novel experimental installations. 

The NESR will serve also as an accumulator and storage/cooler ring both for ions and antiprotons. 

Compared to all the other heavy ion storage rings currently under construction, the NESR will be the 

most flexible one, providing intense beams up to bare uranium. This warrants a leading position also 

with respect to other advanced projects. A large variety of experimental set-ups and installations for 

atomic physics experiments will be made here. For atomic structure investigations and QED tests 

the electron target, internal target, electron-, and X-ray spectrometers will be used. Recombination 

studies will be done with the specially designed electron target. Collision experiments are planned at 

the internal target with electron-, recoil-, and X-ray- spectrometers. 

FLAIR Building / AP Low-Energy Cave: This building is devoted to experiments with 

decelerated, low-energetic highly-charged ions and antiprotons. The experimental area will be 

served by the NESR. In the building, different installations (e.g. the Low-Energy Storage Ring LSR, 

the Ultra-low energy Storage Ring USR, and HITRAP) are located. From the LSR the ions can be 

actively slowed down, even to rest using the trap facility HITRAP. The installations will be shared 

with the FLAIR collaboration and for detailed descriptions of the LSR and USR see section I of this 

report and the FLAIR TP. 

The parameter requirements by the experiments: 

Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Cooling at SIS100/300 needs Li-like and Na-like ions up to 

uranium with up to γ=30. For the spectroscopy part, the ion number is not critical, one could get 

results even for as little as 100 ions in SIS. High beam intensities are required for the cooling 

experiments. For interaction experiments of ultra-intense laser pulses with extracted bunches the AP 

or PP high energy caves might be used. 

For Atomic Physics with Ion-Beams from SIS12/SIS100 to the low-energy AP cave the beam 

requirements are intensities of 10 9 ions per spill at 1 GeV and decreasing numbers to higher energies 

for radiation safety. A spill length of 1s and a beam spot of less then 10 mm on target is needed. 

The Atomic Physics Experiments with Stored and Cooled Ions at the NESR have a variety of 

installations and projects with following requirements: 

The number of ions per cycle should reach 10 10 at medium Z. The momentum spread after electron 

cooling is supposed to be less than 10 -4 . The beam energy should range from 760 MeV/u to the low 

energy limit, reached by deceleration to 3 MeV/u. Fast and slow beam extraction is needed. The 

lifetimes of stored ions are of utmost importance. Thus, an excellent vacuum of 10 -11 mbar is 

needed. 

The electron target should have an ultra-cold electron beam. The resulting energy spreads should 

be as low as a few 10 meV at collision energies below 1 eV and smaller than 5 eV at 100 keV. One 

should reach 300 keV in the center-of momentum frame. 

Photon Spectrometer such as crystal spectrometers for soft and hard X-rays (3–120 keV), lowtemperature 

calorimeter and Compton polarimeter will be installed. An Electron Spectrometer for 

16

electrons from 100 keV to MeV energy and an Extended Reaction Microscope for imaging recoils 

and slow and fast electrons in the range of meV should operate at the Internal Target. 

For Atomic Physics with Cooled, Decelerated and Extracted Ions beams up to U with maximum 

intensity (typical 10 8 ions per spill) or lowest energy from NESR are transported to the FLAIR 

building. There one should get the ions down to 3 MeV/u into the AP Cave for collision and 

spectroscopy experiments. Additionally to NESR, ions can be slowed down in the LSR to 0.3 

MeV/u. HITRAP is fed by ions up to bare uranium. Experimental investigation of highly charged 

ions, solid interactions, collisions, and X-ray spectroscopy will here be performed. 

17

B Systems 

B 1 Laser Interactions with Relativistic and Highly-Charged Ions at SIS 100/300 

B 1 1 General infrastructure of the SIS laser experiments 

Laser interaction with highly-charged ions stored in SIS100/300 benefits tremendously from the 

relativistic Doppler boost experienced in the ion rest frame when counter-propagating beams are 

used. This advantage is twofold: on the one hand, the Doppler boost will increase the peak intensity 

in laser-ion interaction experiments at ultra-high intensities and shorten the pulse length in the ion 

rest frame for ultra-fast spectroscopy. On the other hand, this boost will allow for the use of standard 

laser systems in the visible range for the optical excitation of ground-state transitions of highlycharged 

ions in the X-ray range. Precision spectroscopy of heavy few-electron systems will become 

possible, complementary to the X-ray laser experiments proposed to be performed at NESR, as well 

as laser cooling, a unique cooling technique for relativistic ion beams. As both classes of 

experiments will require the same technical equipment, the TP for LoI #18 (laser cooling) will be 

included in the TP of SPARC. 

The cooling and spectroscopy experiments are performed inside the synchrotrons. Laser beams have 

to be merged with the stored ion beams over a length of preferentially several 10m. As the 

superconducting dipole-magnets do not allow for a tangential access, an additional deflection system 

has to be implemented. Details of this system are part of the necessary R&D of this project 

embedded in the not yet completed design of the ring lattices. The location of the interaction region 

is restricted to areas, where access to the tunnel is possible and where the experiment does not 

interfere with the normal synchrotron operation. 

Figure B1 1. a) Anticipated scenario for an overlay of ion and laser beams at SIS100/300 using two 

bumper magnets and three focusing magnet assemblies. As a compromise, a small crossing angle 

might be acceptable for test experiments at SIS 100. b) General setup for interaction studies of highintensity 

laser pulses with the stored or the extracted ion beam, emphasizing the passage of the ion 

beam through the laser focusing device. 

Interaction experiments with ultra-high intensity lasers will take place in a similar geometry, except 

that the laser interaction will be limited to a tiny focal area close to the entrance window. As for 

tight focusing of the laser pulse a focal length of a few 10 cm is required, such experiments demand 

the positioning of the focusing mirror inside the vacuum system of the synchrotron. For perfectly 

parallel beams the ion beam has to pass through a hole in the optics as sketched in Figure B1 1. 

Alternatively, experiments might take place on the extracted bunch in the high-energy cave. 

The laser systems required for cooling and in-beam spectroscopy has to be placed in a dedicated 

laser building located above the access tunnel. A vacuum laser beam-line has to connect this 

building with the SIS tunnel and space for the alignment of the laser beam and for the detection of 

the back-scattered photons has to be provided inside the tunnel. 

18

The cooling efficiency will be detected with standard synchrotron diagnostics like beam-profile 

monitors and Schottky-noise detectors. The spectroscopy experiments require a high resolution Xray 

spectrometer as, otherwise, the absolute accuracy of the experiment would be determined by the 

limited knowledge of the ion energy. Additionally, charge changing detectors at the inner side of the 

ring are desirable behind the interaction region when high intensity (fs) lasers are applied for the 

study of ionization dynamics. 

Figure B1 2. Setup for combined laser-excitation X-ray spectroscopy experiments showing the laser 

excitation at known photon energy and the measurement of the energy of the backscattered photon. 

a. Simulations The behaviour of the ion beam when subject to the strong narrowband cooling force 

will be simulated as part of the R&D phase of the project. In parallel, laser cooling experiments at 

lower beam energies will be continued at ESR. 

b. Radiation Hardness For the cooling experiments the only devices needed inside the SIS tunnel 

are mirrors and opto-mechanics. For both components we do not expect problems concerning 

radiation hardness exceeding those concerning the ring components themselves. For the precision 

spectroscopy of the emitted 10-20 keV photons, co-propagating with the ion beam, the situation is 

more complicated. The X-ray spectrometer is likely to be exposed to high radiation doses, especially 

in normal operation periods between experiments. A possible solution is the use of radiation hard Xray 

optics and crystal monochromators in combination with position sensitive detectors located in a 

shielded area. This concept has to be evaluated in detail once the planning of the interaction region 

is done. 

c. Design 

Interaction Region 

Merging the ion beam and the laser beams over a straight section of al least several 10 m requires an 

additional deflection of the ion beam with one or two pairs of additional dipole magnets as depicted 

above. The design of this section will depend on the final design of the synchrotron lattice. With 

some compromises, overlap with a slight crossing angle might be possible using the synchrotron 

magnets for test experiments at SIS100. 

Laser Systems 

It is planned to rely on commercial solid-state laser systems that can be adapted to the experimental 

requirements, supplemented by external frequency doubling units running at a UV wavelength of 

about 260nm. For cooling, a combination of a broad band and possibly pulsed laser with a cw laser 

running at the same wavelength is planned. This laser system is based on the one used in current 

19

laser cooling experiments and will be further developed and tested at ESR and NESR experiments. 

For spectroscopic applications conventional pulsed lasers tunable over a wider range can be used. 

For ultra-high intensity laser interaction two different approaches have to be prepared: Experiments 

outside the ring in one of the high energy caves will utilize the PHELIX laser. For this scenario, 

laser cooling has to be used for the preparation of highest density bunches. Inside the ring, novel 

ultra-short pulse sources like the Munich LWS systems have to be used. These have to be developed 

together with MPQ/LMU Munich and other collaborators. 

Spectrometer 

An X-ray spectrometer with a resolution of typically 10 -5 has to be developed, which will operate 

inside the tunnel behind the interaction region. It will most likely consist of a crystal spectrometer 

and a shielded detector. 

Particle Detectors 

For the measurement of charge-changing processes and the determination of the trajectory of the ion 

beam, detectors have to be incorporated into the SIS100/300 design that are capable of detecting 

single ions. 

d. Construction 

Lasers 

The construction of the laser systems will start with prototypes in the laboratories of the responsible 

partners and is based on existing systems, that will be continuously improved in test beam-times at 

GSI. 

Spectrometer 

The construction of the spectrometer will be performed at a later stage by the responsible partners. 

e. Acceptance Tests and Milestones 

Laser Cooling 

Test experiments at ESR 2004-2007 

SIS lattice simulations for overlap of ion and laser beam 2005 

Simulations of laser cooled high-intensity highly-charged ion beams 2005-2006 

Completion of the Cooling/Spectroscopy Laser System 2008 

Installation and tests at SIS100 2009-2010 

Laser Spectroscopy 

Test of X-ray detectors 2005-2007 

Design of spectrometer 2007 

Installation and tests at SIS100 2009-2010 

Interaction with ultra-intense laser pulses 

Test experiments at highly charged low-energy ions 2005-2007 

Test experiments at ESR energies 2006-2008 

PHELIX beam line design 2007 

Setup at the SIS100/300 site 2008-2010 

Construction of ultra-fast laser 2009 

f. Calibration 

The X-ray spectrometer will be calibrated by off-line measurements. 

g. Requests for Test Beams 

20

For a continuous development of the laser systems and the cooling technique, beam times with Lilike 

ions of about 2 x 2 weeks at the low-energy storage rings (ESR, NESR) and at the HHT cave at 

SIS 12 /SIS 100 for high intensity experiments are required. With respect to laser spectroscopy 

additional 2 x 2 weeks at the low-energy storage rings (ESR, NESR). 

B 1 2 Trigger, DACQ, Controls 

For all pulsed laser-ion interactions, a phase-sensitive synchronisation with the circulating ion bunch 

and the laser pulse is mandatory. Concepts for this synchronization with short pulse lasers are 

currently developed in the context of the PHELIX project and are well-known from ESR laser 

experiments. However, as the pulse structure of the synchrotron is given, the necessary R&D is on 

the laser side and can be performed off-line. 

B 1 3 Beam Requirements 

a. Beam specifications For the laser-cooling and in-beam spectroscopy beams of Li-like and Na-like 

heavy ions are required at relativistic energies, samples are given in the LoI#18 (laser cooling). 

Additionally, hydrogen-like ions and other charge states will be required for interaction studies with 

ultra-short, ultra-intense lasers. The beams have to be bunched at variable bucket depth and energy; 

yet, no unusual beam properties are required. For proof-of-principle cooling experiments and 

spectroscopy experiments low currents are sufficient, yet there is no upper limit. 

Merging the laser and ion beams is a crucial issue so that control over the ion beam position on a 

0.1mm and sub-mrad scale is mandatory within the interaction region. 

The stripping of the heavy ions into Li-like charge states has to be performed behind the synchrotron 

SIS 12 and care has to be taken not to strip off all electrons. For a uranium sample energy of 500 

MeV/u the charge state distribution is calculated for a variable stripper thickness in the following 

graph (Figure B1 3), showing a good efficiency for the desired charge-state. 

fraction 

0,7 

0,6 

0,5 

0,4 

0,3 

0,2 

0,1 

0,0 

bare 

H-like 

He-like 

Li-like 

Be-like 

B-like 

C-like 

N-like 

O-like 

F-like 

uranium => carbon; 500 MeV/u 

20 40 60 80 100 

stripper thickness (mg/cm 2 ) 

Figure B1 3. Calculated charge state distribution for initial uranium 28+ ions at 500 MeV/u 

penetrating through a carbon stripper foil. For a foil thickness of about 40 mg/cm 2 the yield of Lilike 

uranium ions reaches its maximum. The same calculations were performed for the design of the 

current carbon stripper foils at the ESR. Here, for Li-like uranium ions at 400 MeV/u yields of 

about 40% have been obtained. 

b. Running Scenario A typical experiment will require 1 to 2 weeks of beam time. A combination of 

cooling and spectroscopy experiments might be practical. The laser cooling experiments will require 

a number of beam times at different lithium-like ions for optimisation. The aim of the spectroscopy 

experiment is to cover lithium-like ions across the chart of nuclides, and to determine isotopic 

21

effects between stable isotopes. It is anticipated that other experiments will use laser-cooled beams 

(plasma physics, interaction with ultra-intense lasers etc.). Therefore, at least 2 to 3 beam times per 

year are envisioned. 

B 1 4 Physics Performance 

Laser cooling of highly charged ions in the SIS100/300 holds the promise of producing ultimate 

beam quality in terms of temperature, divergence and density. Even beam crystallisation might 

become possible due to the favourable lattice symmetry of the synchrotron. Especially for 

experiments at the luminosity limit, like the investigation of nuclear effects due to the interaction 

with well focused, ultra-intense laser pulses, this combination will considerably facilitate the 

planned experiments. 

The efficiency of laser cooling of highly charged heavy ions increases with the beam energy due to 

the relativistic Doppler shift and the associated photon momentum transfer, and the faster electronic 

transitions of highly charged ions, as pointed out in detail in LoI #18 (laser cooling). For the sample 

ion 238 U 89+ the cooling time for a reduction of the relative momentum spread of 10 -4 will be of the 

order of 1-10s, depending on the available laser power and laser line-width. The final momentum 

spread that can be reached will strongly depend on the intrinsic heating mechanisms, that have to be 

numerically studied and compared to the planned test experiments. In principle, a relative 

momentum spread of the order of 10 -8 can be reached due to the width of the transition. 

For laser spectroscopy of Li- and Na-like ions it has to be pointed out, that the complete periodic 

system can be investigated at SIS300. Already with uncooled ion beams (momentum spread 10 -4 ) 

the accuracy of the transition energies can be systematically increased by at least one order of 

magnitude. Due to the high revolution frequency of the ions, the high excitation probability when 

using a conventional pulsed laser as also planned for the cooling, and the complete solid angle for 

the detection in forward direction, a count rate on the X-ray detector of little less than 1 Hz can be 

expected for single ions. Recording a full spectrum will take of the order of one hour for only some 

10 ions. Thus, for stable isotopes, count rate should not be any problem. 

The interaction of ultra-short pulses with relativistic beams will benefit two-fold by the relativistic 

velocity: the interaction time in the internal reference frame is shortened by a factor γ, and , at the 

same time, the energy of the photons is increased by the same factor. The effect on the pulse length 

by more than one order of magnitude represents an important qualitative factor in atto-second 

applications. The same is true for the increase of the photon energy. The resulting increase of the 

interaction intensity will allow the use of smaller lasers or can be utilized to reach into an intensity 

regime that otherwise is not attainable within the technical limits. 

22

B 2 Atomic Physics with Ion Beams from SIS12/100 

B 2 1 The High-Energy Atomic Physics Cave 

The experiments in atomic physics and applications in radiobiology, space and materials research 

with extracted beams from SIS 12 or SIS100 will be performed in the new "High-energy Atomic 

Physics Cave". The investigation will concentrate on atomic structure and collision studies at 

moderate and high-relativistic energies as well as on irradiation of individual samples for biological 

or solid material research. In addition, it is planned to test the radiation sensitivity of large electronic 

components (e.g. microprocessors) of space crafts, and to calibrate detector systems for cosmic 

radiation studies. The details of the experiments in radiobiology and space and materials research 

are described in the "Letter of Intent for Applications of Relativistic Ions in Radiobiology and Space 

Research" and in the "Letter of Intent for Materials Research". The Materials Research LoI proposes 

the study primarily of two subjects: (1) Heavy ion-induced modifications of solids that are exposed 

to extremely high pressures, and (2) Analysis of material modifications induced by relativistic heavy 

ions. As a further topic (3) Desorption caused by beam-wall interactions is added. Experiments 

concerning this subject could be useful, since it is open whether all problems related to rest-gas 

generation by intense high-energy beams will be solved when FAIR has started to operate. 

In the present Technical Proposal we will discuss only the atomic physics aspects of the planned 

high-energy experimental area, while those of the closely related experiments in radiobiology, 

space, and materials research will be presented in a separate TP. 

The overall properties of the cave, which is shown schematically in Figure B2 1 will be very similar 

to those of the existing Cave A at SIS 12. It is to note that the linear dimensions given are only 

preliminary. 

Figure B2 1. Schematic graph of the experimental area for atomic physics, materials research and biophysics using 

beams from SIS12/100. 

B 2 1.1 The Charge State Spectrometer 

For atomic physics experiments with highly-charged, few-electron ions the cave will be equipped 

with a charge state spectrometer allowing for charge state separation behind a reaction target for 

beam energies up to about 1 GeV/u (≈ 20 Tm). For this purpose, beside a beam line from SIS100 

also a direct beam line from SIS12 to the cave has to be installed. The current experimental program 

in Cave A has shown, that life-time measurements and experiments on precise photon and electron 

spectroscopy and on channelling strongly profit from coincidence measurements with the final 

projectile charge state. Here, beam intensities of up to 10 

23 

9 ions/spill with spill lengths of the order of 

1 sec are required.

For atomic physics experiments at even higher beam energies of up to ≈ 10 GeV/u, e.g. resonant 

coherent excitation using channelling techniques and investigation of different channels for pair 

production, no charge state separation is foreseen and the desired beam intensity amounts to 10 8 

ions/spill. 

a. Simulations 

Ion-optical calculations for the charge state spectrometer are still going on. 

It is planned to operate the spectrometer at ion energies up to about 1 GeV/u (≈ 20 Tm). Also at this 

energy it should be possible, to separate bare, hydrogen-, helium-, and lithium-like U ions. 

Preliminary ion-optical calculations show that a momentum dispersion of about 10 mm/% is 

sufficient for the separation. 

b. Radiation Hardness 

does not apply 


For the design of the cave and of the spectrometer it is important to consider the needs of other 

experiments in the cave, especially of the biophysics/space and materials research behind the 

spectrometer and of channelling experiments in front of it. Since irradiations of larger samples are 

planned, sufficient space for a magnetic scanner has to be reserved. In the design also sufficient 

space for the power supply of the quadrupoles and the dipole has to be foreseen. The dispersion 

needed can be achieved by a combination of a quadrupole doublet and a dipole magnet. 

Since the FRS will be demounted in the next years, an optimal solution with regard to dispersion and 

costs would be the use of existing quadrupoles and a 30° dipole magnet from the FRS which have a 

dispersion of 25 mm/%. In addition, the dipole magnet can be equipped with a vacuum chamber 

allowing for straight passage to the biophysics/space and materials research area. Detailed ionoptical 

calculations have to be performed in order to find the best possible arrangement. 


The charge state spectrometer will be provided by GSI. 

e. Acceptance Tests 



Calibrations of charge state will be done with beam, starting from selected bare ions. 


Commissioning of the spectrometer (in total about 2 weeks). 

B 2 1.2 Resonant Coherent Excitation in Crystals at Relativistic Energies 

When an ion is channeled in a crystal, it is exposed to a periodic excitation in the screened Coulomb 

field of the aligned atoms of the target. Resonant Coherent Excitation (RCE) can occur if the 

frequency of this excitation matches the frequency of an internal electromagnetic transition f via the 

following relation (axial channeling) f = k γv/d, where γ is the Lorentz factor, v the ion velocity, d 

the inter-atomic distance along the considered axis, and k an integer number. 

24

Figure B2 2. Transmitted fraction of Ar 17+ ions [Na03] 

Atomic RCE has been studied in crystal channeling conditions, which has lead to extensive work by 

several groups in the world [Az03]. One remarkable outcome of these experiments is the highresolution 

spectroscopy that can be achieved in the measurement of the transition energies, and their 

perturbation by the static electric field felt by an ion inside ordered matter. 

The high-energy cave offers excellent conditions for a high resolution goniometer set-up for 

resonant coherent excitation (RCE) studies of atomic and nuclear levels in beams with relativistic 

energies from SIS100; the location provides for well collimated beams a long drift distance 

following the charge separating dipole magnet (see fig. B2.1). 

In the following we distinguish the two proposals nuclear RCE and atomic REC. 

Nuclear Resonant Coherent Excitation 

With the beam energies available in the high-energy cave, one can reach the resonance energies for 

the first excited level of 238 U (∆E=44.9 keV), which gives for the axis of tungsten (d=2.74 

Å): 

Fundamental k=1: E=8.36 GeV/u 

k=2: E=3.78 GeV/u 

k=3: E=2.29 GeV/u 

The first excited level of 238 U is one example among the possible candidates. 

The principle of this experiment is quite simple: One measures de-excitation gamma emission, in 

coincidence with the transmitted nucleus, as a function of the incidence energy and crystal 

orientation. For this part of the channeling program, the high energy cave could be used, without 

using the charge analysis magnet. 

Atomic Resonant Coherent Excitation 

The methods used for these investigations are: 

• Channelling of relativistic heavy ions and observation of a decrease of the charge state 

survival fraction in resonance with an atomic excitation. 

• Observation of characteristic X-ray emission when a resonance with an atomic excitation is 

hit. 

It is seen that at 10 GeV/u Pb 81+ (1s) the electron can be excited from the 1s to the 2p state with the 

third order resonance. For exciting 1s to the 2p of U 91+ (1s) at 10GeV/u, one needs the 4 th order 

resonance. 

25


Concerning high energy channelling: critical angles for channelling at relativistic energies are of the 

order of 10 -4 rad. Thus the incoming beam angular divergence should be smaller. 

If the beam extracted from SIS100 does not match this condition, this requires a set of slits in the 

transfer beam line from SIS100 to the high energy cave, which could allow one to reach the 

following conditions at the target: 

1. A beam spot size of 5 mm radius or less. 

2. An angular divergence much smaller than the critical channelling angles (typically one needs 

rms values of less than 10 -4 rad in x and y to perform reliable atomic and nuclear RCE). 


From experiments in the existing Cave A and at the FRS it can be concluded that up to energies of 

about 1 GeV/u radiation will cause no damage of the detectors. The situation at higher energies has 

still to be investigated. Uranium with fluxes in the order of to 10 9 particles per spill irradiations of 

the crystal may occur. Sample moving techniques may have to be used for long-time irradiations. 


For reaching the requirements of the beam angular spread, it may be necessary to set the slits 

separated by about 100m, without focusing devices in between. Also, the beam monitoring is 

essential for such experiments. Beam profilers should be placed inside the high energy cave: one as 

close as possible to the target, a second one at the end of the beam line at 0°, and a third one at the 

end of the deviated beam line. The Lyon group can provide the following channelling chamber and 

the goniometer: 

Figure B2 3. A schematic drawing of the high precision goniometer. 


The high-precision goniometers required for crystal alignment will be provided by the collaborating 

groups from Lyon (IN2P3, France) and Tokyo (RIKEN, Japan). 





26


Commissioning of the goniometers (in total about 2 weeks). 

B 2 1.3 Pair Production and Electron Capture in Relativistic Atomic Collisions 

In the high-energy cave it is planned to measure free multiple pair production up to energies of 10 

GeV/u, the vacuum capture process through pair production (ECPP) up to around 1.3 GeV/u and dielectronic 

capture by pair production (DECPP) at around 1.2 GeV/u. 

We plan the following experimental schemes: 

The cross section for DECPP is proportional to the target atomic number ZT, similar to radiative 

electron capture. In contrast, it should have a clear resonance behaviour. We estimate that it should 

be observable in an U 92+ - fixed target collision experiment at Ekin ≈ 1.2 GeV/u. It should clearly 

show up as double electron capture accompanied, by the emission of a positron. The width of the 

peak is given by the Compton profile (assuming that the momentum of the emitted positron is 

fixed). With the same set-up we can measure the ECPP cross section by selecting single capture in 

coincidence with an emitted positron. For determining capture into excited states, we plan to 

measure capture in coincidence with characteristic X-rays pf the projectile. 

For detecting multiple pairs with high efficiency, the target recoils should be analyzed together with 

multiple positrons, or multiple electron-positron pairs. So far, the collaboration could not identify 

the most suitable double-lepton spectrometer, that covers a large momentum band simultaneously. It 

is our intention to investigate the different options further for finding the most efficient solution. 


In the following we give some count rate estimates for different processes described above: 

In a first step we plan to use solid targets for high target electron density, and to measure 

92+ 

91+ 

+ 

U + ZT 

→ U + e 

92+ 

91+ 

+ − 

U + ZT 

→ U + e + e 

U 

92+ 

91+ 

+ 

+ C → U + e 

in coincidence, and as function of the target thickness. With 1.2 GeV/u U 92+ ions the following 

cross sections are estimated by interpolation between measured and calculated values 

[Ru93,Va92,Be97a,Va97,Kr98,Va00,Ar03]: 

σREC σDECPP σECPP σNRC σION 

C target 26 barn 40 µbarn 600 µb barn 3 mb barn 100 b barn 

Au target 340 b 500 µbarn 1.4 barn 1000 barn 10 kbarn 

where σREC is the radiative capture cross section, σDECPP is the di-electronic capture by pair 

production, σECPP is the vacuum capture cross section, σNRC denotes the non-radiative, and σION the 

K-electron ionization cross section. With a beam intensity of 10 7 s -1 and target thickness of 10 19 cm - 

2 -10 21 cm -2 and the above estimated cross sections one can expect the following count rates 

(detection efficiency close to 100%): 

27

C target: 1 

60 − 

dN ECPP 

≈ s 

dt 

Au target: 1 

1400 − 

≈ s 

dt 

28 

dN DECPP 

dt 

1 

4 − 

≈ s 

dN ECPP dN DECPP 

−1 

dt 

≈ 0. 

5s 

b Radiation hardness 

The high-energy cave is designed for taking 10 9 ions per spill at 1 GeV/u and less for higher 

energies, according to radiation shielding requirements. The charge state spectrometer and detectors 

as well as other experimental instruments will be able to handle this irradiation. The targets are 

usually very thin and the count rate is low (see above). 

c Design 

The experiments will use the standard installations in the high-energy cave. The charge spectrometer 

has to allow charge-state separation up to 1.3 GeV/u. X-ray detection systems will be available (see 

B3 ). The design of the recoil and e + -e - spectrometer needs still to be done. Several concepts were 

discussed, however, the most suitable scheme is not found yet. 


The construction of the e + -e - spectrometer is planned to be started in 2006. 

e. Acceptance test 



The calibrations of X-ray detectors, recoil and e + -e - spectrometers will to be done at every run. 

2 Trigger, DACQ, Controls, On-line/Off-line Computing 

The existing acquisition system at GSI satisfies the requirements for the relatively simple channeling 

experiments with a few X-ray detectors at the target, and the detection of transmitted particles. The 

system is also sufficient for experiments with the spectrometer, in which typically atomic lifetimes 

in a beam-foil arrangement and energies of X-rays or electrons for precise spectroscopy are 

measured which strongly profit from coincidence measurements with the final charge state of the 

projectiles. 

3 Beam/Target Requirements 

From the experiments with the magnetic spectrometer presently installed in Cave A it can be 

concluded that the beam spot on target should be ≤ 1 cm at intensities of up to 10 9 ions per spill with 

a spill length of about 1 sec for coincidence experiments. The channeling experiments have the 

strongest requirements to beam quality: beam spot size

4 Physics Performance 

4.1. Nuclear Resonant Coherent Excitation 

So far nuclear RCE has never been observed. One reason is the much weaker probability for 

Coulomb excitation of a nucleus than for an electronic transition. Another reason is that very high 

ion energies are required to excite the first levels on a stable nucleus, that are at least above ten keV. 

With the intense, high-energy heavy-ion beams, the FAIR facility at GSI will provide a unique 

opportunity to explore nuclear RCE. 

From a fundamental point of view, exciting a nucleus by the virtual photons of a periodic crystal 

lattice is complementary to laser excitation. The excitation strength at the resonance can be studied 

in detail as a function of impact parameter inside the crystal channels. This method could open 

interesting perspectives concerning in-flight spectroscopy of exotic nuclei at the super fragment 

separator. 

4.2. Atomic Resonant Coherent Excitation 

The high accuracy and resolution that can be reached makes this method to a crystal-assisted virtual 

photon spectroscopy with relativistic heavy ions. Due to the high energies available in the highenergy 

cave, atomic excitations of the 1s electron up to H-like U can be reached in higher harmonics 

of RCE. The following physical issues are of importance: 

1. Channelling and semi-channelling of relativistic heavy ions, where the crystal field behaves like 

mono-energetic virtual photons. 

2. High resolution virtual photon spectroscopy of a few electron heavy ions with a precision of 

ppm. 

3. Observation of Rabi oscillations with the intense virtual X-rays. 

Figure B4 14 shows the kinetic energies for the different orders of the resonant 1s – 2p transitions in 

Si . 

Figure B4 14. Resonance energies of 1s-2p transitions for 1 st (purple), 2 nd (blue), 3 rd (light blue), 4 th (green), 5 th (orange), 

and 6 th (red) order. It is seen that 30GeV/u U 91+ (1s) can be excited from the 1s to the 2p state with the first order 

resonance. 

4.3. Pair Production and Electron Capture in Relativistic Atomic Collisions 

In peripheral collisions of high-Z systems at sufficient high energies, huge transient field pulses are 

generated that lead to large cross section for production of free electron-positron pairs. The 

29

transverse electric and magnetic components of the electromagnetic fields associated with the 

moving ion charge increases steadily with γ. With U beams from SIS100 with γ =10 field strengths 

of 10 18 V/cm, far above the critical Schwinger field strength, are reached. 

Figure B2 5. Schematic view of the di-electronic capture by pair production (DECPP). 

Capture from pair production, the so-called vacuum capture process, ECPP, increases, in contrary to 

all other capture mechanisms, with beam energy. At sufficient high energies it is the dominant 

capture mechanism [Ru93.Kr98]. There are ongoing efforts to understand the pair production and 

capture process, particularly in the ‘non-pertubative regime’. This regime is at energies below 

approximately 20 GeV/u and high projectile and target nuclear charges. The non-pertubative regime 

is mainly caused by effects from combined charge of projectile and target. This leads diving of the 

most strongly bound energy levels into the negative continumm. At small impact parameters also 

multiple pair production should occur with high probability. The unitarity rule could be violated and 

multiple pairs would be direct experimental signatures for the non-pertubative character of the pair 

production. Occurrence of multiple pairs would also largely influence the ECPP cross section. There 

has been an extensive debate on the role of capture into excited states [Be97a, Va97, Kr98, Va00]. 

This question is not solved yet by a direct measurement. Capture into excited states and multi-step 

ionization via exited states can become an important contribution to the cross section at energies 

between 1-10 GeV/u.. 

An additional process can occur where two electrons are captured quasi-resonant, by exciting the 

negative continuum to emit a positron (DECPP, Fig. 4.1). The captured electron provides the energy 

for pair formation.. It is analog to the ‘negative-continuum dielectronic recombination’ proposed by 

Artemyev et al. recently [Ar03]. That process can enhance the vacuum capture cross section 

additionally and is highly non-pertubative. Its first detection can be possible with the charge 

separator in the high-energy cave. 

30

B 3 Atomic Physics Experiments with Stored and Cooled Ions at the NESR 

B 3 1 Experimental Installations 

The New Experimental Storage Ring NESR with its instrumentation for atomic physics experiments 

is shown in Figure B3 1. The NESR can be supplied with highly-charged heavy ions from SIS 12 

and with exotic nuclei from SFRS. At the gas jet target ion-atom reaction mechanisms as well as the 

ionic structure will be studied; beyond X-ray spectroscopy, 0-degree electron spectroscopy, recoilion-momentum 

spectroscopy, and laser spectroscopy will be applied here. At the electron target the 

atomic assisted electron-electron interaction will be studied. Here also laser techniques and X-ray 

spectroscopy will support the experiments. At the electron collider electron pulses will interact 

head-on with laser pulses producing forward emitted X-ray pulses. Moreover, the highly-charged 

heavy ions can be decelerated in the NESR down to the MeV/u region and extracted toward a fixed 

target area. There, atomic reactions with highly-charged ions at low velocities will be performed; 

also here X-ray spectroscopic and laser techniques will be applied. In the HITRAP facility attached 

to the fixed target area the ions can be decelerated down to almost rest and captured into a trap 

system for precision measurements. 

Figure B3 1. The New Experimental Storage Ring NESR with its instrumentation for atomic physics 

experiments. 

31

B 3 1.1 Electron Target (Second Electron Cooler) 

The NESR will be equipped with a dedicated ultracold electron target for precise electron-ion 

collision studies. It will be operated independently from beam cooling tasks and will be optimized 

with respect to high resolution and sensitivity. The target will be located in straight injection section 

of the NESR (Fig, B3 1). 

Figure B3 2 Schematical drawing of the electron target. The electron beam is produced by a 

thermal cathode. In order to obtain ultracold electrons in the interaction section the beam is 

adiabatically expanded and adiabatically accelerated. 

Purpose of the Equipment: 

The main advantages of a dedicated electron target at NESR are fourfold: 

1. Improvement of the resolution and of the sensitivity of dielectronic recombination (DR) 

measurements: During the measurements, the energy and the energy spread of the ion beam are 

kept in a narrow range by the main electron cooler at NESR. This improves the energy 

resolution and the precision at high DR energies. Additionally, the new cooler will be equipped 

with adiabatic expansion and adiabatic acceleration. In other words, both the transversal as well 

as the longitudinal temperature of the electrons will be significantly lower than those of the 

presently available electron cooler. This leads to a strongly improved resolution both at low as 

well as at high relative electron energies in the c.m. system, and thus to better signal to noise 

ratio. It also allows for measurements of DR resonances with sub-eV energies, for which the 

sensitivity of the system is extremely high. 

2. It makes possible DR measurements of high-energy transitions: Such measurements are not 

possible with one cooler, since it is not possible to swiftly and precisely ramp the cooler voltage 

up and down between potentials that have to differ by more than 100kV. As mentioned earlier, 

measurements of KLL, KLM KLN, and higher DR-resonances in H-like uranium will push open 

a new window of opportunities to study QED-interference effects of overlapping resonances. 

3. Low-energy second electron cooler for decelerated heavy ions: For measurements that will need 

decelerated ions stored in the NESR or extracted low energy beams, as for instance FLAIR or 

32

AGATHA, the availability of an additional electron cooler at low energies shortens significantly 

the deceleration and/or extraction cycles. 

4. Improvement of the duty cycle of DR measurements: Without a dedicated electron target a DR 

measurement has to use a cooler for a short period of time as a target followed by a short period 

of time for cooling. The duty cycle of the measurement is usually ≤ 50% and the ion beam is not 

cooled during the measurement. With a dedicated electron target, a separate electron cooler 

cools the ion beam continuously, and the DR measurements are performed at the electron target 

with nearly 100% duty cycle. This also shortens the time needed to study short-lived radioactive 

isotopes. 

Basic requirements: 

Based on the experience, R&D and tests of the present equipments available at ESR, SIS, TSR (both 

electron cooler as well as electron target), CRYRING and—last but not least—in Novosibirsk 

(including the electron cooler built for Lanzhou) the basic requirements and specifications of the 

NESR-electron target will be as follows: 

(i) Requirement for the stability of the main NESR electron cooler at lower voltages: A feasibility 

study for a cooler in the energy range between 2 and 450 kV is being performed in Novosibirsk. For 

DR experiments at low relative velocity differences, the stability of the main cooler at energies as 

low as 20-30 kV is of great importance. The NESR main cooler group will be contacted in this 

matter. 

(ii) The maximal sustainable high voltage of the electron target needed is 40 kV. 

(iii) The final beam size as well as the electron current will be tunable. This will be accomplished by 

(i) different ratios of the B-fields in the gun section and in the solenoid section and (ii) different 

settings of electron extraction and acceleration voltage. This offers high flexibility to optimize the 

electron beam parameters to the requirements of individual experiments. 

(iv) The envisaged maximal electron current is 1 A. The Heidelberg group will check whether this 

requirement does not conflict with the required adiabatic acceleration and—more general—with the 

required low temperature of the electron beam. A reduction by a factor 2 (or more?) might be 

necessary. 

(v) The envisaged (maximal) diameter of the electron beam is 3 cm. Similarly as in (iv) this value 

has to be checked. A possible reduction of it below 2 cm might result in difficulties for the breeding 

of additional charge states in the ring and/or for simultaneous measurements of two stored isotopes 

or nuclides. 

(vi) The maximal solenoid field required is 0.2 T. Such a relatively high magnetic field is necessary 

to minimize the energy transfer between transverse and longitudinal electron motion. This value 

should be communicated to Peter Beller and to the NESR crew. 

(vii) The planned adiabatic expansion of the guiding magnetic field by a factor of 20 would lead to 

transversal temperatures of T⊥ ≅ 5 meV. From this, and from the previous requirement, it follows 

that a superconducting magnet for the gun section with a max. B-field of 4 T is needed. Presently, it 

is not clear whether values below 2-3 meV are feasible under realistic conditions. A photo cathode is 

an option not included in the present planning. 

(viii) Longitudinal temperatures of T|| ≅ 0.01 – 0.03 meV after adiabatic acceleration are envisaged. 

Such low temperatures might require a reduction of the maximal electron current. The length of the 

acceleration section is not fixed yet. The available space in the building will probably require that 

the length should not exceed 5 m. The question how to minimize the length will be investigated. 

(ix) The radius of curvature should be as large as possible in order not to heat the electron beam in 

the toroid section. The available space in the building will also make it necessary to keep it below 2 

m. This has to be investigated as well. 

(x) A length of 4 m for the solenoid (interaction) section is envisaged for better luminosity. This 

seems to be feasible if the toroid radii are below 2 m. The place available for the electron target will 

apparently be in the injection section of NESR. 

(xi) A linearity of the straight section of better than 0.1 mrad seems to be feasible. 

33

(xii) The ion beam has to be parallel to the electron beams in the cooler and in the electron target. 

(xiii) Diagnostic tools for the electron and ion beams in the electron target and in the cooler are 

needed. 

(xiv) Previously, a horizontal bending plane for the electron beam has been discussed. The 

difficulties introduced by such a solution to the injection of the ion beam have been discussed. It 

was decided to have a vertical cooler. An additional tower will be needed for the gun section. (cf. 

(viii) and Fig. B3 2. 

(xv) The requirement to have both co-propagating as well as counter-propagating electron and ion 

beams has been dropped. With a main cooler set at 400 kV, the energies needed to study highenergy 

dielectronic-recombination resonances are attainable in co-propagating geometry. 

Experiments that require higher energies (and, thus, counter-propagating beams) could be performed 

under more favorable conditions at the electron collider (high energy) or at the gas jet target (high 

luminosity). 


The design and the construction of the electron target follow standard patterns of ion-optical 

calculations, high-voltage and magnet design. Presently, simulations are being planned for the gun 

section in order to optimize the electron current and for the toroid section in order tostudy the 

heating of the electron beam and the influence of the toroid radius at high energies. The simulations 

will be accompanied by measurements at TSR electron target in Heidelberg. For instance, the 

influence of the extraction voltage on longitudinal electron temperature will be studied 

experimentally with the TSR electron target outside the storage ring with an installed energy 

analyzer. Milestones are (i) the final specification of the maximal electron current and (ii) the final 

design value for the toroid radius. The second task will be accomplished in the next months, the first 

one-this summer. 

i. of the detectors 

The particle detectors are of utmost importance for the envisioned experiments. In order to simulate 

the spatial distribution of particles that have captured an electron both the ion optics as well as the 

available space in and after the dipole sections of the ring have to be known in detail. The 

simulations will be performed in close collaboration with the NESR accelerator group. Additionally, 

simulations for beam intensity monitors based on the ionization of the residual gas will be 

performed and accompanied by experiments in Lanzhou. 

ii. of the beam 

After the ion optical details of the NESR are known in detail, the questions to be addressed are 

mainly the stability and the temperature of the ion beam when the cooling energy is in close 

proximity to the electron target energy. Additionally, the problem of having breeding higher charge 

states and of investigating cocktail beams will be tackled. Scenarios for recycling of charge state 

after an electron capture by bunching, accelerating, stripping of an electron in the gas jet, and 

deceleration are to be considered as well. 


The radiation hardness of the particle detectors is of utmost importance. The cooling suppressed 

dilatation of the ion beam leads to extremely high particle fluences and poses, thus, a special 

challenge to the radiation hardness. Gas-filled chambers, diamond detectors, and glass scintillator 

detectors will be used. The channel plates of the residual gas monitors are not radiation hard and 

must not be exposed to a direct beam impact. The electrodes of the electron beam position monitors 

and especially their vacuum feedthroughs would not sustain a direct hit of the full electron beam 

current and have to be protected.It is not planned to use special radiation hard electronics. Based on 

the ESR experience, no particular precaution for standard electronics is needed. This holds both for 

the data acquisition modules as well as for the slow controls. Data from and to electronics on a HV 

34

platforms will be transmitted via light pipes. Special care has to be taken for electronics in the 

vicinity of strong magnetic fields, especially if fast ramping is planned.The same holds for the other 

electrical components nearby. It is important to have the HV supplies as close as possible to the 

recipients in order to minimize the capacitance of the cable connections. 


The primary requirements will be finalized in the next months. It is planned to have the design 

studies of the main components performed in Novosibirsk. The design of the superconducting 

magnet could be outsourced if suitable and affordable cryogen-free solution could be found. The 

design of the vacuum chambers will be done in close collaboration with the NESR accelerator 

group, with the GSI vacuum division and with the GSI central technical division. 


The construction will be organized in a similar way as the design. Additionally, special care is to be 

taken for the mechanical stability of the high electron gun section. 


Momentum acceptance tests are needed for the particle detectors in the focal planes of the dipole 

elements. This has to be performed in dedicated test beam times. 

f. Calibration (if needed), 

The electron target HV power supply, the voltage divider, the high-bit DAQ and ADC have to be 

calibrated on an absolute scale in very close collaboration with PTB Braunschweig. The anticipated 

use of residual gas monitors as SEETRAMs has to be calibrated as a function of ion charge and 

velocity as well as of the composition and partial pressures of the residual gas. This will be initiated 

in Lanzhou. The fine-tuning of the energy calibration will be done with known transition energies of 

lighter species. The calibrants and the details of the method will be elaborated in Giessen (cf. e.g. 

the task distribution within the collaboration.) 

g. requests for test beam 

Test beams are needed in NESR in order to: 

(i) commission the target. Any stable beam is suitable. 

(ii) to check the alignment in the straight section. A stored proton beam will allow mapping the 

electron beam. After capturing an electron, the neutral hydrogen beam will pass undisturbed the 

dipole section and will be detected with a position sensitive dE/E detectors placed at a distance 

suitable for reliable ray tracing. 

(iii) check the alignment of the ion and electron beams of both coolers and to establish a suitable 

modus operandi. 

(iv) investigate the stability of the ion beam for the case of an electron target energy close to the 

electron cooler one. 

(v) investigate the stability and temperature of the electron 

(vi) targets by measuring known low-lying DR resonances, their position and line shape. 

B 3 1.2 The Internal Target 

The NESR will be equipped with a supersonic jet target similar to the one already in use at the ESR. 

Currently, at the ESR an internal target with typical atom and/or cluster densities of 10 12 to 10 14 cm -3 

is available (compare also Table B3 2). At the NESR, however, densities of 10 14 - 10 15 atoms/cm 3 

are envisaged for the light targets hydrogen and helium. This can be accomplished by pre-cooling 

the gas and the Laval nozzle to temperatures much below 50 K (instead of 80 K as currently at the 

ESR). Note, similar targets are already in operation at COSY and CELSIUS, and will also be 

installed at the CSRe-ring at Lanzhou. In comparison with the ESR target, a reduction of the jet 

diameter of 5 mm to 1 mm is desirable for the NESR. This will lead to a strong reduction of the 

35

kinematic broadening associated with the extended target/beam geometry. The latter is one of the 

most serious limitations for the accuracy currently achieved in spectroscopy experiments at the ESR. 

In addition for the target station and its support structure a design as compact as possible is desired 

in order to allow for an almost 4π detection geometry for recoil ions, photons, and electrons. For the 

latter purpose, one should also aim to increase the distance between the outlet part and the beam 

dump from 10 to 15 cm (current value at the ESR is 10 cm). 

One may anticipate the following realisation of the planned internal target station for the NESR. The 

variable/smaller target beam diameter (between 1 and 5 mm) might be accomplished by a 

modification of the skimmer geometry and deserves for a detailed investigation. Here one should 

aim for a skimmer geometry which can be easily adjusted to the needs of the experiments. These 

studies can already be performed using the current CELSIUS target. For the production the high 

densities, cooling to low temperatures of the gases is needed – a feature not available at the present 

ESR target system. However, it is available at the CELSIUS cluster-jet target system (see Table B3 

1). 

Therefore an adaptation of the CELSIUS cooling system to the present ESR target may allow to 

achieve the desired densities. The resulting new target station can be commissioned and tested at the 

ESR and may serve as a prototype target for the NESR. 

Table B3 1. Parameters for different gases at the CELSIUS cluster target [Ek97]. 

Target gas Z A Pressure Nozzle temp Target thickness 

[bar] [K] 

[atoms/cm 2 ] 

Hydrogen 1 1 1.4 20-35 1.3x10 14 

Deuterium 1 2 2.8 20-35 1.3x10 14 

Helium 2 4 0.9 20-35 1.6x10 14 

Nitrogen 7 14 7.0 105-135 0.9x10 14 

Neon 10 20 1.7 40-50 0.9x10 14 

Argon 18 40 1.0 115-130 2.9x10 13 

Krypton 36 84 0.9 130-145 2.3x10 13 

Xenon 54 131 0.8 175-190 1.8x10 13 

Table B3 2. Target densities available at the ESR [Re97,Kr01]. 

Target gas Z A Nozzle temp Target thickness 

[K] 

[atoms/cm 2 ] 

Hydrogen 1 1 300 3x10 10 

Hydrogen 1 1 80 1x10 13 

Helium 2 4 5x10 10 

Nitrogen 7 14 5.5x10 12 

CH4 C:9 x10 12 

36 

H:3.6x10 13 

Argon 18 40 1.55x10 13 

Krypton 36 84 2.15x10 13 

Xenon 54 131 ≥5x10 13

Summarizing, the following strategy for the realization of a dense internal target at the NESR seems 

to be appropriate: to adapt the present CELSIUS cooling system to the ESR target. This could be 

achieved by replacing the upper part of the internal ESR target. It will allow for an installation of an 

additional cooling and pumping system. For the latter, the cryogenic system for cooling of the gas 

and the nozzle as well as the pumping system of the CELSIUS cluster-jet target would be one 

possibility. This scenario has the advantage to preserve the overall performance of the internal ESR 

target with respect to the very strict vacuum conditions required by the operation of the ring (overall 

vacuum base pressure close to 10 -11 mbar). Finally, one should note that also a liquid mico-jet target 

might a further interesting option of the realisation of a dense internal target, an option which 

deserves for more detailed investigation [Gr03]. 

For space requirements, the option of a polarized hydrogen target has to be considered. This option 

is of particular relevance for the physics program aiming on the test fundamental symmetries. 

Milestones 

07-2006 performance tests of a modified skimmer geometry at the 

CELSIUS target 

12-2006 adaptation of the CELSIUS cooling system to the ESR 

target 

07-2007 performance test at the ESR finished 

07-2008 design of the new target station 

(including support structure etc. ) 


The modified ESR target will serve as a prototype target. Using this prototype target, all required 

tests for the final layout and design of the NESR target will be performed at the current ESR. Also 

the need for differential pumping system for the NESR due to a possible higher gas load for the 

ESR/NESR UHV system must be investigated. 

b. Radiation Hardness does not apply 

c.+d. Design and Construction 

The modified ESR target will serve as a prototype target. Using this prototype target, all required 

tests for the final layout and design of the NESR target will be performed at the current ESR. The 

result we enter in the design and construction of the new NESR target station. 


Vacuum requirements (overall vacuum base pressure close to 10 -11 mbar). This is guaranteed by the 

pumping system of the ESR internal target station. For the case of dense targets, the additional use 

of apertures must be investigated to allow for additional differential pumping along the beam line. 

f. Calibration does not apply 


It is planned to perform all the required modifications already at the present ESR. 

37

B 3 1.3 High-Resolution Photon Spectrometers 

The study of angular distributions and alignment or polarization effects for photon emission induced 

by atomic collisions will be addressed by a dedicated photon scattering chamber for the NESR jet 

target (see Figure B3 3). Here, also precision X-ray spectroscopy experiments on H-, He-, and Lilike 

high-Z ions will be conducted. This research will take advantage of new advanced detector 

devices such as µ-strip or calorimeter detectors currently under development. 

Similar to the X-ray detection chamber at the ESR [St00], the chamber will be equipped with 

various X-ray view ports allowing for a large angular range with respect to the ion beam axis. It is 

also planned to use the X-ray detection setup in combination with the reaction microscope and the 

forward electron spectrometer for investigation of the fundamental process of electron-nucleus 

bremsstrahlung. 

35 deg 60 deg 90 deg 120 deg 

341 mm 

jet target 

Figure B3 3. Photon detection area at the NESR jet target [St00]. 

B 3 1.3.1 Crystal Spectrometers for Hard X Rays (30–120 keV) 

38 

beam axis 

For QED investigations of high-Z one-electron systems the K-shell transitions have to be measured 

with high accuracy. The FOcusing Compensating Asymmetric Laue (FOCAL) crystal optics [Be04] 

has been developed for accurate spectroscopy in the energy range of approximately 30–120 keV. A 

pair of such instruments is presently being assembled at the ESR. The parameters of the crystal 

spectrometers have been optimized as to match present capabilities of position-sensitive X-ray 

detectors used in these systems. A schematic layout oft the spectrometer principle is given in 

Figure B3 4 

Figure B3 4. Sketch of the FOCAL X-ray optics viewing the intersection of gas jet and ion beam.

For a given wavelength two reflections on a curved crystal, employed in the asymmetric Laue case, 

can be used and the spectra are recorded with position-sensitive strip detectors. FOCAL marks the 

transition from energy-dispersive to higher resolution wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy. This 

transition accompanied by a substantial drop of the overall detection efficiency is facilitated by a 

partial trade-off of resolving power for efficiency. Within wide limits the product of efficiency and 

resolving power stays nearly constant. FOCAL has a built-in Doppler compensation. It is the only 

detection system for fast beam sources that is known to be widely independent of the source volume 

and of fluctuations of the source position. This is accomplished by the imaging properties of the 

crystal optics adapted to the Doppler emission characteristics. 


The system is well characterized both by analytical and numerical calculations and by experimental 

tests. A three dimensional ray tracing program was developed that can handle stationary and fast 

moving X-ray sources viewed by the curved-crystal optics. Test measurements using 169 Yb 

calibration sources agree favourably well with the calculations. The same holds true for first tests 

with an Au 79+ beam at β=0.44. 

Along with the X-ray optical development for FOCAL the technology of position-sensitive detectors 

for hard X-rays (see below) was advanced and successfully implemented into a spectrometer design. 

Figure B3 5, displaying calculated intensity patterns, demonstrates the demand for position 

resolution in two dimensions. 

Figure B3 5. Numerical simulation of the intensity pattern in a FOCAL spectrometer 

when exposed to a fast-beam (left) or a stationary (right) X-ray source. Note the different 

scales of the ordinates and of the abscissae, respectively. 


The germanium strip detectors mounted inside the crystal spectrometers are well shielded by a 

collimating system and by a lead cover of the instrument. This mainly serves a background 

suppression whereas radiation damage by neutrons is not an issue because of the low neutron dose 

rate observed in the ESR and expected for the NESR. 

c+d. Design and Construction 

Because the apparatus is already in use at the ESR the design and construction effort will be very 

low for transferring the equipment to the new facilities. Parameters such as crystal dimensions and 

radius of curvature can be easily changed and accommodated by the present apparatus which 

follows a modular design. This also serves the purpose of a rather convenient exchange of apparatus 

at the experimental site. 

e. Acceptance Tests does not apply 

39

f+g. Calibration and Request for Test Beams 

Although the spectrometers have a well established wavelength scale, at least one reference line is 

needed for accurate wavelength measurements. As transfer standards gamma-ray lines of radioactive 

isotopes are used. They are mounted in a source positioner that is well shielded by tungsten alloy. 

For future measurements it is proposed to implement a specially designed calibration-probe facility 

at the gas-jet target of the storage ring. 

B 3 1.3.2 Photon Spectrometers for Soft X Rays (3-20 keV) 

The measurement of n=2 to 2 transitions in very heavy two- and three-electron systems is important 

for the understanding of relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in many-body systems. 

From previous studies at low nuclear charge it can be concluded that the nonrelativistic part oft the 

transition energy along with electron–electron correlation effects are well understood but 

uncertainties remain for the higher-order QED terms becoming pronounced only at very high Z. For 

the 1s2p3/2,J=2 → 1s2s1/2,J=0 transition the wavelength is near 2.7 Å (4.5 keV), in the region of soft 

x rays, which is more favourable than the VUV where the spectra of lower Z ions are located, and 

also more attractive than the hard X-rays of the K-shell transitions. Figure B3 6 displays the 

transition wavelengths for the two finestructure components J=0 and J=2 as a function of the nuclear 

charge. 

Figure B3 6. Wavelengths for the 1s2p3/2, J=0 and J=2 → 1s2s1/2, J=0 transitions in helium like 

ions as a function of the nuclear charge Z. 

Reflection-type crystal optics in combination with position-sensitive X-ray detectors are well suited 

for accurate spectroscopy of the aforementioned transitions. Such systems have been widely used 

before for other precision experiments and the technology is readily available. Special care has to be 

taken to carefully device the optics as to accommodate the peculiarities of a fast moving source with 

its Doppler characteristics. 


Characterization of the crystal optics to be used can be performed numerically. The geometries 

considered comprise Johann, von Hamos or doubly focusing reflection optics. These instruments 

can be of relatively high luminosity with an overall throughput near 10 -6 , and still have a spectral 

resolving power close to 10000. In order to preserve this performance also for a fast moving source 

as in the present application the optics have to be optimized with respect to the emission 

characteristics governed by the Doppler effect. This task will be performed by a three-dimensional 

ray tracing incorporating also the ion beam properties. We plan to use a pair of two spectrometers 

40

serving Doppler compensation purposes and redundancy. The feasibility of such an experiment was 

already demonstrated a long time ago [Be91] using a Johann geometry. As a result of the planned 

simulations an optimized detection scheme will be derived eventually even surpassing the 

demonstrated performance. 


Favourable position-sensitive X-ray detection devices will be CCD-based silicon detectors. They 

can be destroyed by irradiation with a high dose rate of neutrons. For the applications proposed the 

detectors will be placed off from the ion beam in an environment where they are not exposed to a 

high flux of neutrons and where they can be well shielded from background radiation. 


After an optimized X-ray optical solution has been fixed the mechanical design can be undertaken. 

The system will consist of a spectrometer that features an X-ray entrance window, a mount for the 

curved crystal and a port for the position-sensitive detector. For a convenient change of the 

wavelength range covered by the detector a bisecting mechanism for setting the Bragg angle should 

be incorporated. It will be necessary to keep the spectrometer under a moderate vacuum of about 10 - 

4 mbar. 




The spectrometer will be tested using normal Kα lines induced by electron impact or fluorescence. 

Because of the presence of satellites the shape of the Kα spectra is slightly dependent on the mode 

of excitation. Therefore an agreed way of excitation has to be followed when using these lines as a 

secondary transfer standard. For offline calibration and standardization the use of a crystal 

monochromator will be considered. 

B 3 1.3.3 Calorimetric low-temperature detectors 

It has already been demonstrated that calorimetric low temperature detectors (CLTD’s) have, due to 

their operation principle, the potential to become a powerful tool for high resolution X-ray 

spectroscopy (for an overview see Ref. [Ge04]). The detection principle of a CLTD is schematically 

displayed in Figure B3 7 (for details see [Pe99]). 

incident x-ray 

with energy E 

absorber 

C 

T → T + ∆T 

heat sink 

41 

thermometer 

thermal coupling k 

Figure B3 7. Operation principle of a calorimetric low temperature detector. 

The energy deposited by an incident X-ray leads to a temperature rise of the absorber which is read 

out by a thermistor. The amplitude of the thermal signal being inversely proportional to the heat

capacity C, it is obvious that for reaching high sensitivity such detectors are to be operated at very 

low temperatures. 

The potential advantages of calorimetric detectors over conventional ionization detectors are: the 

smaller energy gap for the creation of an elementary excitation, leading to a better counting statistics 

of the detected quanta (phonons); the more complete energy detection because both, the energy 

deposited in phonons and in ionization contribute to the signal; the flexibility in the choice of the 

absorber material (to be optimized with respect to the detection efficiency); the small noise power at 

the low operating temperatures. Therefore CLTD’s promise a considerable improvement of the 

energy resolution in combination with a still reasonable detection efficiency. 

FET-box 

counts/bin 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

bicyclewheel 

photopeak 

59.2 59.4 59.6 59.8 60.0 

energy [keV] 

Figure B3 9. Energy spectrum observed with a calorimetric low-temperature detector with a 

0.2 mm² x 47 µm Pb absorber for 59.6 keV photons. For the photo peak an energy resolution of 

∆EFWHM = 65 eV is obtained. 

42 

cold finger 

detectorarray 

Figure B3 8. Setup of the calorimetric low-temperature detector 

for hard X-rays developed at the University of Mainz [Bl02].

CLTD’s have been recently developed [Bl02] for detection of hard X-rays (E ≤ 100 keV) for 

application in Lamb shift experiments at the ESR. The detector modules are designed on the basis of 

silicon microcalorimeters which were developed by the Goddard/Wisconsin groups [St96]. The 

detector pixels consist of silicon thermistors, which are used as thermometers, and of X-ray 

absorbers made from Pb and Sn, glued on the top of the thermistors by means of an epoxy varnish. 

Thermistor arrays consist of 36 pixels each, the active area of 1 pixel being about 1 mm 2 . To obtain 

a reasonable detection solid angle the detector arrays have to be located as close as possible to the 

interaction zone at the internal target of the storage ring. 

To realize this concept a special 3 He/ 4 He-dilution refrigerator with a side arm which fits to the 

internal target geometry was designed (see Figure B3 8). The operating temperature of the detectors 

may be chosen between 50 mK and 100 mK. The detector performance typically achieved [Bl02] is 

demonstrated in, where the energy spectrum obtained for a detector with a 0.2 mm 2 x 47 µm Pb 

absorber for 59.6 keV photons, provided by an 241 Am source, is displayed. For the photo peak at 

59.6 keV an energy resolution of ∆EFWHM = 65 eV is obtained. This result may be compared to the 

theoretical limit of the energy resolution for a conventional semiconductor detector which is about 

∆E ≈ 380 eV for 60 keV photons. 

For the FAIR facility it is also planned to design and build one of a few larger solid angle CLTD’s 

for high resolution X-ray spectroscopy. It is planned that such detectors will cover the full energy 

range from a few to 100-200 keV, and will with an active area of 100-200 mm² each combine the 

advantage of high resolving power with large detection efficiency. The future investigations of the 

Mainz/GSI group will be made in close collaboration with the Heidelberg group. Within this 

collaboration it is also planned to consider the detection principle of magnetic calorimeters [Fl04], 

which bears a large potential, especially for the detection of high energetic X-rays, as an additional 

option for the investigations within the FAIR project. Additional R&D and an explicit design study 

are planned for the near future on this topic. 

Figure B3 10.The microcalorimeter spectrum (histogram) obtained from Au 78+ . The spectrum 

measured by a germanium detector reduced by a factor of 2000 is superimposed (smooth solid line). 

For the energy range close to 10 keV, micro-calorimeter systems are know to provide both excellent 

energy resolution as well as a high detection efficiency. This makes such a detector in particular 

well suited for experiments such as the proposed 2s-2p laser excitation at SIS300. Recently a 

feasibility study for micro-calorimeter detectors operating at accelerator beam lines was performed 

at the ESR storage ring [Si04]. For this test the 1 x 3 micro-calorimeter array and its cryostat were 

43

completely enclosed in a copper EMI shield. The solid angle subtended by the detector at the source 

was 5 × 10 -8 sr. The shield was equipped with a remotely controlled assembly that positioned 

radioactive sources for calibration. A one hour integration while the ESR and jet target were 

operating yielded a background rate equal to zero. We accumulated data for a total of 17 hours over 

a four day period and collected close to 300 photons; a low number but not surprising for an 

experiment with a solid angle of 5 × 10 -8 sr at the ESR. The spectrum including all of these events is 

shown in Figure B3 10 (histogram). 

For the FAIR facility we plan to build a micro-calorimeter array consisting of 400 pixels; each pixel 

will be of the type used in the feasibility study discussed above. This detector system will be a 

replica of the 20 x 20 array that the group at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 

(CfA) is building for a hard X-ray balloon flight to measure the Ti 44 emission at 68 keV from 

supernova explosions [Si01]. The performance of one of these pixels is shown in Figure B3 11. We 

also point out that the detector array will not use liquid cryogens or mechanical heat switches that 

require intervention from technical personnel for their operation. Rather, a mechanical cryocooler 

will be used to reach 4.2 K and the instrument will use electromechanical heat switches. This will 

make it possible to operate the micro-calorimeter system remotely and continuously without user 

intervention. 

Figure B3 11. The spectrum of 241 Am measured with the microcalorimeter from CfA. 

Simulations 


For the calorimeter system from Cfa as well as from Mainz, first commissioning experiments have 

already been performed at the ESR storage ring. This experience enters into the design and 

construction of new systems. For both spectrometers, beam time request for dedicated spectroscopy 

experiments at the ESR have already been approved. 


44

Monte Carlo simulations have been performed demonstrating the advantage of a small target beam 

diameter of about 1 mm for such spectroscopy experiments. 


Radiation damage by neutrons is not an issue because of the low neutron dose rate observed in the 

ESR and expected for the NESR. 

c+d Design and Construction 

Design and construction of the new calorimeter system will follow closely the already developed 

prototype detectors which have also been tested at the ESR. A further extension of the amount of 

pixel will be of particular interest in future developments. 


This knowledge will be obtained during experiments at the ESR. It is important to note, that the 

target chamber design and the target support structure must be adjusted to the geometrical constrains 

given by calorimeter systems. 

f. Calibration (if needed) standard γ-ray calibration sources 

g. requests for test beam 

beam time has already been approved for the ESR storage ring 

B 3 1.3.4 X-ray Optics for Photon Spectroscopy 

An important part of the experimental atomic physics program at NESR is the precision X-ray 

spectroscopy of photons emitted from radiative electron capture (REC) of ions with atoms at the 

internal gas target or the radiative recombination (RR) of ions with free cold electrons in the electron 

cooler (e-cool), electron target (e-target) and electron collider (e-collider). Intense beams of stored 

few-electron or bare ions, up to completely stripped U 92+ , which will be available at the NESR, 

colliding with cold atomic and electronic beams, offer new possibilities to access both the structure 

(e.g. QED and relativistic effects) as well as the dynamics (e.g. recombination in cold magnetized 

plasma) of electron-ion interaction by using the latest development in the field of X-ray 

spectroscopy. In particular, by combining the focusing X-ray optics with newly developed detectors, 

such as the position-sensitive (2D/3D) semiconductor detectors or high resolution (few eV) micro 

calorimeters, may provide a new access to precision studies. As an example, the polarization of hard 

X-ray photons can be measured with 2D/3D position sensitive detectors by exploiting the Compton 

effect. Similarly, combining the X-ray focusing optics with high-resolution, but low-efficiency, 

crystal diffraction spectroscopy, high-precision X-ray measurements can be performed at the NESR, 

which are of fundamental interest (QED effects). 

The X-ray optic uses the X-ray reflection phenomenon, which behaves differently depending on the 

angle of incidence of X-rays. Namely, for incident angles below the critical angle θ crit ∝1/ 

E the 

primary photon beam is totally (≈ 100%) reflected (total external reflection), while for the angles 

θ > θ crit the reflection coefficient is much smaller, decreasing with photon energy. For this reason, 

usually, for θ > θ crit the multilayer (or super multilayer) mirrors increasing the reflection coefficient 

are used, consisting of the repeated (N ~ 100-1000) structure high-Z/low-Z material bilayers (e.g. 

600 W/Si super multilayer [Be88],[Be97]). Generally, the X-ray optics based on the total reflection 

phenomenon is simpler and more effective (near 100% reflectivity), moreover, the polycapillary Xray 

optics elements are recently available commercially, which can be directly used as the X-ray 

focusing elements. 

45

For the X-ray spectroscopy experiments foreseen at the NESR the following X-ray focusing 

instruments are planned to be installed: 

1) polycapillary X-ray focusing optics (PXFO) at the gas target 

2) multilayer X-ray focusing lens (MXFL) at the gas target 

3) total reflection cylindrical mirror (TRCM) at the electron cooler/target 

Detailed technical aspects of this X-ray instrumentation are addressed below. 

Figure B3 12. A schematic representation of the use of an X-ray optics to transfer the X-rays 

produced in the electron cooler to a micro calorimeter located in the experimental area without 

constraints on the amount of floor space. 

Figure B3 13 The CFA micro-calorimeter installed for a test experiment at the internal target of the 

ESR. 

The micro-calorimeter (Figure B3 13) can also be used for broad-band high-resolution X-ray 

measurements from the electron cooler region. In order to view the pencil-like X-ray source formed 

by the overlap of the electron and ion beam, an observation near 0 or 180 degrees is compelling. 

With respect to the Doppler effect, this is purely velocity sensitive observation geometry. Doppler 

uncertainties of photon energies are nearly exclusively determined by the uncertainty of the beam 

46

velocity; the angular detector alignment is not critical at all. Since the ESR beam line mechanical 

structures place physical constraints on the location of a micro-calorimeter or even a crystal 

spectrometer for 0 / 180 degree observations, we propose to use a point-to-point focusing X-ray 

optics to transfer the X-ray emission from the electron cooler region to a region where there is 

sufficient space to install the spectrometer. The line-of-site connecting the electron cooler 

interaction region, the X-ray optics and the micro-calorimeter will be 5 degrees from the 0 / 180 

degree axis, posing negligible Doppler broadening or shifts in the X-ray lines. This is shown in 

Figure B3 12. 

X-ray Optics for Observing X-rays from the Electron Cooler 

The application of constant spacing spiral X-ray optics started in 1997 in the Smithsonian Center for 

Astrophysics. First, a lens was developed that could relay the X-rays produced in a scanning 

electron microscope (SEM) onto a micro-calorimeter detector located in a cryostat operating at 60 

mK. [Si]. Second, there was a need to relay the X-rays produced in the NIST Electron Beam Ion 

Trap onto the same microcalorimeter [Si00]. For these purposes a 35 turn, 50 mm diameter spiral 

with a constant spacing of 0.635 mm has been designed and built. These two spiral lenses are shown 

in Figure B3 14. The plastic is 25 mm wide and is coated with Au. 

Figure B3 14. The cylindrical spiral X-ray lens in two sizes used for laboratory astrophysics and 

microanalysis. 


In Figure B3 15 we compare the X-ray intensity at the detector with and without the spiral lens. For 

a laboratory experiment where the focal length was one meter, a gain of 300 was obtained at low 

energies. The focal lengths and hence the energy range are easily changed to fit the application 

without rebuilding the spiral lens. Imaging results are shown in Figure B3 16. 

47

Figure B3 15. (Left) X-ray continuum spectra obtained with and without the 50 mm diameter spiral 

optic. The focal length used for this experiment was 1 m (Right). The ratio of the two spectra yields 

the gain provided by using the optics. 

Figure B3 16. Imaging results using the small spiral lens shown in Figure B3 14. 

The proposed X-ray focusing optics instrumentation (PXFO, MXFL, TRCM) which will be used in 

the experiments in the NESR needs detailed simulation studies including X-ray source geometry 

(point-like source for gas-jet/ion-beam and extended liner source for merged electron/ion beams), Xray 

focusing optics including specular characteristic, and X-ray detector geometry and efficiency. 

The goals of these simulations are the following: 

1. To find optimum solution with respect of available X-ray technology, installation 

requirements, costs and instrument performance. 

2. To model the response of instruments at experimental conditions (count rates, resolution, 

simulated spectra). 

3. To find the optimized parameters of instruments for technical designs. 


Radiation hardness of X-ray optics for NESR seems not to be a problem due to the fact that this 

instrumentation is not exposed directly to the ion beam. On the other hand the expected intensities of 

X-rays at the NESR are small, requiring instead X-ray focusing elements. 


In design stage the results of the simulations will be used as well as the contacts with high-tech 

companies offering commercially focusing X-ray optics. 

48


Construction of polycapillary X-ray focusing optics (PXFO) and total reflection cylindrical mirror 

(TRCM) will be ordered by specialized company experienced in manufacturing the X-ray optics 

elements. 


The X-ray optics developed for X-ray experiments at the NESR need special tests of their quality 

(precision of fabrication, surface smoothness, coatings, alignment, specular characteristics, and 

focusing ratio). These acceptance tests can be performed using conventional X-ray tube and 

synchrotron radiation sources 


On-beam alignment test and calibration of the X-ray optics instrumentation is required to check in 

situ the performance (focusing, resolution) of the constructed focusing elements. 


Estimated beam time requests is 2 times 2 days beam time per instrument within half a year. 

B 3 1.3.5 µ-Strip Solid State Detectors 

Future spectroscopy experiments for hard X-rays will focus on dedicated transmission crystal 

spectrometer in combination with segmented µ-strip germanium X-ray detectors, developed at IKP, 

FZ Jülich [Pr01] (see Figure B3 17). As discussed above, a first test experiment was successfully 

conducted at the ESR in March 2003. Because of the expected very low count rate (a few events per 

hour) the µ-strip detectors are of particular importance. They permit the measurement of a position 

spectrum at the focus of the spectrometer which is wide enough to investigate the interesting energy 

regime simultaneously. In addition, the good energy and time resolution of such detectors enables 

discrimination against background events. 

Figure B3 17. First prototype µ-strip detector currently in operation at GSI (position 

resolution: 200 µm). The main part of the detector system: 200 low dissipation charge 

sensitive preamplifiers are placed on both sides of the printed board outside the cryostat. 

Recent experiments at the ESR storage ring revealed the need for two-dimensional strip detectors 

with their inherent advantages concerning spectroscopy and imaging capabilities as well as 

polarization sensitivity. For this purpose, a prototype germanium diode (70 mm x 41 mm, 11 mm 

thick) with a boron implanted contact and an amorphous Ge contact was developed at IKP FZ- 

Jülich [Pr05] (see Figure B3 18). A 128 strip structure on an area of 32 mm x 56 mm with a pitch of 

250 µm on the front contact (implanted) and 48 strip structure with a pitch of 1167 µm on the rear 

contact (amorphous Ge) are realized by means of plasma etching. The detector is mounted in a 

cryostat which will enable any orientation of the detector in respect to a photon source. Since, 

49

December 2004 this prototype 2D µ-strip detector is available for experiments at GSI (Figure B3 

19). For a dedicated 1s Lambshift experiment at least two of such detectors will be required. 

Figure B3 18. A 128 strip structure on an area of 32 mm x 56 mm with a pitch of 250 µm, 

surrounded by a guard-ring, was defined by means of photolithography on the implanted p + - 

contact. About 16 µm deep and 29 µm wide grooves were created by etching with SF6-plasma to 

separate the position sensitive elements (strips). On the a-Ge-contact 48 strips with a pitch of 

1167 µm, also surrounded by a guard-ring, were created using the same techniques as for the p + - 

contact. The 11 µm deep grooves were about 30 µm wide. 

Figure B3 19. 2D µ-strip detector: A 128 strip structure on an area of 32 mm x 56 mm with a pitch 

of 250µm on the front contact (implanted) and 48 strip structure with a pitch of 1167 µm on the rear 

contact (amorphous Ge) are realized with the help of plasma etching. The detector is mounted in a 

cryostat which will enable any orientation the detector in respect to a photon source. 

a. Simulations The specifications and the design of the first prototype 2D detector system are based 

on the requirements of the 1s Lamb shift experiments, i.e. optimized to the imaging characteristic of 

the FOCAL spectrometer obtained from detailed simulations and laboratory tests. The features of 

the prototype detector will now be checked in first test experiments in detail. These tests will be 

performed before the construction of an additional 2D detector needed for the 1s Lamb shift project. 


Based on the experience gained within the various photon spectroscopy experiments at the ESR 

jettarget, no radiation effects are expected. Radiation damage by neutrons is not an issue because of 

the low neutron dose rates at heavy ion storage rings. 


Design and construction of the new 2D detector will follow closely the already applied procedure 

for the prototype 2D detector already available for laboratory tests. 


50



Test experiments using the prototype 2D detector are already planned for the ESR storage ring. In 

addition, for the accurate determination of the response characteristics for these detectors (accuracy 

in position determination etc.) a beam time request at the ESRF synchrotron facility in Grenoble has 

been approved. A first run is expected to take place within the first half of 2005. 

B 3 1.3.6 Compton Polarimeter for Hard X-rays 

Particle and photon polarization phenomena occurring for relativistic heavy-ion beams in collisions 

with matter are of great importance for future experimental studies in the realm of atomic and 

nuclear physics. Very recently detailed theoretical investigations predicted that the process of 

radiative recombination may even reveal the degree of polarization of the particles involved in the 

interaction (electrons or ions) [Fr04,Su05], provided an experimental tool is available to measure 

precisely the orientation of the photon polarization vector with respect to the scattering plane. 

Experimentally, this topic can now be addressed with high efficiency by this new generation of 2D 

solid state detectors capable to provide energy as well as position information for the detected 

photons in the energy regime above 100 keV [St03]. Polarization measurements can then be 

performed with a large efficiency by exploiting the dependence of the differential Compton 

scattering cross-section on the linear polarization of the initial photon. This is depicted in Figure B3 

20, where the Compton scattering distribution for K-RR into the K-shell of bare uranium (400 

MeV/u U 92+ → N2 collisions) [St03] as observed at an observation angle of 90 degree is given. 

Figure B3 20. The left side of the figure shows the intensity pattern for Compton scattering of K- 

RR photons, observed at 90 0 observation angle. The blue and the red area refer to the intensity 

which was measured within and perpendicular to the scattering plane, respectively [St04,Ta04]. 

The complete intensity distribution for Compton scattering is depicted on the right side [Ta04]. 

The anisotropic intensity distribution observed in the figure points to a strong polarization of the 

K-RR radiation in the scattering plane. 

For accurate polarimetry of photons in the energy range of 50 keV up to 500 keV, we plan the 

development of a Compton telescope system consisting out of a 2D Si(Li) detector in combination 

with a 2D Ge(i) spectrometer. Recent success in the development of large-area Si(Li) orthogonalstrip 

detectors achieved at the Laboratory for Semiconductor Detectors at IKP (FZ-Jülich) has 

revealed their capability for applications in Compton-effect-based instruments. An inherent 

advantage of silicon is the dominance of Compton scattering in relation to the photoeffect. In 

51

silicon, Compton scattering dominates over photo absorption already at energy close to 50 keV 

whereas for germanium this crossover takes place at about 120 keV. Therefore, a Compton telescope 

using both a 2D Si(Li) for Compton scattering and a 2D Ge(i) systems for an effective stopping of 

the Compton scattered photon appears to be an ideal solution for photon polarimetry. Note that by 

this system for the very first time also inner shell bound-bound transitions in heavy atoms/ions (40 

keV to 100 keV) can be addressed in polarisation studies. More general, such a device can also be 

used as Compton imager allowing to access a wide range of applications (medical imaging, highenergy 

astrophysics etc.). For the particular case of accelerators and ion storage rings one 

challenging application of the imaging capability of such devises would be the effective control of 

the exact ion beam target interaction point. Finally we like to emphasize the combination of twodimensionally 

segmented semiconductor detectors with an electronic readout system which allows 

for time and energy measurement for each individual strip (alternatively one may also consider a 

pulse-shape processing). This enables via a drift time measurement to obtain a 3D position 

information for the photon interaction point within the detector. For a pixel size (strip pitch) of 2 

mm, an accuracy for the third dimension of about 0.5 mm at 122 keV seems to be a realistic goal. 

For the Compton telescope under discussion (see Figure B3 21) we aim for the following 

specifications: a set of 32x32 orthogonal strips with a pitch of 2 mm for both of the crystals (Si(Li) 

and Ge(i)). For the crystal thicknesses a value of 2 cm is desired. 

Figure B3 21. A Compton telescope system consisting out of a 2D/3D Si(Li) detector in combination 

with a 2D/3D Ge(i) spectrometer. The telescope has the following specification: 32x32 orthogonal 

strips with a pitch of 2 mm for both of the crystals (Si(Li) and Ge(i)). 

a. Simulations Detailed simulations based on experiments and laboratory tests using a 4x4 

germanium pixel detector were performed within the PHD thesis of S. Tashenov [Ta05]. The results 

were cross- checked on the basis of the EGS4 code. 


Radiation damage by neutrons is not an issue because of the low neutron dose rate observed in the 

ESR and expected for the NESR. 


Design and construction of the new 2D detector will follow closely the already applied procedure 

for the prototype 2D detector already available for laboratory tests. In particular, we will take 

advantage of the great experience in the design and construction of Compton polarimeter already 

collected at the Laboratory for Semiconductor Detectors at IKP (FZ-Jülich) [Pr05]. 

e. Acceptance Tests does not apply 



52


in position determination, polarization sensitivity etc.) beam times will be requested at the ESRF 

synchrotron facility in Grenoble (see also section 1.3.5). 

B 3 1.4 Electron Spectroscopy at the Internal Target 

With the new facilities, nuclear excitations in a broad range and in selective ways can be performed 

with stored bare ions or with ions carrying only one or few electrons. The precise measurement of 

conversion electron energies allows determination of electronic ground state binding energies at a 

level of ~ 3 ppm resulting in QED tests at a level of ~2 x 10 -3 for the 1s self energy in heavy ions. In 

this case the natural-line-width problem of excited atomic states is absent. Furthermore, from 

conversion coefficients, the electronic wave function at the site of the nucleus can be probed in the 

high Z regime as well as the influence of neighbour electrons via selected ionic charges. 

New insight into nuclear de-excitation schemes for radioactive and excited bare nuclei is expected 

from conversion electron spectroscopy [Ma88,Be99,Li03]. With the controlled way of selected 

ionic species together with particular nuclear states, the conversion decay can be studied at sensitive 

boundaries. These boundaries are adjusted by HFS-levels, selected electronic multiplet 

configurations (core + Rydberg state, core excited levels, externally applied magnetic or electric 

fields…). It will reveal details of the involved nuclear transition matrix elements, transition 

multipolarities, and spin-parity relations. The future facility offers a large variety of combinations of 

nuclear and ionic states. 

A zero degree electron spectrometer will be employed at the NESR internal target which takes 

advantage of the swift ion emitter’s solid angle transformation into the laboratory frame. This will 

enable high resolution studies of electrons resulting from atomic or nuclear processes in the range up 

to 1 MeV. Low cross section events with small emitted electron energy can be favorably measured 

with high sensitivity and resolution. Figure B3 22 displays the concept of our electron spectrometer 

system. The first of two main components [Ma88] is a dispersion-free 270 o dipole magnet with a 

large momentum acceptance of δp/p ~ 2.5. Electrons within a solid angle of ~ 1% are transported 

through a forward acceptance angle of ±2 o with respect to the projectile direction onto an 

intermediate focus outside and perpendicular to the beam line. A large acceptance results from a 

close distance of 150 mm to the interacting zone (internal gas jet) and a gap spacing of the dipole as 

required by the necessary vertical beam extension of greater than 80 mm. In horizontal direction, the 

dispersion plane, a beam extension of 250 mm is covered. 

Figure B3 23 shows the acceptance efficiency in dependence of the electron energy Ecm in the 

emitter’s frame. A solid state detector (Si-detector) allows fast measurements at low energy 

resolution as defined stringently by the kinematical broadening from the large angular acceptance. 

This resolution is adjustable by collimators at the expense of solid angle acceptance. For 

measurements with high resolution a second spectrometer replaces the solid state detector. A 

magnetic analyzer of large dispersion (r -1/2 – field, radius ~ 1 m, momentum resolution δp/p < 10 -4 , 

reproducibility ~ 10 -5 ) with angle-limiting collimator slits will be used. For 100 keV electrons a field 

strength of ~ 10 G has to be controlled at a level of

Figure B3 22. The 270 o dipole transport magnet, the high resolution double focusing spectrometer, 

beam compensating magnets, gas jet target position, electron gun for calibration and alternative 

solid detector (the numbers are given in mm). 

54

Efficiency % 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

E proj.= 500 MeV/u 

200 MeV/u 

0 

0 10 20 30 40 

Electron energy E / keV 

cm 

Figure B3 23. Acceptance of transport magnets as function of emitter electron energy for two 

projectile energies. 

a. Simulations and milestones 

Simulations of the electron optical properties of the instrument will be performed using a suitable 

program (OPERA) for transport calculations. In parallel, the geometrical construction and design 

will be conducted. Additionally, distoritons of the ions beam trajectory caused by the magnetic field 

of the spectrometer. This will allow to calculate and to design (performance and geometry) an 

additional compensation magnet. Once is handling such a simulation program, it will be used 

likewise for calculating and investigating the electron transport properties of the second part of 

spectrometer system, the high resolution instrument. A best choice between an iron free magnetic 

double focusing spectrometer and an iron based type as the BILL spectrometer [Ma78] will be made 

after these calculations are done. 

Immediately after the transport magnet is calculated and designed the magnet parts will be 

purchased. In connection with the technical spectrometer design a suitable scattering chamber fitting 

to the spectrometer performance and also covering additionally best possibilities for coincident Xray 

observations will be designed and constructed. This technical design work implements 

necessarily construction of frames and supports too, also with respect to the internal gas jet target. 

Time line: Dec. 2006. 

After the transport magnet is built it is time to have a first practical test of its imaging properties. 

Power supplies, standard electronics for controlling the magnet, electron detector will be ordered 

(and delivered) until ~ end of 2007. Either a simplified test vacuum chamber will be built and will 

be ready at that time to do the test, or the original target chamber for the NESR is already available. 

The test will be performed at any closed laboratory place at GSI by using radioactive conversion 

electron sources at some discrete energies above 100 keV and by using a low current electron gun 

for Ee below 100 keV. Additionally, both sources allow energy calibration of the spectrometer 

system. This simple test does not require noticeable efforts under radiation safety aspects. 

At this stage 2007 / 2008 the developing of an efficient electron detector for energies at a range from 

few keV up to

The second part of the spectrometer system, the high resolution spectrometer (HRS), will be 

investigated by simulations until 2006. Depending on the concept, construction and technical design 

for the field pole shoes (field carrying bodies) and for the defined UHV-vacuum vessels (including 

proper support structures) will be conducted until 2008. During 2008, UHV – valves, pumps, control 

electronics, and parts of the HRS will be ordered and purchased. 

Mounting and tests of the HRS are expected to take place in 2008 / 2009. In addition, tests will be 

performed for the HRS separately and in combination with the transport magnet. Quality and 

precision tests, e.g. the reproducibility and the sensitivity on external (varying) fields must be 

conducted. Calibrations will be done with electron sources as described above. 


For the electron spectrometer system inside the NESR (and at the HESR) with the considered lepton 

detectors including the necessary standard electronics we do not expect problems due to general 

radiation during ring operation. 


For analyzing electrons in forward direction a two stage magnetic electron spectrometer device will 

be designed with respect to a maximum solid angle acceptance balanced with a highest achievable 

momentum resolution. For designing the first part (transporter magnet, Figure B3 22) trajectory 

calculations will be performed. This also defines the design of the best geometry of target chamber 

which also has to fulfill the conditions for the gas jet target, beam volume operation and flanges for 

additional detectors (X-ray, recoil ions) and for an electron gun for calibration. Likewise 

compensation magnets to correct beam trajectory disturbance will be designed. The design of the 

high resolution spectrometer (HRS) follows after simulations of trajectory calculations have been 

performed. 


With the results from design studies the defined construction of the components of spectrometer 

system will be performed by experts of the collaboration (see chapter G). 


Manufactored parts (chamber, transporter- and correcting magnets, HRS, calibration electron gun 

etc.) will be tested step by step at a laboratory place at GSI and carried by the collaboration. Besides 

the functionality of components the UHV compatibility will be proofed by the UHV group. 


at first calibrations of instrumental components will be conducted during the acceptance test. This 

probes instrumental sensitivity, resolution, reproducibility, position sensitive detector. β-calibration 

sources and electron gun will be used. During operation with ion projectiles, known electron 

emission energies and cross sections from .atomic excitation, capture and ionization reactions are 

available. In particular, kinematical line shifts and line doubling from discrete projectile emitter 

lines and “cusp”-electrons are good calibrators. 


After the spectrometer components have been tested with calibration electron sources test beams of 

2 x 4 days at the ESR is requested in order to proceed the commissioning phase. This will detect 

possible unexpected effects in operation with storage ring beams. 

56

B 3 1.5 Extended Reaction Microscope 

We propose to build an extended reaction microscope for operation in the NESR of the future FAIR 

complex. The instrument consists of a large solid angle recoil and electron momentum spectrometer 

for recoiling target ions and slow electrons (described in B3.1.5) combined with an imaging forward 

electron spectrometer for fast projectile-emitted electrons (described in B3.1.5). Main goals for 

experiments at this time encompass kinematically complete investigations of 

a) atomic fragmentation/ multiple ionization and the associated many-electron continua in 

collisions induced by very highly charged ions which are characterized by very rapidly varying 

e-m fields with transient E-field amplitudes up to 2x10 16 V/cm. 

b) the nature of the ionization process in the non-perturbative regime in ion atom collisions close 

to threshold for very large Sommerfeld parameters q/v. 

c) (e,2e) electron impact ionization of ions. 

d) the short wavelength limit of the fundamental process of electron nucleus Bremsstrahlung. 

Experiments under a) can be investigated by the core reaction microscope alone, while those under 

b) and c) can only be investigated by the combination of core reaction microscope with the imaging 

forward electron spectrometer; experiments under d) will use the imaging forward electron 

spectrometer in combination with segmented HP Ge detectors. 

B 3 1.5.1 Large Solid Angle Spectrometer for Recoil Ions and Low Energy Electrons 

An Extended Reaction Microscope design has been chosen for the experiments on fundamental 

processes of ionization and Bremsstrahlung as these instruments combine in a unique fashion a very 

large solid angle with vector momentum identification of all reaction products. Thus, they are best 

suited for kinematically complete measurements of single and multiple ionization and excitation 

processes in the categories of ion-atom and electron-ion collisions. Such measurements necessarily 

cover a very large range of momentum transfers and require magnetic spectrometers for both 

electrons (from meV to MeV energies) and for the recoil ions. 

The spectrometer is designed to serve experiments in the NESR and the LSR, as experiments in the 

respective rings do not demand change of detector configurations. For the experimental location at 

the LSR a supersonic jet gas target is required of a similar performance as the one to be installed at 

the NESR. In the LSR due to a greater proximity of the last skimmer of the jet to the target zone the 

required target density can be achieved with significantly more moderate means. 

In the standard strictly linear longitudinal configuration of the reaction microscope [Ul03], [Ul97] 

(see Table B3 3) a small longitudinal magnetic B-field and a longitudinal electric extraction E-field 

are generated around the target zone by a pair of Helmholtz coils and resistive potential plates, 

respectively. Low-energy electrons with an energy from few meV up to 1000 eV and recoil ions 

with initial energies of typically meV are extracted from the target zone with small extraction 

voltages of approximately 30V and then guided along the magnetic field lines onto 2D positionsensitive 

detectors positioned a few degrees from the primary beam direction. In experiments at 

relativistic velocities the pertinent projectile inner shell ionization cross sections are typically a few 

barn. However, associated target ionization cross sections (e.g. He) are typically of the order 10 -15 

cm 2 [Ko02].The almost unsurpassed collection efficiency of a reaction microscope entails a severe 

complication: the total ionization cross section is almost universally dominated by processes with 

minimum momentum transfer q. So electrons with high multiplicity and very low energy in their 

respective emitter frame (i.e. laboratory frame for ionized target atoms and projectile frame for 

ionized projectiles, respectively) and low-energy recoil ions constitute the overwhelming share of 

57

charged particles produced in these collisions. This needs to be taken into consideration when 

designing spectrometers with near 4π solid angle, as proposed here for the reaction microscope. 


Experiments under consideration cover the coincident detection of scattered projectiles, electrons 

with energies between meV and approx. 1 MeV and recoiling target ions with energies in the range 

of meV. 


Large area 2D electron detectors with high position resolution have to be developed which match 

the electro-optical properties of the spectrometers, particularly taking into consideration the one-toone 

mapping of electron and recoil vector momenta. It is planned to focus on the triple layer Hex- 

Anode design due to their spatial resolving power of fractions of a mm and an increased efficiency 

in multihit resolution. 

ii. of the beam , electrons and recoil ion trajectories 

It is the goal to derive initial momenta and momentum correlations between particles participating in 

the collision, so a straightforward kinematic relation of their detection location on 2D position 

sensitive detectors plus time of flight TOF of all particles is essential. All electrons with energies ≤ 

1keV and recoiling target ions are guided by common E- and B- fields onto their respective 

detectors. For this purpose we have begun numerical simulation studies using the OPERA code for 

trajectories of electrons and ions in different sets of two large aperture toroidal magnetic guiding 

systems for low-energy electrons and recoil ions, respectively. These calculations for a variety of 

coil configurations will result in an optimal geometric B-field design. The physics needs determine 

the targeted precision: the azimuthal angular resolution for electrons in the low energy-electron 

branch (scattering plane) of the reaction microscope is determined by time resolution and 

longitudinal B-field, this puts constraints on useful geometric target dimensions; the simultaneous 

determination of the relative azimuthal angle of fast and slow electrons in (e,2e) experiments for 

example determines the scattering plane. 


Additional adverse conditions in storage ring environments with beam energies up to few 100 

MeV/u such as secondary ions produced with very large range of kinetic energies etc. contribute to 

a significant level of background seen by all those detectors, which are situated physically close to 

the orbiting beam (i.e. few cm to the orbiting beam). It is therefore important to remove the large 

area 2D position sensitive detectors for low-energy electrons and recoiling target ions from the 

direct view of the target zone or at least from the proximity of the coasting beams. 

The experience at the ESR advises to particularly address the problem of HF noise interfering with 

channelplate detectors (Figure B3 24) and the associated fast electronics. Careful shielding of all 

signal paths from their origin at detectors in the vicinity of the target zone is mandatory; the 

complete shielding of channelplate based detectors is complex when a significant loss in detection 

efficiency is to be avoided. We found that for experiments in environments where also short-pulse 

lasers are involved several nested shieldings of detectors are necessary. 

58

electron 

spectrometer 

fluorescence 

detection 

59 

gas jet 

ESR 

beam 

X-ray chamber or 

reaction microscope 

with Helmholtz coils 

Figure B3 24. The present ESR target area is built up of modular components: the gas-jet system is 

adapted to a versatile exchangeable chamber. In the current configuration, a recoil ion and electron 

momentum spectrometer at the middle part allows a kinematical analysis of low-energy recoil ions 

and low energy electrons in combination with a forward electron spectrometer for electrons emitted 

in a narrow cone around the projectile direction. All components are separately placed and 

removable outside of the target area. This allows for an easy access of different detector systems 

(e.g. photon spectrometer) to the collision centre. For the NESR, an even higher flexibility will be 

obtained for components with considerably larger apertures. 


In spectrometers with near 4π efficiency the largest reaction cross section involved determines the 

rate at which particles are registered in any detector. Thus, electrons due to target ionization may 

overload the low energy electron detectors and mask any electron from lower cross section 

processes. It so appears that the large dynamic range of cross sections involved in these studies 

makes it necessary, particularly for projectile ionization experiments, to part with the conventional 

concept of a purely linear TOF design for low energy electrons and recoil ions in the reaction 

microscope. Based on the results of the electron- and ion optical calculations a final decision about 

the geometry will be made. As the conventional concept works exceedingly well in single pass 

operation and for single ionization (SI) of systems with low binding energies [Ul03] as the cross 

sections under study are of a magnitude comparable to He ionization a flexible solutions for field 

configurations is under study. 

We will -among other options- investigate configurations which are slight modifications of the 

successful standard configuration where the extraction E-field/ guiding B-field are parallel but 

configured at an angle of typically 10 0 with respect to the projectile axis. On the other hand, in order 

to assure optimal background free performance and unambiguous attribution of electrons and recoil 

ions detected with the respective process under investigation magnetically dispersive toroidal 

configurations will be studied thus preserving largely the longitudinal extraction configuration 

originally chosen by Ullrich and co-workers [Ul97]. For this purpose we have begun numerical 

simulation studies using the OPERA code for trajectories of electrons and ions in a set of two large 

aperture toroidal magnetic guiding systems for low-energy electrons and recoil ions (see Figure B3 

25), respectively. These will be used for studies of relativistic and QED effects in kinematically 

complete electron impact ionization of H-like U 91+ [Ke99],[Na99]. 


It is planned to build a small pilot instrument after completion of the ion/electro-optical design 

phase to be implemented and extensively tested at the UNILAC. Technical aspects as the question

of materials to be used in a UHV environment with typical pressures of 1 10 -11 mbar will benefit 

greatly from the current instrument scheduled to be implemented in the ESR in fall 2005. 

Table B3 3. Some tentative Properties of the Recoil and Electron Momentum Spectrometer Section 

of the Extended Reaction Microscope. 

Electric extraction field typ. 5 V/cm 

Magnetic guiding field typ. ≤ 50G 

recoil detector size 80 mm Ø 

recoil detector solid angle dΩ ∼ 4π 

momentum resolution ∆p/p ∼ few10 -2 

low energy electrons energy 

meV to1000eV 

cross section beam/jet ≤3 x 3 mm 

60 

dΩ ∼ 4π 

∆p/p ∼ 10 -2 

Figure B3 25. Combined recoil and low energy electron spectrometer as part of the Extended 

Reaction Microscope in the NESR. The forward imaging electron spectrometer will be following 

directly downstream to the right. The large difference in momenta of the slow (very much below 1 

keV) and the fast electron helps to minimize possible effects of the toroidal coils on the fast electrons 

moving with near projectile velocity 


Individual parts foreseen to be manufactured by external enterprises will undergo extensive testing 

by the UVH group as is current practice for every instrument to be implemented in the ESR. 


Calibration of the instrument is most reliably performed via standard well known atomic ionization 

and capture reaction. The addition of a fast pulsed electron gun greatly facilitates this procedure. 


Extensive test experiments using various beams from the UNILAC will be executed with the pilot 

instrument to map all essential parameters. 

B 3 1.5.2 Imaging Fast Forward Electron Spectrometer 

For kinematically complete spectroscopic studies of electrons ionized out of the projectile and for 

kinematically complete studies of the electron – nucleus Bremsstrahlung process [Ja03,Ha04] 

(where an electron appears captured into the projectile continuum) an imaging forward electron

spectrometer is required to map vector momenta of electrons with velocities close to the projectile 

velocity i.e. with energies up to approximately one MeV. 

In projectile ionization the electron ionized out of the projectile carries little momentum with respect 

to the projectile nucleus as processes with minimum momentum transfer dominate ionization 

processes. Thus, these electrons appear in the laboratory with nearly the projectile velocity and with 

emission angles close to 0 0 with respect to the beam axis. For high resolution spectroscopy of such 

electrons an imaging magnetic spectrometer matching the reaction microscope will be designed for 

forward electrons emitted with 0 0 ± 6 0 around the projectile beam axis and ve ~ vProjectile to ve ~ 

2vProjectile. The requirements for this forward electron spectrometer are determined by its purpose of 

operation: reconstruction of the primary vector momenta of electrons ionized out of the projectile 

after momentum analysis. The information on the scattering plane is contained in the respective 

azimuthal angles of the fast electron in the imaging forward electron spectrometer and either the 

slow electron mapped in the core reaction microscope, or the x ray photon, respectively, detected in 

a 3D position sensitive pixel detector in the case of the fundamental process of electron nucleus 

Bremsstrahlung. The anisotropy in the azimuthal distribution appears imaged onto 2D position 

sensitive electron detectors. 


In the following we only discuss the configuration of the electron spectrometer and will not address 

the X-ray detectors needed additionally for the fundamental process of the electron nucleus 

Bremsstrahlung; the 3d position sensitive pixel detectors are extensively discussed in the section of 

photon detectors and their sensitivity for determining the polarization of the detected photon is an 

additional powerful tool in the study of the dynamics of Bremsstrahlung. Only the electron 

spectrometer and its detector is discussed here. 

i. of the detectors for electrons 

The range of electron energies to be covered by the forward spectrometer is ~ 50keV to ~ 1MeV 

corresponding to maximum specific energies of ~ 800 MeV/u. The lower part of this range is well 

covered by channelplate-based 2D-position sensitive detectors with spatial resolution of fractions of 

a mm and a multihit capability; these detectors are based on the hexagonal anode design of 

Roentdek. We plan to extend the usefulness of these current, extremely powerful 2D position 

sensitive multihit-capable electron detectors from presently 50 keV to 1 MeV electron kinetic 

energy; we will test converters with appropriate negative electron affinity for which highly efficient 

generation of low energy electrons from incident high energy electrons has been reported. Initial 

tests simply using an appropriately biased plate in front of a Chevron configuration and a 207 Bi 

source providing electron energies of ~500 keV and ~1 MeV show very encouraging results. At the 

same time other designs for position sensitive detectors covering the upper energy range, like 

diamond detectors and Si-Pin diode detectors, will be studied for multihit capabilities. 

ii. of the beam , trajectories of forward emitted electrons 

The requirements of reconstruction of the vector momenta of all emitted electrons from a collision 

event under investigation and establishing their mutual relation translate into electron optics which 

permit an option for a telescopic mode with magnification |Mx| = |My| = 1. This can be met e.g. by a 

design which consists of a 60° dipole magnet, a large-aperture quadrupole triplet followed by 

another 60° dipole. Table B3 4 lists parameters of an instrument currently implemented in the ESR 

which is conceptually similar to the one planned for the NESR, however the new instrument will be 

designed with a larger acceptance solid angle. In another mode of operation this spectrometer shall 

only momentum analyze electrons with high resolution and map them onto a detector. 

In the telescopic mode - mainly used in conjunction with the reaction microscope or in experiments 

on the fundamental process of electro- nucleus Bremsstrahlung- it permits that for electrons the 

collision plane and momentum and emission direction of all particles emerging from an ionization 

61

event is reconstructed by means of a two-dimensional, position-sensitive detector. Electron beam 

optics calculations with the MIRKO code have already started, a sample trajectory calculation as 

performed for the current ESR spectrometer is given in Figure B3 26. Calculations with the higher 

order GICO [Gi] code will follow. 

Figure B3 26. Electron transport through current ESR imaging forward electron spectrometer onto 

2D position sensitive electron detector. 


The only part of the instrument close to the coasting ion beam is the first dipole magnet of the 

spectrometer. With its aperture designed not to obstruct the circulating beams no particular need 

exceeding those of standard NESR beam line elements are foreseen. The two-dimensional position 

sensitive detector for energetic electrons with energies up to 1 MeV is situated approximately 2m 

from the beam line and no background particle can reach it with less than two collisions with the 

vacuum vessel. All types of two-dimensional position sensitive detector configurations under 

consideration, CP-based detectors, Si-PIN detectors etc. have been established to perform well under 

these circumstances or much more adverse environments. 

62

Figure B3 27. Top view on the jet target area with the current ESR 0 0 imaging electron 

spectrometer. The space requirements of one arm of the FOCAL high resolution X-ray crystal 

spectrometer are indicated by the footprint. The new instrument will conceptually have optical 

properties closely related to the above imaged one. 


The electro-optics calculations for the forward spectrometer will determine the geometry for the 

dipole magnets, i.e. deflection angle etc. We weigh the option of transporting broader momentum 

bands with the advantage of increased coincidence efficiency against the higher momentum 

resolution; this flexibility of design can be accomplished, when the deflection sense of the second 

dipole can be switched. A flexible chamber for the second dipole is to be designed to facilitate such 

changes without major rebuilds. 

Dipole magnets and the large aperture quadrupole triplet will be manufactured by external 

commercial enterprises following the electro-optical design needed. Remaining vacuum chambers 

and frames may be designed and built in-house. A schematic view of the present forward electron 

spectrometer as currently implemented in the ESR jet target region is given in Figure B3 27. This 

new instrument is intended to allow the covering of a much larger phase space of the projectile 

continuum than previously possible. 

Table B3 4. Parameters of present ESR 0 0 Imaging Electron Spectrometer associated with recoiland 

electron momentum spectrometer. 

60 0 Dipol-Quad.Triplet-60 0 Dipole 

detector : 2D position sensitive multi-hit capable 

electron detector (80mmØ) 

aperture: 250mm(horiz.) x 100mm(vert.) 

Radius of curvature: reff = 229mm (measured) 

rcalc = 226mm 

electron energy range 10 keV – 600keV 

acceptance angle 0 0 ± 3 0 minimum 

momentum resolution p/∆p ~1600 

telescopic mode |Mx| = |My|=1 


63

The electro-optical elements will be designed and then manufactured by outside commercial vendors 

following standard procedures of the GSI magnet group. Hardware like magnet stands and frames, 

collimating slits, vacuum chambers and all associated fittings can be purchased commercially or be 

built in house. 


The magnet group will perform all standard tests and field mappings on the site of the manufacturer 

and subsequently at GSI to establish that the modules of the instrument conform to the 

specifications. 

f.+g. Calibration and Requests for Test Beams 

The instrument will after completion of acceptance tests be energy-calibrated using beta-sources. 

The electro-optical performance will be tested as well during this procedure. Before implementation 

into the storage ring the spectrometer will undergo extensive tests on the background suppression 

with beams at the low energy Cave A 

B 3 1.6 Laser Experiments at the NESR 

The NESR will be one of the work-horses for atomic physics experiments with highly-charge stable 

and radioactive ions. The situation at the cooler-storage ring especially favors the direct application 

of laser techniques to the accelerated heavy-ion beams. This has been exploited at the ESR for 

precision experiments on highly-charged ions, for laser cooling, and for the study of photon-assisted 

charge changing transitions in the cooler. The properties of the NESR, and its function within the 

FAIR accelerator facility will offer unique possibilities for several laser experiments. The scope of 

possible experiments will be dramatically expanded due to the capability to produce intense 

radioactive beams, the higher beam velocity as compared to the ESR, and additional features like 

e.g. the electron collider installation. Together with the further improved detection possibilities for 

particles and photons around the ring this will enable completely new experiments, exploring the 

electromagnetic interaction in extreme fields and the interplay of electronic and nuclear excitations 

as well as ground state properties of radioactive ions. 

Experiments will therefore reach into four different regimes of laser interactions: 

1. Visible laser interaction at medium intensities for precision spectroscopy, targeting tests of 

Special Relativity and QED. 

2. Visible laser interaction at ultra-high intensities for the study of electronic and nuclearelectronic 

phenomena at high bound-electron energies. 

3. X-ray laser spectroscopy of lithium-like radioactive ions for the determination of nuclear 

properties. 

4. Production of hard X-rays by Thomson backscattering in the electron collider. 

The SPARC proposal denotes the following laser proposals for this location: 

1. Laser spectroscopy and laser optical pumping of the ground-state hyperfine structure. 

2. X-ray laser spectroscopy of Li-like ions. 

3. Precision laser spectroscopy as a test of Special Relativity. 

4. Interaction of ultra-high intensity laser pulses with heavy ions. 

5. Use of Thomson backscattering from the electron collider for the production of energetic 

photons. 

64

B 3 1.6.1 Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Optical Pumping of the Ground-State Hyperfine 

Structure 

Laser spectroscopy of the ground state hyperfine structure of highly charged ions was performed on 

selected cases at the ESR (Figure B3 28). It has the potential to provide high precision data on the 

QED effects in highly charged systems with an accuracy exceeding 10 -6 of first order QED. So far 

the usefulness is restricted by the problem to discriminate against nuclear contributions. At NESR 

the availability of intense beams of radioactive isotopes will allow the separation of these, and in 

return also provide a sensitive method to determine the nuclear magnetic moment and its 

distribution in radioactive species. Through the effect of optical pumping laser excitation can also be 

used as a method to create polarization of the nucleus relative to the axis of the laser. 



The photon detector used will be similar to the one used at ESR. Recent improvements have 

tried to use novel photo diodes instead of photo multipliers, and improved light collection. 

This requires further work. Optical pumping will be detected by a special X-ray detection 

after recombination in the gas jet. This scheme has been verified in recent experiments at the 

ESR. Simulations for different types and degrees of polarization have to be performed. 


At ESR, the ion beam in the excitation/detection region has to be parallel to better than 0.1 

mrad. It would be desirable to have beams of less than 5 mm diameter available. Practicable 

beam parameters have to be verified. 


Is sufficiently known from other ESR experiments. Tests with novel photo diodes might be 

necessary. 


It is planned to use the left straight section (gas-jet target section) and lower straight section as both 

excitation and detection region. Therefore, at each side of this section, two observation windows for 

the incoming and for the outcoming laser beam have to be installed. Moreover, some space for laser 

beam arrangements and for laser beam stabilization should be foreseen in front of the optical 

windows at the NESR location. 

A (removable) detection section of at least 1.5 m for the installation of (three) photomultipliers has 

to be included, in order to detect photon signals vertical to the ion beam propagation. Because of an 

asymmetric expansion of the fluorescence light at such high ion velocities, also mirrors have to be 

built in the ion beam region at the photomultiplier locations for a better detection of optical signals. 

65

Figure B3 28. Bakeable mirror and detection set-up inside the VUHV-vacuum as realized in the ESR 

The required control of the overlapping of the laser beam with the ion beam should not only be 

achieved by the use of photomultipliers, but also by the use of scrapers which have to be installed in 

the experiment region for the determination of the ion beam position. 


Two detection sections, beam position controls, laser window arrangements with injection mirror 

and position control have to be prepared for installation at the NESR 


Milestones are: 

• Ion beam simulation 2005. 

• Test experiments at ESR 2006-2008. 

• Design of detection section (2.phase: tests at ESR) 2007. 

• Design of laser installation 2007. 

• Acceptance test of detection section including test of the optical quality and UHV 

requirements 2008. 

• Acceptance test of entrance window section including test of the optical quality and UHV 

requirements 2009. 

• Completion of laser installation 2009. 


Self calibrating, the experiment will result also in a reference value for the beam velocity 


A pre-stage of the experiment is proposed at the ESR. 

B 3 1.6.2 X-ray Laser Spectroscopy of Li-Like Ions 

66

η 

0,9 

0,8 

0,7 

0,6 

0,5 

0,4 

0,3 

0,2 

rigidity 

cooler voltage 

52 62 72 

nuclear charge Z 

82 92 

67 

14,7 nm 

13,9 nm 

12 nm 

Figure B3 29. Excitation spectrum of lithium-like uranium. The 2s1/2 to 2p1/2 transition 

energy of 280 eV is within the range of laser-pumped X-ray lasers which will be capable of a 

reasonable repetition rate and intensity in the near future The photon energy is strongly 

shifted by the Doppler effect. This reduces the requirement for the X-ray laser. 

X-ray laser spectroscopy of Li-like heavy ions is a promising tool to provide data on the charge 

radius and nuclear moments for a large variety of stable and radioactive isotopes. Due to the large 

Doppler shift the 2 S – 2 P transition in all Li-like ions up to Li-like uranium can be reached with 

state-of-the-art X-ray lasers (Figure B3 20). A prototype laser system in Ni-like zirconium was 

recently demonstrated at the PHELIX laser. Using the transient traveling-wave excitation scheme 

intense lasing was achieved at less than 5 J input energy, giving a perspective for pumping at 

relatively high repetition rate. 



The experiment requires the efficient detection of X-ray photons in the range between 100 keV and 

900 keV. For this a special detection section of L ~ 1.5 m has to be designed, requiring extensive 

ray-tracing simulations. 


Requirements for the beam quality are: Diameter < 5 mm, divergence < 0.1 mrad . A specific 

problem of the NESR is the merging of the laser and ion beam, due to the still undefined supraconducting 

dipole magnets. 


Background influence on the life time of the detector has to be studied 


It is planned to use the left straight section (gas-jet target section) as both excitation and detection 

region. For this experiment, the X-ray laser beam has to be transported from the laser to the NESR 

in a vacuum tube. This has to be designed to fit together with the NESR dipole magnets. 

Considerable design effort has to go into the optimisation of the X-ray laser. Goal is the 

improvement of the beam quality and the repetition rate. 

d. Construction

Set-up of the laser and the laser beam pass will require massive effort. Although a prototype laser at 

56 eV was demonstrated at PHELIX, development towards higher photon energy and higher 

repetition rate is necessary. An international collaboration pursuing these goals has been formed. 

Figure B3 30. X-ray laser set-up at PHELIX laser providing 56 eV photon energy. 



• Ion beam simulation 2005 

• Design of detection section (2.phase: tests at ESR) 2005 

• Design and test of laser installation 2005 

• Test experiments at ESR 2006-2008 


requirements 2008 



• Completion of laser installation 2009 

f.+g. Calibration and Requests for Test Beams 

Test beams have to be made available at the ESR (extracted beam in the "Re-injection tunnel", in 

front of the HITRAP experiment. 

B 3 1.6.3 Precision Laser Spectroscopy as a Test of Special Relativity 

An Ives-Stilwell experiment at NESR is expected to improve the upper limit for the time dilation 

test parameter α by two orders of magnitude to the 10 -9 level. Beyond the kinematical test of special 

relativity these precision experiments at high velocity relative to the (apparent and dark) masses of 

our galaxy are unique for probing any velocity dependent mass change of the electrons in the fast 

moving ions. 



Not applicable 


A necessary precondition is the investigation of possibilities to prepare beams of applicable 

ion species in the new scenario. For the ESR, a proposal to prepare and accelerate singly 

68

charge Li-ions in the meta-stable state is under preparation. For the NESR the transport of 

such ions through SIS 100 to the NESR has to be studied. At ESR, the ion beam in the 

excitation/detection region has to be parallel to better than 0.1 mrad. 


Is sufficiently known from other ESR experiments 



excitation and detection region as in the case of M1 spectroscopy. Additional space for laser beam 

arrangements and for laser beam stabilization should be foreseen in front of the optical windows at 

the NESR location. Furthermore, the implementation of the experiment into the NESR requires: 

• The injection of two counter-propagating laser beams with high optical quality in at least 

one straight section. The two beams have strongly different wavelengths in the near-IR and 

the deep UV (120 nm). 

• Control of the position and overlay of the ion- and laser-beam. 

• Insertion of at least two spatially separated detection sections into the straight section. 

In addition a suitable arrangement for the preparation of an applicable low-charged ion beam has to 

be designed.After the choice of the ion to be used, the laser systems have to be designed 


Two detection sections, beam position controls, laser window arrangements with injection mirror 

and position control have to be prepared for installation at the NESR. 



• Ion and laser beam simulation 2005 

• Test experiments at ESR 2005-2007 

• Design of detection section (2.phase: tests at ESR) 2005 








Self calibrating, the experiment will result also in a reference value for the beam velocity 


A pre-stage of the experiment is proposed at the ESR. With this experiment specific issues 

concerning the high ion energy and the availability of ions in suitable metastable states have to be 

tested. 

B 3 1.6.4 Interaction of Ultra-High Intensity Laser Pulses with Heavy Ions 

In highly charged ions the binding field is much higher than the field strength even the most intense 

lasers can produce. Nevertheless the electrons within the ion and the interacting electrons in the case 

of an additional external target are subject to strong accelerations. This means that processes that 

69

would normally saturate due to the inset of field-ionization will be allowed to reach into a new 

regime. In the case of the ion itself, this applies to the generation of high harmonics, limited only by 

the threshold of photoionization by the generated high-energy photons. An important factor, 

different to the situation at rest, will be the relativistic ion velocity. 

In the case of electron-ion collisions, the massive modification by the relativistic acceleration of the 

electrons will dominate the interaction characteristics. 



The photon detector used will be similar to the one used at ESR. Detectors for charge 

changed ions, electrons and other particles will be necessary. It is understood, that such 

detectors will be available. Particle trajectories have to be studied to verify usefulness. 


The laser beam has to be focused to obtain ultra-high intensities. This requires entrance 

windows allowing entrance close to the beam with some small interaction angle. Optimum 

arrangement has to be verified. 


The intense laser pulse can create EMI pulses when hitting surfaces. This has to be avoided by direct 

coupling into the vacuum. 



excitation and detection region. Some space for laser beam arrangements and for laser beam 

focalization should be foreseen in front of the entrance sections at the NESR location. 


Two detection sections, beam position controls, laser entrance ports with injection mirror and 

position control have to be prepared for installation at the NESR 



• Ion beam simulation 2005 

• Design of detection section 2006 


• Test experiments at EBIT 2005-2008 

• Acceptance test of entrance section including test of the optical beam quality and UHV 




not applicable 


The test will be done off-line at EBIT, after installation laser test at NESR without ion beam will be 

necessary. 

B 3 1.6.5 Use of Thomson Backscattering from the Electron Collider for the Production of 

Energetic Photons 

Back-scattering of ultra-intense laser pulses from the electrons in the electron-collider section 

provides an attractive capability to produce energetic X-rays in the MeV domain (Figure B3 31). 

70

The intensity of the X-ray source is in principal only limited by the number of electrons in the 

electron bunches, which could reach into the 10 11 regime. The photon energy is given by the twice 

Doppler-shifted original photon energy by EX-ray = 4 γ 2 Ephoton. 

The geometry of the electron collider will allow to have a perfect geometrical overlap of these 

photons with the stored ions, favorable for interaction studies. 

Figure B3 31. Backscattering of laser light from relativistic electrons produces energetic X-rays in 

the MeV regime. 


i. of the detectors: 

The experiment requires the efficient detection of X-ray photons in the range between 100 keV and 

5 MeV. For this a special detection section of L ~ 1.5 m has to be designed, requiring extensive raytracing 

simulations 

ii. of the beam: 

Requirements for the beam quality are: The electron beam has to be merged with the down-focused 

laser beam at a beam size below 100 micrometer. 


Background influence on the life time of the detector has to be studied. 


It is planned to use the electron scattering section. For this experiment, the ultra-high intensity laser 

beam has to be merged with the electron beam in the NESR in a vacuum tube. This has to be 

designed to fit together with the NESR dipole magnets. Considerable design effort has to go into the 

optimisation of the ultra-high intensity laser. Goal is the improvement of the beam quality and the 

repetition rate. 


Besides the laser system itself, which will probably be a variant of the pumping laser for the X-ray 

laser, the laser entrance and exit windows for the ultra-intense laser have to be implemented into the 

NESR vacuum. Close to the laser entrance also the detection for the detection and analysis of the 

backscattered photons has to be mounted. For the alignment diagnostics detectors will be used in 

common with the electron and ion beams. 


Vacuum compatibility of the laser injection section has to be proven. Laser power has to exceed 50 

TWatt. 



71


Tests without the ion beam have to be scheduled. Properties of the electron collider have to be 

verified. 

72

B 3 2 Trigger, DACQ, Controls, On-line/Off-line Computing 

B 3 2.1 Electron Target 

The complexity of the trigger for the planned DR experiments is based on the complex multilayer 

integration of the ring components and of the detector signals and controls of the experiment. This 

can be easily demonstrated as follows: Synchronization signals from the CR and NESR kickers 

signal the beginning of a new stack. The cooling of the beam has to be signaled consecutively. 

During the stacking and during the cooling, the ramps for the next series of measurements are 

transmitted to the electron target controls. The algorithms to calculate the steps and the time 

windows of the ramps take into account the proper scanning of the expected resonances with 

emphases on relevant region of interest. After the beam is cooled, the HV of the electron target is 

swept accordingly, and its values—checked for consistency—are nothing but the relevant abscissa 

of the measurement. The ordinate is given by the number of particles that were Bρ-analyzed by the 

next NESR dipole section and detected by a particle detector, which is part of the ring ancillaries. 

Every step of the ramp is time-differentially normalized to the ion intensity, measured by the NESR 

ion-current transformer and/or by the residual gas position monitor used as a SEETRAM. The 

values are double-checked by the rate of ions that have captured one electron in the main cooler, 

corrected by the background measured with the particle detectors after the other dipole sections. 

Note that the trigger is a combination of deterministic and stochastic signals and that some of the 

signals are pertinent to a second-level trigger. A comprehensive example of such a signal is the FFT 

of a Schottky noise, where the time needed fore a record is unequivocally given by the Fourier's 

inequity. In other words, the trigger, DACQ, and the controls of the measurement are to a high and 

complex degree interlaced with the accelerator controls. Thus, the future development of the 

accelerator controls should be done in close collaboration with the experiments in order to define 

and standardize interfaces, protocols, campus timing and standard system time stamps, as well as 

master-slave relations of the particular subsystems. 

B 3 2.2 Internal Target 

The internal target should provide gate/veto signals for the experiments which reflect the status of 

the jet. In addition information about the jet density should be provided. Also into should be 

possible to have a event controlled target operation, events defined by the NESR operation. 

B 3 2.3 Photon Spectroscopy 

Crystal Spectrometers for Soft and Hard X Rays 

Electronics and computing demands for spectrometer controls are very moderate. Resources are 

mainly needed for the operation of several two-dimensional germanium strip detectors. The 

necessary effort will be specified below. The X-rays are measured in coincidence with ions having 

lost one charge unit in the beam–gas interaction. Therefore an operating particle detector is needed. 

Calorimeter 

DSP based DAQ have already been developed by the Cfa and the Mainz detector groups and 

adjusted for the characteristics of the individual calorimeter systems. 

X-ray optics for photon spectroscopy 

Standard electronics and DACQ systems as well as computing facilities, which are/will be available 

at GSI/FAIR are required 

µ-Strip Solid State Detectors 

for the operation of the µ-strip solid state detectors it is planned to process 128 channels (strips) of 

the individual detector system. The electronic readout will be based on a VME system (ADC, TDC 

73

and CFT) using in addition NIM amplifiers and fast amplifiers with high integration density (16 

channels per module). The settings of the amplifiers, pre-amplifiers and CFT modules will be 

managed by slow controls. Currently, one prototype system is already in preparation at GSI. In 

addition, data transfer and processing will be based on the MBS system developed at GSI. Slow 

controls are required for the HV settings/control as well as for liquid nitrogen filling and 

temperature controls. For the latter a Labview based control system will be used. 

Polarimeter for Hard X-rays 

Polarimetry and imaging in the hard X-ray regime based on segmented strip detectors with a pitch of 

2mm it is desired to develop a pulse shape sensitive data acquisition system allow to improved the 

position sensitivity ab at least a factor of 4 compared to crystal segmentation. The latter required 

both hardware and software development. The system to be developed will be based on the fast, 

continuous sampling of the detector signals and on the on-line digital signal processing. This system 

is modular and allows for easy scaling. A 16 channel board is the basic unit and a first prototype is 

already available. Each read-out channel is composed of amplifier, analogue to digit converter and 

memory. Digital data are sent with one multi-wire cable from all boards to the DSP-based VME 

module. The DSP runs an algorithm allowing for measurement of interesting physical parameters, 

e.g. energy, time, position of the absorbed photon. Thus, it is possible to reconstruct, with high 

resolution, a three dimensional event in the detector volume. The data are then accessed from the 

VME crate controller to be stored on disk. 

Features: 

• Read-out electronics mounted on the detector 

• 12-bit ADC for each detector channel, 

• Low noise pick-up, 

• Low channel to channel cross talk, 

• Modular construction based on 16-channel board, 

• Multi-level buffering, fast data taking, 

• Fast digital data transport from the detector to the VME crate, 

• On-line data processing by the DSP in the VME module, 

• Low cost per channel, 

The new read-out idea is based on the continuous sampling of the detector output signals. Front-end 

pre-amplifiers connected directly to the Ge detector remain beyond the scope of the project. Output 

signals from the pre-amplifiers are the input signals to the proposed system. The system is located as 

close to the detector as possible. The LEMO type coaxial cables connecting the front-end to the 

inputs are short (less than 1m) and have low capacitance. When the trigger signal appears, a predefined 

number of digital samples taken before and after the trigger signal is stored in the FIFO 

[First In First Out] memory in each channel. The proposed sampling frequency is 64 MHz – thus a 

sample is taken every 15.625 ns. The number of samples collected in the FIFO memory associated 

with a given trigger is defined by the length of the time window selectable the the user. The length 

of the time window is in the range of 0.1 to 4 µs. 

B 3 2.4 Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target 

This experiment will use standard electronics, control of jet target, cooler signal, bunch signal, 

charge changing detectors, general machine operation signals. 


In experiments with the extended reaction microscope low energy electrons with multiplicities 

between 1 and 6, recoiling target ions, X-ray photons and charge changed projectiles will be 

measured in coincidence. Particle detectors for projectiles having lost or captured an electron are 

thus needed in a location following the first main dipole behind the super sonic target. 

a) Low Energy Branch of the Extended Reaction Microscope 

74

For experiments conducted only with the Low Energy Branch of the Reaction Microscope standard 

electronics and data acquisition systems and computing facilities as are available at GSI will be 

required. Two 2D position sensitive multihit capable detectors for electrons and recoiling target ions 

and a pixel-segmented X-ray detector will be operated simultaneously. The electronic signal readout 

will be based on standard VME systems complemented by standard NIM electrons. It is planned to 

base the data processing and transfer on the MBS system developed at GSI. 

b) Imaging Forward Electron Spectrometer Branch of the Extended Reaction Microscope 

Electrons emitted in the forward direction with vElectron ≈ vProjectile will be separated from the 

coasting beam in the NESR by the first dipole magnet. It has been shown with the current ESR 

spectrometer that the already very small effect of the dipole magnetic field on the coasting beam can 

be compensated very well by two deflectors. 

B 3 2.6 Laser Experiments 

For all pulsed laser-ion interactions, a phase-sensitive synchronization between the circulating ion 

bunch and the laser pulse is mandatory. Concepts for this synchronization with short pulse lasers are 

currently developed in the context of the PHELIX project and are well-known from ESR laser 

experiments. Detector signals are gated with respect to the laser timing and the NESR working 

conditions. For this a common system for timing and data transfer has to exist, similar to the 

situation at the ESR. 

B 3 3 Beam/Target Requirements 

a) Beam specifications: The major interest of the planned experiments will be focused on intense 

and cooled beams of high-Z heavy and stable nuclides in defined ionic states. Some of the planned 

studies will require exotic beams produced via projectile fragmentation or projectile fission, 

analyzed and separated by the Super FRS (SFRS). Another class of experiments will deal with 

antiprotons. The particles will be cooled down to a coasting beam. In various cases (laser, TOF 

experiments, etc.) bunched beams with well-defined bunch structure as well as with reduced number 

of bunches will be required. This is also of advantage for the planned fast extraction. The electron 

cooling should be optimized with respect to the losses due to electron capture in order to produce 

brilliant beams with an optimal low emittance and with an optimal lifetime. Of special interest will 

be an excellent definition of the beam velocity on an absolute scale. This has to be achieved by 

detailed knowledge of the electron cooler, based on precise calibration of its high voltage, space 

charge, contact potentials, etc. . In addition, the position of the beam will be very important for 

precise experiments with or without lasers. Strategically positioned moveable scrapers as well as 

position sensitive residual gas monitors will be required by various experiments. 

The cooling velocity and the position definition have to be accompanied by a high-resolution 

Schottky noise fast Fourier transformation (FFT). For the experiments with the second electron 

target, the ion beam has to be aligned with the electron beams in both coolers. Additionally, the ion 

beam should merge as concentrically as possible with the electron beams. This requires not only 

diagnostic tools for the revolution frequency and for the ion beam position but also active elements 

such as pairs of steerers that will allow eliminating potential misalignments. 

In some cases, two or more isotopes and/or charge states will be stored simultaneously, one of them 

for calibration purposes. In addition, some exotic beams can be recycled, if the ions that have 

captured an electron are kept in the NSR acceptance and—after a sizeable amount of them is 

accumulated—are accelerated in a short cycle to higher energies where the captured electron can be 

stripped by passing through the gas-jet target. 

On the other hand, some measurements of exotic Li and Be-like ions will have to use the electron 

cooler to breed the higher charge states of exotic species that will be produced at high energies in 

SFRS. The energy of the beam will vary from very high to a decelerated one, down to four MeV/u. 

The high energy will be required to strip effectively the K-electrons in the high Z-ions whereas the 

lowest ones are best suited for minimizing the Doppler shift and broadening. All experiments will 

75

equire an exact definition of the ion current. For the higher intensities, a transformer similar to the 

presently used at ESR and at SIS will be necessary. For the lower intensities, new methods are to be 

developed, for instance SEETRAM-type detectors that make use of the ionization of the residual 

gas. The planned residual gas position sensitive monitors should be further developed to serve this 

purpose as well. This is of utmost importance for all multiscaling experiments, especially for the 

investigations of rare radioactive species. 

b. Running Scenario 

The atomic physics experiments at NESR will use both stable ions from SIS100 as well as 

radioactive exotic beams produced by projectile fragmentation and/or fission and selected by Super 

FRS. In some experiments, more than one nuclide and/or isotope that fit the acceptances of CR and 

ESR will be injected. The SIS energies will be optimized with respect to the optimal velocity to 

produce the charge state of interest, with respect to the production cross section for the fragments of 

interest, and with respect to the resulting beam emittance and ion-optical settings. We assume that 

— in analogy to SIS18 — the SIS100 bunches will be combined, and one single fast extracted 

SIS100 bunch will fill the rings up to their space charge limit. If fragments are produced in Super 

FRS, they will be stochastically cooled in CR prior to injection into NESR. Since electron cooling is 

needed, the lower limit for the lifetimes of exotic species is usually in the region of a few seconds. 

The electron cooler will usually cool the injected ions first. The ion and electron beams have to be 

aligned collinearly in the solenoid section at the beginning of the run. The cooling intensity will be 

optimized with respect to the anticipated momentum spread of the ions and to the lifetime of the 

beam due to atomic ion capture. With a UHV of 10 -11 , the energy loss and the lifetime reduction due 

to interactions with the residual gas molecules should not play a significant role. 

After the cooling is completed, fast pneumatic actuators will bring the particle and gamma detectors, 

the slits and scrapers in position. The positions have to be adjusted at the beginning of the run. 

Depending on the experiment, the gas jet will be turned on or the electron target will start its 

ramping. The overlap of the ion beam with the gas jet has to be adjusted at the beginning of the run. 

It is obvious that the actuators have to be fast in order to start the productive part of the 

measurement with a minimum delay. 

The majority of the experiments will require injection repetition rates as low as one injection per 

minute (or longer) and the measurements will be performed with the stored beams. Their intensity 

decreases mainly due to electron capture in the cooler or due to ionization/capture in the gas jet 

target. The ion beam intensities have to be monitored in a nondestructive way by an ion-current 

transformer for higher beam intensities and by other detectors for currents lower than several 

µAmps. 

Most notably the laser experiments will need a bunched beam. In such cases, the length of the bunch 

is expected to be rather short. Special care should be taken to optimize the electron cooling as a 

function of the ion intensity. Most of the laser experiments require an overlap of the ion and the 

laser beams. For this, special scrapes will be available. 

The DR experiments require co-propagating electron and ion beams in the solenoid sections of both 

main cooler as well as of the electron target. This has to be adjusted by using the position monitors 

and measurements of the revolution frequency by means of Schottky noise analysis. NB, the 

Schottky noise analysis is a diagnostic tool for all experiments. 

The beam time will be organized in three to four blocks of two to three weeks per year. In each 

block, several experiments will be performed. For instance, in one block a DR measurement will use 

76

the first 5 to 6 days, followed by a week of X-ray measurement at the gas target. At that time, the 

electron spectrometers can start taking data as well and continue in the last few days with a 

dedicated experiment. Since the rings will be filled once per minute or even once per several 

minutes, the NESR experiments will need only a small portion of the SIS100 time. 

B 3 3.1.1 Electron Target 

The basic requirements for the NESR-electron target have been elaborated in more detail in sections 

B 3.1 and will be stressed here as follows: 

• Maximal sustainable high voltage of the electron target is 40 kV. 

• The envisaged maximal electron current is 1 A. 

• The envisaged maximal diameter of the electron beam is 3 cm. 

• The maximal solenoid field required is 0.2 T. 

• The planned adiabatic expansion of the guiding magnetic field by a factor of 20 would lead to 

transversal temperatures of T⊥ ≅ 5 meV. 

• For the gun section a superconducting magnet of 4 T is needed. 

• Longitudinal temperatures of T|| ≅ 0.01 – 0.03 meV after adiabatic acceleration are envisaged. 

• The height of the acceleration section could reach 8-9 meters above ion beam pipe. This results 

in a total height of 10-11 m above the floor. Therefore, an additional tower will be needed for 

the gun section. 

• The radius of toroid curvature will be below 2 m. 

• A length of 4 m for the solenoid section is envisaged. 

• A linearity of the straight section of better than 0.1 mrad seems to be feasible. 

• The ion beam has to be parallel to the electron beams in the cooler and in the electron target. 

• Diagnostic tools for the electron and ion beams in the electron target and in the cooler are 

needed. 

B 3 3.1.2 The internal jet target 

The demands of the EXL collaboration are basically densities for light targets such as H2 and He of 

about 10 14 /cm 2 to 10 15 /cm 2 whereas the requirements for atomic physics are more relaxed and the 

desired areal densities for light as well as for heavy targets are of the order of 10 12 /cm 2 for the 

heavier gases and 10 12 /cm 2 to 10 14 /cm 2 for the light targets. On may also note that both 

collaboration are requesting a (possibly variable) jet target diameters in the range of 1 to 5 mm. The 

1 mm option is essential for various experiments. To what extend both requirements (10 14 /cm 2 @ 1 

mm target diameter) are compatible needs further investigations. 

B 3 3.1.3 Photon Spectroscopy 

Crystal Spectrometers for Hard and Soft X Rays 

For the spectroscopy experiments at the gas-jet target a stable cooled ion beam with a momentum 

spread in the order of ∆p/p=10 -4 is sufficient. An independent measurement of the beam velocity is 

mandatory. A nitrogen gas jet with a density of about 10 12 cm -3 and a diameter of about 5 mm is 

required. 

Calorimeter 

Beam specification of the calorimeter experiments are basically identical to the experimental studies 

based on crystal spectrometer systems. The operation of calorimeter for X-rays spectroscopy would 

profit considerably from a small target beam diameter of about 1 mm. The would significantly 

reduce the Doppler broadening and would therefore guarantee for a higher flexibility with respect to 

geometrical constrains at the internal target. Typically, distances of as close as 10 cm to the ion 

beam/target interaction point would be desirable. Also one the target environment should allow the 

positioning of such detectors not only at 90 0 but I particular in the forward hemisphere e.g. at 30 0 . 

77


Both for tests as well as for running the planned atomic physics experiments the intense and cold 

decelerated ion beam of fully stripped uranium ions (U 92+ ) as well as H-like (U 91+ ) and He-like 

(U 90+ ) at the NESR will be required . These beams have to be cooled at the electron cooler. At the 

internal gas target a jet of light noble gas will be used to produce REC X-rays which will be 

focused, using polycapilary X-ray optics or multilayer focusing X-ray lens, on the high-resolution 

microcalorimeter detector. 

Polarimeter for Hard X-rays 

For hard X-ray polarimetry, standard operation of the internal target is planned (target species: H2 to 

Xe) . For the application to polarized ion beams, a bunched structure for the cooled and stored ion 

beams is desirable. In this case the experiment would also rely on a dense H2 target. 

Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target 

For the experimental concerns following beam specifications are requested: 

focus ≤ 2x2 mm, 

intensity: ≈10 8 / spill, beam species: H-like 155 Gd 63+ , 195 Pt 77+ , 212 Bi 82+ , 228 Th 89+ , …bare nuclei 

selected and Coulomb excited (merged beam, e - collider, internal target) , 

beam energy: Emin…Emax , CW - mode 

energy spread: δEp / Ep ≤10 -4 (cooler operation). 

Extended Reaction Microscope 

The extended reaction microscope with the imaging forward electron spectrometer requires aereal 

target densities for light targets (H2, He) up to 10 13-14 /cm 2 ; similar values are desirable for heavier 

targets (N2, Ne, Ar, Kr). In order to achieve the intended position and resulting momentum 

resolution for the collision products a geometrical size of the jet corresponding to a diameter of 

favourably 2mm but not exceeding 5mm is required. Beam cooling is needed to keep the momentum 

spread below 10 -4 .The beam diameter at the target location is desired to be ≈ 2 mm diameter with 

less than 1 mrad divergence. 

Laser 

Beam specifications: (focus, intensity, halo tolerance, beam species, beam energy, Spill Length, CW 

or pulsed mode. 

For most of the spectroscopic experiments, the beam has to be unfocused for the length of the 

interaction region. The beam diameter should be less than 2 mm. The relative beam velocity 

variations have to be better than 10 -5 . For the interaction at ultra-high intensities, smaller beam 

diameter is necessary. 

b) Running scenario including exemplary beam time planning in a year: Test beam time of 4 days 

will be taken in combination with selected X-ray measurements. The program will be defined 

harmonized with other user aspects (X-rays, recoil ions,..) in order to exploit maximum information. 

According to the large effort necessary to prepare the laser systems, beam alignment and the 

detector suite, a typical laser experiment should not be shorter than 1 week. During this period a 

program with different ion charge states or beam energies should be possible. Sharing of the beam 

with other experiments at the NESR might be acceptable. Each experiment should have at least one 

beam time every 2 years, requiring about 3 weeks of beam time per year for this group of 

experiments. 

78

B3 4 Physics Performance 

B 3 4.1 Electron Target 

The two main objectives of the dielectronic recombination (DR) experiments with the new NESR 

electron target are: (i) precise studies of ionic structures with an emphasis on QED-Effects and (ii) 

studies of the nuclear properties—such as isotope shift—with atomic physics methods. The first 

case will focus on H-like and/or on few electron high-Z ions, such as Li-like ones. The second 

physics case will focus on Li and Be-like chains of heavy isotopes; both stable as well as long-lived 

ones (> 10 sec). 

Figure B3 32. The center of mass energies of the electron-ion colliding systems are shown as a 

function of the electron target high voltage, i.e. of the difference in the laboratory kinetic energies of 

the target electrons and of the main cooler electrons. The lower part shows the energy spread in eV 

in the c.m. system per one eV energy uncertainty in the lab system also as a function of the electron 

target high voltage (see text for additional information). 

Common for all of the planned measurements is the very high detection efficiency: All ions, which 

have captured an electron in the cooler and which stabilize promptly via emission of X-rays, 

continue almost undisturbed their flight in the ring and will be separated by the next dipole magnet 

from the main beam. A particle detector placed in (or after) the magnet will detect them with 

practically 100% efficiency. 

Common for all the experiments is also the multiscaling method of measuring spectra: The spectral 

range of interest is scanned repeatedly up and down in small steps that are usually smaller than the 

width of the response function of the apparatus. A 'multiscaling' beam-time reduction factor has to 

be taken into account when planning an experiment. The reduction factor equals the ratio of the 

spectral range of interest and of the width of the response function. It should be very strongly 

emphasized that a narrow response function is of utmost importance. It is vital to have very cold 

electron and ion beams at well-defined energies as planned for NESR. This alone would lead to an 

extremely good performance of the anticipated measurements of DR resonances, their positions, 

areas, and line shapes. Additionally, the good energy resolution due to the low beam temperature 

79

will be boosted by the co-propagating kinematics of the electron and ion beams. This can be seen in 

Figure B3 32. The upper part of it shows the energy in the c.m. system as a function of the electronion 

energy difference in the lab. i.e. as a function of the applied high voltage for the electron target 

that leads to an energy difference with respect to the main cooler electrons. The left hand part shows 

the low collision energy scenario. As can be seen, several kV have to be applied in the laboratory in 

order to arrive at electron-ion collision energies of few hundred eV. This is a very big advantage of 

the method, as can be seen in the lower left part of the picture: Here, the energy spread in the c.m. 

system divided by the energy spread in the lab system is shown also as a function of the electron-ion 

energy difference in the lab. To illustrate the advantage, a rather normal high voltage power supply 

of the 0.01% class could be considered. At 5 kV, the HV-uncertainty in the lab will run to the rather 

large value of 0.5 Volts. In the c.m. system, however, this will lead to a sub eV spread of less than 

0.05 eV. As can be easily seen, the situation becomes better and better the lower the c.m. energy is. 

For the high-energy scenario presented on the right hand side of the figure, the motional boost of the 

resolving power vanishes. It should be noted, however, that these energies are needed to study the 

KLL, KLM, KLN, etc resonances in high-Z ions, where the natural line widths become as high as 

e.c. 35 eV for uranium. 

Figure B3 33. Energy spread due to the transversal and longitudinal electron temperature as a 

function of the c.m. collision energy. 

The energy spread in the c.m. system for the present ESR cooler is compared to the one expected 

for the separate NESR electron target in Figure B3 33. Due to the planned adiabatic expansion 

(green curve), very low c.m. energies will be accessible, and the energy resolution (and/or 

sensitivity) there will be at least an order of magnitude better than the present one (the latter being 

also remarkably good.) It is also visible that the adiabatic acceleration is needed as well, since the 

longitudinal temperature starts playing a role at relatively low c.m. energies. At even higher 

collision energies the ion beam temperature also starts dominating the resolution (blue line for dp/p 

= 10 -5 ). Since the ion-beam temperature can be decreased by decreasing the ion beam intensity, 

future experiments with very good resolution will be carried out as well. Note that a measuring cycle 

starts with a high ion beam intensity, which decreases exponentially in time. Thus, at high collision 

energies the cycles can be prolonged in order to include low-intensity low energy spread 

measurements at the end of each NESR filling. 

Solely the fact, that ionic structure can be scanned with sub eV precision by detecting heavy ions at 

relativistic velocities with no photons in sight is worth mentioning again. 

The count rate estimates are based on the maximal electron current of 0.5 A, on an effective electron 

target length of 4 m, and on a multiscaling reduction factor of 1000. 

80

The figure of merit for the low collision energy case is that 10 4 heavy exotic particles are needed in 

order to measure sub eV isotopic shifts with reliable statistics in a run of three days. The anticipated 

measurement of QED interferences in overlapping resonances at high energies will take longer, 

since the cross sections in this case are significantly smaller. One to three weeks of measurement 

have to be planned, depending on the required resolution. As usual, the ion beam does not have to be 

injected constantly, since stable or long-lived ions can be stored and studied for several minutes. 

B 3 4.2 Internal Target 

The operation of the internal target may affect considerably the beam lifetimes of the stored ion 

beams via beam losses caused by atomic charge exchange processes. In general, the beam life time 

(τ ) for cooled and stored ion beams is determined by recombination processes in the electron cooler 

and charge changing collisions with residual gas atoms / molecules. In addition, for the case that the 

internal target is used, charge exchange in collisions with the gas atoms of the jet target must be 

considered. Usually, this gives the most important contribution to beam losses and determines the 

overall beam lifetime. Target density ρ (p/cm 2 ) and charge exchange rate λ are simply connected by 

1 

λ = = ρ ⋅ σ ⋅ f where f denotes the revolution frequency of the circulating ion beam and σ the 

τ 

atomic charge-exchange cross-section, respectively. 

Assuming a stored beam of bare ions, the two most important charge exchange processes for bare 

ions are Radiative and Non-Radiative Electron Capture (REC and NRC). They exhibit a very 

different scaling relation with respect to the target nuclear charge ZT and the collision velocity v, 

respectively. In a non-relativistic treatment, the scaling-laws are given by 

5 5 

5 

ZTZP 

ZTZP 

σREC ∝ σNRC 

∝ . 

11 

5 

v 

v 

where ZP denotes the nuclear projectile charge. Consequently, for different targets and different 

collision velocities the two processes play a more or less important role. In general, for high 

energies and collisions with low-Z targets, REC is the dominant process (compare Figure B3 34 for 

data collected at the ESR and the FRS). In contrast, NRC dominants for high-Z targets or low 

velocities, e.g. it constitutes the most serious limitation for experiments dealing with decelerated 

heavy-ions. 

Figure B3 34. Experimental data collected at ESR and FRS for electron pick-up by bare uranium 

ions in comparison with theoretical predictions [St98]. The data in b) refer to a projectile energy of 

295 MeV/u. 

81

eam life time [s] 

10 5 

10 4 

10 3 

10 2 

10 1 

cooler +jet [10 14 p/cm 2 ] 

cooler +jet [10 15 p/cm 2 ] 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

82 

electron cooler 

nuclear projectile charge, Z 

Figure B3 35. Beam lifetime estimates as function of ZP. The estimates were performed for the 

injection energy of 740 MeV/u, assuming dense H2 targets (red line: 10 15 p/cm 2 ; blue line: 10 14 

p/cm 2 ). In addition recombination in the cooler section was taken into account. A lifetime for NESR 

operation without internal target is given in addition. 

Meanwhile, based on the cross section data collected in a multitude of atomic physics experiments 

at the ESR, a solid basis for the estimation of beam lifetimes exist for high-energetic as well as for 

decelerated ions [St98] (a program code developed for the predictions of beam luminosities and 

lifetimes for stored ion beams is available at http://www.gsi.de/documents/DOC-2004-Nov- 

170.html & ELISe TP). As an example, in Figure B3 35 beam-lifetime predictions are presented as 

function of ZP. The estimates were performed for the NESR injection energy of 740 MeV/u and 

assuming dense H2 targets (red line: 10 15 p/cm 2 ; blue line: 10 14 p/cm 2 ). Recombination in the cooler 

section was also taken into account and the lifetime without internal target operation is given in 

addition in the figure. Even for the high target densities the beam lifetimes are still in a manageable 

range for almost all projectile charges. Also one may add that the most important loss process at 

high energies, i.e. REC, can be exploited as a beam luminosity monitor (for this process a 

remarkable agreement between experiments and theory exists). Note that basically 80% of the REC 

events populate the projectile groundstate leading to the emission of monochromatic high-energetic 

photons which can easily be detected. Also the relativistic forward boost of the emission is - in the 

case of REC transitions - cancelled by retardation effects. Therefore, even at relativistic energies a 

considerable amount of photons will be detectable at backward angles or at 90 0 . 

In the following some basic considerations are given, in particular relevant for X-ray experiments 

and collision studies using the internal target. These considerations refer to heavy bare, H- or Helike 

ions only. 

• High-energies (above 150 MeV/u) and low-Z targets: REC is the most important charge exchange 

process, populating predominantely the groundstate of the ions. Due to the relatively small capture 

cross-section the beam lifetimes are only moderately affected. For X-ray experiments relatively 

high target densities are needed, e.g. 10 13 p/cm 2 , in order to collect sufficient statistics. Here the 

use of hydrogen as a target gas has the advantage of having a small Compton profile. Moreover, 

this energy range is in particular well suited for polarization studies of the REC process. 

• Energies (50 to 150 MeV/u): Due to the relatively moderate Doppler broadening, this energy 

range is of particular relevance for X-ray spectroscopy (L →K) transitions. For this purpose a

nitrogen or an argon target provides favourable conditions. Here NRC is the dominant capture 

process, favouring the population of excited projectile states which results in a strong emission of 

characteristic projectile X-ray. One can expect to produce up to 10 11 Ly-α photons per day (10 6 

per second) emitted into 4π. The target densities to be used are typically of the order of 10 12 p/cm 2 

and the beam lifetimes in the range between 30 s and 2 minutes (compare Figure B3 36). 

• Energies below 50 MeV/u: The strongly enhanced capture cross section at low-collision energies - 

in particular when dealing with heavy targets - favours the use of an hydrogen target. For energies 

below 10 MeV/u, a hydrogen target with densities in the order of 10 12 p/cm 2 is mandatory. Beam 

lifetimes are typically below 30 s. 

In conclusion one can state that for almost every beam energy there is an appropriate setting of the 

target parameters (target species and density) such that the photon flux can be adjusted to the need 

of the experiments. Even for high resolution devices with efficiencies below 10 -7 , count rates of up 

to 1 per minute can be expected. 

In contrast to bare, H- or He-like heavy ions, the data base for charge-change cross-sections for 

many electron systems is rather small. However, due to the large ionization cross-section the 

lifetimes might be reduced by up to a factor of 10 with respect to the bare species. On the other 

hand, there is a very strong production of characteristic L-shell ∆n=0 transitions (≈4.5 keV in 

uranium), when compared to the Ly-α emission of H-like conventionally used in experiments at 

storage ring. 

Figure B3 36. : (left side) X-ray emission of U 91+ produce in U 92+ →N2 collisions at the internal 

ESR target. For comparison corresponding spectra of decelerated Pb 82+ are displayed for Pb 82+ 

→H2 collisions (right side). 

83

B 3 4.3 Photon Spectroscopy 

Crystal Spectrometers for Hard X Rays (30–120 keV) 

A detailed account of the spectrometer parameters and of the systematic test results are given in 

reference [Be04]. In Figure B3 37 representative X-ray spectra from a 169 Yb source are displayed 

recorded in scanning mode or with a germanium strip detector. 

Table B3 5 shows the observed line widths to be in good agreement with the theoretical estimate. 

This is a proof for the control over the crystal parameters. The measured detection efficiency turned 

out to somewhat exceed the prediction based on Monte Carlo ray-tracing calculations (see Figure B3 

38) . Despite the low efficiency it was shown that precision measurements will be feasible at the 

ESR with the spectrometer parameters chosen. In Figure B3 39 the Lyman-α spectrum of hydrogenlike 

Au 78+ Figure B3 37. Test spectra recorded with FOCAL in scanning mode (top) or with a germanium 

strip detector (bottom). 

is displayed. This spectrum was obtained with one FOCAL spectrometer in a test 

experiment at the ESR showing the feasibility of the experiment. With the advancing detector 

developments it will be possible to choose smaller line widths in the future by utilizing modified 

crystal parameters. 

84

Table B3 5. Calculated and observed line widths, in eV, for the FOCAL crystal spectrometer. The 

tests were made in scanning mode. 

Crystal Spectrometers for Soft X Rays (3–20 keV) 

Using a decelerated and cooled ion beam in the NESR a primary rate of a few times 10 7 photons per 

minute may be expected both at the gas-jet target and at the electron target or cooler when adjusting 

the gas density or the electron current such that cycle times of typically 2 minutes are realized. With 

the planned X-ray spectrometers an efficiency of a few times 10 -7 may be accomplished. Based on 

these assumptions a rate of more than one event per minute can be expected. Within a reasonable 

beam time of about one week systematic effects will limit the accuracy rather than counting 

statistics. Although details have to be worked out by means of the planned simulations one can 

conjecture that the X-ray lines can be located to within ±0.05 eV. 

For the present applications it is essential to have a supply of high quality crystals which are well 

characterized. The X-ray Optics Group of Jena University has long-term experience in preparation, 

test and use of cylindrical, spherical and toroidal crystals with curvature radii from 0.1 m to 1m. 

About 200 bent crystals have been produced by a replica technique [Fo91]. Characterisation of bent 

crystal perfection is e.g. shown in Figure B3 40 for a cylindrical crystal. Angular misorientation 

along a central surface line of the cylindrically bent quartz is an order of magnitude smaller than for 

commercially available quartz, both used in reflection 10-10. Spectral resolution of 10000 in X-ray 

spectrometers equipped with 1-D or 2-D bent crystals can be reached as shown in simulations of 

X-ray spectroscopy of laser produced plasmas [Re04]. 

85 

Figure B3 38. Measured (data 

points) and calculated (curve) 

detection efficiency for one 

reflection in a FOCAL 

spectrometer with the parameters 

given in the figure and 

normalized to a detector width of 

100 mm.

Figure B3 40. Projection topography and angular misorientation along the central line of 

cylindrically bent quartz (100) crystals. For details on crystal production see [Fo91]. 

86 

Figure B3 39. Spectrum of the 

Lyman-a lines of hydrogen-like 

gold recorded during a test 

experiment at the ESR.


The X-ray optics developed for the atomic physics experiments at the NESR, combined with highresolution 

X-ray spectrometers (microcalorimeter, crystal spectrometer), will result in substantial 

increase of measured event rate, giving thus an access to measure with high precision fine structures 

and weak features in the X-ray spectra. This experimental progress will improve a quality of the test 

of QED and relativistic effects in high-Z few-electron ions. 

µ-Strip Solid State Detectors see crystal spectrometers for hard X-rays 

Polarimeter for hard X-rays 

Figure B3 41. Figure: Angular distribution of Ly-α1 transitions of U 91+ produced by electron 

capture (laboratory frame) [St01]. 

i) Inner shell transitions: inner-shell transitions (e.g. L→ K transitions) produced in heavy-ion 

atom collisions may exhibit a pronounced anisotropic emission-characteristics, providing 

information about the magnetic substate population in the reaction [St04] (see Figure B3 41). 

Consequently, one may also expect a (linear) polarization of the photons produced, a subject which 

could not be addressed experimentally up to now. However, for such studies the proposed Compton 

polarimeter would be, in particular, a well suited instrument. For 100 keV transition, we can 

conservatively assume that typically between 10 5 to 10 6 photons per second can be produced at the 

internal target. This holds true for the case of electron capture, inner shell excitation or ionization. 

Furthermore, assuming a distance of about 20 cm between detector and target we obtain a solid 

angle of about 7x10 -3 of 4π (active area of the detector: 3600 mm 2 ). Thus, we expect an average 

rate of 10 to 100 events per second. Even for a worst case estimate, assuming that for only 10% of 

the absorbed photons the Compton recoil electron and the Compton photon will be detected, a still 

sizable fraction of about 1 to 10 photons per second can be analyzed with respect to their 

polarization. 

87

Figure B3 42. Figure: Normally, in photoionization the photo-electron is ejected into the direction 

of the electric field vector of the photon wave. For high photon energies, however, it has been 

predicted that the electron is preferentialy emitted along the magnetic field vector. 

ii) Recombination transitions (REC transitions to the ground state, photon energy between 250 

keV and 500 keV): In former experimental studies where a 4x4 pixel detector with an area of 780 

mm 2 was used, it was found that a beam time of about 1 day was necessary to obtain a meaningful 

result [Ta04,Ta05,St04]. For comparison, we expect for the proposed detector system an increase in 

efficiency by more than a factor of 10 (not taking into account the larger active area of the new 

system). This should allow to conduct such a measurement at one particular observation angle 

within 1 hour. One particular topic to be addressed would be the so called cross over effect 

(compare Figure B3 42). It is predicted that at high energies and forward angles the photon 

polarization changes its sign (Figure B3 43). For the time-reversed situation this would mean that 

the photo-electron produced is no longer ejected in the direction of the electric field vector but in the 

direction of the magnetic field vector of the ionizing photon wave; an effect not observed up to now 

but of great relevance for high-energetic photon matter interaction. 

Figure B3 43. Figure: Predicted linear polarization for REC into bare uranium at various collision 

energies: black line 20 MeV/u; dotted blue line 400 MeV/u; dashed red line 760 MeV/u. 

88

iii) Beam polarization studies by means of REC: For this application the same transitions as 

discussed in ii) will be exploited. Here it will be important to detect a rotation of the polarization 

plane with respect to the scattering plane [Su05]. Again the instrument should allow - within a 

relatively short time of about 1 to 3 hours - to measure such a rotation with an accuracy of about 1 0 . 

However the question how to polarize the ion beam must be addressed (see also [Pr03]). Because 

within the first stage of the FAIR development a polarized hydrogen target is not planned, we will 

try to apply optical pumping of the upper hyperfine level in H-like 207 Bi in order to transfer the 

electronic polarization to nuclear polarization. Whereas this polarization scheme is believed to be 

very effective, the question on how beam polarization is preserved in the ring deserves detailed 

investigation. Of course this question will also be answered by this proposed experiment itself. 

Note, such investigations are of key relevance for experiments under discussion aiming for an 

investigation of parity violation effects in high-Z He-like ions. 

B 3 4.4 Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target 

The experiments will start with the operation of the transport magnet together with a solid detector, 

achieving a solid angle of 1,5% in the laboratory frame with an energy resolution of ≈ 0,1%. This 

gives an outline on the total electron emission from collisional continua to discrete projectile 

electron lines (Auger, conversion), complementary to X-ray decay studies. Gas target densities of 

10 11 up to 10 14 atoms/cm 2 and 10 9 stored projectiles will be used reaching luminosities of L~1,6 x 

10 29 /cm²s. Accordingly a source rate of 1,6 x 10 5 /s results for cross sections of 1 barn. This cross 

section applies for the considered conversion channels from nuclear Coulomb excitation and also for 

relatively weak atomic reaction channels (e - capture, electron excitation and ionization processes) 

which, in particular cases, are often several orders of magnitude larger. For applying the high 

resolution measurement with a small instrumental acceptance of ≈10 -6 , a count rate of ~0,16/s can be 

expected for a cross section of 1 barn. The enhancement of solid angle transformation from the cm- 

into the lab –system was not taken into account. For 1 keV emitter electron energy the solid angle 

enhancement gives an additional factor of ≈77 for the acceptance. As a result one may expect a 

count rate of ~ 120/s. In case of operating the first stage magnet alone (with a solid detector and a 

corresponding solid angle acceptance of ~1,5%), a tremendous in increase in count rate ob about 10 4 

is expected. The kinematical line broadening due to the projectile momentum spread is tolerable in 

order to determine the electron energy with sufficient accuracy. Here a cooled ion beam with δp/p = 

10 -4 has been assumed. For resolving hyperfine levels a cooled beam with a momentum spread of 

≈10 -5 is desirable. 

The beam energy itself can be measured quickly from the cusp – electron structure (convoy 

electrons) due to a large cross section of the projectile ionization channel. For the same purpose the 

kinematical line doubling of defined low-energy autoionisation lines can be used. 


The extended reaction microscope consists of two independent, but matched imaging spectrometers: 

a large solid angle TOF spectrograph utilizing guiding E and B fields and an imaging magnetic 

electron spectrometer for electrons emitted by the relativistic projectile into a narrow cone around 

the beam direction. Three classes of experiments are planned: a) dynamics of multiple ionization of 

atomic and molecular targets for very strong perturbations, b) fundamental process (e,2e) for ions 

and the kinematically complete cross sections, c) kinematically complete study of the short 

wavelength limit of the electron nucleus Bremsstrahlung. 

Due to the near 4π effective solid angle of the Low Energy Branch for electrons and recoiling target 

ions and an overall detector efficiency ≈0.5 target ionization can be investigated with very low beam 

currents- corresponding to well below 10 3 in the storage ring - even with coincident count rates of 

few counts /sec. The large target ionization cross section on the other hand leading to uncorrelated 

loads exceeding several 10 3 /sec on the recoil ion detector are a serious problem when addressing 

89

projectile ionization which has theoretical cross section many orders of magnitude lower. This 

uncorrelated rate seen by the recoil ion detector can be reduced to few 10/sec by fast gating of 

extraction electrodes with a pulse signaling an electron detected by the projectile detector. For the 

imaging forward electron spectrometer the laboratory solid angle is small, however, due to the 

kinematic transformation for low energy electrons emitted by the projectile nearly the entire 

projectile centered solid angle is covered for projectile centered electron energies even up to few 

keV at the highest projectile energies. This leads to electron detector singles rates ranging from a 

few counts per second to even few10 3 /sec in accordance with theoretical cross sections and numbers 

measured at the ESR. For (e,2e) experiments e-e coincidence from 0.1 to 10/sec(e.g for quasiphotoionization.of 

Fe 16+ ) , and 0.1/sec for electron-photon Bremsstrahlung experiments, e.g. 100 

Me/u U 91+ + N2 , are expected. 

B 3 4.6 Laser Experiments at the NESR 

The exceptional properties of NESR allow for a wide field of outstanding laser interaction studies. 

As for the other atomic physics activities, key parameters are the excellent beam quality, and the 

availability of radioactive and stable atoms in very high charge states. This gives access to otherwise 

unfeasibly clean experiments concerning strong field atomic physics. 

A prominent example is the precision laser spectroscopy of the ground state hyperfine splitting of 

hydrogen-like heavy ions. Here, the influence of the nuclear moment distribution presents a severe 

problem to the interpretation of the results. At the NESR, these experiments can be expanded to 

include a number of radioactive nuclei, and will allow to disentangle nuclear and atomic effects.. 

This will be an invaluable impact for the study of strong field effects in highly charged ions. The 

possibility for laser excitation of highly charged ions will also be used to polarize the stored ions. 

Experiments at the ESR [Se98] have shown that although the hyperfine transitions have an M1 

characteristics, reasonable excitation rates can be achieved with moderate pulsed laser systems. With a filling 

of the ESR of 107 ions detected photon rates exceeding 1 kHz were detected. A typical experiment on one or 

two different isotopes will be managed within about 1 week of beam time. The whole program will require a 

number of such beam times. 

In addition to this line of experiments, the large Doppler boost enables to expand the typical 

working regions of lasers and detectors. This is especially visible in the fact, that present soft X-ray 

lasers are sufficient to excite Li-like ions up to Li-like uranium, thus providing a general means of 

high resolution spectroscopy throughout the chart of nuclides. An X-ray laser appropriate for such 

experiments was recently demonstrated at the PHELIX project [Ne04], as shown in Figure B3 44. 

Wavelength 

Intensität 

16000 

14000 

12000 

10000 

8000 

6000 

4000 

2000 

0 

4d - 4p 

(22,02 nm) 

(56 eV) 

Wellenlänge 

90 

Figure B3 44. Emission 

spectrum of a Ni-like 

zirconium soft X-ray laser at 

the PHELIX project. The 

emission wavelength of 22 nm 

(56eV) will already be 

sufficient to excite Li-like ions 

at the NESR up to Li-like tin. 

A similar laser using a silver 

target will reach the uranium 

transition.

Despite the much lower laser intensity the excitation probability will be nearly as favorable as in the case of 

the hyperfine transitions since one is dealing with allowed E1 transitions. A drawback is presently given by 

the low repetition rate of the X-ray laser, but this can be expected to be removed during the coming years. 

The other example, where the Doppler effect is exploited, is the proposed test of special relativity, 

which relies immediately on the unique combination of high beam velocity and beam quality. The 

measurement principle is illustrated in Figure B3 45. 

Previous experiments at the ESR and, more particular, at the TSR have demonstrated the capability 

to reach very high resolution. An example with 10 -8 Figure B3 45. Measuring 

principle: A two-level transition 

in a fast Li+ ion beam is excited 

from forward and backward 

direction by Doppler-tuned laser 

beams. A photomultiplier (PMT) 

detects fluorescence. 

resolution is given in Figure B3 46. For such a 

high accuracy experiment several beam times of about 1 week each will be needed. 

A completely new field will be opened by the interaction of ultra-intense lasers with the highlycharged 

relativistic ions. Recent theoretical work showed, that both the high charge state and the 

relativistic effects increase the range of recollision phenomena of laser accelerated bound electrons 

[Ch93]. An example is the emission of high order harmonics, as shown in Figure B3 47. These 

experiments will also benefit from the capability of detection single charge changed ions in the 

storage ring. Also the laser repetition rate and the reaction cross sections are low, this will allow to 

produce significant data within 5 – 10 hours of experiment per data point. 

91 

Figure B3 46. High resolution 

spectrum obtained at the TSR. 

Figure B3 47 Emission rate of 

harmonic photons in the direction 

of propagation of the driving 

laser pulse as a function of the 

photon energy for (a) a Ne 9+ ion 

moving at γ = 15 in the 

laboratory frame, and (b) an Ar 7+ 

ion at rest, as obtained within the 

Coulomb corrected SFA. For 

each ion, the upper curve shows 

the results obtained within the 

dipole approximation and the 

lower curve the results obtained 

without making this 

approximation.

An entirely different kind of laser interaction will also be possible at the NESR: the backscattering 

of intense photon pulses at the electron collider as illustrated in Figure B3 48. This provides very 

intense, short pulses of hard X-rays with an energy of 

EX-ray = 4 γ 2 Ephoton. 

With the proposed geometry where the electron beam merges with the ion beam, the created photons 

will also perfectly overlap with the ion beam. For electron energies of a few hundred MeV this 

gives direct access to the spectroscopy of hydrogenic systems and the excitation of low-lying 

nuclear states. For the case of good beam quality, as required also for the scattering experiments, a 

10 -4 energy resolution might be achievable. This will add another unique capability to the 

experimental possibilities at NESR. 

92 

Figure B3 48. Intense bursts of energetic 

X-rays (360 keV & harmonics) can be 

produced by Thomson scattering of 

ultra-high intensity laser pulses in the 

planned electron collider.

B 4 Atomic Physics with Decelerated and Extracted Highly Charged Ions 

B 4 1 Infrastructure and Experiments 

The experiments which use decelerated and cooled Highly Charged Ions and Antiprotons with 

rigidities below 4.5 Tm (Eion < 130 MeV/u and Epbar< 700 MeV) extracted (slow and fast) from the 

NESR will be accommodated in the FLAIR building, which is placed in the neighbourhood of the 

NESR. 

This building (see Figure B4 1) is designed as a complex which includes the experimental areas 

requested by the experiments presented in the LoIs submitted by the FLAIR and SPARC 

collaborations, the hall for the Low-Energy Storage Ring (LSR) an the additional areas needed for 

the off-line mounting and testing of the setups, control and data acquisition rooms, laser labs, power 

supplies storage rooms, a small workshop and social rooms. Most of the areas will be located in an 

auxiliary building connected to the FLAIR. The floor space needed only for the proposed 

experimental setups, both for pbars and HCI, of about 3200 m 2 , is divided between 

- the low-energy antiproton experimental areas (41%) : the halls F4 to F9 

- the low energy highly charged ions experimental areas (14%): F1 and F2 

- the Low-Energy Storage Ring (LSR) (21%): F3 

The difference of about 24% of the building area is needed for the beam lines, shielding and access 

ways. In Table B4 1 the sharing of the experimental area between different experiments, as proposed 

today, is presented. 

The preliminary layout of the FLAIR building (only the ground floor) presented in the Figure B4 1 

is based on simulations of the beam transport from the NESR - parallel and through the LSR- 

towards the experimental areas and partly considers the beam parameters requested at different 

experimental places. The subsequent deceleration of the antiprotons requested by different 

experiments (especially for trapping) implies a certain relative location of the LSR, USR, HITRAP 

and the experiments. This puts some constraints on the building layout (minimum width of about 40 

m, minimum length of about 75 m). The final layout depends also on the FLAIR location within the 

general FAIR layout and will be established after more detailed beam transport simulations and in 

consent with the civil construction planner. 

The main FLAIR building is planned to be a light construction with a clearance of 10 m. Inside, the 

different experimental areas will be separated by concrete walls of different thicknesses, as imposed 

by the radiation safety rules (for details see Section C4). Although the clearance of the different 

experimental areas will differ, depending on the geometry of the accommodated setups and the 

ceiling thickness, it is planned to partly use the second floor, where it is possible, as storage, 

mounting and/or data acquisition rooms. 

Additionally, an area of 700 m 2 , mainly on the ground floor is requested for off-line mounting and 

testing, laser labs, control rooms (see section I4). 

93

Table B4 1. Experimental areas in the FLAIR building. 

F1 to F9 areas will be placed on the ground floor. Due to the trap design (see subsection 4.1.3) part 

of the experiments using decelerated and stored ions at HITRAP, will be placed on the top of the F2 

cave and request an area F10 of about 140 m 2 . 

Nr. Area name Beam parameters Experiment Area Responsible 

1. F1 HCI, Eion < 130 MeV/u 

from NESR and LSR 

2. F2 HCI, Eion = 4 MeV/u 

p-bar, E = 4 MeV from 

NESR and LSR 

3. F3 HCI, E < 15 MeV/u 

p-bar E = 30 MeV/u 

from NESR 

4. F4 p-bar, E < 300 keV 

from LSR 

5. F5 p-bar, E < 20 keV 

from USR 

6. F6 p-bar, E < 20 keV to 

rest from USR and 

HITRAP 

7. F7 p-bar, 300 keV < E < 

30 MeV from LSR 

8. F8 p-bar, 30 MeV < E < 

300 MeV from NESR 

9. F9 p-bar, E < 20 keV from 

USR / HITRAP and 

RIBs from SFRS 

10. F10 HCI and pbar, in the 

keV energy range from 

HITRAP 

Interaction of lowenergy 

HCI with 

composite and solid 

targets 

94 

A. Bräuning- 

Demian, GSI 

HITRAP W. Quint, GSI 

Low-energy Storage 

Ring (LSR) 

Ultra-low Energy 

Storage Ring (USR) 

Antihydrogen- 

Experiment 

Antihydrogen- 

Experiment 

Nuclear and particle 

physics with antiprotons 

P-bar interaction with 

biological probes 

Antiprotonic atoms 

HCI experiments and 

pbar experiments 

H. Danared, MSL, 

Stockholm 

C. Welsch, MPI, 

Heidelberg, M. 

Grieser MPI 

Heidelberg 

J. Walz, MPQ 

Garching 

E. Widmann, S. 

Meyer Inst., Wien 

D. Grzonka, FZ 

Jülich 

M. Holzscheiter, 

pbar medical, 

USA 

Y. Yamazaki, 

Tokyo 

W. Quint, GSI

Figure B4 1. Layout of the FLAIR building. 

95

The low-energy Storage Ring (LSR) 

CRYRING (Figure B4 2) is an accelerator facility at the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory at Stockholm 

University. Its main components are a 52-m-circumference synchrotron and storage ring with 

electron cooling, an RFQ, an EBIS ion source, an ECR ion source and ion-source platform for singly 

charged ions. CRYRING has been in operation since 1992 for experiments mainly in atomic and 

molecular physics, but also in accelerator physics and applied physics. In 2002, the Swedish 

Research Council decided to discontinue the funding of the facility, and it was agreed with 

Stockholm University in 2003 that funding level should reach zero by the end of 2006. 

Since the CRYRING synchrotron has an operating energy range from approximately 300 keV (for 

protons) up to the lowest energies that can be reached with the NESR ring at FAIR, it is equipped 

with an electron cooler, ultra-high vacuum and it has already been operating with acceleration and 

deceleration, it has been proposed to move the CRYRING to FAIR and to use it as a dedicated 

decelerator (Low-energy Storage Ring, LSR) for antiprotons and highly charged ions extracted 

from the NESR. The LSR/CRYRING installation would, in addition to the synchrotron, include a 

dedicated low-energy injector for commissioning of the FLAIR facility and its experiments, as well 

as for training of operators, continuous development of the facility and experiments with ions of 

other species than those provided from the NESR. We will describe those the most relevant 

properties of the CRYRING to its proposed new role, the modifications that will have to be made to 

it and the requirements on the FAIR infrastructure that are needed for a re-installation of CRYRING 

at FLAIR in section I. 

Figure B4 2. Present layout of the CRYRING facility at the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory. 

96

B 4 1.1 Low-energy highly charged ion experimental area at FLAIR 

The low-energy experimental area is dedicated to 'off-ring' experiments with decelerated and cooled 

highly charged ions extracted from NESR. Due to the ultra high vacuum requirements of the NESR 

and the geometrical configuration, with 'in-ring' experiments it is not possible to measure more then 

one or two different projectile charge states. For studying HCI-solid interactions, HCI-photon 

charge selective coincident measurements are the source for extremely valuable experimental 

information about the collision dynamics. 

The proposed setup will be equipped with a magnetic charge separator for HCI, extracted primarily 

from the NESR, with a maximum rigidity of 4.5 Tm. The design parameters of the NESR foreseen 

the possibility to store and cool all ions, up to bare Uranium with a rigidity of up to 13 Tm and A/q 

= 2.7. Deceleration down to 3 MeV/u in NESR is designed and regarded as specification for the 

hardware components. A slow extraction at betatron resonance or by charge changing processes will 

allow long extraction times, with the upper limit set by the required ion flux on the target and the 

intensity of the stored beam. For beams of HCI with energies in the region of few MeV/u the slow 

extraction time limit will be given by the life time of the beam. Fast beam extraction will be also 

available. Details about the available NESR beam parameters are presented in the Table B4 2. 

Table B4 2. NESR beam parameters for the low-energy HCI beams available at the low-energy 

experimental area at FLAIR. 

Ions all ions up to uranium 

Energy 3 MeV/u to 130 MeV/u Bρmax = 4.5 Tm 

Intensity

The spectrometer should fulfil the following requirements: 

- magnetic rigidity 4.5 Tm 

- large dispersion ~ 10 mm for U 

- a momentum resolution of about 1% 

- possibility to transport up to 20 different charge states to be imagined at the focal point by 

a 2-D position sensitive detector. 

For the final design refined calculations of particle tracks in magnetic field are required. These will 

be performed for the design report. The GICO program will be used for this task. In parallel, ionoptical 

simulations for the beam transport through the whole system will be performed using 

MIRGO program. For the final design the expertise of the group around the GSI Fragment Separator 

will be used. The final solution must decide not only about the configuration but also about the 

magnet type: normal or superconductor (Milestone). 

2. Focal Plane Detector for Heavy Ions: The present status and the experience accumulated in the 

atomic physics group at GSI in HCI detection, point clearly towards a two dimensional position 

sensitive detector for the spectrometer focal plane. 

This detector is a very important part of the experimental setup and it should mainly fulfil the 

following tasks: 

• clear separation of projectile with different charge states and in some cases different energy, 

too. 

• beam monitoring: to check the beam focussing and to unambiguously determine the beam 

intensity. For the intensities available with the slow extracted HCI beams- expected 

maximum 10 8 Ions/spill stretched over 50 to 100 s - intensity determination via conventional 

integration methods (Faraday cup) can not be performed. This must be done using event-byevent 

counting. The accuracy of this measurement is very important for cross section 

measurements relaying on charge state separation. 

• high sensitivity all over the energy range 

• ion detection in the lower energy range requires a windowless, high vacuum compatible 

detector. 

• in some exceptional cases, for measurements with ions at the high energy end (100 MeV/u 

and higher ) it is useful to place the detector in air, outside the vacuum chamber. 

• fast timing for coincident measurement. 

• simplicity and reliability in use 

Starting from all these requirements, following design parameters can be derived: 

• Two dimensional position read-out with a resolution in both directions around 0.5 mm or 

better. This high position resolution is useful for the compact beams extracted from the 

storage ring and its final value is strongly coupled to the dispersion of the dipole magnet and 

the focussing properties of the system. 2D read-out proved to be extremely useful not only 

for beam monitoring but also for data analysis. 

• Fast response: an intrinsic time resolution around 1 ns or better is needed for coincident 

measurements 

• Radiation hardness: for most of the experiments almost the whole beam intensity is seen by 

the detector. Especially for the heavier ions at lower energy, the energy deposition in 

material is tremendous (ex. U 92+ at 10 MeV/u losses all his energy of 2.38 GeV in 56 µm 

Diamond, ρ = 3.5 g/cm 3 ) and the induced material defects are considerable. 

• High counting rate: taking into account the beam intensity design value for Uranium, a 

singe-particle count rate capability of up to 10 6 ions/s -1 is required. 

• Efficiency: a 100% detection efficiency over the whole energy range. 

98

• Large area: it is extremely useful to be able to simultaneously measure more charge states. 

Considering a separation power for the dipole magnet of ~10 mm for U 92+ / U 91+ and a 

minimum number of 6 charge states, a minimum area of 80 x 40 mm 2 must be considered. 

Taking all these into account, neither of the today largely used detectors for relativistic highly 

charged ions such as semiconductors, gas based detectors and scintillators will properly perform. A 

completely new choice is offered today by diamond. This insulator is considered as the most 

important alternative to the use of semiconductors. The operating principle is the same as for 

semiconductors [Be98]. Its main features are: 

• mean energy to produce a pair is ~ 13 eV (compared to 2. 96 eV for Ge and 3.62 eV 

for Si) 

• charge collection length is up to 250 µm for polycrystalline material. 

• fast collection time supported by the high break-down field of up to 6 V/µm; this 

together with the collection length give an intrinsic time resolution below 100 ps 

• excellent radiation hardness 

• versatility for different configurations 

• affordable price: depending on the quality (layer thickness, polishing, homogeneity) 

the price is between 200 Euro/cm 2 to 1000 Euro/cm 2 and for large layers the price 

goes linear with the area. 

The CVD technology (Chemical Vapour Deposition) used to produce the synthetic diamond allows 

today the production of good quality diamond layers of 10x10 cm 2 at the lowest price. 

Starting from this material, we propose to build a new generation of position sensitive detectors not 

only for the use in conjunction with the spectrometer, but even for beam diagnosis as beam profiler 

and position monitor. 

Fortunately GSI is a front runner in the Diamond based detector development [Be01]. In the atomic 

physics group a one-dimensional position sensitive, 60x40 mm 2 diamond detector is already 

available (see Figure B4 3). Used in some experiments [To02],[Ad05] it revealed extremely good 

performances (fast response, 100% detection efficiency for 70 MeV/u few electron Bi ions, high 

counting rate). Despite this, the present design has few drawbacks which make it unsuitable as focal 

plane detector for the future spectrometer, namely the low granularity (1.9 mm pitch) and the fact 

that is was design to be used mainly for high energy beams extracted in air, i.e. the detector is not 

vacuum compatible. 

Figure B4 3. One Dimensional position sensitive CVD-Diamond detector presently used by the 

atomic physics group at GSI. 

Starting from these considerations a new prototype will be designed and built to clarify few points 

which are not yet decided: 

- which is the appropriate structure of the 2-D detector: strips or pads? 

- what kind of read out will be used: single channel or delay line read-out 

99

- front-end electronic: the present detector is read out via a special developed broad band, lownoise 

charge integrating preamplifier. The signals are then feed into a level discriminator 

and scalers. The preamplifiers are connected to each individual strip and are stand alone 

external units. For a detector with 200 to 350 individually read out channels a new 

preamplifier concept must be developed. The proposed solution foresees to use specially 

designed integrated electronic chips (e.g. ASICs) mounted directly on the detector or as close 

as possible to it. This are much smaller compared to the actual preamplifiers and therefore 

the handling of the detector will simplify. Due to the large difference in the charge amount 

created in the diamond by ions with the highest and the lowest energy, the new preamplifiers 

must have variable amplification. 

- the read out will tremendously simplify if it will possible to use the delay line technique. 

This possibility must be careful investigated because it is closely connected to the intrinsic 

diamond properties. This method is foreseen to be used for low energy beams which will be 

stopped into the diamond. 

The prototype will be a 20 x 20 mm area detector with a granularity below 1 mm. With this detector 

the different read out solutions will be investigated (R&D Milestone). 

b. Radiation hardness 

The large amount of energy deposited by highly charged ions at intermediate energies poses serious 

constraints for the choice of the appropriate detector type. One can think about two scenarios: a 

cheap detector which can be replaced without high costs after few experiments or to choose a 

radiation hard material with good detection properties and trade the cost for the radiation hardness. 

The first choice is the one we have already at GSI. The present focal plane detector is based on an 

80 mm diameter MCP chevron stack. Our experience shows that such a detector looses the detection 

efficiency after 'seeing' approx. 10 4 U 91+ / microchannel at 20 MeV/u. In average, after tree to four 

experiments the MCPs must be exchanged. 

The choice of the Diamond – solution has been triggered by considerations connected to the high 

risk of radiation damages for the focal plane detector. Diamond have proved to be extremely 

radiation resistive in tests performed width high energy, high intensity beams [Ad00],[Be04a]. 

However there is an important aspect which needs more investigation: how does the diamond 

perform under the irradiation with slow, highly charged ions? Most of the information we have 

today have been won with minimum ionizing particles (mip) or high energy HCI (few hundred 

MeV/u) which deposit a small amount of energy into the material. Heavy ions with energy below 50 

MeV/u deposit up to the whole kinetic energy in a material layer thinner then 400 µm. Taking into 

account the energy needed to create an electron–ion pair in diamond- 13 eV- the energy loss by the 

HCI will produce a huge space charge which locally will polarize the diamond. It is not yet clear in 

which extent this phenomenon could affect the signal formation and finally the detector properties. 

Using the proposed prototype, tests will be performed with beams from the existing GSI facility: 

most of the tests could be performed at UNILAC, but also SIS-ESR beams will be required. 


The final focal plane detector design will be decided after the tests with the proposed prototype will 

resume (Milestone). These include detector intrinsic properties and tests of the associated read-out 

electronics. For the design of the preamplifier a close collaboration with the NoRHDia 1 research 

collaboration, created around the GSI diamond detector expert group, is pursued. 


The construction of the magnetic spectrometer will be realised at GSI, after purchasing the magnets. 

Depending on the final parameter list, the needed magnets could be constructed by our Chinese 

collaborators from the Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou. 

1 NoRDHia -Novel Radiation Hard CVD Diamond Detectors for Hadron Physics: Joint Research Activity in the frame 

of the EU supported Integrated Infrastructure Initiative on Hardon Physicsb (I3HP) (2004 to 2007) 

100

The reduced dimensions of the focal plane detector for HCI will permit to entirely construct it at 

GSI using the GSI detector lab infrastructure. Only the segmentation of the Diamond foil must be 

done in a specialized lab, outside GSI. Due to the fact that more groups are interested in developing 

diamond detectors for the new generation of experiments at FAIR, we hope to find a way to 

optimize the costs. The collaboration with the NoRHDia will be extremely helpful in the realisation 

of the proposed detector. 

e: Acceptance Tests does not apply 

f. Calibration refer to D4 

g. Request for test beams 

Test Beam Year 

Delay–line readout test for 

the diamond detector 

UNILAC 2005 

2-D diamond detector UNILAC and SIS/ESR 

2007-2008 

prototype 

highly charge ion Beams 

E

B 4 1.2 HITRAP 

The ion trap facility HITRAP – see also the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) 2001 - will employ 

deceleration of heavy highly-charged ions and antiprotons from 4 MeV/u down to cryogenic 

temperatures. The HITRAP facility will be installed and operated at the ESR storage ring at the 

present GSI facility, and then moved to the future project, where it is an integral part of the FLAIR 

facility. HITRAP is a GSI-midterm project and is supported within the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft by 

'additional funding'. Technical and financial details are presented in the HITRAP Technical Design 

Report, see http://www.gsi.de/documents/DOC-2003-Dec-69-2.pdf. 

Ions up to uranium U 92+ at 4 MeV/u will be provided by the NESR through a direct beamline 

between the NESR and the HITRAP facility. Antiprotons at 4 MeV will be provided to HITRAP by 

the LSR (see Figure B4 4). The deceleration in the HITRAP facility is performed by a single 

Interdigital-H (IH) structure operated at 108.408 MHz, which reduces the energy down to 500 

keV/u, followed by a Radio-Frequency-Quadrupole (RFQ) structure operated at the same frequency 

for further deceleration to 6 keV/u. In order to increase the efficiency, two buncher cavities (first 

harmonic/second harmonic) will be placed before the IH structure, and another one between the IH 

and the RFQ structure. Existing 200-kW RF-tube amplifiers can supply both decelerator structures. 

This considerably reduces the costs for the set-up. After the RFQ structure, the ions and antiprotons 

will be trapped and cooled down to cryogenic temperatures by means of electron and resistive 

cooling in the HITRAP cooler trap. 

from 

storage 

ring 

profile grid, 

diagnostics 

four-gap 

buncher 

x/y steerers 

QP Tripl. 

profile grid, 

diagnostics 

experimental area area 

F10 

x/y steerers 

QP Tripl. 

QP Tripl. 

three-gap 

re-buncher 

experiment: 

precision 

trap 

antiprotons, HCI 4 MeV/u → 0.5 MeV/u → 6 keV/u 

IH-LINAC RFQ cooler trap 

1 m diagnostics 

x/y steerers 

diagnostics 

x/y steerers 

diagnostics 

solenoid 

x/y steerers 

Figure B4 4. Outline of HITRAP facility at the curren ESR locationt (longitudinal cut along the 

beamline). 

The decelerator and the trap can be equally well used for heavy ions and antiprotons to bring them 

down to sub-thermal energies as all components have been carefully designed to be operable in a 

q/A range of > 1/3. From the cooler trap, the particles will be extracted and delivered to heavy-ion 

and antiproton physics experiments. Extraction is possible both in DC mode and bunched mode at a 

time-averaged rate of 10 

102 

4 ions/sec and 10 6 antiprotons/sec. Beam transfer takes place in transfer lines 

at ultra-high vacuum. Typical extraction voltages will be around 15 kV. 

Bunchers, IH, RFQ, and cooler trap will be located in the HITRAP cave next to the Low-Energy 

Cave A. Including sections for drifting after re-bunching and for differential pumping between the 

RF cavities and the UHV of the ESR on one side and the traps on the other, the total length of the 

decelerator section before the cooler trap is planned to be not longer than 16 m. The height of the 

HITRAP cave will be 4 m. The experiments behind the cooler trap will be located i) in the lowenergy 

experimental areas (F5, F6, and F9) and ii) on a platform on top of the HITRAP cave (F10) 

in the FLAIR building. The necessary supplies and the control rooms for the HITRAP facility will 

also be put on the platform on the second level. 

The experience gained at the present GSI facility will allow for a successful operation of HITRAP 

without too many transition losses. Essential is the compatibility of HITRAP with the future facility 

diffusion 

valve 

x/y steerers 

solenoid 

90 o- bender 

valve 

cryogenic 

valve 

to exp. areas 

ground floor

in all major components (decelerator, traps, beamlines). After successful operation at the ESR and 

the final shut-down of this storage ring, the HITRAP components will be dismounted and mounted 

again at the FLAIR facility. Further work for development will not be required, except adjusting 

controls, beam diagnostic tools etc. to the then new standard for FAIR, which at present does not yet 

exist. It is expected that these relatively minor modifications will allow for a successful start of the 

experimental work almost immediately after start of operation of the NESR and thus contribute to 

the scientific output of the new facility right from the beginning. 

B 4 2 Experiments 

B 4 2.1 Precision Spectroscopy of Slow HCI with the Reaction Microscope 

The AP Low-energy Cave and the HITRAP facility in the FLAIR building offer unique possibilities to 

study the collisions between slow highly charged ions (HCI) up to U 92+ and atomic/molecular targets: 

beams of antiprotons and HCI directly extracted form the LSR with energies from few MeV/u down to 

300keV/u and down to eV beams from HITRAP, in both cases with the highest charge states for stable 

ions and a variety of unstable isotopes, are delivered directly into this Low Energy Cave. 

The study of ionization processes near the threshold for very high Sommerfeld parameters q/v and 

charge exchange processes in collisions between ions and atoms/molecules makes it possible to probe 

both atomic structure and collision dynamics over a range of parameters not accessible anywhere else 

and is of particular interest for plasma physics, astrophysics and accelerator physics. In the collision 

velocity range available in this Cave A the charge exchange process dominates at low ion energies (< 

few keV/u) and its cross section increases steeply with the charge of the ion. 

We intend to perform precision spectroscopy of HCI with the COLTRIMS technique (reaction 

microscope). For slow HCI impact on atomic/molecular targets single and multiple electron capture 

occur with high probability. Thus, singly and higher excited states of the HCI are populated, 

allowing the formation of strongly inverted systems (”hollow atoms”). The momentum of the recoil 

ion along the projectile beam axis depends on the difference between the binding energies of the 

active electron in the initial and final state, i.e. on the Q-value and thus spectroscopic information 

about the energy levels of the HCI can be obtained. The excited states of the HCI can decay 

radiatively and/or by emission of Auger electrons. These electrons as well as the photons in the 

optical and X-ray energy range will be detected in coincidence in order to fully understand the decay 

schemes of the HCI. With a beam intensity of 10 4 ions/s, we will carry out single-electron capture 

experiments. In an earlier experiment [Fi02] we have achieved a resolution (FWHM) of 0.7 eV and 

a precision of 3-300 meV for the excited energy levels of Ne 6+ (120-170 eV relative to the ground 

state), which is already competitive with the methods of conventional spectroscopy. Our main goal 

is to increase the momentum resolution by a factor of 10 and to determine the excitation levels of the 

HCI with sub-meV precision. In the future, provided a beam intensity of 10 5 ions /s and even 10 6 

ions /s becomes available, we intend to study in detail the rearrangement processes of HCI. For this 

purpose, a special multi-hit detector for detection of many electrons in coincidence (up to 10 

electrons) with extreme time resolution will be developed. In addition, photon detectors for the 

optical and X-ray regime will be implemented. This will allow for the complete investigation of the 

decay channels of strongly inverted systems (”hollow atoms”) by detection of photons in addition to 

the momenta of emerging ions and electrons. 

The present setup allows us to carry out kinematically complete collision experiments with 

increased momentum resolution. It consists of a reaction microscope [Ul03] and a projectile analyser 

[Fi02] (Figure B4 5). The latter permits to detect the charge state of the projectile ion after the 

collision with the atomic/molecular target in the reaction microscope. The whole setup has been 

designed, simulated, constructed and tested at the Max-Planck-Institut in Heidelberg. Our group has 

10 years of extensive experience in designing, building and operating reaction microscopes. 

103

Figure B4 5. Proposed set-up for precision spectroscopy of HCI with a reaction microscope at the 

HITRAP facility/Low-Energy Cave. 

In 2004, our setup has been successfully tested by performing precision spectroscopy experiments 

with HCI extracted from the Heidelberg Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT). HCI (F 7+ , Ne 10+ , Ar 16+ and 

U 64+ ) have been extracted from the EBIT at energies of 10-14 keV/q (q is the projectile charge) and 

have crossed the supersonic gas jet of He in the reaction microscope. Typical projectile beam 

intensities were 10 5 ions /s and 10 4 ions /s, for the light HCI and the U 64+ ions, respectively, after 

focussing and collimating on a 1 mm 2 spot in the reaction volume. For the given target density and 

estimated electron capture cross sections, these intensities permit to carry out capture experiments 

with satisfactory statistics within a few days. The analysis is still underway. Double and multiple 

electron capture events are present in the data, as well. 

This setup or a similar one is ready to be installed at the HITRAP facility/Low-energy CaveA once 

our beam requirements (see below) are fulfilled. 

Simulations, Design, Construction 

The whole setup is already operational. There is no need for further simulations, design and 

construction. 

Radiation Hardness (of detectors, of electronics, of electrical components nearby) 

Radiation hardness is not an issue at the ion beam intensities required for our experiment. 

Acceptance Tests 

Since the ion beam provided at HITRAP and at the Low-energy Cave has a small emittance, the 

acceptance of our reaction microscope is not a limiting factor for the overall setup. 

Calibration (if needed) 

No calibration needed. 

requests for test beams 

The setup has been tested in Heidelberg with HCI from the EBIT. 

104

No test beams are needed at GSI before the final installation in the cave. 

B 4 2.2 Ion-Surface Interaction Experiments at HITRAP/Low-energy Cave A 

a. Experimental scope 

We want to build up an experimental set-up to be operated for ion-surface experiments using H-, 

He-, and Li-like highly charged ions (HCIs). We will investigate the filling processes by electron- 

and X-ray-spectral features stemming from Hollow Atoms, and furthermore the surface response on 

the provided ultra-high electric fields. On insulating surfaces we expect to observe signatures from 

the Trampoline effect meaning that the neutralization process can not be completely finished due to 

a lack of electrons provided within a sufficient short response time by the surface. In addition, we 

intend to apply time-of-flight secondary ion/neutral mass spectrometry (HCI-SIMS/SNMS) for 

studying irradiation effects in various materials including fragmentation and modification of 

biological systems and HCI-induced surface reactions. Applications of SIMS and SNMS techniques 

with HCI are strongly supported by recent findings of high particle emission yields from oxidized 

silicon surfaces due to slow HCIs impact. Next to solid insulator and metal targets we will 

investigate magnetic properties of thin-films, and beam focussing characteristics of insulating and 

semi-conducting nano-capillaries. Lately, insulating nano-capillaries have shown strong guiding and 

bending effects when HCI are passing through. Such nano-capillaries will allow fabrication of ion 

lenses for nanometer size focus working without electromagnetic elements. They also can be used as 

filters for macro-molecules, and for selective bio-organism capture by exploiting their electric 

properties. With extremely highly-charged ions interesting non-linear effects in the charge-up 

process of the capillary surfaces are possible. 

To reach the proposed goals we develop new electron detection systems allowing us to perform 

energy, charge state, and yield measurements with large angle acceptance. Furthermore, time-offlight 

(TOF) spectrometers for mass identification of scattered and sputtered ionic and - by including 

a post-acceleration stage - neutral particles will be constructed (Figure B4 6). The design of all 

detectors takes special care of highest detection efficiencies. 

We gratefully acknowledge the support in detector development by the group of V. Mikoushkin, St. 

Petersburg and the collaboration with W.M. Arnold Bik (Utrecht) in target preparation. 

b. Simulations 

Simulations to study detector properties as well as the physics behind the measured spectra are 

required. Simulations for the detectors have been partly performed with the support by V. 

Mikoushkins group from St. Petersburg. Concerning the electron yield measurements as well as the 

charge and trajectory distributions in order to measure the Trampoline effect simulations will be 

provided by the group of J. Burgdörfer from Vienna. Simulations of the ion beam will be performed 

by the Vienna and the KVI group using e.g. the program code SIMION. These simulations can only 

be performed after all details concerning distances and ion steering components of the beam line are 

known. 

105

Figure B4 6. Schematic view of a typical experimental plane for ion-surface experiments. 

c. Radiation hardness 

Since all experiments will be performed using exclusively low intensity ion beams of low energy, 

i.e. smaller than 20keV/u, radiation damage is not an issue. 

d. Design 

To soften the requirement of beam intensity, a new type of electron spectrometer with a high 

acceptance angle is being designed in collaboration with V. Mikoushkin from St. Petersburg. The 

work on the yield detector is done together with the group of J. Burgdörfer from Vienna who will 

also perform the required ion beam simulations. The design of the complete experiment will be done 

in close collaboration with the groups of A. Warczak and R. Pedrys from the IP JU Krakow, and R. 

Schuch from Stockholm. The Krakow group also takes responsibility for the TOF-SIMS mass 

spectrometer and will deliver an X-ray spectrometer (see a project described elsewhere). A close 

collaboration on the field of detector development and surface science has been already established 

between all these groups. 

Our low energy electron measurements require an excellent shielding of outer magnetic fields. This 

will be ensured by adding a µ–shielding in the recipient. Nevertheless high magnetic fields in the 

vicinity of the set-up have to be avoided during testing and operation phase. 

e. Construction 

The construction of all necessary parts will be shared among the participating groups; therefore 

frequent contacts/meetings of the members will be organized. For the design and construction of the 

UHV system including recipient, target transfer, pumping stage, and target preparation facilities the 

KVI group takes responsibility. The required detector systems will be constructed, tested and 

mounted to the set-up in collaboration with the groups mentioned under point (d). 

f. Acceptance Tests 

The ion-surface experiment is the end-user of the ion beam, so the acceptance will not limit any 

other experiment. We will estimate the acceptance of our experiment within the ion beam 

simulations (see point (b)). 

g. Calibration 

Calibration might be needed for the newly designed detectors. It is planned to perform these 

106

calibration measurements partly at set-ups in Krakow, Stockholm, and Groningen before mounting 

the systems at the HITRAP facility/Low-energy Cave A. Here different kinds of ion sources (single 

charge, ECR, Molecules, etc.) will be utilized. 

h. Request for Test Beams 

For testing the system, aligning the target, taking into work the new detectors, etc. we require 

several test beams, preferably with multiply-charged ions served by an ECR or EBIS source. The 

test beams should be of low and high intensity and of variable total energy (ranging from below 1 

keV to ≈100 keV). For calibrating the TOF system different molecular beams (variable m, q) are 

required. 

B 4 2.3 X-ray Measurements at HITRAP/Low-energy Cave A 

For X-rays studies HITRAP will porovide about 10 5 few-electron or even bare high-Z ions up to 

uranium, with a repetition rate close to 10 s. Therefore, even transitions in H- or He-like high-Z ions 

in the X-ray regime between 2 keV and 30 keV can be studied by means of high-precision crystal 

spectrometers with efficiencies of about ε ≈ 10 -6 . Because for X-ray experiments at HITRAP the 

ions are basically at rest, such experiments would also profit considerably from the use of X-ray 

optics such as discussed for the NESR experiments. This would result in substantially increased 

soild angle (at least an order of magnitude) .Even more promising would be the use of state of the art 

high-resolution calorimeter systems in combination with X-ray optics where an overall efficiency of 

close to 10 -3 appears to be achievable [Eg96],[Si03] (see Photon Spectroscopy in section B3). 

We propose to place the experimental target chamber in the position shown in Figure B4 4. This 

target chamber should be equipped with an open, well collimated, differentially pumped gas target. 

It is expected to have an areal target density of about 10 11 atoms/cm 2 . The beam line should be 

equipped with an electrostatic charge state analyzer which is crucial for the experiment. 

Beams of highly charged ions should be extracted from the cooler trap and delivered to the 

collisions chamber with energies in the range of 0.1 – 20 keV/q and with intensities of 10 5 particles 

every 10 sec. It is assumed to have an ion beam with a diameter of 3-5 mm at the target. With a 

vacuum in the range of 10 -10 to 10 -11 mbar in the beam line and at the maximal distance between the 

cooler trap and the target chamber of about 10 m, a sufficient charge-state purity of the beam is 

guaranteed. 

According to [Ja85], a single-electron-capture cross section of about 10 -12 cm 2 is expected for 

capture into highly charged uranium from multi-electron target atoms. 

The aim of this work is to build, test and bring into operation elements of the collision chamber 

(differentially pumped gas target, electrostatic charge state analyzer, collimators, slits, movable Xray 

detector holders). In addition, development of special solid-state detectors is foreseen. This 

particular contribution is described separately in part 2.8 – Photon detector development. 

Simulations 

Simulations of the beam trajectories in the target area as well as in the electrostatic charge state 

analyzer are crucial for precise, efficient and background free X-ray detection. Mainly single 

particle trajectory tracking codes will be used, as e.g. SIMION. This program is based on a Runge- 

Kutta (4 th order) iteration technique to calculate magnetic and electrostatic fields from a given 

electrode geometry by solving the Poisson equation. 

Design 

The design of elements mentioned above will be made in close collaboration with GSI, Stockholm 

and KVI groups. They have extensive experience in designing such components of the setup. It is 

expected, that the design requires about two man-years. 

107

Construction 

The construction of the elements is planned to be performed at the workshop of the Physics Institute 

of the University in Cracow as well as at the workshop of the PREVAC Company, one of the leading 

workshops of this profile in Poland. 

Tests and calibration 

Here, tests of the differentially pumped gas cell are required under stringent vacuum conditions. 

Calibration of target densities for different gases is also planned. 

B 4 2.4 g-Factor Measurements 

It is intended to develop and operate a cryogenic Penning trap setup for high-precision 

measurements of magnetic moments (g-factors). The measurement principle can be used both for the 

determination of electronic g-factors in single highly-charged ions and of the free protonic and 

antiprotonic g-factor. The aimed experimental uncertainty is a few parts in 10 -9 . Similar highprecision 

measurements of electronic g-factors in hydrogen-like ions have been performed before, 

however only on light, hydrogen-like ions. Nevertheless, already with these ions it was possible to 

obtain interesting results. Apart from tests of quantum electrodynamics in the presence of strong 

fields, fundamental constants like the electron mass or the fine-structure constant and also nuclear 

parameters can be determined with outstanding accuracy [Be02]. Recently, measurements on 12 C 5+ 

[He00],[Ha00] and 16 O 7+ [Ve04] have been used to determine the electron mass four times more 

precise than before [Be02a],[Ye02]. 

The present kind of g-factor measurement is based on the “continuous Stern-Gerlach effect” [We02] 

and relies on high-precision measurements of trapping frequencies of single, hydrogen-like ions 

stored in a Penning trap [Br86]. 

Since the g-factor of an electron bound in a hydrogen-like ion is subject to various effects in reach of 

theoretical calculations [Pe96], it is possible to benchmark these with high sensitivity. Most 

prominently, these are bound-state QED, nuclear volume and nuclear recoil effects. In particular, the 

suggested experiment will yield as benefits: 

• A comparison of measured g-factors with theoretical predictions will test the corresponding 

bound-state QED calculations. Since the stringency of such a test scales roughly with the 

nuclear charge Z squared it is of interest to perform measurements also on medium-heavy 

such as 40 Ca 19+ [Vo] and heavy ions such as 238 U 91+ [Pe96], [Vo]. 

• Assuming the validity of the QED calculations, the comparison of theory and experiment 

leads to the determination of fundamental constants such as the electron mass or the finestructure 

constant α as the most imprecise values when comparing experiment and theory. 

This has been partly demonstrated already [Be02a], [Ye02] and further improvements are at 

hand. 

• Measurement of the Zeeman splitting on odd isotopes of hydrogen-like ions leads to nuclear 

magnetic moments without any correction by diamagnetic shielding. For the first time, this 

would provide a test of calculation of shielding constants for neutral or singly ionised atoms 

which up to now serve as the only source for nuclear magnetic moments. This led to several 

mistakes in the past, as discussed in [Gu98]. A possible difference of the nuclear magnetic 

moments between hydrogen-like ions and systems having many electrons may lead to the 

observation of the influence of the electron cloud on the nuclear wave functions. 

• Comparisons of electronic g-factors in hydrogen-like and lithium-like ions allow for the 

separation of nuclear structure effects. At the same time electron correlation effects in Li-like 

systems can be observed [Sh02]. 

• Comparison of cyclotron frequencies of single ions in the same magnetic field of the Penning 

trap leads to mass comparisons of heavy highly charged ions at the 10 -10 level of precision. 

108

This was already demonstrated for carbon and oxygen [He00], [Ha00], [Ve04]. It also serves 

for the determination of electron binding energies in a series of charge states starting from 

hydrogen-like to singly ionised systems. This tests ab-initio calculations of atomic structure. 

In the planned setup, a single ion will be stored in a cryogenic Penning Trap, which is located in the 

homogeneous part of the magnetic field produced by a superconducting NMR-magnet. 

2,5 m 

Penning trap 

arrangement 

Helium Inlet/Oulet 

109 

room temperature 

electronics 

vacuum 

77K shield 

lq. Nitrogen 

lq. Helium, 4K 

cryogenic detection 

electronics 

trap chamber 

magnet coil 

beam line / injection 

beam control 

Figure B4 7. Schematic drawing of the experimental setup. 

A magnetic field strength of around 4T inside the trap (Figure B4 7) will ensure the radial 

confinement of the ion, while the axial trapping is performed in an electric potential minimum of 

several eV⋅ q. The ion motion under this condition is a superposition of three individual trapping 

frequencies which can be measured independently in a non-destructive way and with high precision 

by resonant detection in electronic resonance circuits with high quality factors. Experimentally, the 

g-factor is obtained from the relation 

ωL 

m q 

g = 2 , 

ωC 

M e 

where ωL is the Larmor precession frequency of the electron spin around the magnetic field, ωC is 

the cyclotron frequency of the ion, m is the electron’s mass, M is the mass of the ion, and q is the 

ion’s electric charge. The frequency ratio ωL/ωC is determined by irradiation of microwaves of a 

frequency ωMW and a scan of the spin flip probability as a function of ωMW/ωC. The ratio with the 

maximum spin flip probability, ωL/ωC, yields the g-factor. Spin-flip detection is performed by 

transport of the ion to one of the traps in which the magnetic field homogeneity is influenced by 

using ferromagnetic elements. In such an inhomogeneous field, the trapping frequencies depend on 

the spin orientation. By using the “continuous Stern-Gerlach effect” [He00] the spin direction can be 

determined. The ion is transported back and the next microwave frequency is applied, thus scanning 

the Larmor resonance.

It can be assumed that the relative precision reached in measurements on hydrogen-like carbon and 

oxygen, 

12 5+ 

C : g=2.001 041 596 3 (10)(44) [He00], [Ha00] and 

16 7+ 

O : g=2.000 047 026 8 (15)(44) [Ve04], 

can be reproduced for all ions up to 238 U 91+ . The larger uncertainty for both given numbers is caused 

by the tabulated mass of the electron and the smaller indicates the experimental precision. 

Improvements in this experimental precision of up to a factor of five and a reduced measurement 

time of roughly one order of magnitude seem possible from the recent experiences in the field 

[Vo],[Ve04a],[St]. 

1 Operation at HITRAP 

The scenario for the experiments at HITRAP looks as follows: A bunch of hydrogen-like ions is 

ejected from the experimental storage ring ESR, decelerated to several keV/u and finally cooled in 

the Cooler trap of the HITRAP facility. After this procedure, they are extracted from the Cooler trap, 

transported in a cryogenic beam line and injected into the present Penning trap setup. After 

capturing the ions, the trap will be separated from the external source by a cryogenic valve to 

maintain a cryogenic vacuum below 10 -14 mbar in the trapping region. This is required to avoid ion 

loss by electron capture in collisions with background gas. A single ion is prepared by adiabatic 

lowering of the trapping potential and subsequent selective excitation of the few remaining ions. 

This ion will be cooled to the ambience temperature in all degrees of freedom by the technique of 

resistive cooling, using superconducting resonance circuits tuned to the ion oscillation frequencies. 

In order to perform a g-factor measurement, the “continuous Stern-Gerlach effect” can be applied 

and microwaves can be used to obtain a Larmor resonance as described above. A simultaneous 

measurement of the cyclotron and spin resonance frequencies yields the value for the g-factor. High 

precision at the 10 -10 level can be obtained by separating the determination of the spin direction from 

the measurement region with a homogeneous field by adiabatic transport of the ion between these 

two positions in a special double-trap structure [Ha00]. 

It has to be stressed that up to now, only the planned HITRAP facility can provide heavy highly 

charged ions sufficiently cold to be injected into the present Penning trap setup. 

Simulations 

The ion motion in the trap system and technical requirements for ion injection will be studied in 

simulations. It is especially necessary to study the ion motion inside the high-precision Penning trap 

and the ion injection into the Penning trap system with respect to in-flight-capture of externally 

produced ions. Mainly single particle trajectory tracking codes will be used, as e.g. SIMION. This 

program is based on a Runge-Kutta (4 th order) iteration technique to calculate magnetic and 

electrostatic fields from a given electrode geometry by solving the Poisson equation. 

Radiation Hardness 

Since the high-precision g-factor measurements are performed with a single trapped ion, radiation 

hardness is not an issue. 

Design 

The Design will be made by the Mainz group in close collaboration with GSI. There exists extensive 

experience in designing trap setups. It is expected that the design will take about two man-years. 


The basic construction ideas have been described above. It is a very complex setup both with respect 

to mechanical precision and to measurement and detection electronics. Similar cryogenic traps are 

already under operation at several places (e.g. at Mainz). The Mainz workshop is one of the leading 

places for the construction of precision Penning traps and its expertise will be used. 

110

Acceptance Tests 

The acceptance of the Penning trap system is not thought to limit the program of the proposed setup 

since the ion beam provided by the HITRAP cooler trap has a small beam emittance. 


The only calibration needed is that of the magnetic field strength of the superconducting magnet. 

After installation this will be done first by use of a standard NMR probe. Later, the calibration will 

be performed by determination of the cyclotron frequency of ions with well-known masses. 

Requests for test beams 

In the cases where externally produced ions are to be investigated in the Penning trap system, an 

external ion source may be used for tests of the ion guidance system. Test beams are not necessarily 

required. 

B 4 2.5 Mass Measurements 

Penning trap system for high-precision mass measurements on highly-charged ions 

(with its necessary R&D, Prototyping, Tests, Milestones to reach specifications for each subproject) 

The aim of this work is to build and operate a cryogenic Penning trap mass spectrometer for mass 

measurements on fundamental particles, as e.g. electron/positron, proton/antiproton, and highly 

charged ions with a relative uncertainty of 1·10 -12 . This precision would allow to perform a stringent 

test of CPT symmetry by mass ratio measurements of particles/antiparticles and test of QED in 

highly-charged ions. Furthermore a precision of 1⋅10 -12 would allow one to measure the binding 

energy of highly charged uranium, with one or a few electrons, better than presently achieved by Xray 

spectroscopy. 

In order to avoid uncertainties due to fluctuations of the electromagnetic fields, ion-ion interactions, 

and large field inhomogeneities, we plan to build a four-trap system, with two preparation and two 

high-precision Penning traps (Figure B4 8). All four miniaturized hyperbolical traps have to be 

installed in the same superconducting magnet with highest field stability and homogeneity and with 

a field strength of at least 7 T. Non-destructive phase-sensitive cyclotron frequency measurements 

will be performed simultaneously by storing the two resistively cooled ions in different traps but 

within the same homogeneous region of the magnet. After such a measurement, the position of the 

ions will be exchanged by using the two preparation traps (or a new reloading of the traps from the 

preparation traps) and the measurement of the cyclotron frequency will be repeated. In this way ionion 

interactions are avoided and one can expect that magnetic-field changes as well as systematic 

errors will cancel to a large extent in the measured frequency ratios. At a later stage the ion of 

interest and the reference ion or both ions of interest will be cooled to below mK temperatures by 

exchange of energy with an ion (preferably 24 Mg + ) which has been laser cooled to the zero-point 

state. The laser cooling of 24 Mg + will take place in the preparation traps since no extreme field 

homogeneity is needed. 

111

BENDER 

ION SOURCE 

FEEDTHROUGHS 

DETECTOR 

LHe- 

RESERVOIR 

4 K 

7 T - MAGNET - WITH FOUR 

HOMOGENEOUS CENTERS 

2 PRECISION 

2 PREPARATION 

TRAPS 

112 

He - CRYOSTAT WITH 

SUPERCONDUCTING INDUCTIVITY 

4 K 

300 K 

DETECTOR 

VACUUM 

SYSTEM 

Figure B4 8. Proposed high-precision mass spectrometer setup at the HITRAP facility. The trap 

system is installed in a 7 T superconducting magnet. Depending on the stored particle (light particle 

or highly charged heavy ions) either a destructive time-of-flight cyclotron resonance or a nondestructive 

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance detection will be used. 

Simulations 

Simulations are especially necessary to study the excitation of the ion motion inside the hyperbolic 

high-precision Penning trap. Detailed simulation studies of the ion motion have already been 

performed at ISOLTRAP, a Penning trap mass spectrometer for short-lived radionuclides at 

ISOLDE/CERN. 

of the detectors 

Destructive (time-of-flight ion cyclotron resonance, TOF-ICR) as well as non-destructive detection 

techniques (Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance, FT-ICR) will be used to measure the 

cyclotron frequency of the stored ions. Both techniques are well known and novel detectors are 

presently under construction at the Institute of Physics at the University of Mainz. Detailed 

simulations are not needed. 

of the beam 

Beam simulation is mandatory to reach the envisaged accuracy. Mainly single particle trajectory 

tracking codes will be used, as e.g. SIMION. This program is based on a Runge-Kutta (4 th order) 

iteration technique to calculate magnetic and electrostatic fields from a given electrode geometry by 

solving the Poisson equation. 

Radiation Hardness (of detectors, of electronics, 

of electrical components nearby) 

Since the high-precision mass measurements are performed preferably with a single trapped ion, 

radiation hardness is not an issue. 

Design, 

The Design will be made in close collaboration with the MSU, GSI, and Mainz groups. They have 

extensive experience in designing trap and detector setups. It is expected, that the design including 

calculations of the field inhomogeneities will take about two man-years. 


The construction ideas are described in the introduction of this section. It is a very complex setup 

and a four-trap system has never been built before. Detailed calculations of the magnetic field 

distribution are therefore required. Cryogenic traps are already under operation at several places 

(CERN, MSU, and Mainz). The Mainz workshop is one of the leading places for the construction of 

hyperbolical precision Penning traps and its expertise will be used. 

Acceptance Tests

A standard acceptance test will be required of the magnet manufacturer. After installation of the trap 

system, off line tests will assure that the required performance is reached. Since the traps are being 

built within the FLAIR/HITRAP collaboration, no formal acceptance tests as such are specified. 


The only calibration needed is the calibration of the magnetic field strength of the trap magnet. This 

will be done first using a standard NMR probe by the manufacturer. Later the calibration will be 

performed by the determination of the cyclotron frequency of stable ions with well-known masses. 

To this end, an off-line reference ion source will be installed which provides preferably also highlycharged 

ions. Here, carbon or carbon cluster ions provide the reference mass of choice [Bl02a] since 

the unified atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of the mass of 12 C. Mass measurements on wellknown 

masses allow the study of the accuracy limit of the proposed setup [Ke03]. 

Requests for test beams 

In order to get the precision mass spectrometer operational, there is no external test beam needed. 

Stable (highly-charged) ions provided by the test ion source will be used to make the necessary tests. 

B 4 2.6 Laser Experiments 

a) Experimental scope 

The HITRAP facility offers an exciting new possibility for high-precision measurements of the 

ground state hyperfine structure of hydrogen-like systems. The results can be used for the 

investigation of the nuclear effects or, if these effects can be eliminated or calculated, to measure 

QED effects in extreme fields. 

In highly-charged ions (HCI), electronic transitions are generally in the far UV or X-ray regions of 

the spectrum. However when Z is high enough (around Z=70) the ground-state hyperfine transition 

of hydrogen-like systems (which in hydrogen itself has a wavelength of 21 cm) can move into the 

visible. Laser spectroscopy offers the possibility of high-accuracy measurements of transition 

wavelengths in the visible region. The lifetime of the transition falls as Z -9 so that it is of the order 

of ms in the visible. A measurement of this transition wavelength gives information on the QED 

corrections to the hyperfine energy or on the distribution of nuclear magnetisation (Bohr-Weisskopf 

effect) if the QED corrections are assumed to be correct. The distribution of the nuclear 

magnetisation is affected by core polarisation and it is a property of the nucleus that is not well 

understood; its measurement allows critical tests of nuclear models to be performed. In addition, 

comparison of measurements made on other states of HCI allows the nuclear effects to be eliminated 

so that an accurate measurement of the QED effects may also be made. 

There are several candidate systems that could be studied at HITRAP. Some of these have already 

been studied in storage rings, but the potential accuracy of a Penning trap measurement is high 

because of the elimination of the very large Doppler shift due to the high velocity of the ions in the 

storage ring. At GSI, measurements were made in the ESR storage ring on 209 Bi 82+ (λ = 244 nm, τ = 

0.35 ms) and on 207 Pb 81+ (λ = 1020 nm, τ = 50 ms); measurements were also made at the Super- 

EBIT on 165 Ho 66+ , 185 Re 74+ and 187 Re 74+ and 205 Tl 80+ . Compared to the storage ring and EBIT 

measurements, HITRAP offers several distinct advantages: 

• No calibration of the beam velocity is required 

• The ions are held at low temperature and high density 

• The resonance is expected to be much narrower, leading to higher precision 

• The experiment will be performed in a clean environment with essentially no background 

light 

• The trap will be designed to have efficient light collection, giving high sensitivity 

• A possible extension is to use a laser to optically pump the ions, leading to polarisation of the 

nuclear spin and the possibility of weak interaction studies. 

113

Figure B4 9. Schematic drawing of the setup. The UHV chamber contains a split-coil 

superconducting magnet, which surrounds the spectroscopy Penning trap (Figure B4 10). The 

superconducting magnet has a high homogeneous and stable magnetic field on axis (B=6 T) over 

the entire trap length. The chamber is evacuated by an ion pump (after roughing). The laser beam 

coming from the left prepares the HCI in the upper hyperfine state. The fluorescence is detected 

perpendicular to the beam and transported out of the chamber (by fibres) for further signal analysis, 

processing and acquisition. 

Figure B4 10. Schematic drawing of the spectroscopy Penning trap. This trap will be utilized with 

resistive cooling (to assure an ion temperature of ~4 K) and the rotating wall technique (to assure a 

high density, small ion cloud). Below the trap a possible loading procedure is indicated: the HCI 

enter the trap from the right, are reflected from the left capture electrode, enclosed by the right 

electrode, localised to the trap centre (quadrupole potential) and finally cooled and compressed. 

After laser excitation (on axis) the fluorescence from the upper hyperfine state is detected 

perpendicular to the laser beam. 

b) Simulations 

When designed, we will use SIMION to simulate ion transport from the cooler trap to the 

spectroscopy trap and use other programs (under development) to verify the rotating wall efficiency. 

114

So far, we have already made calculations of the trap frequencies, estimated the effect of the rotating 

wall technique, and calculated expected signal rates. 

For example: In hydrogen-like 207 Pb 81+ the hyperfine splitting of the 1s ground state corresponds to a 

wavelength of 1020 nm, and the upper state lifetime is 50 ms. At 4 K, i.e. in a cryogenic trap, the 

Doppler width of the upper hyperfine state (F=1) is only 30MHz. The ion cloud (about 10 5 ions) in 

the Penning trap can be radially compressed using the rotating wall technique. Typical cloud 

dimensions are: a cloud length of ~7 mm and a diameter of ~0.8 mm. lf the total detection efficiency 

is about 4.10 -3 , and the experiment is run in a continuous mode, the signal on resonance is expected 

to be 4.10 3 counts per second. The background signal is expected to be less than 10 2 counts per 

second. Alternatively, if the laser excitation is pulsed with a duty cycle of say 200 ms, the signal 

would be around 10 3 counts per second, without any background from scattered laser light. These 

values are high enough to allow easy detection and measurement of the transition wavelength. Once 

the signal is seen, this will allow a wavelength determination to an accuracy which far exceeds the 

theoretical uncertainties. 

c) Radiation hardness 

Since all experiments will be performed using exclusively low intensity ion beams of low energy, 

i.e. smaller than 1 keV/u, radiation damage is not an issue. 

d) Design 

The design of elements mentioned above will be done in London, at Imperial College. For the 

design of the resistive cooling we will work in collaboration the Mainz group, since they have 

extensive experience in designing such components of the setup. It is expected, that the design 

requires about two man-years. 

e) Construction 

The superconducting magnet (cryogen-free) can hopefully be purchased early in the project. The 

construction of the laser setup (including the necessary optics), the Penning trap (with resistive 

cooling) and the fluoresence detection will take place at Imperial College in London, with close 

consultation with Mainz and GSI. We will mainly use the workshop facilities available at Imperial. 

f) Acceptance tests 

Tests of the trap, cryogenic electronics and the detector will be done at Imperial, using singly 

charged ions. We will study systems with equivalent (hyper)fine transitions and similar 

characteristics (wavelength and lifetime) and ion cloud parameters. 

Tests of extraction of the highly charged ions from the cooler trap, and transfer (beamline section) 

and capture into the spectroscopy trap can only be done at GSI. These tests should not take too long, 

provided the parameters of the beam extracted from the cooler trap are realistic. 

g) Calibration 

The calibration is fairly straightforward. We will only need to determine/calibrate the magnetic field 

(Hall probe) and the wavelength (wavemeter) of the laser. 

h) Request for test beams 

Beams of highly charged ions with medium Z, e.g. 40 Ca 16+ . This will be used for optimising the 

capture of ions from a beam and the implementation of the rotating wall technique for increasing the 

density of ions in the trap. 40 Ca 16+ is an example of an ion with a very similar charge to mass ratio as 

207 Pb 81+ . 

A mass measurement program is also proposed at the low-energy branch within the NUSTAR 

project (MATS: Measurements with an advanced trapping system). The main goal of MATS is to 

115

perform high-precision mass measurements and trap-assisted spectroscopy measurements on very 

short-lived nuclides which are not accessible at HITRAP. 

B 4 3 Trigger, DACQ, Controls, An-line/Off-line Computing 

Low-energy Cave/HITRAP 

The control of the experiments performed at the Low-energy Cave and HITRAP will be done 

locally, in the data acquisition rooms of the experimental areas. A correlation with the accelerator is 

needed: a machine signal is desired for coincident measurements. The beam transport to the 

experiment must be included into the accelerator control. Beam diagnosis elements, slits, vacuum 

systems situated inside the caves must be under the control of the experimenters but also connected 

to the general FAIR (NESR) control. The HITRAP facility needs trigger signals from the extraction 

kickers of the storage rings NESR and LSR for exact timing of the HITRAP decelerator and the 

cooler trap. 

It is desired that also the control over the whole beam line inside the FLAIR building will be 

accessible for the experimenters and also for the accelerator operators. Especially for experiments 

using ions from the LSR injectors, the control over the beam must be local accessible from the 

FLAIR building. 

Multiparameter data acquisition software is needed: the GSI support for a general platform is 

welcomed and considered necessary especially for small experiments. 

B 4 4 Beam/Target Requirements Low-Energy Cave/ HITRAP 

B 4 4.1 Beam specifications 

• highly charged (few electrons) ion beams, up to uranium 

• decelerated and cooled in NESR, slowly extracted to the experimental area into the FLAIR 

building 

• emittance: 1 x 1 π mm mrad 

• energies of 130 MeV/u and lower 

• for few-electron heavy ions, Eion> 4 MeV/u . For beams from the ion injector of the LSR (N, 

Ar, Kr with intermediate charge state) energies Eion ~ 1 MeV/u 

• for channeling experiments: halo free, almost parallel beams; especially for experiments with 

low energy beams; an angular divergence much smaller than the critical channeling angles 

(typically 0.3 mrad) rms values in x and y 

• a beam stability in position at the level of 1 mm: this implies a stability of the magnet power 

supplies at the level of 10 -4 

• the maximum beam intensity is given by the NESR parameters and is expected to be up to 

10 7 ion / spill for decelerated bare uranium. The intensity of the extracted beams depends on 

the extraction energy, ion species and extraction time. 

• beam spot on target: ≤ 2 x 2 mm 2 

• long pulses: 50 to 200 s 

• highly charged heavy-ion beams, up to uranium U 92+ , at 4 MeV/u, from NESR 

• antiprotons at 4 MeV from LSR/CRYRING 

• decelerated and cooled in NESR or LSR, fast extraction to the HITRAP area in the FLAIR 

building, bunch length ≤ 1 microsecond 

• emittance: 1 π mm mrad 

• commissioning with beam from the ion injectors of the LSR at 4 MeV/u, ion species: 

protons, H - ions, light highly charged ions, e.g. Ar 16+ 

• beam stability in position at the level of 1 mm, this implies a stability of the magnet power 

supplies at the level of 10 -4 

116

• the maximum ion beam intensity delivered to HITRAP is given by the parameters of NESR 

or LSR (see corresponding sections) and is expected to be up to 4×10 7 U 92+ ions every 20 s at 

4 MeV/u 

• the maximum antiproton beam intensity delivered to HITRAP is given by the antiproton 

production yield at the production target and is expected to be up to 4×10 8 antiprotons every 

20 s at 4 MeV/u 

• beam spot on target: 2 x 2 mm 2 

B 4 4.2 Running scenario 

1. Scenario for one experiment: pulse by pulse, at a time interval given by the cooling and 

deceleration time in NESR. Blocks of 15 to 25 shifts beam on target. Additional 10 to 12 shifts 

should be foreseen for the settings of the extraction and transport beam line. At the beginning of the 

operation it is advisable to plan one or two beamtimes, after the commissioning of the beam line of 

the Low-energy cave Cave and HITRAP, only with the purpose of exercising the beam transport to 

the caves. The present experience gained at the ESR in GSI showed that at the beginning the 

transport setting takes longer and on the long run such a scenario will shorten the time needed for 

this operation during the physics experiments. 

2. Experimental schedule: Due to the availability of an ion source at LSR, most of the testing and 

commissioning can be done without NESR beam. Commissioning beam time is needed for the 

different beam lines, the magnetic spectrometer together with the focal plane detector at the lowenergy 

cave, and the HITRAP decelerator and cooler trap. A final commissioning with NESR ion 

beam is also required. Also commissioning and tests of different set-ups must be foreseen. Most of 

these steps can be performed using only ion beams delivered from the LSR. 

From the technical point of view, two different experiments for each beam time block can be 

performed in each of these two areas. For all experiments to be performed in the low-energy cave, 

only the target region will be exchanged. With a modular concept of the setups a fast exchange of 

experiments is possible. Depending on the number of applications for the beam time, at least six 

different experiments per year, of 15 to 25 shifts each, can be easily performed in the low-energy 

cave. The following table presents a tentative beam request for the years 2011/2012. 

Heavy-ions beamtime request at the low energy cave / HITRAP 

Year Experiment Nr. of 

requested 

shifts 

Beam 

2011 Commissioning beam line from LSR 15 Ar/ Kr ions from the 

to Low-energy cave and to HITRAP 

ECRIS accelerated in LSR 

(including the cave beam line up to the 

target point) 

energy: few MeV/u 

Commissioning magnetic spectrometer 12 Ar/ Kr ions from the 

and focal plane detector at Low-energy 


cave 

E < 10 MeV/u 

Commissioning HITRAP decelerator 27 Ar/ Kr ions from the 

and cooler trap 


E = 4 MeV/u 

Commissioning beam line from NESR 30 Hydrogen-like heavy ion 

to Low-energy cave and to HITRAP 

species (Xe, Pb, U) 

20 MeV/u < E < 150 

MeV/u 

In-beam test of the HCI-cluster 

interaction experimental setup 

10 Ion beam from LSR 

2012 Fragmentation and charge exchange 36 H-like U from NESR, 

117

processes in HCI-cluster interaction 

E < 10 MeV/u and E = 

experiment 

100 MeV/u 

Precision spectroscopy of slow HCI 30 bare U from NESR, 

with Reaction Microscope 

E = 4 MeV/u 

Ion-surface interaction studies 30 bare U from NESR, 

E = 4 MeV/u 

g-Factor measurements, mass 

36 H-like Pb or U from 

measurements (can run in parasitic 

NESR, 

mode, 10%) 

E = 4 MeV/u 

B 5 Physics Performance 

B 5 1 The Low Energy Cave 

In the past the energy range of few MeV/u for few electrons highly charged ions could not be 

explored at the present ESR. Up to now, no decelerated and cooled highly charged ion beam with 

energies below 12 MeV/u was extracted from the ESR. One reason for this is the fact that for 

decelerating further down, below this energy, the beam must be rebunched due to the limited range 

of the radio frequency cavities of the ring. It is proposed and under study, that the NESR will be 

designed in such a way that the deceleration of the ions from the highest accepted energy to 4 

MeV/u will be performed in a continuous way, with a single RFQ covering the whole frequency 

range. This will improve the ring operation and make it easier to decelerate to the range of few 

MeV/u. In this range, the energy loss ∆E/∆x of HCI is very high. By measuring ∆E/∆x , 

additionally to the charge state, new information about different collision mechanisms (e.g. in 

channeling experiments ) can be extracted. 

The present magnetic spectrometer used at GSI, in cave A, for atomic physics experiments was 

designed to cover an energy range up to 580 MeV/u; for the lowest energies of few MeV/u it is not 

suited. Due to the fact that the energy loss of high energy ions in thin targets is not significant, no 

projectile momentum selection was pursued in the spectrometer design. The proposed spectrometer 

with a momentum resolution of about 1% will remedy this drawback.. 

The Diamond based, new focal plane detector will mainly improve the efficiency of the 

experiments: today, due to the reduced counting performance of the focal plane detector (max. 20-40 

kHz), it is not possible to use the maximum intensity offered by the ESR (e. g. ~5 x 10 6 U91 + at 30 

MeV/u). Usually the intensity of the cooled, decelerated HCI beams extracted from ESR must be 

reduced, depending on the energy, by a factor two to ten to avoid the overloading of the detector and 

the consequent loss of detection efficiency. Increasing the counting rate of the projectile detector 

beyond few hundred of kHz toward MHz, the time needed for data acquisition can be reduced by an 

appreciable factor. It is expected that at FAIR facility, the beam intensity of cooled and decelerating 

HCI will increase beyond the present ESR values, approaching the space charge limit. The expected 

intensities for in NESR cooled and decelerated U 91+ at ~20 MeV/u lay in the region of 10 7 ion/spill. 

To be able to fully exploit these beams, a faster detector and a VME based data acquisition are 

mandatory for the future low energy cave. 

B 5 2 HITRAP 

Highly charged ions and antiprotons will be post-decelerated in the HITRAP facility from 4 MeV/u 

to energies in the range of keV in a linear interdigital H-mode (IH) drift-tube structure followed by 

an RFQ decelerator. The beam-ejection energy for highly charged ions from the NESR and 

antiprotons from the LSR/Cryring to the HITRAP facility will be 4 MeV/u. At the existing GSI 

facility, about 10 6 U 92+ ions are to be injected for deceleration into HITRAP with a total cycle time 

118

of 10 - 20 s. A considerable intensity increase at the future FAIR facility is expected because of the 

following two reasons. First, the ion beam intensity from NESR will be higher due to higher beam 

current from SIS. Second, the efficiency of the HITRAP facility will be increased by a factor of 2.5 

through the installation of a second-harmonic buncher before the IH-structure. 

Once the FLAIR facility will be fully operational, also antiprotons will be decelerated with an 

expected average intensity of 10 6 antiprotons per second extracted from the HITRAP cooler trap to 

the experimental areas. The maximum ion or antiproton beam intensity delivered from the HITRAP 

cooler trap is limited by the intensity delivered from NESR or LSR/Cryring, not by the space-charge 

limit in the cooler trap. 

A number of unique experiments are foreseen at the HITRAP facility which will make usage of the 

high-brilliance source of cooled highly charged ions, which is not available at any other facility in 

the world. Highly charged ions are planned to be used for collision studies with a reaction 

microscope. For the first time it will be possible to study collisions of single atoms, ions, or 

molecules with high charges at low kinetic energies. Similar studies are also planned for collisions 

of highly charged ions with surfaces and with guidance of highly charged ions through 

microcapillaries. For these experiments, a cooled beam of highly charged ions at a well-defined 

energy up to several keV is essential. Also high-accuracy experiments are foreseen at HITRAP. One 

is the investigation of a single ion stored in a Penning trap, similar to the ongoing g-factor 

measurements on carbon- and oxygen ions at Mainz, but employing ions of much higher charges, up 

to hydrogen-like uranium. These measurements will provide a test of strong-field quantum 

electrodynamics to a new order of magnitude. Other experiments are laser and X-ray spectroscopy 

of clouds of trapped ions in order to circumvent the difficulties of such measurements on ions of 

higher energy in the ESR. It is expected that due to missing needs for Doppler correction etc, the 

precision of transition energies can be performed much more precisely, thus allowing for more 

accurate determinations of energy levels and hyperfine structure splitting in highly charged ions. In 

addition, HITRAP will also allow for the investigation of the energy levels of highly charged 

radioactive ions, which up to are not investigated at any existing facility. 

In addition, the HITRAP facility will be a high-brilliance source of cooled antiprotons for lowenergy 

antiproton experiments. In particular, antiproton experiments requiring a high flux of 

antiprotons, e.g. CPT-studies with antihydrogen atoms, will benefit from the intensities to be 

delivered by the HITRAP facility (see FLAIR Technical Proposal). 

119

C Implementation and Installation 

C 1 Laser Interactions with Highly Relativistic and Highly Charged Ions at SIS 100/300 

C 1 1 Cave and Annex Facilities 

a. access, floor plan, maxim. floor loading, beam height, crane hook height, alignment fiducials 

At ground floor above the northern SIS tunnel exit a laser lab is required for the installation of the 

cooling laser system and additional laser systems for spectroscopy. It should also provide enough 

space for the later installation of a high-intensity few-cycle laser system. For each laser system 

(comprising several lasers and diagnostics) an optical table of about 10m 2 area is required. For a 

total of three such laser tables a laser lab of 100m 2 area at a clear hight of 4m is mandatory, not 

including space for the civil infrastructure of the laser lab and the building. No crane is required in 

the lab. The laser lab has to be directly connected to the access tunnel leading down into the SIS 

tunnel. Within this access tunnel space is required to transport several laser beams into the SIS 

tunnel, requiring a free area of 0.5m 2 . For the transport of equipment, the access tunnel should be 

equipped with a crane, capable of handling Euro palettes and a load of about 1000 kg. 

At the SIS tunnel space has to be provided next to the rings (at the outer side) for the installation of 

the laser ports depending on the final layout of the merging section, the laser beam transport from 

the access tunnel and for the X-ray spectrometer. 

b. electronic racks 

No electronics besides for the control of the laser systems is required. For the synchronization of 

pulsed laser beams with the ion bunch structure and in general the storage ring timing, the relevant 

machine signals have to be available there at the laser building. 

c. cooling of detectors 

For the water cooling of all laser systems a maximum load of 100 kW is expected. 

d. ventilation 

The whole laser lab has to be air conditioned. The temperature fluctuations should be less than 

plusminus one degree and humidity has to be controlled, the latter not being a critical issue. To 

avoid damage of optical components (especially for the case of short pulse lasers) clean room class 

100.000 is mandatory for the whole laser lab. 

e. electrical power supplies 

A total electrical power of about 100 kW is required inside the laser lab. 

f. gas systems 

Clean nitrogen for vacuum applications (fludding of vacuum laser beam lines) in small amounts and 

pressurized air (laser tables and valves) is required. 

g. cryo systems 

C 1 2 Detector –Machine Interface 

a. vacuum 

Entrance and exit windows / ports have to be provided for the merging of the laser beam with the 

stored ion beam and the detection of scattered X-ray photons. For SIS300 these will be part of 

dedicated vacuum chambers described below. At SIS100 ports will be needed that provide a 

120

maximum interaction length between laser and ion beams at a slight angle (here no additional 

magnets are planned). 

b. beam pipe 

Depending on the magnets that have to be inserted into the SIS 300 lattice for the tilting of the beam 

in the interaction region also the beam pipe has to be modified. 

c. target, in-beam monitors, in-beam detectors 

For the cooling the usual beam diagnostics for the longitudinal and the transverse phase space in SIS 

will be sufficient (Schottky analysis, pick-ups, beam profile monitors). For the study of ionization 

dynamics with high intensity pulses additional charge changing detectors are required behind the 

interaction region at the inner side of the rings. 

d. timing 

Timing between laser pulses and ion beam bunches has to be achieved. Concepts are presently 

developed within the PHELIX project 

e. radiation environment 

Radiation problems for all installations within the SIS 100/300 tunnel have to be evaluated. 

Especially the detectors for the X-ray spectrometer have to be studied. Developments for radiation 

hardened detectors might be necessary 

f. radiation shielding 

Shielding between the SIS100/300 tunnel and the laser laboratory has to allow permanent work at 

the lasers 

C 1 3 Assembly and installation 

a. Size and weight of detector parts, space requirements 

The laser equipment will be completely set up at the laser laboratory outside of the SIS tunnel. The 

experimental set up at the tunnel consist mainly the laser beam line, laser windows, and the X-ray 

spectrometer. 

The X-ray spectrometer will be prepared separately, and installed - for relatively long periods - into 

the tunnel. A typical dimension will be: 

Length 2m 

Weight 200 kg 

The assembly has to be done outside of the SIS tunnel at some appropriate clean workshop. 

b. Services and their connections 

The detectors and laser beam line components will be outside of the vacuum, and will need 

occasional replacement. Mirrors inside the vacuum will have to be checked regularly for defects. 

This can be done visually through the entrance window. Replacement means braking of the vacuum. 

Some detectors will need liquid nitrogen cooling during the experiments, or include a water cooled 

chiller unit. 

c. Installation procedure 

All equipment can be dismantled to pieces not larger than an "Europalette" and not heavier than 400 

kg. A crane is required to lift this equipment down into the SIS tunnel. 

121

C 2 Atomic Physics with Ion-Beams from SIS12/SIS100 

C 2 1 Cave and Annex Facilities 

a. access, floor plan, maxim. floor loading,, beam height, crane hook height, alignment fiducials 

The floor plan can be seen in Fig. B2.1. The floor loading is determined by the weight of the 

spectrometer of about 80 t if FRS magnets will be installed. 

A crane for weights of 2 t. Alignment of each part of the beam line with an accuracy of 0.1mm. 

Store the measured values in a database. 


5 electronic racks (NIM) 

c. cooling of detectors (heat produced = heat removed!) 

Collective distribution net for liquid nitrogen 



Power supplies for the magnetic spectrometer, vacuum system, electronic racks 


Pressurized air and N2 


for handling of liquid nitrogen and helium dewars are necessary for 

Annex building: Workspace for experiment preparation 

For experiment preparation a total floor space of in total 100 m 2 is required in order to cover the 

needs of the SPARC. 

a. access 

maxim. floor loading maximum floor loading amounts to 5 t 

beam height does not apply 

crane hook height 5 m. For preparation of the experimental setups, a 2 t cranes should be 

available. 

alignment fiducials does not apply 


the power consumption of the experiment electronic amounts to 20 kW. In addition 20 kW must be 

provided for additional equipment. 




the tolerance for the room temperature at the experiment is: ±2 o C 


water cooling for powers supplies and pumps is needed 

122


supply of try air (nitrogen) and pressurized air is needed 


for the use of solid state detectors such as Ge(i) systems, LN2 cooling is required. For this purpose 

up to about 1000 l of LN2 will be available by using a few LN2 dewars. 

Annex building: Control rooms/Office space 

For experiment control a total floor space of 75 m 2 is required in order to cover the needs of the 

SPARC collaboration. This floor space consideration takes into account 50 m 2 for office space and 

25 m 2 of an air conditioned area for electronic equipment. 

a. access 

the control rooms should located close to the high-energy cave 

maxim. floor loading does not apply 


crane hook height does not apply 


the power consumption of the electronic equipment amounts to 20 kW. 




the tolerance for the room temperature for the area housing the electronic equipment ±2 o C 

e. electrical power supplies see b. 

f. gas systems does not apply 

C 2 2 Detector –Machine Interface 

a. vacuum 

The vacuum system will be built and operated in close collaboration with the accelerator vacuum 

division, since large parts of the system will be used as beam pipes. 

b. beam pipe 

Beam pipes from SIS12 and SIS100 to the high-energy cave are needed the length of which depends 

on the final arrangement and lay-out of the cave. 


For certain experiments with the spectrometer, a gas jet target will be needed, otherwise standard 

solid-state targets will be used. 

1 beam monitor (wire chamber) as close as possible in front of the target 

1 beam monitor (wire chamber) at the end of the cave (0°) 

1 beam monitor (wire chamber) at the image focal point of the spectrometer 

d. timing 

Particle detection in coincidence with signal from accelerators 

123



The neighboring experimental areas, especially the plasma physics cave, have to be equipped with a 

radiation shielding such that in the high-energy cave can be worked during experiments in those 

areas. 

C 2 3 Assembly and Installation 


The total length of the spectrometer is about 10 m and the weight is about 80 t, if FRS magnets will 

be installed. The first part of the cave should have a length of at least 20 m. 


Standard accelerator services for the magnets, beam transport, and for the vacuum installations will 

be needed. 


The FRS dipole magnets can be taken into 4 pieces and each of the pieces will brought into the cave 

on hovercraft-like transporters. 

124

C 3 Experiments with Stored and Cooled Ions at the NESR 

In the Figure B3 1 the topology of the NESR together with the various experimental installations is 

given. A summary of the annex facilities needed for experiments at the NESR is given in Table C3 

1. 

Table C3 1. Annex Facilities needed for experiments at the NESR 

Workspace for experiment preparation 400 m 2 

C 3 1 Electron Target 

Floor space for experiment electronics and 

controls 

250 m 2 

Clean room 20 m 2 

Laser laboratory 50 m 2 

Storage space for equipment and 

workshops 

125 

200 m 2 

C 3 1.1 Cave and Annex Facilities, Civil Engineering, Cranes, Elevators, Air Conditioning 

(Temperature and Humidity Stability requirements), Cooling, Gases 

a. access, floor plan, maximal floor loading, beam height, crane hook height, alignment 

fiducials 

The electron target will have a straight solenoid section of 4 m, two vertically aligned toroid sections 

with a radius of curvature of approximately 2 meters. The acceleration section at the gun side will be 

not longer than 5 m. At that position the building has to have a dedicated tower. The floor plan can 

be seen in the general NESR floor sketch. 

The electron target is an integral part of the NESR. The access to it will be normally via the NESR 

tunnel. The access to the high gun section of the target will be subject of additional planning after 

the optimization of the gun section length. Depending on the length, special mechanical support 

might be needed that could hold the platform to access the gun magnet. The electron target 

components will be brought to their place via the gate at the gas jet side. 

The weight of the electron target will exceed few tons, and the floor load will be comparable to the 

other NESR components. The beam height is given by the NESR. Due to the relatively high electron 

gun section, it is not planned to have a crane that can move over the electron target. For the 

assembling, a mobile crane will be hired. 

Alignment fiducials are needed for the target itself as well as for the alignment of the beam scrapers 

under vacuum. 


One medium sized electronic rack will be positioned at the gun side and another one at the collector 

side. After each of the dipole sections, a pair of medium sized electronic racks will be positioned; 

one of them inside the ring (ionization side) and the other one outside the ring (electron capture 

side). The racks after the dipoles will be used for the particle detectors. All electronic racks will 

need 10*1.2 kW = 12 kW of clean power that can be supplied also by isolating transformers. 


The cooling of the electronics in the aforementioned racks and of the HV power supplies will be 

done by normal air convection. The power supplies for the magnets will be water cooled. Centrally 

supplied de-ionized water will be used.


No special ventilation is planned. It is assumed, that the NESR tunnel will have adequate ventilation. 


Standard HV power supplies for an electron cooler are needed. The solenoid and toroid magnets will 

have standard power supplies as well. One fast HV power supply will be needed for fast ramps in 

the range of ± 10 KV. 


Detector gas (Ar-CO2) is needed for the particle gas counters. 

Clean nitrogen will be needed if vacuum chambers are to be vented. 

He will be needed for the super conducting magnet in case a cryogenic free solution is not afordable. 

Pressurized air will be needed for the valves and for the pneumatic actuators for the particle 

detectors. 


The super conducting electron gun magnet will be of cryogen-free type if the price is afordable. 

C3 1.1.2 Detector –Machine Interface 

a. vacuum 

The electron target is an integral part of the NESR vacuum system, with its own valves and baking. 

Glass windows to align the scrapers with the alignment fiducials are needed in the at both ends of 

the straight section. 

b. beam pipe 

The electron target is an integral part of the NESR beam pipe. 


The electron target is described elsewhere. The beam monitors are the residual gas monitors, one 

after the main cooler and one after the electron target, the ion current transformer, and the particle 

detectors after each dipole section. 

d. timing 

Campus and standard system timing is of utmost importance for all NESR experiments. 


The electron losses in the target matter produce low energy bremsstrahlung that is absorbed by the 

vacuum chamber walls. 


As an integral part of the NESR the electron target is shielded in the NESR tunnel. 

C 3 1.1.3 Assembly and installation 

(Do you intend to assemble your detector/ your experiment elsewhere before the final installation in 

the cave? Describe the process of installing your project, including the space needed for handling, or 

later for repairs.) 

The electron target components will be brought to their place via the gate at the gas jet side. They 

will be assembled directly at the final place of the target and at the adjacent place inside the ring. 

126

The gun section will assembled in the adjacent place and erected after the support construction is 

ready. A mobile crane will be hired. The adjacent place inside the ring will be needed for future 

repairs as well. 


The electron target will have a straight solenoid section of 4 m, two vertically aligned toroid sections 

with a radius of curvature of approximately 2 meters. The acceleration section at the gun side will be 

not longer than 5 m. At that position the building has to have a dedicated tower. Depending on the 

length, special mechanical support might be needed. The weight of the electron target will exceed 

few tons. 


The Electron target will be a part of the NESR and will be connected primarily to the NESR 

services. The power supplies will be also part of the NESR infrastructure and will be connected to 

the accelerator slow controls. However, defined interfaces, protocols, and master-slave relations has 

to be defined for successful experiments with the electron target. 


Special care should be taken to mount and align the electron target in a proper way. The main 

components and the very high acceleration section will be assembled in the adjacent space close to 

the final position. For mounting and erecting the acceleration section a mobile crane will be hired, 

the light tower ad parts of the roof will be temporarily dismantled. 

C 3 2 Internal Target 

The floor space requirements for the installation/operation of the internal target and the experiments 

at the internal target are summarized in Table C3 1. In detail the requirements for the experimental 

area at the internal target as derived from the proposed experiments of the SPARC and EXL 

collaboration are: 

⋅ distance between beam pipe and the outer NESR concrete wall: 5 m 

⋅ distance between beam pipe and the inner NESR concrete wall: 6 m 

⋅ length of the experimental area: 19 m 

⋅ height experimental area: 7 m 

This area will be connected via a 5 m long and 4 m high gate with an annex building, which will 

used for the preparation of the various experiments. For this annex building a overall floor space of 

400 m 2 is desirable. The space will be shared between the SPARC, EXL, and ELISe collaboration. 

This scenario will guarantee for a fast exchange of experimental equipments used inside the NESR 

internal target area, so minimizing breaks in beam/target operation caused by changing from one 

experiment to another. The control rooms used by the experiments will be located inside the NESR 

building as displayed in Figure B3 1. For the latter an overall floor space of 250 m 2 is required. 

A summary of the annex facilities needed for experiments at the NESR is given in Table C3 1. 

127

C 3 2.1 Cave and Annex Facilities: Internal target area at the NESR 

a. access 

Beside the standard access gates of the NESR, a 5 m wide and 4 m high access gate must be 

available for the movement of heavy equipment into the NESR. 

maxim. floor loading Maximum floor loading amounts to 30 t 

beam height 2 m 

crane hook height 7 m 

crane at the experiment, a 5 t crane should be available 

alignment fiducials the internal target itself must be adjustable within a tolerance of ± 0.5 mm in 

horizontal direction 


the power consumption of the experiment electronic amounts to 50 kW. Also, 50 kW must be 

provided for additional equipment and 50 kW for the target operation. Clean power and/or isolating 

transformers are needed. 


Water cooling is required for the power supplies and the target. The water for the power supplies has 

to be de-ionized. 


the tolerance for the room temperature at the experiment is ±2 o C 


see b. 


for the operation of the target, gases from H2, He, N2 up to Xe will be used. In addition, supply of 

pressurized air and dry air (nitrogen) is needed. 




Annex building: Control rooms/Office space 

For experiment control a total floor space of 250 m 2 is required in order to cover the needs of the 

SPARC, EXL and ELISe collaboration. This floor space consideration takes into account 150 m 2 for 

office space and 100 m 2 of an air conditioned area for electronic equipment. 

a. access 

the control rooms are planned to be located within the NESR building (compare Figure B3 1) 

maxim. floor loading does not apply 


crane hook height does not apply 


the power consumption of the electronic equipment amounts to 50 kW. 



128


the tolerance for the room temperature for the area housing the electronic equipment ±2 o C 

e. electrical power supplies see b. 

f. gas systems does not apply 

Annex building: Workspace for experiment preparation 

For experiment preparation a total floor space of in total 400 m 2 is required in order to cover the 

needs of the SPARC and EXL collaboration. Within this building a section of 20 m 2 is needed for 

target controls. Also, a clean room section of 20 m 2 should be located within this annex building . 

a. access 

(compare Figure B3 1) 

maxim. floor loading maximum floor loading amounts to 30 t 


crane hook height 7 m. For preparation of the experimental setups, two 2 t cranes should 

be available. 

alignment fiducials does not apply 


the power consumption of the experiment electronic amounts to 50 kW. In addition 50 kW must be 

provided for additional equipment. 




the tolerance for the room temperature at the experiment is: ±2 o C 


water cooling for powers supplies and pumps is needed 


supply of try air (nitrogen) and pressurized air is needed 




Clean room 

A clean room 20 m 2 (clean room: 100 000) will be located within the annex building for experiment 

preparation. 

C 3 2.2 Detector –Machine Interface: Internal target 

The internal target must be designed such that the gas load produced during target operation does 

not affect the ultra-high vacuum condition of the NESR storage ring (10 

129 

-11 mbar). In contrast to the 

ESR, the density requirements of up to 10 15 1/cm 3 for the case of H2 may require differential 

pumping along the beam line. This topic must be the subject of detailed R&D studies. For this

purpose, collimators must be available reducing the aperture of the NESR beam line to about 1cm in 

the horizontal and vertical plane. Since the latter will seriously reduce the ring acceptance, the 

collimators must be mounted on fast moveable pressured air devices. Such devices are also intended 

to be used for the particle detectors and scrappers. Moreover, collimators for differential pumping 

are mandatory for the case that detectors with a substantial out-gassing rate are used within the 

vacuum system of the target zone. 

C3 2.3 Assembly and installation 

Figure C3 1. A cross section through the planned NESR internal target are. 

In contrast to the ESR installation, it is planned to position the root pumps needed just below the 

target area floor. This permits the use of a gantry crane intended for the installation of experimental 

equipment, the installation of target components, and for service and maintenance of the target, 

respectively. Moreover, the design of the internal target station and its infrastructure must allow for 

a flexible and fast exchange of the target/scattering chambers. In order to minimize the exchange 

time between different experimental setups a modular concept for the exchange of chambers is 

required. In contrast to the present ESR, it must be possible to decouple the vacuum of the target 

environment from the UHV system for the NESR. This would reduce the required time periods for 

baking of the neighboring beam line elements to a minimum. 

For experiment preparation and preparation of the scattering chambers, the annex facility (see 

section above) will be used. Here, all necessary detector installations affecting the vacuum system of 

the chamber will be performed. Thereafter, the already evacuated chambers can be moved into their 

position at the target either by using hover cushion or a rail system. This topic must be a subject of 

detailed design study. 

130

C 3 3 Photon Spectroscopy 

C 3 3.1 Cave and Annex Facilities 

All experiment preparations related to photon spectroscopy including test of detector equipment will 

be conducted within the annex building of the NESR. 


Figure C3 2. Side view of one FOCAL crystal spectrometer assembled for a 2 m crystal bending 

radius. 

A side-view drawing of one FOCAL spectrometer is given in Figure C3 2 showing its major 

components. As measured from the ion beam it extends about 3.5 m. The overall mass amounts to 

about 3 t. The two large components, detector stage and crystal assembly, can be moved on a flat 

smooth floor without taking apart the units. It would be very helpful if a crane could be used at the 

installation capable of 2 t with a hook height of 3m. 

For alignment a telescope support under 90 degrees on either side of the ion beam is needed. Large 

temperature gradients in excess of about 2 K/10h have to be avoided. 

There must be sufficient space near the detector stage to place the supplies for the operation of the 

position-sensitive X-ray detectors. Three electronic racks plus a 200 l liquid nitrogen tank will be the 

most bulky items required. Details will be specified in the detector section of this document. 


Because the bent-crystal module and the detector mount are rather small units of typically less than 

20 kg the amount of space occupied is not very large. At the gas-jet target of the NESR for example 

there should be a provision to set up the apparatus near a ±90degree observation angle. Figure 5 

shows an experimental scheme for a Johann spectrometer. In case of other geometries, like von 

Hamos or double focusing schemes, the space requirements are very similar. For the soft x rays 

beryllium X-ray windows are needed to guarantee a high transmission. To assist optical alignment 

131

there should be telescope supports for the direction perpendicular to the ion beam. 

Figure C3 3. Side view of a crystal-spectrometer scheme for soft x rays. 

X-ray Optics 

The X-ray optics proposed for the experiments at the NESR, being small size inactive devices, do 

not need extra space, civil engineering, conditioning and supplies. 

C 3 3.2 Detector–Machine Interface 


The apparatus does not need any vacuum and will be installed completely separated from the 

accelerator vacuum vessel. For calibration a small movable vacuum pocket with thin stainless-steel 

X-ray windows should be implemented allowing to accurately position small probes of radioactive 

sources at the intersection of ion beam and gas jet. 


The apparatus to be installed will be separated from the accelerator vacuum using beryllium foils as 

windows. For the side-on observation at the gas jet the apparatus to be installed will not be 

interferring with the gas-jet facility. 

At the electron cooler or at the electron target an observation near 0 or 180 degrees is planned. For 

this purpose one has to install a curved crystal close to the ion beam which needs a special design of 

a vacuum pocket with an X-ray window. Details of the geometry will be worked out by ray tracing. 

Preliminary considerations suggest to have a vacuum chamber down- and up-stream the electron 

target providing an option for installing an analyzer crystal which deflects the x rays by an angle that 

is within the range of 50 to 110 degrees. 

X-ray Optics 

The polycapillary X-ray focusing optics (PXFO) and the multilayer X-ray focusing lens (MXFL) 

will be installed outside of the vacuum system as the elements of X-ray detectors mounted close to 

the gas target. The total reflection cylindrical mirror (TRCM) will be mounted in the ring vacuum 

(collinearly with respect of ion beam axis) just after the electron target. This solution will assure 

132

efficient X-ray focusing on the beam axis, possible after the straight section of the ring (possible offaxis 

geometry will also be studied). These arrangements ask for taking into account, at the vacuum 

pipe/chamber designing stage, the presence of total reflection cylindrical mirror (TRCM) with 

allocated space for X-ray off-axis and on-axis (after bending magnet) detectors. 

µ-strip detectors, Compton polarimeter, calorimeter 

All these detectors have in common that the interface to the beam lime is defined by the scattering 

chamber. In general, view ports equipped with thin Beryllium or stainless steel windows are 

required. 

C 3 3.3 Photon Spectroscopy 


An area of about 60 m 2 will be needed to assemble and test the apparatus prior to the final 

installation. This area should be equipped with a crane plus the supplies needed for operation of the 

the detectors. 


The space needed for assembling the apparatus and for offline test measurements could be found in 

a shared lab with the hard-xray spectroscopy. 

X-ray Optics 

Before installation in the ring the total reflection cylindrical mirror (TRCM) as well as polycapillary 

X-ray focusing optics (PXFO) and the multilayer X-ray focusing lens (MXFL) will be 

tested using stand-alone set-ups. Consequently, the quality tested instruments will be installed in the 

ring. The polycapillary and multilayer lenses are small instruments (less ½ meter, less than 1 kg), 

while the cylindrical mirror (TRCM) (shaped thin metallic pipe: 1m length x 80-100 mm diameter, 

weight with mountings/adjustments less than 10 kg). The polycapillary X-ray focusing optics 

(PXFO) and the multilayer X-ray focusing lens (MXFL) will be installed outside the ring vacuum as 

the X-ray detector components. The total reflection cylindrical mirror (TRCM) has to be mounted in 

ring vacuum pipe, collinearly with the ion beam axis, next to the electron target. Installation of 

TRCM needs adjustment and test to be used in the experiments. 

µ-strip detectors and Compton polarimeter 

Assembling of the detector systems and performance tests will take please in the annex building of 

the NESR. The detector will be positioned at the experiment location (internal target or electron 

target) by cranes. Here dedicated support structures for the individual detectors systems must be 

available allowing for an accurate positioning with respect to the X-ray view ports. 

C 3 4 Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target 

standard equipment for handling weights of < 1t, space 4 x 5 m around internal target according to 

figure of geometry. 

a. electronic racks 

2x 19” racks 

b. cooling of detectors 

not applying 

c. ventilation 

no special need. 

133

d. electrical power supplies 

< 5 kW (magnets) high voltage (~ 100 kV) – low current (

section area of 3m perpendicular to the beam direction. For the imaging forward electron 

spectrometer—immediately following the core reaction microscope—a floor plan of 1.5m length 

times 3m for the instrument plus peripherals as pumps and diagnostic and electronics. Alignment 

fiducials on magnets permit positioning with respect to target center using NESR fiducials installed 

for the NESR supersonic jet target. 

electron 

spectrometer 

fluorescence 

detection 

gas jet 

Figure C3 4. Configuration of target area at the ESR 

135 

ESR 

beam 

X-ray chamber or 

reaction microscope 

with Helmholtz coils 

Figure C3 5. Footprint of jet target area with imaging forward electron spectrometer 


a rack with space for 4 NIM/CAMAC crates is to be positioned in immediate proximity to the 

position sensitive detector of the forward spectrometer; 

another rack with 4NIM/CAMAC crates is to be positioned in immediate proximity of the detectors 

of the core reaction microscope at the jet target. 

b. cooling of detectors 

detectors do not need any provision for cooling 

c. ventilation : the ventilation for crates is provided by standard fan units in racks


for crates an electrical power of 4 kW is required. Independently for 2 turbomolecular pumps 

including forepumps and 2 sublimation pumps electric power of approximately 4 kW is required. 

e. gas systems 

does not apply- the experimental setup for the extended reaction microscope will use the supersonic 

gas jet installed in the NESR target region. 

f. cryo systems 


C 3 5.2 Detector –Machine Interface 

a. vacuum 

All components of the Extended reaction microscope conform to the vacuum specs of the NESR; the 

imaging forward electron spectrometer will be equipped with turbomolecular and Ti-pumps and will 

be designed to conform to the specs of the NESR 

b. beam Pipe 

the imaging forward electron spectrometer can be separated from the main NESR ring via full metal 

valves. 


the reaction microscope chamber will contain ports for direct target observation using 

photomultipliers 

d. timing 

the extended reaction microscope requires fast timing signals from in-ring particle detectors which 

detect projectiles which underwent chare changing collisions, from the campus timing and system 

standard timing 


no particular provisions are required for detectors involved 



C3 1.5.3 Assembly and installation 


the parts with the most mass will be the target chamber with core reaction microscope and the two 

dipole magnets, all other parts are significantly less massive:core reaction microscope target 

chamber: approximately 150kg 

60 degree dipole magnet: 200kg 

space: up to 4m along beam line at target chamber; allowing for installation of a pair of Helmholtz 

coils 2.5m diam, 1.25m apart around the center of the jet; directly following the target chamber the 

first dipole of the imaging forward electron spectrometer will require 1.2m length along the beam 

and 2-3m width. 


As the first dipole magnets is inside the ring and is traversed by the coasting ion beam, its control 

must be completely integrated in the NESR beam control and guiding/focusing system. It has shown 

136

that it is advisable to have all beam optical elements of the spectrometer integrated the NESR 

control system. Signals on magnet field strength from Hall probes are read back into the experiment 

electronics. 


The entire instrument is to be installed inside the NESR by the NESR technical crew upon all 

acceptance tests and calibrations. 

C 3 6 Laser Spectroscopy 

C 3 6.1 Cave and Annex Facilities, Civil Engineering, Cranes, Elevators, Air Conditioning) 

a. access, floor plan, maximal floor loading, beam height, crane hook height, alignment fiducials 

The requirements for the laser experiments can be divided into generally 3 sections, the laser beam 

transport and entrance port, the detector, and the laser installation. 

a.1. Laser Installations 

Laser installations will typically be situated outside of the NESR cave. An exception is the X-ray 

laser: here the pump laser will be outside of the NESR, but a 2x2 m installation at the ring will 

produce the X-ray radiation. The distance between the laser installations and the entrance into the 

NESR beam-pipe should not exceed a total length of 50 m. The progress in fiber optic equipment 

will allow 100 m distance for the transport of continuous-laser radiation at a power below 1 Watt. 

This equipment can therefore possibly be shared with experiments at the SFRS. 

For the installations of pulsed lasers at least 50 m 2 clean and air-conditioned laboratory space has 

to be provided within

The requirements for the laser laboratory are: 

⋅ clean-room class 100 000 

⋅ temperature stability better 2 C 

⋅ if possible at floor level (vibrations) 

The foreseeable power requirements for the operation of the lasers and the electronic equipment is < 

30 kW. Most of this power has to be cooled by water cooling, only about 3 kW have to be 

considered as heat load for the air-conditioning. The floor load should allow 500 kg/m 2 . 

a.2. Laser Beam Lines 

The transport of laser beams differs according to the power and pulse characteristics: Continuous 

laser radiation in the visible and infrared up to 1 Watt can be transported in optical fibers. UV 

radiation and pulsed laser sources require transport beam lines with mirrors and lenses, as indicated 

in Figure C3 6. Typically the beam can be directed through non-evacuated tubes of less than 150 

mm outer diameter. Only for laser power exceeding 10 TW and for deep-UV and X-ray evacuated 

beam pipes are necessary. The beam transport lines can easily be protected in a way that no laser 

radiation can leak outside. Laser transport tubes and pipes can be uninstalled when not needed. 

Mirror stations should be kept as permanent installations due to their stability requirements. 

Permanent precision alignment targets are needed. 

a.3. Detector Assemblies 

For solid-angle considerations, a typical detector assembly, as depicted in Figure C3 7, should cover 

a relatively large section of the stored ion beam. At the ESR the total length of the optical detector 

assembly is 2 meters, allowing to cover 1 meter of the ion beam. In most cases the detectors have to 

be cooled by liquid nitrogen. This means that a minimum area of about 1.5 m at both sides of the 

detector sections has to be accessible for the cooling installations electrical supplies, and preamplifier 

electronics. The total electrical power will be in the range of 3 kW. 


A control room for the electronics equipment has to be available outside of the NESR cave, and not 

too far away. This is even more important for the laser equipment. For this, a laser laboratory with a 

floor space of at least 50 m 2 with good temperature control has to be available. 


Liquid nitrogen Dewars of about 10 l capacity will be mounted, and have to be refilled once a day. 


See requirements laser laboratory (Temperature control, clean room) 


No separate room for power supplies is planned. 


Supply of clean, dry nitrogen for purging 



C3 1.6.2 Detector–Machine Interface 

138

a. Vacuum Installation 

The detector sections have to be an integrated into the NESR beam-pipe. The experience from the 

ESR suggests to prepare a 2 m long section which can be replaced by a simple tube or a different 

equipment within routine vacuum maintenance. Baking of the section has to be provided. Some part 

Figure C3 7 Detector assembly at the ESR (heating sleeve partly opened). The detector enclosure 

with the dewars on top has to be removed for the baking procedure. 

of the detector equipment might have to be demounted for the baking procedure. Experience with 

quartz, glass and LiF windows exists from the ESR set-up. 

Similar experience exists for the laser entrance windows. For the special case of ultra-high intensity 

laser pulses, the final separation to the UHV condition could be a very thin quartz window 

(thickness < 1mm) in the convergent part of the beam. Such a window would be useful up to 

> 10 TW/cm 2 power density, roughly two orders of magnitude higher than at a normal thickness 

vacuum window. Laser window and mirrors should be accessible independent of the NESR vacuum 

by a separating valve. These sections have to be pumped down independently from the main 

vacuum. 

139

Figure C3 8. Thin quartz window as an interface between normal an HV and UHV vacuum for the 

injection of ultra-high intensity laser pulses 

b. beam pipe 

The geometrical situation at the NESR is still not fully clarified, since access at the dipole magnets 

is more restricted than at the ESR. For this reason it might be necessary to inject the laser beam from 

top or bottom and make a final turn by a compact mirror assembly, which could be mounted within 

the vacuum. The details have to be studied together with the dipole magnet design. It should be 

noted, that a similar problem exists for particle detectors. 


Detectors for the beam position of both the ion and the laser beam have to be integrated into the 

NESR. 

d. timing 

At least for the pulsed laser interaction, synchronization between the circulating bunch and the laser 

pulse has to be established. Experience from ESR experiments can be used. The procedure requires 

a synchronous timing signal from the buncher HF. In addition, other essential beam conditions have 

to be available. 

C 3 5.3 Assembly and Installation 


The detection sections will be prepared separately, and installed – for relatively long periods – into 

the beam line. A typical dimension will be: 

Length: 2m 

Weight: 200 kg 

The assembly has to be done outside of the NESR at some appropriate clean workshop. 


Some parts of the detectors will be outside of the vacuum, and will need occasional replacement. 

140

Some detectors will need liquid nitrogen cooling during the experiments, or include a water cooled 

chiller unit. 

Mirrors inside the vacuum will have to be checked regularly for defects. This can be done visually 

through the entrance window. In case of defects, replacement requires braki 


Installations at the NESR vacuum system will be bakeable. The installation will require dismounting 

of some of the external parts (detectors, mirrors) . Putting the detector sections into place will 

require some lifting device. 

C 4 Cooled, Decelerated and Extracted Ions 

C 4 1 Low-Energy Experimental Area 

C4 1.1 Cave and Annex Facilities 

a. This hall will have an area of 20x8 m 2 where the magnetic spectrometer, the target chamber and 

beam diagnosis elements will be mounted. The proposed positioning of the low energy HCI 

experimental area inside the FLAIR building permits to access beams coming directly from the 

NESR and from the LSR. The beam axis inside the cave will be placed in 2 m height. The cave 

height to the ceiling will be 5 m. This height will permit the installation of two fix cranes (1000 and 

2000 kg) in the region of the target chamber and close to the spectrometer. The floor will have a 

maximum loading in the region of the magnet separator (maximum 2 t/m 2 ). The access into the cave 

will by permitted through a labyrinth placed on the southern side of the cave, near the point where 

the beam line enter the cave. 

Alignment fiducials for the spectrometer, beam line and target chamber, are required. The whole 

setup including the transport beam line from the NESR must be aligned relative to the FAIR facility. 

For regular alignments of different parts of the setups, diagnosis detectors, etc. a telescope placed at 

the end of the chamber having a permanent, reproducible alignment is requested. 

b. The cave must accommodate four to six electronic racks for detectors read out electronics, 

vacuum controlling, remote control of the diagnosis elements, etc. For this an area of 6 m 2 is needed. 

The estimated electrical power needed in cave for electronics is about 12 kW. Additional 10 kW is 

needed for all other equipment. 

c. For the detectors cooling liquid nitrogen must be available. The needed amount will depend on the 

number of detectors used for the experiment (usually three X-ray detectors). Depending on the 

storage place of the solid state X-ray detectors, a permanent source of Liquid nitrogen in the 

neighbourhood is compulsory. The focal plane detector needs no special cooling. 

Water cooling for the magnets and electronic is also needed. 

d. The cave must have constant temperature between 19°C to 22°C and a constant humidity of about 

65%. 

e. Outside the cave a storage room for the magnet power supplies, of about 10 m 2 must be foreseen. 

In principle, this room can be shared with other groups working in the FAIR building. 

. 

f. Filtered, compressed air and a gas (Ar/CO2) system for the automatic filling of the multi wire 

beam profilers are also needed at this experimental area 

141

g. If finally the charged spectrometer will be based on a superconducting magnet, a cryo system will 

be necessary. The decision about such a system must be discussed with the antiproton community 

which uses also liquid helium for theirs setups, including the LSR. 

An electronic and data acquisition room of 50 m 2 with an electrical power of 20 kV is also needed. 

To shorten the cabling between the cave and this room, it must be placed close to the cave. This 

room must have a constant temperature of 19°C to 22°C and constant humidity of about 65%. 

A small workshop (~ 30 m 2 ) and a clean room of the same size can be shared with all other groups 

working in the FLAIR building. Also a social room for 10 to 15 persons is needed inside the FLAIR 

building. 

C 4 1.2 Detector-Machine Interface 

a. vacuum 

The vacuum all over the cave must be at least as good as the vacuum in the transport beam line 

before the cave: 10 -8 mbar. For ion-surface interaction studies, the vacuum inside the reaction 

chamber should reach the 10 -9 mbar region. This requires adequate differential pumping, and UHVcompatible 

target chamber setup. 

b. beam pipe 

The beam pipe will be made out of stainless steel in CF100 standard. In some places, where 

diagnosis and slits will be mounted it can be wider then this. Preliminary simulations show that the 

magnet vacuum chamber will be around 160 mm x 80 mm. 

To separate the different sections of the beam line a number of 5 vacuum valves must be installed: 

⋅ at the cave entrance, to separate the cave from the NESR beam line 

⋅ before and after the target region, to separate it from the rest of the beam line 

at the two exits of the dipole magnet 

At the present time we have no final layout of the beam line into the cave. This is strongly connected 

to the transport beam line and the final design of the spectrometer. Only a preliminary simulation 

with conditions on the focus point of the beam was performed. For beam line connection between 

the Cave and NESR/LSR please refer to section I. 


The experiments proposed to be performed here foresee usually thin solid state targets (~ 1 µm, only 

for channeling thicknesses of few tens of micrometer are planned), effusive clusters and vapour 

target (ex Hg). The density of these targets will barely exceed 10 13 particle/cm 3 . 

At least four beam monitors are needed in the cave: 

- 2 upstream the target, separated by around 2 m, the second one being as close as possible to the 

target. 

- A third one at the end of the beam line at zero degree exit of the dipole magnet, and the fourth one 

at the end of the deviated beam line. 

none of the monitor will be transmission detectors and consequently they will destroys the beams, 

especially the those of lower energies. 

d. timing 

In this cave slow extracted NESR/LSR heavy ion beams will be used. The experiments will take 

every spill and a correlation of the data acquisition with the beginning and the end of the spill will 

improve the accuracy of the measurements. 

142


Although the radiation level during the experiments will be higher then the accepted safety limit, no 

tremendous levels are expected here, due to the limited beam intensity and energy range. For more 

details please refer to section F, Safety. 


The aspects connected to the radiation hardness of focal plane detector have been mentioned in the 

section B4. No additional shielding for the particle or X-ray detectors which will be installed at the 

different experiments is foreseen. If in some special cases additional shielding of the detectors is 

needed, mobile Lead walls will be locally installed. 

C4 1.3 Assembly and installation 

a. size and weight of detector parts, space requirements 

The heaviest part of the whole setup will be the dipole magnet (maximum 9 t). The spectrometer can 

be mounted directly in the cave. 

It is propose to mount the experiments outside the cave, as smaller units on wheels which can easily 

be transported through the labyrinth and fixed at the target position 

c installation procedure 

To install large parts into the cave, which cannot be introduced through the labyrinth, it is proposed 

to build the end part of the cave from movable concrete beams. They can be occasionally removed 

and the large, heavy parts can be installed using a rails system or some other equivalent equipment, 

available at GSI. To install the beam line, vacuum systems, beam diagnosis detectors and the setups 

for the target region, the two fix cranes will be available. For all experiments proposed to be 

performed in this cave the parts which need to be often exchanged or mounted are weighting less 

then 2000 kg and for the moment no logistical problems are foreseen. 

During the mounting activities performed in the cave, no interference with the rest of experiments 

situated at FLAIR will take place. Mechanical, electrical and vacuum technical assistance from the 

GSI infrastructure will be needed be each experiment change. 

C 4 2 Implementation and Installation: HITRAP 

C 4 2.1 Cave and Annex Facilities 

The experiments will be installed on the roof of the HITRAP and neighboring caves. In total an area 

of about 140 m 2 is needed. The free height should not be below 4 m. For the g-factor experiment 4.5 

m are needed in an area of about 2 x 2 m. All experiments require a roof crane (0.5 – 1 to. max. 

load) for installation and maintenance. The beam line will be at a height of 1.25 m above floor level. 

A part of the experimental area needs to be air-conditioned to stabilize the room temperature to 

better than 1 degree/ 24 h. Additional shielding of the experimental area against noise and vibration 

is preferable. Detailed floor plans for the single experiments have been worked out in detail. 


The place for the electronic racks is already included in the detailed floor plans. There is no extra 

space needed. In total about 20 racks will be used for experiment control and data acquisition. 

b. cooling of detectors (heat produced = heat removed!) 

The cooling requirements are very moderate. Only for some vacuum pumps and for cryopumps 

cooling water is needed. The total required cooling is equivalent to about 30kW of 16°C cooling 

water. 

143

c. ventilation 

Apart from a standard air conditioning system for a room permanently occupied with people no 

additional ventilation is needed. 


At least four 32A/400V connections and 32 16A/400V connection are expected to be necessary. 

Fully using these connections would consume electrical power of about 250 kW. However, it is not 

realistic that 100% of the theoretically available power is going to be used; a more realistic rate is 

50% and thus 125 kW. The number of connections is also due to conveniences. 

e. gas systems 

Pressurized air is needed with a pressure of up to 20 bar. Additionally N2 will be used to vent the 

vacuum vessels and to pressurize LN2 vessels. Special gases as for instance Ar, Xe or Kr will only 

be needed in small amount and can be supplied from gas bottles. 

f. cryo systems 

A LN2 cooling of the target for the surface interaction studies is required for some measurements. 

Additional LN2-cooling might be necessary in case of using X-ray detectors. The two 

superconducting magnets for the mass measurement experiment and the g-factor experiment need 

both LN2 and LHe. Thus, a permanent helium recovery line and a fixed liquid nitrogen line should 

be installed and connected to three of the experimental areas. 

The cryogenic four-trap system for mass measurements will be installed in a cryogenic-free cold 

head cryostat. 

C 4 2.2 Detector –Machine Interface 

a. vacuum 

Since the experiments will be performed with HCI special care on the vacuum is required. Baking of 

all setups in situ is foreseen in order to reach a pressure of ~10 -10 mbar. Inside the cryogenic trap 

systems, a vacuum of better than 10 -14 mbar is provided by the cryopumping effect. The connection 

to the HITRAP cooler trap will be done via UHV beam lines (10 -10 mbar) in order to keep the good 

vacuum that is maintained in the cooler trap. 

b. beam pipe 

There is no direct connection of the experiments to the beam lines coming from the storage rings. 

The only link is via the decelerator/cooler trap setup. 


Reaction microscope: Beam intensity and/or profile monitors are required to control and optimize 

beam transport to the reaction microscope, according to the beam requirements mentioned above. If 

necessary we will provide a set of XY collimating slits located at the entrance of the reaction 

microscope (Figure B4 5). 

Surface interaction studies: A good control of the ion beam is required to adjust it for ion-surface 

scattering experiments. In-beam monitors, deflection and focusing elements as close as possible to 

the experiment are advisable. For precise beam definition, we will include four-fold slit elements in 

front of the set-up. 

X-ray spectroscopy: Multi-Channel-Plate detectors will be used to optimize and control beam 

transport between the HITRAP cooler trap and the X-ray target chamber. 

g-Factor measurements: No targets foreseen, inexpensive charge collectors (Faraday Cups) for use 

as in-beam monitors. 

Mass measurements: Multi-Channel-Plate detectors will be used to optimize and control beam 

transport between the HITRAP cooler trap and the precision mass spectrometer. 

144

d. timing 

Standard system timing and campus timing will be needed. The timing will be determined by the ion 

pulse structure as given by the cooler trap which decouples the experiments from the accelerator 

complex and timing. Existing and well investigated timing systems will be used for internal timing. 


The experimental area should be shielded as good as possible against radiation from the accelerators 

and beam stops etc. in order to minimize the background on the detectors. This also implies that the 

experimental area is not considered to be a radiation environment presenting hazards to the people 

working there. 


Since the experiments are performed with only a few ions no shielding is needed. There is no other 

source of hazardous radiation that needs to be shielded. 

C 4 2.3 Assembly and installation 

All experimental setups are prepared, i.e. mounted and tested at the home institutes. 

The reaction microscope and the projectile analyzer have been assembled and tested at Max-Planck- 

Institute in Heidelberg. The final installation at HITRAP will be done after all parts are tested and 

specified. Permanent access is needed. 

The Penning trap setup for the g-factor measurements will be assembled and tested at the Institute of 

Physics at the University of Mainz. The final installation in the FLAIR building will be done after 

all parts are tested and specified. Permanent access to the setup is needed. 

The components (equipment) of the collision chamber for the X-ray spectrometry will be assembled 

and tested at the Institute of Physics of the University in Cracow. The final installation at HITRAP 

will be done after all parts are tested and specified. Permanent access is needed. 

The Penning trap mass spectrometer will be assembled and tested at the institute of physics at the 

University of Mainz. The final installation in the cave will be done after all parts are tested and 

specified.. Permanent access is needed. 


The proposed setup for the reaction measurements consisting of the reaction microscope, the 

projectile analyzer, the gas jet and the vacuum system has a weight of about 600-800 kg. 

The largest and heaviest part of the surface interaction studies setup is the recipient chamber with 

approximately 200 kg. All other parts have less than 100 kg of weight. The recipient will have a 

diameter of approximately 80 cm and a height of about 60 cm. 

The total weight of pumps and beam line components have a weight of about 100 -200 kg for the Xray 

spectroscopy setup. 

The superconducting magnet is the heaviest individual piece of the g-factor setup and weighs about 

800 kg. The cryogenic trap system has a weight of about 40 kg. 

Also for the mass measurement setup the superconducting magnet is the heaviest part with about 

500-800 kg. The cryogenic trap system including FT-ICR detector has a weight of about 300 kg. 

Again the superconducting magnet is the heaviest part with a weight of about 500 to 750kg. Typical 

values for the weight of the optical bench lie between 100 and 250kg. It is therefore sensible to 

assume something in the range of 600 to 1000 kg for the weight of the equipment. These two 

components comprise the bulk of the weight for our equipment. 


For the pumps, constant water flow is required; the valves need permanent pressurized air. Yearly 

maintenance is required for the pumping system. 

145

The superconducting magnet needs regular service, including twice a week filling of LN2 (liquid 

Nitrogen) and about once a month filling of LHe (liquid Helium). A permanent LN2 line and a LHe 

recovery line will be requested, also a lifting ramp for lifting up the liquid Helium vessels regularly 

up to the magnet, if located above zero-level. 


Reaction microscope: As described above, the whole device has been first installed and tested at the 

Max-Planck-Institut in Heidelberg. The final installation in the cave can be done within one month. 

Surface interaction studies: The experiment can be divided in several subcomponents which can be 

handled quite independently from each other. These subcomponents are: 

⋅ Installation of recipient including target manipulator and pumping station. 

⋅ Installation of transfer and preparation section. 

⋅ Mounting of the several detectors. 

All devices and parts will be tested before mounting at the contributing institutes. It is planned to 

install the recipient with basic equipment for surface preparation and electron detection first. In a 

later stage additional features will be added. The basic installation is estimate to require 6 months, 

the total installing in the cage 18 months. 

X-ray spectroscopy: The final installation in the cave can be done within one year. Stringent 

alignment of the beam line and all the target components is required. 

g-Factor measurements: As described above, the whole device will be first installed and tested at the 

University of Mainz. The final installation in the cave can be done within two years. 

Mass measurements: As described above, the whole device will be first installed and tested at the 

University of Mainz. The final installation in the cave can be done within two years. 

Laser spectroscopy: We will assemble the trap and equipment before final installation to the cave. 

C 4 3 Experiments with HCI 

C 4 3.1 Cave and Annex facilities 

The setup will be placed in a 20x8 m 

146 

2 cave. Figure B4 2 shows the floor plan of the FLAIR building. 

The proposed positioning of the low energy HCI experimental area inside the FLAIR permits to 

access beams coming directly from the NESR and from the LSR. Due to these two options, the cave 

will be connected to the NESR through a beam transport line of approximately 70 m, which will be 

shared with the HITRAP. The beam line will be placed in 2 m height. The cave clearance (to the 

ceiling) will be 6 m. This height will permit the installation of two 500 kg fixed cranes along the 

beam line. For installation of heavier or big parts (the spectrometer) the cave ceiling must be 

temporarily removed so that a stronger external crane can be used. 

The loading of the floor will not exceed a few tons with a maximum loading in the region of the 

magnet separator. 

First ion optic calculations for the beam transport indicate a beam line structure as ( see section I). 

The main elements are three dipoles an several quadrupols. Apart of the magnets, the beam line 

must be completed with diagnosis for the beam transport, slits, valves and vacuum systems. Part of 

the today GSI standard beam diagnosis can be taken. Although it is beam destructive, for beam 

transport purposes is a good option. The fluorescent screen method, scintillators, and gas profiler are 

needed as viewer and beam profile monitors. For beams with energies below 10 MeV/u, gas-filled 

chambers of the GSI standard beam profiler will be difficult to use, due to the presence of a window. 

More R&D is required in this direction. One solution is the digital readout of fluorescent screens, 

which will permit the determination of the beam profile. The accuracy of this measurement is 

mainly dependent on the screen properties. 

For beam-intensity monitoring, a different solution will be sought. The development of the focal 

plane detector will offer a spin-off also for beam diagnosis. Such a detector will perform 

simultaneously two tasks, imaging and intensity monitoring.

The beam monitoring aspects will be discussed in the larger FLAIR context. It is obvious that 

general solutions will be searched for. This will assure a general standard and will be cost saving. 

For special local requirements (beam energy, beam intensities, in-ring monitoring) special solutions 

will be found. Therefore, a common action with the GSI Diagnosis Group is anticipated. 

The access into the cave will be possible through a labyrinth, which is required by the radiation 

protection. For heavy transports, the access of large transports in the cave neighborhood has to be 

permitted. Also, the access from and to the data acquisition room and mounting area is needed and it 

is required and the way must be roofed. 

The cave must be ventilated and dispose of standard infrastructure: cooling water, compressed air, 

filtered, dry nitrogen and gas system (Ar-CO2) for detectors. If the spectrometer will consist of a 

superconductive magnet, liquid He is also necessary. This aspect will be solved together with the 

whole FLAIR community because inside the FLAIB building more installations have similar 

requirements. A close source of liquid nitrogen is also needed. 

Inside the cave space, for electronic racks (4 to 6) is needed. Additional space in the order of a few 

m 2 for magnet power supplies outside the cave, in an accessible place, is needed. Alignment 

fiducials for the alignment of the beam transport lines and of the spectrometer are needed. The 

alignment must be done in connection with the FLAIR-FAIR general adjustment. 

According to the radiation safety regulations, this experimental area must be protected by 1.5 m 

thick concrete walls. Simulations performed by the GSI Safety Group (FLUKA code) indicate that 

at the end of the cave, a beam dump of minimum 1.5 m is requested. The thickness of the dump 

depends on the material which will be used. A sequence of concrete and iron layers results in 1.5 m 

for 100 MeV/u uranium ions fully stopped in the beam dump. The entrance into the cave must be 

done through a labyrinth and, during the experiments through a security gate) 

C 4 3.2 Vacuum 

From the point of view of the beam transport at this experimental area, ultra high vacuum without 

backing (final pressure of 1 x 10 -8 mbar) should be satisfactory. Dry vacuum pumping systems are 

required all over the experimental area and along the transport beam lines. In the target region for 

experiments with clean surfaces and clusters, local pressure in the range of 10-9 mbar will be 

required. The final decision will be taken in agreement with the low-energy antiproton users of the 

FLAIR building. The NESR extraction zone, the LSR and the low-energy pbar branch will be UHV 

zones with a vacuum of 10 -11 mbar or better. A cost-benefit analysis whether it is convenient to 

have regions with different vacuum conditions and how these will influence each other will be 

performed. 

C 4 3.3 Assembly and installation 

In this cave, different and relative small experiments will be performed. Usually, the target region 

will change from experimental to experiment. It is planned to mount and test parts of the different 

experiments in a space placed close to the cave. For this purpose, an area of 60 m 2 is necessary 

which will serve also as storing place for different experimental setups, detectors, electronic. The 

parts to be mounted have reduced dimensions. No crane for mounting is needed and the transport to 

the experimental place will be done on racks. 

147

D Commissioning 

D 1 Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Cooling at SIS100/300 

a. magnetic field measurements 

Not applicable. 

b. alignment 

The three types of laser experiments have a common structure, with four essential components: the 

laser system, the laser beam transport to the experiment, the combined geometry of laser and ion 

beam within the synchrotron, and detectors. 

Commissioning of the laser system is independent of the accelerator operation. This is also the case 

for set-up and calibration of the X-ray spectrometer. The laser beam transport to the experiment is 

depending on the status of the accelerator due to safety procedures and interlocks. It can be 

prealigned off-line, but has to be checked prior to operation. 

A critical issue is the overlap between ion and laser beam within the synchrotron. For the alignment 

procedure targets have to be prepared that allow to preset the laser position pointing very close to 

the anticipated ion beam trajectory. The laser beam will be fixed to this trajectory by an active 

feedback system. Finally a precise positioning with an accuracy better than 1 mm is necessary. 

A very reliable fine tuning of the relative position of ion and laser beam can be established by 

observation of fluorescence at two positions with a very large separation. Provided that the ion beam 

trajectory is within the viewing angle of the laser entrance windows, the alignment can be done only 

by laser adjustments. 

The positioning of the florescence detectors is less demanding. 

c. test runs 

Test runs are necessary to ensure optimization of the stripper foil and the fine tuning of the beam in 

the interaction region. 

D 2 Ion-Beams from SIS12/SIS100 

a. magnetic field measurements 

The FRS magnets have been mapped extensively. 

b. alignment 

The magnetic spectrometer has to be aligned, the requirements regarding precision are typically a 

few mm. In contrast, the alignment of the set-ups for the channelling experiments is rather 

complicated. However, the technique is well known from similar experiments in the existing Cave 

A. 

c. test runs 

Test runs will be necessary for the commissioning of the magnetic spectrometer. Since the operation 

of the magnets is known in detail from the FRS, the test runs will probably be rather short. 

D 3 Atomic Physics Experiments at the NESR 

D 3 1 Electron Target 

a. magnetic and electric filed measurements 

The magnetic field of the solenoid part has to be mapped carefully prior to assembling the electron 

target in order to check whether correction coils will be needed. 

148

The electron high voltage will have to be calibrated in close collaboration with the Physikalisch- 

Technische Bundesanstalt PTB in Braunschweig. This holds also for the lower voltages of the 

450 kV main electron cooler. 

The electron beam intensity and intensity distribution will be calibrated with standard methods. 

b. alignments 

Special care has to be taken to ensure a proper mechanical alignment that runs in parallel with the 

solenoid magnetic filed lines. 

Special care has also to be taken to check the alignments of the ion and electron beams of both 

coolers and two establish a suitable modus operandi for future measurements. 

c. test runs 

⋅ The electron target will be commissioned with stable beams in the framework of the NESR 

commissioning. 

⋅ Test runs are needed in order to investigate the stability of the ion beam for the case of an 

electron target energy close to the electron cooler one. This is also an R&D task that will be 

started at TSR by the Heidelberg group in the near future. 

⋅ Test runs are also needed to investigate the stability and the transversal temperature of the 

electron targets by measuring known low-lying DR resonances, their position and line shape. 

This will be also done for known DR-resonances at higher relative energies for the determination 

of the transverse electron temperature as well as of the ion beam temperature. 

⋅ The calibration of the high voltages will be fine tuned with DR resonances that are subject to a 

R&D topic of the Giessen group (cf. e.g. the corresponding chapter with the task distribution 

among the collaboration.) 

D 3 2 Internal Jet-Target 

A lot of experience exists from the operation of the internal jet target at the ESR. Most of the prealignment 

and pre-adjustment can be done without ion beams. For the final positioning, test runs 

with ions are necessary, which can be parasitic together with other experiments. 

D 3 3 Photon Spectroscopy 

X-ray Spectrometer for Hard and Soft X-rays, Calorimeter 

Because both spectrometers (including the 2D µ-strip detectors) will have been thoroughly explored 

during the ESR experiments there will only be a short commissioning of one beam time of one week 

necessary. 

X-ray Optics 

Developed X-ray focusing optics after construction and successful quality tests have to be tested inbeam 

in the NESR ring. In such test measurements mainly X-ray optics alignment and focusing 

capabilities will be addressed for stored ion beams in the ring. For these test it is necessary to have 

two times short beam time (2 days) with half a year in between to have additional time to introduce 

possible refinements and corrections. 

µ-strip detectors (see also X-ray spectrometer for hard and soft X-rays) 



in position determination etc.) a beam time request at the ESRF synchrotron facility in Grenoble has 

been approved. A first run is expected to take place within the first half of 2005. Further test 

experiments will be conducted in a parasitic mode at the ESR internal target. 

149

Compton Polarimeter 

For the accurate determination of the response characteristics for the Compton telescope detectors 

(accuracy in position determination, polarization sensitivity etc.) beam times will be requested at the 

ESRF synchrotron facility in Grenoble. In addition, further test experiments will be conducted in a 

parasitic mode at the ESR internal target. 

D 3 4 Electron Spectroscopy at the Internal Target 

First the spectrometer components will be tested with calibrated electron sources in the laboratory 

set up place. Than test beams of 2 x 4 days will be requested in order to proceed the commissioning 

phase. This also will detect possible unexpected effects in operation with storage ring beams. 

a) magnetic field measurements 

Magnetic fields will be in the range of up to 400 Gm and will be controlled by Hall probes. Possible 

effects for the circulating ion beam are compensated by correcting magnets. 

b) alignment 

Does not apply 

c) test runs (compare section B3 1.4) 

D 3 5 Extended Reaction Microscope 


Magnetic field mapping will be part of the purchase agreement with the manufacturer and will be 

confirmed at the local GSI magnet test facility as has been executed successfully with the magnets 

for the current spectrometer. 

b) alignment 

Alignment tooling will be part of the purchasing contract for all electro -optical elements as well. 

The alignment procedure for the spectrometer components in location is a well established 

procedure. 

c) test runs 

Test runs will be performed for the assembled system after the appropriate tests of all individual 

components have been executed successfully. Test runs with radioactive sources for calibration and 

confirmation of optical mapping have been performed. After these tests we will request beam 

periods of three shifts in location. 

D 3 6 Laser Experiments 


Does not apply 

b) alignment 

For each of the experiments the commissioning divides into four sub-tasks: 

⋅ Preparation of the laser system 

⋅ Preparation of laser beam transport and laser safety 

⋅ Ensuring overlap between laser and ion / electron beam 

⋅ Set-up and test of the detector suite 

150

The preparation of the laser systems is to a large degree independent of the storage ring, since most 

of the laser installations are situated outside of the ring. Work inside of the NESR cave will only be 

necessary in the case of the ultra-high intensity and X-ray laser experiments, because here the 

(passive) pulse compressor and X-ray laser target have to be close to the injection point. 

The laser beam transport within the NESR cave will be set-up as a remotely controlled and 

monitored system. The laser safety installations, shutters and interlocks, are integral part of this 

system. Commissioning will require thorough alignment and testing. Due to laser safety issues, this 

requires to some part exclusive access to the NESR cave. 

Experience from the ESR and TSR experiments show that a lot of effort is needed to ensure reliably 

a good overlap between ion and laser beam. For this issue it has to be possible to inject the laser 

beams into the NESR experimental sections under conditions, where access to the NESR cave is 

allowed, i.e. where radiation safety cups are not in the beam. 

The specific detector suites (optical and X-ray detectors) will be tested before installation into the 

NESR. 

c) test runs 

Specific commissioning beam time will be needed to ensure the relative positioning of laser and ion 

beam. After installation of the detectors into the beam-line parasitic beam-time should be available 

to test and minimize background influence from the ion beam. 

D 4 Cooled, Decelerated and Extracted Ions 

D 4 1 The Low-Energy Cave 

The magnetic field of the magnets from the spectrometer has to be carefully mapped. 

If the present target hall at the SIS18-ESR accelerator will be not decommissioned before 2009, the 

new magnet spectrometer can be tested in the present cave for atomic physics experiments with 

heavy ion beams from SIS. 

Final alignment of the spectrometer, beam line and reaction chamber will be performed in the new 

cave, after installation. The precision in alignment requested for the channeling experiments is 

below mm. For the alignment of the full setup, the help of professionals is demanded. 

A preliminary time schedule of the commissioning is presented in the table in section G 4. 

D 4 2 HITRAP 

a) Magnetic field measurements 

Magnetic field measurements with a NMR or Hall probe are required for the HITRAP cooler trap 

and the Penning trap experiments utilizing superconducting magnets. For all the other experiments 

such measurements are not required. 

b) Alignment: 

For the HITRAP cooler trap and the Penning trap experiments the alignment of the magnetic-field 

axis is very important since the injection of the highly-charged ions into the strong magnetic field is 

extremely critical. The HITRAP decelerator requires careful mechanical alignment during the 

production process. Alignment of the particle beams will be done by steerer magnets at the HITRAP 

facility. 

The alignment of the reaction microscope setup on the axis of the HCI beam is crucial. For the ionsurface 

interaction experiments alignment is of great importance to have good beam control. For the 

X-ray spectroscopy the alignment of the setup is crucial since the injection of the highly-charged 

ions into the gas target area is extremely critical. In general standard alignment marks are expected 

to be available. However, help by an expert is requested for the alignment of the setup at its final 

position in the cave. 

151

c) Test runs 

The HITRAP decelerator and the cooler trap will be commissioned with beam from the ion injectors 

of the LSR at 4 MeV/u, ion species: protons, H - ions, and light highly charged ions, e.g. Ar 16+ . Final 

commissioning will be done with highly charged heavy-ion beams up to uranium U 92+ at 4 MeV/u 

from NESR and with antiprotons at 4 MeV from LSR/CRYRING. 

Reaction microscope: After final installation in the cave, test runs with any HCI beam of intensity of 

at least 10 4 ions/s, focussed on 1 mm 2 are required. Under these conditions, 2 beamtimes of approx. 

2 days each would be sufficient. Only a very limited amount of shifts for test runs will be requested. 

Ion-surface interaction experiments: For beam steering and testing as well as calibrating we will 

require several test beams of singly and multiply-charged ions. Also, molecular test beams might be 

used for calibration of the TOF- and of the TOF-SIMS mass spectrometer. 

X-ray spectroscopy: Test runs: after the final alignment a certain amount of shifts (about 20) for the 

test runs of the gas target, X-ray detectors and charge state analysers will be requested. 

g-factor measurements: an external ion source will be used for tests of the ion guidance system. 

Mass measurements: Since all tests can be performed with our off-line ion source or with highlycharged 

ions from the cooler trap only a very limited amount of shifts for test runs will be requested. 

Laser spectroscopy: Beams of highly charged ions with medium Z, e.g. 40 Ca 16+ . This will be used for 

optimising the capture of ions from a beam and the implementation of the rotating wall technique for 

increasing the density of ions in the trap. 40 Ca 16+ is an example of an ion with a very similar charge 

to mass ratio as 207 Pb 81+ . 

E Operation 

E 1 Laser Interactions with Highly Relativistic and Highly Charged Ions at SIS100/300 

a. Operation of each of the sub-projects 

All laser experiments planned at SIS100/300 are in-beam experiments and therefore the merging of 

the laser and ion beams in the interaction section is crucial. Thus, after setting the synchrotron 

parameters, an individual optimization of this beam overlap should be possible. 

The experiments will be operated from the responsible physicists and parameter variations will 

mostly occur at the laser side. The lasers itself will be set-up in the laser laboratory. Ideally, once the 

synchrotron is set, the experiments will be controlled from the laser lab. 

The procedure for the synchrotron will be similar to a storage ring operation: after injection the ions 

will be bunched and accelerated to the necessary energy. If this energy is reached, the beam will be 

rebunched synchronized with the laser excitation. The typical cooling cycle only takes a few 

seconds. 

All experiment controls within the accelerator tunnel will be remotely controlled and monitored. 

Necessary cooling for detectors will be done in a way that no refilling is required. 

b. auxiliaries and c. Power, gas, cryo 

No additional infrastructure (power etc.) is needed besides for the running of the laser lab as 

described above. 

E 2 Ion Beams from SIS12/100 

a) of each of the sub-projects 

After the construction phase the oversight over this experimental place should lay in the 

responsibility of SPARC, the biophysics and the material science collaboration represented by a 

cave responsible, permanently located at GSI. For the preparation, testing and performing of the 

152

different experiments, the responsibility over the experimental set-up will be on the group itself. It is 

requested that these groups get technical support, either from the SPARC collaboration itself, or 

from the GSI technical infrastructure, if needed. The present experience al GSI shows that the 

external groups must be assisted, with hardware and with technical manpower, during the 

experiments. 


The cave infrastructure includes power, magnet, cranes, gas, ventilation, water, cryo system, 

vacuum controlling, phone, and networking.The experiments will be controlled by the experimenters 

from the local electronic room. For beam adjustments on the target, the support of the operating 

team from the facility is expected. 

E 3 Atomic Physics at the NESR 

E 3 1 Electron Cooler 

The electron target will serve two purposes and will be operated accordingly: (i) as a target for DR 

experiments and as (ii) second electron cooler. In both cases the slow controls will be governed by 

the accelerator with well-defined interfaces and protocols for networking and information exchange 

with the experiments. Common for both types of operation is the initial concentric alignment of the 

electron and ion beams along the solenoid filed lines. 

(i) Electron target for DR-experiments: In this case, the target will be operated in the sweeping 

mode. In other words, the electron energy will be scanned in steps smaller than the response 

function of the electron target for ion recombination. The adiabatic expansion and the adiabatic 

acceleration, together with the electron current and the diameter of the electron beam will be 

adjusted to the requirements of the running experiment. 

(ii) Electron target as an electron cooler: In this case, the electron target will cool the decelerated ion 

beam and, thus, improve the deceleration duty cycle. In most of the cases, the adiabatic expansion 

and the adiabatic acceleration of the electrons will not play a role. The electron energy will be given 

by the ion energy, The electron current and electron beam diameter will be chosen to facilitate a 

simplified yet reliable operation. If slow recombination extraction is needed, the electron current 

will be adopted to this requirement as well. 

E 3 2 Internal Target 

The internal target is an integral part of the NESR beam line/vacuum system and will frequently be 

used by experiments. To warrant its availability, regular maintance especially of the various 

pumping stages, valves and of the controls is required. 

E 3 3 Photon Spectroscopy 

Spectrometer 

The operation of all type of solid state detectors will require the use of LN filling and control 

systems. LN filling and temperature control will be enable by slow control system operating LN 

valves and sensors. During experiment, up to 1000 liter of LN will be stored in dewars close to the 

detectors. 

Calorimeter 

The operation of the calorimeter will require the use of LHe filling and control systems. LHe filling 

and temperature control will be enable by slow control system operating valves and sensors. During 

experiment, up to 100 liter of LHe will be stored in dewars close to the detectors. 

153

X-ray Optics 

X-ray optics instrumentation (polycapillary X-ray focusing optics (PXFO), multilayer X-ray 

focusing lens (MXFL), total reflection cylindrical mirror (TRCM)) will serve as focusing elements 

for X-ray detectors and are thus sub-projects for corresponding X-ray spectroscopy projects for 

which demands are described separately. 

µ-strip detectors and Compton polarimeter 

The operation of all type of solid state detectors will require the use of LN filling and control 

systems. LN filling and temperature control will be enable by slow control system operating LN 

valves and sensors. During experiment, up to 1000 liter of LN will be stored in dewars close to the 

detectors. 

E 3 4 Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target 

The operation of the electron spectrometer will proceed at the internal gas jet target. After cooling 

of selected projectiles (bare, H-, He-, Li- like 155 Gd, 195 Pt etc.), the gas jet is switched on (H2, N2, 

Xe, He) and the magnetic field of the spectrometer system is slowely increased (depending on the 

expected electron rate) together with the correcting field magnets for the projectiles. The electron 

events are recorded also in coincidence with changes of projectile charge states (capture or loss) to 

gain collisional information. Further information on atomic reaction channels can be obtained from 

coincidences with X-ray detection by a closely placed Ge detector. 

E 3 5 Reaction Microscope 

The reaction microscope includes magnetic and electric fields and several different detectors, part of 

them require LN filling. All experiment control will be remote via fast and slow data links from a 

"Meßhütte". 

E 3 6 Laser Experiments 

a. Operation of each of the sub-projects 

The laser experiments planned at NESR are in-beam experiments and therefore the merging of the 

laser and ion beams (resp. Electron beam) in the interaction section is crucial. This requires a careful 

alignment procedure for the NESR beam relative to reliable beam markers. The lasers will be set-up 

in the laser laboratory, with the exception of the X-ray laser. 

After injection the ions will be bunched, cooled and accelerated to the necessary energy. If this 

energy is reached, the beam will be rebunched synchronized with the laser excitation. The 

experiments will be operated from the responsible physicists and parameter variations will mostly 

occur at the laser side. Ideally, once the storage ring parameters are set, the experiments will be 

controlled from the laser lab. 

All experiment controls within the NESR cave will be remotely controlled and monitored. 

Necessary cooling for detectors will be done in a way that no frequent refilling is required. 


No additional infrastructure (power etc.) is needed besides for the running of the laser lab as 

described above. 

E 4 Cooled, Decelerated and Extracted Ions 

E 4 1 The Low-Energy AP Cave 

154

a) After the construction phase the oversight over this experimental place should lay in the 

responsibility of the SPARC collaboration represented by a cave responsible, permanently located at 

GSI. For the preparation, testing and performing of the different experiments, the responsibility over 

the experimental set-up will be on the group itself. It is requested that these groups get technical 

support, either from the SPARC collaboration itself, or from the GSI technical infrastructure, if 

needed. The present experience al GSI shows that the external groups must be assisted, with 

hardware and with technical manpower, during the experiments 

The cave infrastructure must be integrated into the general FAIR infrastructure (power, magnet, 

cranes, gas, ventilation, water, cryo system, vacuum controlling, phone, and networking). 

The experiments will be controlled by the experimenters from the local electronic room. For beam 

adjustments on the target, the support of the operating team from the facility is expected 

It was already mentioned that LSR gives better possibilities for testing and commissioning 

independent of the NESR and the SPARC collaboration is planning to use them. For the moment no 

final decision over the operation mode of the cave with ion beams delivered by the LSR was taken. 

The SPARC and FLAIR collaboration will discuss about this aspect also with the accelerator group 

from the GSI, before taking the final decision. 

b) no special requirements 

c) power, gas, cryo please see section C4 

E 4 2 HITRAP 

a) Operation 

After the construction phase the oversight over these experimental places should lie in the 

responsibility of the SPARC collaboration represented by a cave responsible, permanently located at 

GSI. For the preparation, testing and performing of the different experiments, the responsibility over 

the experimental set-ups will be on the group itself. It is requested that these groups get technical 

support, either from the SPARC collaboration itself, or from the GSI technical infrastructure, if 

needed. The present experience al GSI shows that the external groups must be assisted, with 

hardware and with technical manpower, during the experiments. 

The cave infrastructure must be integrated into the general FAIR infrastructure (power, magnet, 

cranes, gas, ventilation, water, cryo system, vacuum controlling, phone, and networking). 

The experiments will be controlled by the experimenters from the local electronic room. For beam 

adjustments on the target at low-energy cave and to the HITRAP decelerator, the support of the 

operating team from the facility is expected. 

It was already mentioned that LSR gives better possibilities for testing and commissioning 

independent of the NESR, and the SPARC collaboration is planning to use them. For the moment no 

final decision over the operation mode of the caves with ion beams delivered by the LSR was taken. 

The SPARC and FLAIR collaborations will discuss this aspect also with the accelerator group at 

GSI, before taking the final decision. 

b) auxiliaries 

no special requirements 

c) power, gas, cryo, etc. (low-energy ion experiments) 

Reaction microscope: 

⋅ Power: One high-current (32A) plug and 3*4 standard 16 A plugs. 

⋅ Gas: at least one line (gases foreseen: He, Ne, Ar, N2) with adjustable pressure up to 20 bar. 

⋅ Cryo: not needed. 

⋅ Cooling water: 2*10 liters / minute (at about 16 °C) 

155

⋅ Others: A pressurized air line for valves is needed. 

Ion-Surface Interaction Experiments: 

⋅ Power: 2 * 4 standard 16A plugs (400V) 

⋅ Gas: no requirements 

⋅ Cryo: 250 litres of LN2.per week 

⋅ Cooling water: 40 litres per min 

⋅ Others: A pressurized air line for valves and an exhaust line for the pre-pumping system are 

needed. 

X-ray measurements: 

⋅ Power: One high-current (32A) plug and 4*4 standard 16 A plugs 

⋅ Gas: gas handling system for the gas target 

⋅ Cryo: 100 liters of LN2 per week (running experiment) 

⋅ Cooling water: 4*15 liters / minute 


needed. 

g-Factor measurements: 

⋅ Power: One high-current (32A) plug and 3*4 standard 16 A plugs are needed, permanent power 

consumption less than 2kW . 

⋅ Gas: not needed 

⋅ Cryo: The superconducting magnet needs LN2 and LHe cooling. Thus, a permanent helium 

recovery line and a liquid nitrogen line should be installed. 

⋅ Cooling water for turbo pump 


needed. 

Mass measurements: 

⋅ Power: One high-current (32A) plug and 3*4 standard 16 A plugs 


⋅ Cryo: 200 liters of LN2 per week and 60 liters of LHe per month 

⋅ Cooling water: 3*15 liters / minute 


needed. 

Laser spectroscopy: 

⋅ Power: 70 kW 


⋅ Cryo: possibly 200 liters of LN2 per week and 60 liters of LHe per month 

Cooling water: 50 litres per min 

156

F Safety 

F 1 Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Cooling at SIS100/300 

a. General safety considerations 

In addition to the typical risks inherent to experiments within the accelerator tunnel (radiation, high 

voltage, high magnetic fields, cold surfaces and hazards due to LHe, hot surfaces during bake-out 

periods) there is a laser radiation hazard. The primary concern is to restrict laser radiation to the 

necessary beam path. The beam will be typically guided in a tube. Only during alignment laser 

radiation can exit these areas. Due to the small size of laser entrance windows the risk of braking 

flanges is small, but has to be watched. 

b. Radiation Environment, Safety systems 

Safety precautions will be controlled by the GSI safety engineers. Experiments at SIS100/300 take 

place in an environment of very high back ground radioactivity. To avoid unnecessary exposure, the 

equipment in the synchrotron tunnel will be remote controlled and monitored. In addition to the 

normal safety systems, access restrictions with interlock function will surround the area where laser 

radiation is present. Only trained personnel will have access to the laser beams in the alignment 

mode. 

F 2 Ion-Beams from SIS12/SIS100 


The equipment in the experimental area contains some components that add to the typical hazard 

situation. These are mainly given by high voltage and LN cooling supplies for the detectors. 


The radiation environment at the Atomic Physics cave falls under the surveillance of the GSI safety 

engineers. Electrical equipment is required to follow VDE standards. LN cooling supplies create an 

additional risk. 

F 3 Atomic Physics Experiments at the NESR 

The radiation hazard at the NESR is similar to the situation at the present ESR. The radiation level 

after shut-off of the beam is decreasing rapidly, allowing controlled access. The situation in the case 

of anti-proton operation will be watched. In addition to this radiation, electrical hazard and the 

danger of hot and cold surfaces (bake-out, LN cooling of detectors) has to be watched. The electron 

cooler might represent a radiation hazard at voltages exceeding 100 kV. 

Laser experiments require special attention. 

F 3 1 Electron Target 


The electron target requires high-power high-voltage supplies up to 40 kV. In normal operation this 

will be well insulated, and also soft X-ray radiation will be sufficiently shielded. For maintenance 

situations special care has to be taken. 


Under surveillance of the GSI safety engineers, access will be restricted in case of maintenance 

conditions. 

157

F 3 2 Internal Target 


The internal target operates with a variety of non-toxic gases. However flammable and explosive 

gases such as hydrogen and CH4 require appropriate safety measures. Precautions taken at the ESR 

installations will also be applied here. 


Sensors will monitor the risk by hydrogen leakage and also by nitrogen. An exhaust system will be 

installed. 

F 3 3 Photon Spectroscopy 


Additional safety issues concern high voltage and LN2 supplies for the detectors as well as the use if 

liquid Helium. In addition thin Beryllium and stainless steel windows will be used. 


Electrical installation will follow VDE standards. Warning signs and protection equipment will be 

provided. 

F 3 4 Electron Spectrometer at the Internal Target 


Additional safety issues concern high voltage and LN supplies for the detectors. 



provided. 

F 3 5 Extended Reaction Microscope 


Additional safety issues concern high voltage and LN supplies for the detectors. 



provided. 

F 3 6 Laser Spectroscopy 


The additional hazards in the case of laser experiments are high voltage and LN supplies for the 

detectors, and the laser radiation. The primary concern is to restrict laser radiation to the necessary 

beam path. The beam will be typically guided in a tube. Only during alignment laser radiation can 

exit these areas. Due to the small size of laser entrance windows the risk of braking flanges is small, 

but has to be watched. 



provided. Warning signs will signalise the presence of laser radiation within the enclosed laser 

158

tubes, to avoid unintended opening. In the case of alignment procedures where laser radiation can 

leak out, access into the NESR cave will be restricted to authorized personnel. 

F 4 Cooled, Decelerated and Extracted Ions 

F 4 1 The Low-Energy AP Cave 


The hazards possible in the cave refer to the handling of High Voltages needed to power the 

detectors: up to 10 kV Voltages will be used by different experiments; 

thin Be-windows mounted on the solid stale detectors or as X-ray windows integrated in the 

experimental setups (usually mounted on the target chamber); 

thin metal windows of the beam gas-profilers for the experiments using a Reaction Microscope 

(see section B3 1.5) ; 

a Hg-vapour target will be installed in the cave. The poisoning risk will be reduced by the fact that 

the mercury will be finally collected in a cold trap; 

magnetic field of the spectrometer; 

radioactive sources used for calibration purpose; 

liquid nitrogen; 

moving heavy parts, handling the cranes. 

The access to the magnet power supplies must be regulated. Also the handling of the beam line, 

when under vacuum, must be strictly supervised. 

b. Radiation Environment 

During the beam times, the access to the cave must be regulated according to the German safety 

rules. The responsibility to implement and control this should lay with the GSI security and radiation 

protection group. The radiation level after shut-off of the beam is decreasing rapidly, allowing 

controlled access. 

c) Safety systems 

Systems for measuring the radiation level in the cave must be mounted. To avoid vacuum accidents, 

the vacuum control system must be equipped with a feed-back option which is able to automatically 

close the valves to avoid the flooding with gas of the beam lines and in the worst case of the whole 

facility. 

Depending on the extension of the water cooling system, flow controllers and/or thermometer for 

water and an alarm system are desirable. 

F 4 2 HITRAP 

a. General safety considerations, Radiation Environment, Safety systems for HITRAP facility 

During deceleration at HITRAP the generation of ionising radiation has to be regarded because of 

the 

1. X-ray production by the RF fields in the cavities and 

2. production of neutrons due to the unavoidable heavy-ion-beam losses in the decelerator 

structure. 

Whereas the X-ray production can cause a substantial radiation exposure of personnel, the 

generation of neutron radiation can usually be neglected because of the low number of low energetic 

ions slowed down in the cavities. 

The access to the HITRAP area has to be controlled. The expected major component of ionising 

radiation in HITRAP will be the X-rays produced by the cavities operated for the deceleration of 

159

ions coming from the NESR. The dose-rate levels are estimated to about 100 µSv/h near the cavity 

structure. This level implicates the installation of a radiation-controlled area due to the German 

Radiation Protection Ordinance (§ 36 StrlSchV), because the level of 3 µSv/h is exceeded. Due to 

the safety rules at GSI/FAIR, no stay of personnel is accepted for a dose rate of 100 µSv/h or higher. 

Therefore access to the HITRAP cave will only be possible if the cavities are switched off. The 

access control system will direct the admission to the HITRAP cave. The dose rates outside the cave 

and on the roof of the cave will be negligible during the operation. The maximum voltage of the 

cavities will be 650 kV. The shielding of the produced x- rays, which have a tenth-value thickness of 

about 10 cm for normal concrete, is ensured by a total concrete thickness from 80 to 160 cm. 

Therefore the expected dose rates caused by the X-rays outside the shielding are 8 to 16 orders of 

magnitude lower than the dose rates in the vicinity of the cavities. 

If heavy ions have energies high enough to exceed the Coulomb threshold in collisions with nuclei 

of the target, neutrons can be evaporated from the created compound nuclei. Because of the low 

number of ions which are estimated to 10 6 with a duty cycle of 30 sec, the neutron dose rate can be 

neglected even for lighter ions with a similar average ion current. 

The radiation safety of the HITRAP area must be controlled by the installation of active dose-rate 

monitors that are sensitive to photon and neutron radiation. If the monitors indicate a dose rate 

higher than 3 µSv/h, the decelerator will be switched off. 

The RF generators with the power supplies have to be installed in an "enclosed electrical workshop" 

(abgeschlossene elektrische Betriebsstätte). The maximum permissible limits for 108.408 MHz 

inside this room are for the power 10 W/m², for the magnetic field-strength 0.163 A/m and for the 

electrical field strength 61.4 V/m. Outside of the mentioned room the limits are 2 W/m², 0.073 A/m 

and 27.5 V/m. These are the normal limits and there should be no difficulties to observe them. The 

observance of VDE or EU regulations is self-evident. Maintenance and trouble shooting should only 

be done by skilled and well-trained personnel. 

The platform on which the filling of liquid helium and nitrogen will be done has to be constructed in 

such a way that the liquids cannot flow into beneath lying rooms. Measuring devices for the oxygen 

content have to be installed in closed areas at the place of the normal stay during the filling 

operation and in the beneath lying room; these devices have to warn the people in case of an oxygen 

deficit. 

Low-energy heavy-ion experiments: 


For the reaction microscope there are no safety issues. In the ion-surface interaction experiments 

some detectors and lens systems work with high voltages. The respective connectors and parts 

outside the vacuum have to be shielded properly. For the X-ray spectroscopy a standard radiation 

environment (radiation controlled area) is expected. The Penning trap experiments utilize 

superconducting magnets, hence only authorized people are allowed to enter the experimental area 

due to the strong magnetic field. Handling of cryogenic liquids will be performed by authorized 

personnel only. 


For all experiments presented there are no special requirements. However, a radiation environment 

should be avoided to minimize background in the detectors and to allow permanent access by the 

users. For all experiments no special safety systems are required. However, a vacuum protection 

system is preferable to prevent unwanted consequences from power and cooling water break downs. 

160

G Organisation and Responsibilities, Planning (Working Packages: WP) 

SPARC has a special situation that it contains a collection of projects which are driven by different 

physics issues. The unifying theme is atomic physics with very heavy highly-charged ions. There are 

also strong links to other areas of physics and their proposals: nuclear physics (NuStar), plasma 

physics, anti-matter physics (FLAIR), biophysics, and materials research. This requires an extra 

organizational effort. 

The physics issues of SPARC and their experimental realization requires often different paths and 

methods or sometimes even similar experimental approaches. This is can be necessary to reduce 

systematic errors in precision experiments or in other cases that the physical processes are complex 

enough that they cannot be clarified by a single type of experiment. It also occurs that different 

groups have a somewhat different experimental approach to a certain physics problem. 

Therefore it appeared reasonable to divide the organizational structure of SPARC into two phases: 

Phase 1 is dominated by experimental developments and clearly instrument oriented. For that task 

we formed working groups which concentrate on an experimental installation or instrument and 

carry through its set up. Phase 2 will be experiment, analysis and clearly more physics issue 

oriented. In that phase one can foresee that working groups may join or others maybe formed in 

order to focus on certain physics issues. 

Since approval of the FAIR CDR the situation has changed for SPARC in the low-energy facilities 

by the creation of the FLAIR collaboration. Two additional storage rings are being added. The layout 

of the experimental area is changed. Additional costs appear which are not financed. so far. 

From the CDR, SPARC had a financial frame that covered the beam transport costs to the proposed 

experiments. With FLAIR, the financial issues of LSR and also of the more complex beam transport 

is not settled. SPARC works closely together with FLAIR in trying to solve these problems. In case 

it can not be settled the original experimental areas, as described in the CDR, would be valid. 

161

a. WBS- working package break down structure 

The following working packages (WP) have been defined by the SPARC collaboration. 

1 Laser Experiments 

(WP 1.1) Laser Cooling /Laser Spectroscopy at SIS100/300 

(WP 1.2) High-Intensity Laser 

(WP 2.3) Pair Production 

2 High-Energy Atomic Physics 

(WP 2.1) Cave for High-Energy (< 10 GeV/u) Atomic Physics 

(WP 2.2) Resonant Coherent Excitation 

3 Atomic Physics at NESR 

(WP 3.1) Electron Target 

(WP 3.2) Dense H2/He Internal Jet Target 

(WP 3.3) Spectrometers for Hard X-rays 

(WP 3.4) Spectrometers for Soft X-rays 

(WP 3.5) Calorimeter 

(WP 3.6) 2D Detector Systems/Compton Polarimeter for Hard X-rays 

(WP 3.7) X-ray Optics for Photon Spectroscopy 

(WP 3.8) Spectrometer for Conversion and Atomic Electrons 

(WP 3.9) Large Solid Angle Spectrometer for Recoil Ions and Electrons 

(WP 3.10) Imaging Fast Forward Electron Spectrometer 

(WP 3.11) Implementation of a Laser Setup 

(WP 3.12) Infrastructure/Operation 

4 Atomic Physics with Cooled, Decelerated, and Extracted Ions 

(WP 4.1) Low-Energy Cave 

(WP 4.2) HITRAP Facility 

(WP 4.3) Reaction Microscope for Slow-HCI 

(WP 4.4) Ion-Surface Interaction Experiments 

(WP 4.5) X-ray Studies 

(WP 4.6) g-Factor Measurements 

(WP 4.7) Mass Measurements 

(WP 4.8) Laser Experiments 

162

. Structure of Experiment Management 

Major Country and 

Project Representatives 

SPARC Collaboration 

212 Collaboration Members (80 Institutions, 28 Countries) 

Collaboration Board (CB) 

At present the SPARC collaboration consists of 212 members 80 institutions from 28 countries. The 

collaboration has formed 12 experimental working groups and 2 theoretical groups for working 

towards a realization of the SPARC proposal within the FAIR project. Most recent information on 

the status of SPARC collaboration and the ongoing activities can be found on the internet 

representation (http://www.gsi.de/zukunftsprojekt/ experimente/sparc/index_e.html) 

The decisions on physics cases and the priorities are taken in the Collaboration Board (CB). On the 

first SPARC collaboration meeting, Oct. 28.-30. 2004 the CB was proposed and confirmed by the 

whole collaboration; a first CB was elected. An election mechanism has to be defined by the present 

CB that guarantees a reasonable country, institute, and research subject representation A 

spokesperson and a deputy are proposed by the collaboration board and elected by the collaboration. 

In addition, the GSI atomic physics division names a contact (liason) person. This group will be 

called the Managing Group (MG) and is part of the CB. 

163 

Managing Group (MG) 

Spokespersons/ 

GSI Contact 

14 Working Groups with Local Contact Persons 

Close Contacts with FLAIR, Biology and Material, and EXL 

Collaborations for Coordination of Installations

Members of the Collaboration Board (CB) 

J. Briggs 

University of Freiburg, Germany 

(briggs@tqd1.physik.uni-freiburg.de) 

F. Currell 

Queens University of Belfast, U.K 

(f.j.currell@qub.ac.uk) 

D. Dauvergne 

Institute de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, France 

(d.dauvergne@ipnl.in2p3.fr) 

G. Garcia 

CSIC, Madrid, Spain 

(g.garcia@imaff.cfmac.csic.es) 

K. Hencken 

University of Basel, Switzerland 

(k.hencken@unibas.ch) 

X. Ma 

Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China 

(x.ma@gside) 

A. Mueller 

University of Giessen, Germany 

(alfred.mueller@strz.uni-giessen.de) 

M. Pajek 

Swietokrzyska Academy, Kielce, Poland 

(m.pajek@pu.kielce.pl) 

V. Shabaev 

St. Petersburg State University, Russia 

(shabaev@pcqnt1.phys.spbu.ru) 

E. Silver 

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA 

(esilver@cfa.harvard.edu) 

B. Sulik 

ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary 

(sulik@atomki.hu) 

T. Suric 

Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia 

(suric@irb.hr) 

J. Ullrich 

MPI-K, Heidelberg, Germany 

(j.ullrich@mpi-hd.mpg.de) 

Y. Yamazaki 

Univ. Tokyo & RIKEN, Japan 

(yasunori@postman.riken.jp) 

R. Schuch (spokesperson) Stockholm University, Sweden 

(schuch@physto.se) 

A. Warczak (deputy) Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 

(ufwarcza@kinga.cyf-kr.edu.pl) 

Th. Stöhlker (local contact) GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

(t.stoehlker@gsi.de) 

164

R. Schuch (spokesperson) 

A. Warczak (deputy) 

Th. Stöhlker (local contact) 

Members of the Managing Group (MG) 

Working Group 

Stockholm University, Sweden 

(schuch@physto.se) 

Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 

(ufwarcza@kinga.cyf-kr.edu.pl) 

GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

(t.stoehlker@gsi.de) 

SPARC Working Groups 

165 

Local Contact 

Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Cooling U. Schramm 

High Energetic Ion-Atom Collisions D. Liesen 

Electron Target C. Kozhuharov 

Target Developments (in ring) Th. Stöhlker 

Electron and Electron/Positron Spectrometers R. Mann 

Photon and X-ray Spectrometers H. Beyer 

Photon Detector Development Th. Stöhlker 

Laser/Ion Interaction (intense laser) Th. Kühl 

Reaction Microscope S. Hagmann 

Setup Developments for Slow Ion/Surface Interaction Studies A. Bräuning-Demian 

Ion Sources K. Stiebing 

Theory: Atomic Structure/Collision Dynamic 

T. Beier and S. Fritzsche 

(currently acting together) 

HITRAP/Traps W. Quint 

FLAIR-Building A. Bräuning-Demian

c. Responsibilities and Obligations 

The collaboration has formed sub-groups for working towards a realization of the experimental 

projects. In order to guarantee the construction and set-up of the various components of the project 

the collaboration formed 12 experimental working groups and two theoretical groups (see Table 

below). These groups have acted and agreed upon responsibilities for the various tasks during the 

first collaboration meeting. The working groups are responsible for the different technical parts of 

the project and are requested to report to the Collaboration Board (CB). External expert advice will 

be asked for when deemed necessary by the CB. This created the basis for this Technical Proposal. 

For each work group, one person at GSI or at an institute nearby GSI serves as coordinator with a 

deputy supporting the coordinator. These persons/institutes have named here as responsible/contact 

person. The work groups meet and work on the various tasks assigned to them and report to the CB 

(internal written reports will be regularly requested by the CB). 

Coordination of financial applications, EU applications, national funding, financial contributions are 

treated by the CB. Working group issues, manpower issues, time-plans, and internal financing are 

handled by the Managing Group (MG; spokesperson, deputy, and contact (liason) person) and 

reported regularly to the whole collaboration. Critical decisions on these issues are taken in the CB. 

Financial issues have been discussed with external collaborators. A well defined commitment has 

not yet been reached in all cases. 

Funding issues were discussed on the collaboration meeting. So far we do not have new definite 

commitments of external funding (beyond those programs that are running already). But, several 

promising initiatives were started. We are in discussion with the management and members of the 

FLAIR collaboration to apply to the European Union to the call FP6-2004-Infrastructures-5. The I3 

(Integrated Infrastructure Initiative) includes Transnational Access, Joint Research Activities, and 

Networking. Investment costs could be covered from such a program. There are initiatives by 

SPARC members in the US to apply for a program of "Partnerships for International Research and 

Education" Program Solicitation NSF 05-533 of the National Science Foundation under the 

Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences Office of International Science and 

Engineering. Also here it will be applied for manpower, travel costs and investments. On the 

national level of the FAIR member states, consortia of future users were formed. In some of these 

consortia SPARC is inculded. It is expected that money will also be given directly from national 

funding agencies to support the participation in SPARC projects. 

166

Responsible Working Group 

local contact 

High Energetic Ion-Atom Collisions 

D. Liesen (GSI) 

Reaction Microscope 

S. Hagmann (GSI) 

Electron and Electron/Positron 

Spectrometers 

R. Mann (GSI) 

Photon and X-ray Spectrometers 

H. Beyer (GSI) 

Photon Detector Development 

Th. Stöhlker (GSI) 

Target Developments (in ring)* 

Th. Stöhlker (GSI) 

Electron Cooler/Target 

C. Kozhuharov (GSI) 

Low Energy Setups 

A. Bräuning-Demian (GSI) 

Traps/HITRAP 

W. Quint (GSI) 

Ion Sources 

K. Stiebing (IfK, Frankfurt) 

Laser Spectroscopy/Laser Cooling 

U. Schramm (LMU, Munich). 

Laser/Ion Interaction 

(Intense Laser) 

Th. Kühl (GSI) 

Working Packages (WP) 

(WP 2.1) Cave for High-Energy (< 10 GeV/u) Atomic 

Physics 

(WP 2.2) Resonant Coherent Excitation 

(WP 2.3) Pair Production 

(WP 3.9) Large Solid Angle Spectrometer for Recoil Ions 

and Electrons 

(WP 3.10) Imaging Fast Forward Electron Spectrometer 

(WP 4.3) Reaction Microscope for Slow-HCI 

(WP 3.8) Spectrometer for Conversion and Atomic 

Electrons 

(WP 3.3) Spectrometers for Hard X-rays 

(WP 3.4) Spectrometers for Soft X-rays 

(WP 3.7) X-ray Optics for Photon Spectroscopy 


(WP 3.5) Calorimeter 

(WP 3.6) 2D Detector Systems/Polarimeter for Hard X-rays 


(WP 3.2) Dense H2/He Internal Jet Target 

(WP 3.12) Infrastructure NESR 

(WP 3.1) Electron Target 

(WP 3.12) Infrastructure NESR 


(WP 4.4) Ion-Surface Interaction Experiments 

(WP 4.2) HITRAP Facility 

(WP 4.6) g-Factor Measurements 

(WP 4.7) Mass Measurements 

(WP4.8) Laser Experiments 


(WP 4.2) HITRAP 

(WP 1.1) Laser Cooling 


(WP 4.8) Laser Experiments 

(WP 1.2) High Intensity Laser 


167

In the following, first a summary of all resources needed (manpower and investments) for the 

realization of the various Working Packages is given. Thereafter, 

c. Responsibilities and Obligation 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates 

e. Schedule and Milestones 

are listed separately for every Working Package. 

Summary of resource requirements 

Table G 1 gives the summary of the resource planning for the SPARC working packages is given. 

The man power requirements stated, are given in full time equivalents FTE and are counted for the 

full duration of the projects, i.e. 2 persons for 4 years are counted as 8 FTE's. The FTE are listed in 

three groups: man power provided bei atomic physics division of GSI, contribution by the 

collaborating partners, and additional man power requested from the FAIR project. 

In addition, the total capital equipment costs stated by the individual working packages are listed. 

Also, an estimate of the contributions provided by the cooperating partners is given. For those 

projects where a clear commitment for a higher involvement is already made, the committed value is 

used. It should be noted that all cooperating partners have agreed to apply for support from their 

funding agencies. Expectations for this procedure and the personnel costs contributed by the partners 

are not included in the table. 

168

WP Package 

Table G 1 A summary of the resource planning of the Working Groups 

costs 

FAIR 

estimated 

Costs 

3rd party 

169 

AP 

[FTE] 

Collab. 

[FTE] 

Add. 

[FTE] 

Total 

FTE 

Duration 

[years] 

Laser Experiments 590 0 6.5 20 5 31.5 

(1.1) Laser Cooling 330 0 5 5 5 15 5 

(1.2) High-Intensity Laser 260 0 1.5 15 0 16.5 5 

High-Energy-AP 340 80 4 16 0 20 

(2.1) High-Energy 190 0 2 2 0 4 5 

(2.2) Res. Coherent Exc. 50 50 1 12 0 13 5 

(2,3) Pair Production 100 30 1 2 0 3 5 

AP at NESR 5568.9 500 36.5 86 33 155.5 

(3.1) Electron Target 1310 0 3 3 3 9 3-4 

(3.2) Internal Jet Target 807 0 2 4 4 10 4 

(3.3) Spectr. for Hard X-rays 60 0 2 2 2 6 3 

(3.4) Spectr. for Soft X-rays 130 0 2 1 3 6 3 

(3.5) Calorimeter 1000 500 4 16 0 20 4 

(3.6) 2D / Polarimeter 316.9 0 6 15 3 24 4 

(3.7) X-ray Optics 185 0 1 2 1 4 5 

(3.8) Electron Spectrometer 255 0 2.5 2.5 2.5 7.5 5 

Spectr. for Recoil Ions 

(3.9) 

and Electrons 

192 0 2 4 2 8 5 

Imaging Fast Forward 

(3.10) 228 0.5 3.5 1 5 5 

Spectrometer 

(3.11) Laser Setup 865 0 9 33 9 51 5 

(3.12) Infrastructure/Operation 220 0 2.5 0 2.5 5 5 

Cooled. Decel. and 

Extracted Ions 

3951 2375 18.7 53.6 16.5 88.8 

(4.1) FLAIR Building 1 2 2 5 6 

(4.2) Low Energy Cave 980 0 3.5 5.6 3.5 12.6 7 

(4.3) HITRAP Facility 596 0 9 15 6 30 3 

(4.4) Reaction Microscope 65 65 0 1 0.5 1.5 4 

(4.5) Ion-Surface Interaction 445 445 2 9 2 13 4 

(4.6) X-ray Studies 430 430 0.5 10 0 10.5 5 

(4.7) g-Factor Measurements 240 240 1.5 8 2.5 12 5 

(4.8) Mass Measurements 650 650 1 1 0 2 5 

(4.9) Laser experiments 545 545 0.2 2 0 2.2 5 

SUM 10 499,9 2955 65.7 175.6 54.5 295.8 Aver. 4.7

Tables: Resource planning for the individual Working Packages 

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Laser Experiments SIS100/300 (WP 1.1) 

Tasks Contributing Groups 

Test Experiments (Laser Cooling) at ESR 

LMU Munich, GSI (AP), Uni 

Mainz 

SIS Lattice Simulations for Interaction Region GSI (SIS), LMU Munich 

Construction of Deflection Magnets and Vacuum Chambers for 

Laser Beam Access 

GSI (SIS), LMU Munich 

Beam Dynamics Simulations of Relativistic Laser Cooled Beams LMU Munich, NN 

Development of Cooling and Spectroscopy Laser System 

(in Parallel with Test Experiments at ESR) 

LMU Munich 

Planning and Installation of the SIS laser Lab LMU Munich, GSI (AP) 

Planning and Installation of Laser Beam Line LMU Munich, GSI (AP) 

Operation LMU Munich,GSI (AP) 

Test of X-ray Detectors 

GSI (AP),LMU Munich, Uni 

Mainz 

X-ray Spectrometer Design and Construction 

GSI (AP),LMU Munich, Uni 

Mainz 

Operation GSI (AP),LMU Munich 

Design and Construction of Few-Cycle Pulse High-Intensity Laser 

MPQ Munich, LMU Munich, 

GSI (AP) 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Laser Experiments SIS100/300 (WP 1.1) 

Project duration: 5 years 

GSI (AP) FTE Collab. FTE GSI (Add) FTE Total 

5 5 5 15 

Item Cost Estimate 

Two Yb Disc Lasers (CW and Pulsed) 200 k€ 

Two Frequency Doubling Units 30 k€ 

Laser Frequency Stabilization (Relative) and Diagnostics 15 k€ 

Optical Tables, Infrastructure 30 k€ 

Optics, Opto-Mechanics and Vacuum Manipulators for Laser Beam 50 k€ 

Transport into the SIS Tunnel System 

Beam Dynamics Simulations 5 k€ 

SubTotal 330 k€ 

Modifications to SIS100/300 

Deflection Magnets (Including Power Supplies and Vacuum 

Chambers) 

500 k€ 

Total 830k€ 

170

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Laser Experiments SIS100/300 (WP 1.1) 

Milestones: 

Milestone Year 

SIS 100/300 Lattice Simulations for Interaction Region 2005 

Construction of Deflection Magnets and Vacuum Chambers for Laser 

Beam Access 

2005 

Beam Dynamics Simulations of Relativistic Laser Cooled Beams 2006 

Test Experiments (Laser Cooling) at ESR Demonstrating Bandwidth 

Matching the Initial Momentum Spread 

2006 

Radiation Damage Test of critical components 2007 

Development of Cooling and Spectroscopy Laser System (Based on the 

2008 

Systems Used at the ESR) 

X-ray Spectrometer Design and Construction 2008 

Installation of the SIS 100/300 Laser Lab 2009 

Installation of Laser Beam Line 2009 

Schedule: 

Task 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

Laser Cooling 

Test Experiments at ESR 

SIS lattice simulations 

Construction SIS components 

Laser Cooling simulations 

Development laser system 

SIS laser lab 

Laser beam line 

Operation Laser Cooling 

Laser Spectroscopy 

Radiation Damage Tests 

X-ray spectrometer 

X-ray set-up installation 

Operation X-ray Spectroscopy 

171

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to High Intensity Laser Experiments (WP 1.2) 


MPK Heidelberg, LMU 

Simulations and Theory 

Munich, 

Univ. Durham 

Test Experiments at PHELIX 


MPK Heidelberg, GSI (AP) 

Design and Construction of Few-Cycle Pulse High-Intensity Laser 


GSI (AP) 

Planning and Installation of Laser Beam Line SIS Tunnel LMU Munich, GSI (AP) 

Planning and Installation of Laser Beam External LMU Munich, GSI (AP) 

Operation 


MPK Heidelberg, GSI (AP) 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to High Intensity Laser Experiments (WP 1.2) 


Personnel in Full Time Equivalent (FTE) Required for the Project: 


1.5 

Cost Estimates: 

15 0 16.5 


Simulations and Theory 30 k 

Focussing Optics 30 k€ 

Optical Tables, Components, Infrastructure 150 k€ 

Optics, Opto-Mechanics and Vacuum Manipulators for Laser Beam 

Transport into the SIS Tunnel System 

50 k€ 

Total 260 k€ 

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Laser Experiments (WP 1.2) 

Milestones: 


Simulation Interaction with Relativistic HCI 2007 

Test Experiments at PHELIX 2008 

Few-Cycle Pulse High Intensity Laser 2009 

Laser Beam Line SIS Tunnel 2009 

Laser Beam External 2009 

Schedule: 

Task 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

Simulations 

Test Experiments at PHELIX 

Few-Cycle Pulse High Intensity 

Laser 

Laser Beam Line SIS Tunnel 

Laser Beam External 

Operation 

172

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to High-Energy Cave (WP 2.1) 


General Planning of the Cave GSI 

Ion Optical Simulation GSI, IPN Lyon 

Installation GSI 

Commissioning GSI, IPN Lyon, RIKEN 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to High-Energy Cave (WP 2.1) 


Personnel in Full Time Equivalent (FTE) required for the project: 


2 2 0 4 

Cost estimates: 


Ion Optical Simulations/Definition of Resolution 50 k€ 

Design of Cave and Infrastructure 20 k€ 

(Order and Production of Magnet System)* (250 k€) 

Installation 100 k€ 

Commissioning 20 k€ 

Total 190 k€ (440 k€)* 

*(applies only in case that FRS magnets are not available). 

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to High-Energy Cave (WP 2.1) 

Schedule: 

Task 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 

General Planning of the 

Cave 

Simulations 

Installations 

Commissioning 

A milestone of project magnetic spectrometer will be the planned shut-down of the FRS. 

173

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Resonant Coherent Excitation (WP 2.2) 


Design of Goniometer IPN Lyon, RIKEN 

Ordering and Assembling IPN Lyon, RIKEN 

Tests in Lyon and RIKEN IPN Lyon, RIKEN 

Transfer to GSI GSI, IPN Lyon, RIKEN 

Commissioning GSI, IPN Lyon, RIKEN 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Resonant Coherent Excitation (WP 2.2) 




1 12 0 13 



Goniometer Provided by Lyon and RIKEN Groups 0 k€ 



Total 50 k€ 

The setups for coherent resonant excitation experiments will be provided by the Lyon and the Riken 

group. 

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Resonant Coherent Excitation (WP 2.2) 

Schedule: 

Task 

Design of Goniometer 

Ordering Components 

Assenmbling 

Test in Lyon and RIKEN 

Transfer to GSI and Settings 

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

174

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Pair Production (WP 2.3) 


Design of Spectrometer GSI, Frankfurt, NN 

Ordering and Assembling GSI, Stockholm, NN 

Commissioning GSI, Stockholm, NN 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Pair Production (WP 2.3) 




1 2 0 3 



Spectrometer 70 k€ 




The setups for coherent resonant excitation experiments will be provided by the Lyon and the Riken 

group. 

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Pair Production (WP 2.3) 

Schedule: 

Task 

Design of Spectrometer 


Assembling 

Test 

Comissioning 

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

175

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Electron Target (WP 3.1) 


General planning and management 

Cooperation and coordination of external manufacturers and GSI 

suppliers 

Feasibility of 1A electron current. 

Expected energy resolution as a function of the electron current 

Extraction voltage needed for the high electron currents and its 

influence on the longitudinal electron temperature 

Reasonable length for the adiabatic acceleration section 

Strength of the magnetic guiding field with respect to the transversallongitudinal 

relaxation 

MPI-K Heidelberg 

Are values for the transverse electron temperature below 3-5 meV 

attainable without much higher technical effort and complexity? 

How does the heating of the electron beam in the toroid section 

depend on the toroid radius? 

Is a value of 2m for the radius a reasonable one? 

What is the behavior of the ion beam when the energies of the 

electron cooler and electron target are very close? 

Energy calibration methods 

Search for suitable low-Z calibration standards. 

How exact are the known energies? 

What are the prospects of establishing future calibration standards, 

which will also include measurements with photons? 

Search for suitable pairs of heavy and light ions with very similar 

mass to charge ratios that would allow for a simultaneous injection 

IAMP Giessen 

and storing in the NESR. The light ion has to have known energies. 

Most likely, both ions will be produced in SFRS. 

What are the natural line widths of calibration resonances with 

respect to the required transverse temperature of the electron beam? 

A breeding scheme of higher charge states by consecutive electron 

capture is needed, since the ions of interest might be produced at high 

energies, with no attached electrons. 

Residual gas beam profile monitors 

Reliability of the detector system for the residual gas beam profile 

IMP Lanzhou 

monitor 

Alternative beam monitoring systems. 

Design and Manufacturing of the main components. 

(Note: The project has been discussed as a topic in the framework of INP Novosibirsk 

a future cooperation with INP Novosibirsk.) 

176

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Electron Target (WP 3.1) 

Project duration: 3-4 years 



3 3 3 9 

Cost Estimate. 


General Design 20 k€ 

Design of Detector Pockets ( 0 and 180 deg) 10 k€ 

Design of the Main Electronic Components (Gun, Electric and 

20 k€ 

Magnetic Field Components) 

Manufacturing of Main Electrical Components at Novosibirsk 500 k€ 

Purchase and Manufacturing of Vacuum Components 30 k€ 

Superconducting Magnet 260 k€ 

Purchase of Power Supplies 160 k€ 

Assembly and First Tests 300 k€ 

Slow Controls 10 k€ 


e3. Schedule and Milestones Related to Electron Target (WP 3.1) 

Schedule: 

Tasks Progression 

3-5 

Definition of the Requirements 

months 

6-8 

General Design 

months 

Design of the Detector Pockets 

Design of the Main Components 

6-11 

(Gun, El. & Magn. Field 

months 

Components) 

Manufacturing of the 

8-11 

Main Components 

months 

Technical Design of the Vacuum 

Chambers 

Purchase and Manufacturing of 

the Vacuum Components 

Purchase of the Power Supplies 

Assembly and First Tests 

177 

4-7 

months 

4-9 

months

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Internal Target (WP 3.2) 


performance tests of a modified skimmer geometry at the CELSIUS 

target 

TSL, GSI 

adaptation of the CELSIUS cooling system to the ESR target 

TSL, GSI (EXL 

collaboration) 

installation at ESR 



performance test at the ESR 

TSL, GSI, (EXL 


design of the new target station for NESR TSL, GSI, FZ-Jülich 

ordering of new parts, GSI, (EXL collaboration) 

assembling of new NESR target and performance test 

TSL, GSI, (EXL 


design of target chambers 



installation at NESR 



The Internal Target project for the NESR is a joint activity together with EXL collaboration 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Related to Internal Target (WP 3.2) 




2 4 4 10 



Target Support Structure 50 k€ 

Vacuum and Target Density Diagnostics 22 k€ 

Skimmer Chamber 50 k€ 

Beam Dump 40 k€ 

Nozzle 10 k€ 

Cryo Cooling 30 k€ 

2x Chamber 100 k€ 

Roots Pumps 40 k€ 

9x Turbo Pump (1600 l/s)+Controls 220 k€ 

Valves (Target Chamber/Target) 10 k€ 

Roughing Pumps 25 k€ 

6 CF200 Valves (Backeable) 140 k€ 

Controls, Electronic etc. 70 k€ 


178

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Internal Target (WP 3.2) 


performance tests of a modified skimmer geometry at the CELSIUS target: 

results available 

7-2006 

CELSIUS cooling system installed at the ESR 12-2006 

performance test at the ESR finished 07-2007 

design of the new target station: available 07-2008 

design of the NESR support structure available 07-2008 

design of target chambers finished 07-2008 

assembly of NESR target 2009 

first test operation of the NESR target 2009 

Task 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

Skimmer geometry 

Adaptation to GSI 

Optimization and tests at ESR 

Design of target station 

design of support structure 

design of target chambers 

assembly of NESR target 

first test operation of the NESR 

target 

179

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Spectrometers for Hard X-rays (WP 3.3) 


Assembly GSI 

Test GSI, AS Kielce 

Optimization GSI, AS Kielce 

Alignment Procedure GSI, Uni Fribourg 

Calibration Procedure GSI, ESRF Grenoble 

X-ray optical adjustments GSI, Uni Fribourg 

Preparation and Test of Curved Transmission Crystals 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Spectrometers for Hard X-rays (WP 3.3) 


180 

GSI, ESRF Grenoble, Lyon, 

Uni Jena, CIRIL Caen, Uni 

Fribourg 



2 2 2 6 


Item (Adjustments of FOCAL to the needs at NESR) Cost Estimate 

Mechanical Adjustments for New Facilities 30 k€ 

Curved Transmission Crystals 30 k€ 

Total 60 k€ 

Running Costs per Year 25 k€ 

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Spectrometers for Hard X-rays (WP 3.3) 

Definition of Milestones 

Milestones Month-Year 

Completion of Spectrometer Mechanics 07–2004 

Characterization of Spectrometer Performance 12–2005 

Tuned Apparatus 12–2005 

Established Alignment Scheme 04–2006 

Established Calibration Scheme 07–2006 

Achievement of Adjustments, FOCAL Ready for Transfer 07–2007 

Supply of Well Characterized Curved Transmission Crystals 07–2008 

Schedule 

Tasks 2005 2006 2007 2008 

Assembly 

Test 

Optimization 

Alignment Procedure 

Calibration Procedure 

X-ray Optical Adjustments 

Preparation and Test of Curved 

Transmission Crystals 

Detector Development, see section

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Spectrometers for Soft X-rays (WP 3.4) 


X-ray Optical Calculation of Reflection and Source Geometry GSI, Uni Jena 

Design Work 

Uni Fribourg, CIRIL Caen, 

AS Kielce 

Selection and Ordering of Components GSI 

Pilot Experiment at the ESR for U 90+ 

GSI, CIRIL Caen, Uni 

Cracow, Uni Fribourg, 

ESRF Grenoble, Uni Jena, 

FZ Jülich, AS Kielce, Lyon, 

Swierk. 

Construction and Optimization of Components Uni Fribourg, GSI 

Preparation of Crystals, Component Tests 

Uni Jena, ESRF Grenoble, 

CIRIL Caen 

Assembly and Test of Spectrometers AS Kielce, GSI, Uni Jena 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Spectrometers for Soft X-rays (WP 3.4) 




2 1 3 6 

Expected costs for the realisation of two spectrometers are roughly estimated as follows: 


Spectrometer Mechanics 40 k€ 

Curved Crystals 20 k€ 

Position-Sensitive Detectors 40 k€ 

Electronics 30 k€ 


Running Costs per Year 25 k€ 

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Spectrometers for Soft X-rays (WP 3.4) 



Numerical Proof of Optimized X-ray Optical Scheme 06-2006 

Spectrometer Layout 12-2006 

Delivery of Components 03-2007 

Experimental Proof of Measurement Scheme (ESR Experiment) 06-2007 

Operational Components 02-2008 

Certified Crystals 12-2008 

Operational Spectrometers 06-2009 

181

Schedule 

Tasks 

X-ray Optical Calculation of 

Reflection and Source 

Geometry 

Design Work 

Selection and Ordering of 

Components 

Pilot Experiment at the ESR for 

U 

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 

90+ 

Construction and Optimization 

of Components 

Preparation of Crystals, 

Component Tests 

Assembly and Test of 

Spectrometers 

182

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Calorimeter WP(3,5) 

Working packages for Calorimetric Detector from Cfa (soft X-ray calorimeter) 


Design of 16 channel calorimeter Harvard (Cfa) 

Transfer and installation at ESR Harvard, Stockholm, GSI 

Test experiment at ESR Harvard, Stockholm, GSI 

Design of 100 channel calorimeter Harvard (Cfa) 

Transfer and installation at ESR Harvard, Stockholm, GSI 

Test experiment at ESR Harvard, Stockholm, GSI 

Working packages from Mainz (hard-X-ray calorimeter) 


Design of 32 channel calorimeter Mainz, GSI 

Transfer and installation at ESR Mainz, GSI 

Test experiment at ESR Mainz, GSI 

Design of 96 channel calorimeter Mainz, GSI, Heidelberg 

Transfer and installation at ESR Mainz, GSI, Heidelberg 

Test experiment at ESR Mainz, GSI, Heidelberg 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Calorimeter WP(3,5) 


Working packages for Calorimetric Detector from Cfa (soft X-ray calorimeter) 


2 8 10 

Working packages from Mainz /Heidelberg (hard-X-ray calorimeter) 


2 8 10 



16 channel calorimeter for 3 to 30 keV 500 k€ 

cryostat for 96 channel calorimeter 150 k€ 

96 channel calorimeter: electronics and data aquisition 150 k€ 

96 channel calorimeter for energies up to 80 keV 200 k€ 

183

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Calorimeter WP(3,5) 


Task (Milestone) Year 

16-Pixel calorimeter (Cfa) experiment at ESR 

2005 

(energies soft X-rays up 30 keV) 

8-Pixel Lamb shift experiment (Mainz) at ESR 

2006 


first test experiment (Cfa) with 100 pixel Array 

2008 


first test experiment (Mainz) with 96 pixel Array 


184 

2008 

Tasks 2005 2006 2007 2008 

16-Pixel calorimeter experiment at 

ESR (

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to 2D Detector Systems/Polarimeter WP(3,6) 

a) 2D-Germanium-Detector 


Design Studies for a 2D Micro-Strip Ge(i) Detector 

GSI, FZ-Jülich. IKF- 

Frankfurt 

Construction of Detector 


Frankfurt 

Laboratory Test Experiments 

GSI, Uni Cracow. Swierk, 

AS Kielce, IKF-Frankfurt 

Adjustment of Electronics to Detector Systems 



Data Acquisition, Data Analysis GSI, Uni Cracow. Swierk 

Test Experiments at ESRF and ESR 



b) Polarimeter for hard X-rays 


Design Studies for a Polarimeter-Ge(i) Detector 


Frankfurt 



Frankfurt 

Laboratory Test Experiments 



Design and Construction of Chip Read Out Electronics/DSP-Board GSI, Uni Cracow. Swierk 

Test of prototyp electronics GSI, Uni Cracow. Swierk 

Adjustment of Electronics to Detector Systems 



Data Acquisition, Data Analysis GSI, Uni Cracow. Swierk 

Test Experiments at ESRF and ESR 



185

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to 2D Detector Systems/Polarimeter WP(3,6) 

a) Cost Estimates for 2D-Germanium-Detector 

Project Duration: 3 years 



3 9 12 


Germanium (72-75 mm Diameter, 18 mm Thick) 4 k€ 

Cryostat 

Dewar 3.5 k€ 

Design and Fabrication (Housing) 9 k€ 

Fabrication (Detector Holder incl. Gilding) 4.2 k€ 

Fabrication (Cryostat) 8.5 k€ 

VAT Valve and Safety Valve 1.5 k€ 

Ion Getter Pump + Power Supply 2 k€ 

Sub Total 28.7 k€ 

Internal Electronics 

Printed Circuit Board for Preamplifier Mounting 4,2 k€ 

Preamplifiers 11,2 k€ 

Capton Foil 1,3 k€ 

Cables + Plugs 4,7 k€ 

Sub Total 21.4 k€ 

Additional Items 

Rotation Stage 5 k€ 

UPS (Emergency Power Supply) 2.5 k€ 

Detector Support Structure 2 k€ 

Scroll Pump 3.5 k€ 

LN Controls (Soft + Hardware) + Dewar 10 k€ 

Sub Total 23 k€ 

Total 77.1 k€ 

Cost estimates for 2 complete 128 channel VME based DAQ system. 


VME-Crate 6 k€ 

NIM-Crate (4 units) 12 k€ 

RIO3 4.5 k€ 

Lynx 1 k€ 

HV-Powersupply 2 k€ 

ADC (32 ch./mod.) (4 units) 18 k€ 

TDC (64 ch./mod.) (2 units) 3 k€ 

CFD (16 ch./mod.) (8 units) 30 k€ 

MA (16ch./mod.) (8 units) 40 k€ 

TFA (16ch./mod.) (8 units) 8 k€ 


186

) Polarimeter for hard X-rays 




3 6 3 12 


Germanium 5 

Silicon 1 

Cryostat 

Dewar 4 

Design and Fabrication (Housing) 10 k€ 

Fabrication (Detector Holder incl. Gilding) 7 k€ 

Fabrication (Cryostat) 9 k€ 

VAT Valve and Safety Valve 2 k€ 

Ion Getter Pump + Power Supply 2 k€ 

Sub Total 

Internal Electronics 

40 k€ 

Printed Circuit Board for Preamplifier Mounting 8 k€ 

Preamplifiers 12 k€ 

Capton Foils 2 k€ 

Cables + Plugs 5 k€ 

Sub Total 

Additional Items 

27 k€ 

Rotation Stage 5 k€ 

UPS (Emergency Power Supply) 3 k€ 

Detector Support Structure 2 k€ 

Scroll Pump 4 k€ 

LN Controls (Soft + Hardware) + Dewar 10 k€ 

Sub Total 24 k€ 

Total 

Cost Estimate for DSP Electronics 

91 k€ 


VME-Crate 6 k€ 

RIO3 4.5 k€ 

Lynx 1 k€ 

8xVME board (16 channels) à 1.6 k€ 

Costs for 128 channels 

12.8 k€ 


187

e. Schedule and Milestones Related 2D Detector Systems/Polarimeter WP(3,6) 

a) 2D-Germanium-Detector 

Definition of Milestones: 


Operation of an Complete 128 Channel VME Based DAQ System 03–2005 

Software Tools for On-/Off-Line Analysis 04-2005 

Performance Test of the Prototype Detector (Laboratory, ESRF) 07–2005 

Design Specification for New 2D µ–Strip Detector 10-2005 

3D Performance Test with Prototype 2D Detector 12–2005 

Operation of an Second Complete 128 Channel VME System 06–2006 

Synchronized Operation of the Two Independent VME Systems 09-2006 

New 2D Detector Available at GSI 11-2007 

Performance Test with New 2D Detector 03-2008 

Detector Positioning Systems at FOCAL 03-2008 

Laboratory Tests of the FOCAL Spectrometer Combined with the 2D 

Detector Systems 

08-2008 

Final Laboratory Tests of the FOCAL Spectrometer Combined with the 

10-2008 

2D Detector Systems in Synchron Mode 

Schedule: 

Tasks 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 

Setup, Programming and Test 

of 128 Channel VME Based 

DAQ 

Development of Data Analysis 

Tools, Online Monitoring, etc. 

Determination of Detector 

Response 

Development of 3D Readout 

Routine, Calibration, 

Laboratory Tests for 

Verification 

Setup and Test of Second 128 

Channel VME Based DAQ 

Reliable Synchronizing of 2 

Independent VME Based 

DAQs 

Fabrication of the Second 2D 

Detector System 

Laboratory Tests of the New 

2D Detector with New VME 

Based DAQ 


Positioning System for 

FOCAL 

Resolution Laboratory Tests 

of FOCAL with Both 

Detectors 

Final Tuning, 

188

) Polarimeter for Hard X-rays 



Design Specification for Telescope 07–2005 

Software Tools for On-/Offline Analysis 01-2007 

Compton Telescope Available at GSI 07–2006 

Performance Test Using a Standard VME Based DAQ System 10-2006 

128 Channel DSP Based Readout System 06–2006 

DSP System Adapted to Telescope 12-2006 

Software Tools for On-/Offline Analysis 01-2007 

Analysis Algorithms and Interface to GSI DAQ 02-2007 

Performance Test with Telescope 04-2007 

Test Experiments at ESRF and ESR 06-2007 

Schedule: 

Tasks 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 

Calculation and Simulation of 

Detector Parameters for 

Polarized Photon Detection 

Preparing Data Analysis 

Environment, Online 

Monitoring, etc. 

Construction and Fabrication 

of the Telescope 

Design, Prototyping and 

Fabrication of DSP 

Electronics 

Adaptation of the Available 

VME Electronic to the 

Compton Telescope 

Developing Analysis 

Algorithms for DSP 

Electronics and Software 

Interface to GSI DAQ 

Environment 

Laboratory Tests of Detector 

Setup with DSP Electronics 

with Respect to Resolution, 

Event Reconstruction, 

Efficiency, 

Final Preparation and 

Performance Tests for 

Beamtime Experiments 

189

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to X-ray Optics WP(3,7) 

Tasks Sub Tasks Contributing Groups 

Polycapillary X-ray Focusing 

Optics (C) at the Gas Target 

Development 

Manufacturing 

Operation 

AS Kielce 

Multilayer X-ray Focusing Lens 

(MXFL) at the Gas Target 

Development 

Manufacturing 

Operation 

Havard CfA, Camebridge, 

USA 

Total Reflection Cylindrical Development 

Mirror (TRCM) at the Electron Manufacturing 

AS Kielce 

Target Operation 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to X-ray Optics WP(3,7) 




1 2 1 4 



Fabrication of Polycapillary System PXFO 75 k€ 

Fabrication X-ray Cylindrical Mirror (TRCM) 5 k€ 

Mechanical Parts 70 k€ 

Supplementary Optical Equipment 15 k€ 

Supplies for Testbench 20 k€ 


e. Schedule and Milestones Related to X-ray Optics WP(3,7) 



Completion of Detailed Simulations, Optimized Geometry 07–2006 

Parts Ordered 12–2006 

Test Setup Completed 03–2007 

Results from Tests Analyzed 12–2007 

Systems Installed 07–2008 

Commissioning Complete 12–2008 

Schedule: 

Tasks 2005 2006 2007 2008 

Detailed Simulation 

Fix Parameters, Order Parts 

Assembly of Testbench 

Measurements on Testbench 

Installation 

Commissioning 

190

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Electron Spectrometer WP(3,8) 


Design Studies 

Uni of Creete Heraklion, 

CSIC Madrid 

Construction of Transport Magnet and Chamber 

IMP-Lanzhou, GSI, Atomki 

Debrecen 

Purchase of Detectors, Power Supplies, Controlling Electronics and GSI, Atomki Debrecen, 

Parts, Mounting and Testing at Laboratory 


Design and Construction of High-Resolution Spectrometer (HRS), 

Ordering Parts, Chamber, Valve and Electronics 

GSI, Atomki Debrecen, 

MPI-K Heidelberg,IKF 

Frankfurt 

GSI, Atomki Debrecen, 

Mounting and Test HRS 

MPI-K Heidelberg, IKF 

Frankfurt, Uni Stockholm 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Electron Spectrometer WP(3,8) 




2.5 2.5 2.5 7.5 



Design Studies 5 k€ 

Construction of Transport Magnet and Chamber 10 k€ 

Purchase of Detectors, Power Supplies, Controlling Electronics and 

Parts, Mounting and Testing at Laboratory 

90 k€ 

Design and Construction of High Resolution Spectrometer (HRS), 120 k€ 


Mounting and Test of HRS 30 k€ 


e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Electron Spectrometer WP(3,8) 

Schedule 

Task Year 

Design Studies until 2006 

Construction of Transport Magnet and Chamber end 2006 

Purchase of Detectors, Power Supplies, Controlling Electronics and Parts, 

Mounting and Testing at Laboratory 

2007 

Design and Construction of High Resolution Spectrometer (HRS), 2007 / 2008 


Mounting and Test HRS 2008 /.2009 

Ready to Operate 2009 

191

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Extended Reaction Microscope WP(3,9) 


Recoil- and Low Energy Electron Spectrometer: 

Electro-Optical Calculations-Solenoid 

Electro-Optical Calculations –Extraction Zone 

Prototype Testing 

Multihit-Capable 2D-Position Sensitive Detectors for Low-Energy 

Electrons 

2D-Position Sensitive Detectors for Recoil Ions 

Engineering Design for UHV-Vacuum Chamber 

Procurement 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Extended Reaction Microscope WP(3,9) 




2 


4 2 8 


Design Studies 7 k€ 

Manufacturing /Testing of Small Prototype at the UNILAC 20 k€ 

2D Position Sensitive Detectors for Electrons (meV to keV) 20 k€ 

Technical Design for Toroid-Coils 5 k€ 

Vacuum Chamber, Design-Manufacturing 

(contains contribution MPI 30 k€) 

60 k€ 

Manufacturing/Ordering of Toroid-Coils,Solenoid Lenses etc 30 k€ 

Power Supplies for Coils, Solenoid 

40 k€ 

(contains contribution MPI 20 k€) 

Electronics/Interface and Adaptation to Storage Ring-Beam Lattice 10 k€ 


e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Extended Reaction Microscope WP(3,9) 

Schedule: 

Task Year 

Electron/Recoil Ion Optical Calculations 2005 - 2006 

Model Solenoid configuration in Target Zone 2005 - 2006 

Manufacturing /Testing Small Prototype Configs. ( UNILAC) 2005 - 2006 

2D Position Sensitive Detectors for Electrons (meV to KeV) 2005 - 2006 

Technical Design for Toroid-Coils and Lenses 2006 - 2007 

Purchase, Construction, Commissioning 2008 - 2009 

Vacuum Chamber, Design-Manufacturing 2008 - 2009 

Manufacturing/ Ordering of Toroid-Coils, Solenoid Lenses etc 2008 - 2009 

Vacuum System Configuration, Purchase 2008 - 2009 

Orders of Power Supplies for Coils, Solenoid 2008 - 2009 

Electronics/Interface and Adaptation to Storage Ring-Beam Lattice 2008 - 2009 

Assembly of Spectrometer + Tests 2008 - 2009 

192 

MPI-K, Heidelberg, IKF 

Frankfurt, JRM - Kansas 

State,West.Mich. State 

/Kalamazoo, Uni of 

Missouri/Rolla, Hash. U. of 

Jordan, IMP Lanzhou, 

Fudan Univ, CSIC Madrid, 

Atomki Debrecen,Uni of 

Crete, CCF Mexico

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Imaging Forward Spectrometer WP(3,10) 


0° Imaging Forward Electron Spectrometer: 

Electro-Optical Calculations 

2D Position Sensitive Detector 

Engineering Design 

Procurement 

193 

IKF Frankfurt, GANIL 

Caen, Uni of Catania, Uni 

of Missouri/Rolla, Uni of 

Crete 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to to Imaging Forward Spectrometer WP(3,10) 




0.5 3.5 1.0 5 



Electro-optical Calculations and Design Studies 8 k€ 

Technical Design for Dipols and Quadr.-Lenses 5 k€ 

2D Position Sensitive Detectors (100 keV to MeV) 25 k€ 

Configuration of Moveable Calibration Sources 10 k€ 

Design and Manufacturing of Vacuum Chamber, 30 k€ 

Manufacturing/Ordering of Dipols and Lenses 50 k€ 

Vacuum System Configuration, Purchase 50 k€ 

Power Supplies for Dipoles and Lenses 40 k€ 

Electronics/Interface and Adaptation to Storage Ring-Beam Lattice 10 k€ 


e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Imaging Forward Electron Spectrometer WP(3,10) 

Task Year 

Electron/Recoil Ion Optical Calculations 2005 - 2006 

Technical Design for Dipoles, and Triplett - Lenses 2006 - 2007 

2D Position Sensitive Detectors (100 keV to MeV) 2006 - 2007 

Configuration of Moveable Calibration Sources 2006 - 2007 

Vacuum Chamber, Design-Manufacturing 2008 - 2009 

Manufacturing/ Ordering of Dipoles, 2008 - 2009 

Vacuum System Configuration, Purchase 2008 - 2009 

Orders of Power Supplies for Dipoles and Tripletts 2008 - 2009 


Assembly of Spectrometer + Tests 2008 - 2009

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Laser Experiments WP(3,11) 

Task Contributing Groups 

Optical Laser Spectroscopy and Test of Relativity 

Definition of the Specifications for the Excitation and Detection 

Uni Mainz, GSI 

Region 

Specifications for the ESR Laser Laboratory Uni Paris Sud, MBI 

Radiation and Laser Safety GSI 

Design and Construction of a Detection System for Photons in the 

Uni Mainz 

Optical Regime 

Laser Beamline and Laboratory for NESR GSI, Uni Paris Sud 

Installation of the Detection System GSI, Uni Mainz 

Design of a Laser System for Optical Spectroscopy Uni Mainz, GSI 

Installation of the Laser System Uni Main, GSI 

X-ray Laser Spectroscopy 

Development of an X-ray Laser MBI, Uni Paris Sud 

Test Experiments at the Reinjection Beam Line MBI, GSI, Uni Paris Sud 

Installation of a Photon Detection System MBI, GSI, Uni Paris Sud 

Definition of Requirements (R&D) LLNL, LBL, GSI 

Safety Requirements (R&D) GSI, TUD 

Lasersystem with High Rep. Rate MBI, GSI 

Laser Beam Line GSI, MBI 

Detection System for High Energy Photons GSI, FZ-Jülich 

Installation of Components GSI, MBI, LLNL 

Ultra-High laser Fields 

Design Studies for Laser, Electron Beam, Detector (R&D) TUD, LLNL, LBL, GSI 

Test-experiments at the ESR Jet-Target (R&D) Uni Stockholm, GSI 

Design of Laser Laboratory GSI, LLNL 

Installation of Laser System 

Uni Mainz, LMU Munich, 

GSI 

Photon Detection (R&D) Uni Frankfurt 

Laser Beam Line GSI, LMU Munich 

Installation GSI, LMU Munich 

Installation of Components Uni Mainz, GSI 

194

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related of Laser Experiments (WP 3.11) 


a) Optical Spectroscopy and Test of Relativity 



3 9 3 15 


Item Cost Estimates 

Optical Tables 15 k€ 

Laser System 170 k€ 

Windows 15 k€ 

Optical Components 30 k€ 

Data Taking Equipment 20 k€ 


b) X-ray Laser Spectroscopy 



3 12 3 18 



Optical Tables 15 k€ 

Amplifier System 200 k€ 


Vacuum Equipment 25 k€ 


c) Ultra-High Laser Fields and Thomson backscattering 



3 12 3 18 



Beam Line 150 k€ 

Adaptive Optics System 50 k€ 

Focussing System 50 k€ 


Vacuum Equipment 25 k€ 


195

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Laser Experiments (WP 3.11) 

a) Optical Laser Spectroscopy 

Schedule: 

Task Year 

Definition of the Specifications for the Excitation and Detection Region 2004 -2005 

Specifications for the ESR Laser Laboratory 2005 

Radiation and Laser Safety 2006 

Design and Construction of a Detection System for Photons in the Optical 2006 – 2007 

Regime 

Laser Beamline and Laboratory for NESR 2007 – 2008 

Installation of the Detection System 2008 – 2009 

Design of a Laser System for Optical Spectroscopy 2007 – 2009 

Installation of the Laser System and Components 2009 

b) X-ray laser spectroscopy 

Schedule: 

Task Year 

Development of an X-ray Laser until 2007 

Test Experiments at the Reinjection Beam Line 2005 – 2007 

Installation of a Photon Detection System 2006 

Definition of Requirements (R&D ) 2005 – 2006 

Safety Requirements (R&D ) 2006 

Lasersystem with High Rep. Rate 2006 – 2008 

Detectionsystem for High Energy Photons 2007 – 2009 

Installation of Components 2008 – 2009 

c) Ultra-High Laser Fields and Thomson backscattering 

Schedule: 

Task Year 

Test Experiments at the EBIT 2005 – 2007 

Definition of Requirements (R&D ) 2005 – 2006 

Safety Requirements (R&D ) 2006 

Lasersystem with High Rep. Rate 2006 – 2008 

Laser Beamline and Laboratory for NESR 2007 – 2009 

Installation of Components 2008 – 2009 

196

c.. Responsibilities and Obligations Infrastructure and Maintenance WP(3,12) 

The task related to Infrastructure and Maintenance will be shared between the electron target and 

internal target working groups 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Infrastructure and Maintenance (WP 3.12) 




2.5 2.5 5 



Standard Detectors for Beam/Target diagnostics 60 k€ 

Slow Controls 10 k€ 

LN2 Auto-Filling Systems 10 k€ 

Mechanics 10 k€ 

X-ray Windows and Viewports 20 k€ 

Electronics 50 k€ 

DAQ 20 k€ 

Scattering Chamber 20 k€ 

Test of Components at the ESR 10 k€ 

Installation and Commissioning at the NESR 10 k€ 


e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Infrastructure and Maintenance (WP 3.12) 

Task 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

definition of requirements 

purchase 

Assembly 

testing 

Installation 

operation and maintenance 

197

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Low-Energy Cave (WP 4.1) 


Magnetic spectrometer 

GSI, JINR Dubna, INP 

Design of the Magnetic Spectrometer 

Lyon 

Spectrometer Construction GSI, IMP Lanzhou 

GSI, Uni. Giessen, IMP 

Installation and Commissioning 

Lanzhou 

The Focal plane detector 

GSI, Uni. Giessen, INP 

Design of the Focal Plane Detector 

Lyon 

GSI, Hashemite Uni. 

Prototype Building and Testing 

Amman, NIPNE Bucharest 

Final Detector Cconstruction GSI, NIPNE Bucharest 

GSI, NIPNE Bucharest, 

Testing and Commissioning 

Hashemite Uni. Zarqa 

Diagnosis Detector Prototype Based on the R&D for the Focal Plane 

GSI, NIPNE Bucharest 

Detector 

The Cave 

Design and Planning GSI 

Acquisition of the Components and Construction GSI 

GSI, NIPNE Bucharest, Uni 

Commissioning 

Giessen , Hashemite Uni 

Amman, INP Lyon 

For commissioning of this area and of all experiments which will be performed here, it is aimed to 

install a highly charged ion source as injector into the LSR (see section B4, LSR). The task of 

coordinating and planning the acquisition of such a source will be performed by the interested 

groups and the CRYRING team from Stockholm in collaboration with GSI, under the leading of K. 

Stiebing from Frankfurt University (see working groups). 

198

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Low-Energy Cave (WP 4.1) 




3.5 5.6 3.5 12.6 



Focal Plane Detector: Prototype 80 k€ 

Magnet System and Associated Infrastructure 500 k€ 

2D-Focal Plane Detector 150 k€ 

Beam Line in Cave 180 k€ 

Beam Diagnosis Detector Prototype 25 k€ 

Reaction Chamber 15 k€ 

X-ray Detector 30 k€ 


e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Low-Energy Cave (WP 4.1) 

a) Spectrometer for Ion Beams (3-130 MeV/u), Charge and Momentum Selective 

Schedule: 

Task Year 

Physics Requirements: Definition of the Design Parameters 2004- 2005 

Ion-Optical Simulations 2005-2006 

Purchasing of the Magnet and Associated Infrastructure 2007-2008 

Mounting and Commissioning of the Spectrometer in the Existing Cave A 2009 

Installation of the Spectrometer at the Final Location 2010-2011 

b) 2D Focal Plane Detector 

Schedule: 

Task Year 

Tests of Different Read-Out Methods for a 2D Diamond Detector 2004-2005 

Design of the 2D-Detector for the Focal Plane 2006 

Construction and Testing of a Prototype 2006-2008 

Construction of the Final Detector and the Associated Electronics 2008-2010 

c) Beam Lines 

Schedule: 

Task Year 

Final Design of the NESR - Low Energy Cave and LSR- Low-Energy 

2008 

Cave Beam Line 

Civil Construction 2006-2010 

Mounting and Commissioning of the LSR- Low-Energy Cave Beam Line 2010-2011 

Mounting and Commissioning of the NESR – Low-energy Cave Beam 

Line 

2010-2011 

d) Beam Diagnostic for Slow Heavy Ions 

199

Schedule: 

Task Year 

Feasibility Studies 2007 

Construction and Testing of a Prototype Detector 2009 

Design and Construction of the Beam Diagnostics 2009-2011 



Definition of the Final Parameters of the Magnetic Spectrometer End of 2005 

Final Decision About the Read-Out Method for the 2D Focal Plane 

Beginning 2006 

Detector 

Final Decision About the Design of the Beam Diagnosis Detector 2008 

Test of the Detector's Associated Read-out Electronics Completion 2009 

Completion of the Spectrometer Mounting 2009 

Resuming the 'in-beam' performance test of the focal plane detector and 

associated electronics 

2010 

Completion of the LSR-Cave Beam Line 2011 

Completion of the Spectrometer Installation and Testing at the Final 

2011 

Location 

''Ready-to go' for the Low-Energy Experimental Area 2011 

Completion of the NESR-Low-Energy Cave Beam Line 2012 

200

c. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to HITRAP (WP 4.2) 

Tasks HITRAP Facility Contributing Groups 

Second-Harmonic Buncher before IH-Structure, 

Including RF Sender at 216 MHz 

Uni Frankfurt, GSI 

Transport of HITRAP Facility from ESR to NESR GSI 

Transport of HITRAP Experiments from ESR to 

FLAIR Building 

Ext. Collaborators 

New Beam Diagnostic Tools According to New FAIR 

Standards 


Safety: Detection Devices for Antiprotons GSI 

Incorporation of HITRAP Slow Control System into 

the New Accelerator Control and Timimg System 


Beamlines to Antiproton Experiments GSI, Ext. Collaborators 

Commissioning with LSR/NESR Beams GSI, Uni Frankfurt, Univ Mainz 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to HITRAP (WP 4.2) 




9 15 6 30 


Item Cost Estimate [k€] 

Second-Harmonic Buncher Before IH-Structure, Including RF Sender at 216 

126 k€ 

MHz 

Transport of HITRAP Facility from ESR to NESR 75 k€ 

Transport of HITRAP Experiments from ESR to FLAIR Building 35 k€ 

Modification of Beam Lines and Power Supplies for Antiprotons 110 k€ 

New Beam Diagnostic Tools According to New FAIR Standards 65 k€ 

Safety: Detection Devices for Antiprotons 20 k€ 

Incorporation of HITRAP Slow Control System into the New Accelerator 

Control and Timing system 

165 k€ 


201

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to HITRAP (WP 4.2) 



Second-Harmonic Buncher Before IH-Structure, Including RF Sender at 

216 MHz 

2010 

Transport of HITRAP Experiments from ESR to FLAIR Building 2011 

Commissioning with LSR/NESR Beams 2011/12 

Schedule: 

Task 2010 2011 2012 

Second-Harmonic Buncher Before IH-Structure, 

Including RF Sender at 216 MHz 

Transport of HITRAP Facility from ESR to 

NESR 

Transport of HITRAP Experiments from ESR to 


New Beam Diagnostic Tools According to New 

FAIR Standards 

Safety: Detection Devices for Antiprotons 

Incorporation of HITRAP Slow Control System 

into the New Accelerator Control and Timing 

System 

Beam Lines to Antiproton Experiments 

Commissioning with LSR/NESR Beams 

202

c.. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Reaction Microscope (WP 4.3) 


Recoil- and Low Energy 

Electron Spectrometer 

Electron-and Ion Optics 

Electrostatic Field("Barrel") Electrode Design 

2D Position Sensitive Detectors 

Vacuum Configuration 

Supersonic-Jet 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Reaction Microscope (WP 4.3) 


203 

IKF Frankfurt, JRM - 

Kansas State Univ., MPI-K 

Heidelberg, West.Mich. 

State/Kalamazoo, USA 

CSIC Madrid, Atomki 

Debrecen, Fudan Univ,Uni 

of Crete 

It is anticipated that for the reaction microscope of extracted beams of very highly charged ions (e.g. 

from LSR) about 80% of the parts can be used from recovered spectrometers presently in use at the 

MPI-K, Heidelberg and the ESR storage ring. 



0 1 0.5 1.5 


Item Cost Estimate (k€) 

Adapt Coltrims chamber from MPI-K 20 

2D position sensitive electron detector 30 

Hg-Vapour Supersonic Jet 15 

Total 65 

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Reaction Microscope (WP 4.3) 

Schedule: 

Task Year 

Adaptation of Vacuum System of MPI-K Reaction Microscope 

To LSR UHV-conditions 

2006 - 2007 

Technical Design for Hg-Supersonic Jet-Oven 2006 - 2007 

Manufacturing of Hg Jet 2007 - 2008 

Test of Supersonic Hg jet with Reaction Microscope at UNILAC 2008 - 2009 


Assembly of Spectrometer + Tests at LSR 2009

c.. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Ion-Surface Interaction Studies (WP 4.4) 

Tasks Ion-surface studies Contributing Groups 

Design and Construction of Energy Filter, TOF and 

Detector 

204 

KVI Groningen, IP JU Krakow, 

Uni Stockholm, TU. Vienna, St. 

Petersburg 

Simulation of Detector St. Petersburg, TU Vienna 

Design and Construction of Recipient and Preparation KVI Groningen, IP JU Krakow, 

Uni Stockholm 

Assembling & Testing 

KVI Groningen, IP JU Krakow, 

Uni Stockholm 

Ion Beam Simulations TU. Vienna 

Complete Check of Experiments KVI Groningen, IP JU Krakow, 

Uni Stockholm 

Installation at HITRAP KVI Groningen, IP JU Krakow, 

Uni Stockholm, GSI 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Ion-Surface Interaction Studies (WP 4.4) 

Project Duration: 4years 



2 9 2 13 



DAQ System 20 k€ 

Energy Filters and Electronics 20 k€ 

TOF and TOF-SIMS Spectrometers + Detectors + Electronics + 

80 k€ 

Acquisition 

Yield Detectors + Electronics 30 k€ 

Recipient Including -Shielding and Peripheries 90 k€ 

Pumping System (3 Pre- and Turbo-Punps, 2 Ion-Getter Pumps) 75k€ 

Manipulator for Target Control incl. Heating/Cooling/Stepper Motor 

50 k€ 

Control 

Preparation Chamber + Transfer System 50 k€ 

Beam Manipulation / Interface / HV Components 20 k€ 

Test / Calibration Devices 10 k€ 

Total 445 k€

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Ion-Surface Interaction (WP 4.4) 

Schedule 

Tasks 2005 2006 2007 2008 

Design of Energy Filter 

Design of TOF 

Design of Yield Detector 

Simulation of Detector 

Construction Energy Filter 

Construction TOF 

Construction Yield Detector 

Design Recipient 

Design Transfer & Preparation 

Construction Recipient 

Construction Preparation 

Assembling & Testing 

Calibration Detectors 

Ion Beam Simulations 

Interface Construction 

Complete Check Experiments 

Installation at HITRAP 

205

c.. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to X-ray Studies (WP 4.5) 


Gas target design, construction and tests IP JU Krakow, Univ. 

Stockholm, GSI 

Charge analyzer design, construction and tests IP JU Krakow, KVI 

Groningen, Univ. 

Stockholm 

Hardware purchase IP JU Krakow 

Slits, collimators performance IP JU Krakow, GSI 

X-ray detector holders IP JU Krakow, KVI 

Groningen, Stockholm, 

Control system. IP JU Krakow, GSI 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to X-ray Studies (WP 4.5) 




0.5 10 0 10.5 


The Institute of Physics of the University in Krakow plans to apply for money required to support 

assemble of the proposed setup for X-ray measurements (Ministry of Science in Poland, EU 

granting system, Polish-German Science Foundation). 


Gas target design, construction and tests 100 k€ 

Charge state analysis and detection system design, construction and 

40 k€ 

tests including MCP + channeltron system 

X-ray detector holders 30 k€ 

Slits and collimators 20 k€ 

Electronics (oscilloscope, power supplies, NIM crates and modules) 60 k€ 

Vacuum system for differential gas target (turbo pumps, pre-pumps, 

160 k€ 

valves) 

Control system (LabView based, cards, drivers, PCs) 20 k€ 


206

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to X-ray Studies (WP 4.5) 



Charge analyzer tests 12-2006 

Gas target tests 07-2007 

Control system 09-2007 

Schedule: 

Task 

Gas target design 

Gas target construction 

Gas target tests 

Charge analyzer design 

Charge analyzer construction 

Charge analyzer tests 

Hardware purchase 

Slits, collimators performance 

2005 2006 2007 2008 

X-ray detector holders 

Control system. 

207

c.. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to g-Factor Measurements (WP 4.6) 


Design and Specification of the Trap System Uni Mainz, GSI 

Design of the Detection Electronics Uni Mainz, Uni Greifswald 

Computer Control and Data Acquisition System Uni Mainz, Uni Greifswald 

Assembly and Tests of the Trap System Uni Mainz, GSI 

Off-Line Test Measurements with Light HCI Uni Mainz, GSI 

Commissioning of Trap System at HITRAP/ESR 

Uni Mainz, Uni Greifswald, 

Test Experiments at ESR 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to g-Factor Measurements (WP 4.6) 




1.5 8 2.5 12 

208 


Uni Mainz, Uni Greifswald, 




Trap Setup (OFHC, Sapphire Isolators, Machining) 25 k€ 

Trap Electronics (Passive Components, High-Precision Power Supplies) 35 k€ 

Detection (Superconducting Resonators, Cryogenic Preamplifiers, 

Amplifiers, Data Acquisition) 

42 k€ 

High-Voltage Isolation, High-Voltage Supply for Floating Parts of the 55 k€ 

Complete Setup, High-Voltage Isolating Transformer for Power Supply 

Cryogenic Beam Guidance into the Trap, Cryogenic Valve 35 k€ 

Control System (LabView Based, Including GPIB-Cards, PCs) 16 k€ 

Microwave Equipment 24 k€ 

Atomic Clock 8 k€ 


e. Schedule and Milestones Related to g-Factor Measurements (WP 4.6) 


Definition of Trap Specifications 08-2005 

Trap Machining 09-2006 

Trap Installation and Tests 12-2007 

g-Factor Measurements 02-2009

Schedule: 

Tasks 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 

Definition of Trap 

Specifications 

Trap Simulation and Design 

Trap Machining 

Trap Completion 

Design of Detection 

Electronics 

Design of Beam Injection 

Control System 

Beam Transport 

Simulation/Calc. 

Beam Line Machining 

Beam Line Installation 

Electronics Installation and 

Tests 

Trap Installation and Tests 

Commissioning at HITRAP 

g-Factor Measurements 

209

c.. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Mass Measurements (WP 4.7) 


Simulation of Injection/Ejection and Definition of SuMa 

GSI, Uni Mainz, Uni 

Specifications 

Greifswald 

SuMa Installation and Alignment at Mainz Uni Mainz, Uni Greifswald 



Greifswald 

Trap Machining Uni Mainz, Uni Greifswald 

Trap Installation at Mainz Uni Mainz, Uni Greifswald 

Design and Construction of Detector System and Calibration with Ion GSI, Uni Mainz, Uni 

Source 

Greifswald 

Ion Optical Design of Injection/Ejection Line, Beam Transport GSI, Uni Mainz, Uni 


Greifswald 

Control System Development GSI 



Greifswald 

Installation of Trap and Detector System at GSI 


Greifswald 

Beam Line Installation and Alignment 


Greifswald 

Commissioning Tests with Off-Line Ion Sources 


Greifswald 

Accuracy Check, Test Experiment 


Greifswald 

Experimental Program 


Greifswald 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Mass Measurements (WP 4.7) 




1.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 



7 T SC Magnet, 2 Hom Regions, dB/B>10E-10 300 k€ 

Triple-Trap Setup (OFC, Sapphire Isolators, Machining) 20 k€ 

Trap Electronics (Frequency Generators, Amplifiers, Power Supplies) 60 k€ 

Vacuum System (Getter Pumps, Forepumps, Valve, ...) 80 k€ 

Cryostat for Cryogenic Traps 70 k€ 

FT-ICR Detection (Amplifier, Cryogenic Electronics, ...) 40 k€ 

TOF Detector (MCP + Channeltron System, GMCA + Electronics) 

20 k€ 

Bender with Optics and Power Supplies 10 k€ 

Atomic Beam / Ion Sources (Singly-Charged Ions) and Power Supply 10 k€ 

Control System (LabView Based, Cards, Drivers, PCs) 20 k€ 

Temperature and Pressure Stabilization 10 k€ 

Atomic Clock Connection 10 k€ 


210

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Mass Measurements (WP 4.7) 

Schedule: 

Tasks / Milestones 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 

Define SuMa Specifications 

Oder/Delivery SuMa 

SuMa Installation at Mainz 


Trap Machining 

Trap Completion at Mainz 

Detector / Ion Source 


Design Injection/Ejection Line 

Control System Development 

Beam Transport 



Beam Line Installation 

Detector Installation and Tests 

Trap Installation and Tests at 


Accuracy Check 

Off-line Mass Measurements 

On-line Mass Measurements 

211

c.. Responsibilities and Obligations Related to Laser Measurements (WP 4.8) 


Definition of Magnet Requirements GSI, IC London 

Identification Spectral Lines GSI, IC London 

Purchase Suitable Lasers IC London 

Calculation of Trap Parameters, Design Trap GSI, IC London 

Construction of Trap IC London 

Tests of Trap in London IC London 

Installation of Equipment at GSI GSI, IC London 

Interface with Ion Beam GSI, IC London 

Initial Tests GSI, IC London 

Commissioning with Off-Line sources, Optimization GSI, IC London 

Experiments GSI, IC London 

d. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Laser Measurements (WP 4.8) 




0.2 2.0 0 2.2 


tem Cost Estimate 

6 T Cryogen-Free Superconducting Magnet 300 k€ 

Laser System 100 k€ 

Vacuum Components + Pumps 50 k€ 

Detector + Electronics 20 k€ 

Cryogenic Electronics 15 k€ 

Computer + Optics Control System 20 k€ 

Power Supplies + RF 40 k€ 


In the estimate it is assumed that the beam line to the trap is available and provided. 

212

e. Schedule and Milestones Related to Mass Measurements (WP 4.8) 

Schedule: 

Tasks / Milestones 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 

Definition of Magnet 

Requirements 

Purchase of Magnets 

Identification of Spectral 

Lines 

Purchase of Suitable Lasers 

Design Trap 

Calculation of Trap 

Parameters 

Construction of Trap 

Tests of Trap in London 

Transport of Setup to GSI 

Installation of Eequipment 

Interface to Ion Beam 

Initial Tests 

Optimization 

Off-Line Test Experiments 

On-Line Test Experiments 

213

G f: Organisation 

SPARC Working Groups 

Laser spectroscopy and laser cooling Local Contact: U. Schramm 

Habs, Dieter LMU Munich, Germany 

Huber, Gerhard Mainz University, Germany 

Karpuk Sergej Mainz University, Germany 

Krausz, F. MPQ 

Grisenti, E. IKF, Frankfurt, Germany 

Kyrilc, C. Durham University, United Kingdom 

Moi, L Florence University, Italy 

Potvliege, Robert Durham University, United Kingdom 

Schramm, Ulrich LMU Munich, Germany 

Schuch, Reinhold Stockholm University, Sweden 

Ullrich, Joachim MPI-K, Heidelberg, Germany 

High energetic Ion-Atom collisions Local Contact: D. Liesen 

Azuma, T. Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., Tokyo, Japan 

Baur, Gerhard; IKP Forschungszentrum Juelich; Germany 

Braüning,H. Giessen University, Germany 

Dauvergne, Denis Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon; France 

Dumitriu, Dana NIPNE Bucharest, Romania 

Feinstein, Pablo Centro Atomico Bariloche, Argentina 

Fricke, Burkhard Kassel University, Germany 

Ikeda, T. RIKEN, Wako, Japan 

Kambara, T. RIKEN, Wako, Japan 

Kanai, Y. RIKEN, Wako, Japan 

Komaki, K. Univ. Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

Kondo, C. Univ. Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

Mitra, Debasis; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics; India 

Mohamed, Tarek Cairo University; Egypt 

Nakai, Y. RIKEN, Wako, Japan 

Safvan, C P Nuclear Science Centre; India 

Savin, Daniel Wolf Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University; US 

Stöhlker, Thomas GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Wei, Baoren IMP, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China 

Yamazaki, Yasunori Univ. Tokyo & RIKEN; Japan 

214

Working Group: Electron target Local Contact: C. Kozhuharov 

Beller, Peter GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Böhm, Sebastian Giessen University, Germany 

Brandau, Carsten GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Currell, Fred Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland 

Danared, Håkan Manne Siegbahn Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden 

Koop, Ivan Budker Institute, Novosibirsk, Russia 

Kozhuharov, Christophor GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Lestinsky, Michael Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany 

Ma,Xinwen Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China, 

Müller, Alfred Giessen University, Germany 

N.N. ; Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland 

N.N.: Instytut Fizyki Jądrowej, Cracow, Poland 

N.N.; Stockholm University, Sweden 

N.N.; Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China, 

Parkhomchuk, Vasily Budker Institute, Novosibirsk, Russia 

Schippers, Stefan Giessen University, Germany 

Schmidt, Eike Giessen University, Germany 


Shatunov, Yury Budker Institute, Novosibirsk, Russia 

Skeppstedt, Örjan Manne Siegbahn Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden 

Skrinsky, Alexander Budker Institute, Novosibirsk, Russia 

Sprenger, Frank Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany 

Stachura, Zbigniew Instytut Fizyki Jądrowej, Cracow, Poland 

Steck, Markus GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Wolf, Andreas Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany 

Target developments (in ring) Local contact: Th. Stöhlker 

Bureyeva, Lyudmila ISR, Moscow, Russia 

Currell, Fred Queen's University, Belfast; United Kingdom 

Egelhof, Peter GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Ekström, C. Uppsala, Sweden 

Jakobsson, B. Lund, Sweden 

Ma, Xinwen Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China, 

Popp, Ulrich GSI Darmstadt Germany 

Rathmann, Frank Institut fuer Kernphysik, Germany 



215

Working Group: Electron Spectroscopy Local Contact: R. Mann 

Mann, Rido GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Garcia, Gustavo CSIC, Madrid, Spain 

Ma,Xinwen Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China, 

Moshammer, Robert MPI-K, Heidelberg, Germany 


Stiebing, Kurt Ernst IKF, Frankfurt University, Germany 

Stöhlker, Thomas GSI, Darmstadt; IKF, Frankfurt University, Germany 

Sulik, Bela Debrecen Atomki, Hungary 


Zouros, Theo J.M. University of Crete and IESL-FORTH; Greece 

Working Group: Photon and X-ray spectrometers Local contact: H. Beyer 

Banas, Dariusz SA Kielce, Poland 

Beyer, Heinrich GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Dörner, Reinhard IKF, Frankfurt University, Germany 

Dousse, Jean-Claude Fribourg University, Switzerland 

Fleischmann, Andreas Kirchhoff-Institut, Heidelberg University, Germany 

Foerster, Eckhart University of Jena, Germany 

Gumberidze, Alexandre GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Krings, Thomas FZ-Jülich, Germany 

Manil, Bruno CIRIL-GANIL, Caen, France 

Pajek, Marek SA Kielce, Poland 

Protic, Davor FZ-Jülich, Germany 

Samek, Stefan Cracow University, Poland 

Sierpowski, Dominik Cracow University, Poland 

Silver, Eric Harward-Smithsonian University, USA 

Simionovici, Alexandre Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, France 

Stachura, Zbigniew INP, Cracow, Poland 


Szlachetko, Jakub Fribourg, University 

Tashenov, Stanislav GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Warczak, Andrzej Cracow University, Poland 

Wehrhan, Ortrud University of Jena, Germany 

Weick, Helmut GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

216

Working Group: Photon detector development Local contact: Th. Stöhlker 

Banas, Dariusz SA Kielce, Poland 

Beyer, Heinrich GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Currell, Fred Queen's University, Belfast; United Kingdom 

Dörner, Reinhard IKF, Frankfurt University, Germany 

Dousse, Jean-Claude Fribourg University, Switzerland 

Enss, Christian Heidelberg University, Germany 

Egelhof, Peter GSI, Darmstadt 

Fleischmann, Andreas Kirchhoff-Institut, Heidelberg University, Germany 

Gumberidze, Alexandre GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Kajetanowicz, Marcin Cracow University, Poland 

Krings, Thomas FZ-Jülich, Germany 

Ma, Xinwen IMP Lanzhou, China 

Pajek, Marek SA Kielce, Poland 

Protic, Davor FZ-Jülich, Germany 

Samek, Stefan Cracow University, Poland 

Samek, Stefan Jagiellonian University Institute of Physics; Poland 


Sierpowski, Dominik Cracow University, Poland 

Silver, Eric Harward-Smithsonian University, USA 

Stachura, Zbigniew INP, Cracow, Poland 


Szlachetko, Jakub Fribourg, University 

Tashenov, Stanislav GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Warczak, Andrzej Cracow University, Poland 

Weick, Helmut GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Zou, Yaming Fudan University, Shanghai, China 

Working Group: Laser/Ion interaction (intense laser) Local contact: Th. Kühl 

Gwinner, Gerald University of Manitoba; Canada 

Huber, Gerhard Mainz University, Germany 

Karpuk Sergej Mainz University, Germany 

Keitel, Christoph H MPI-K, Heidelberg, Germany 

Klisnick, A. LIXAM Univ. Paris-Sud, France 

Kyrilc, C. Durham University, United Kingdom 


Nickles, P. Max-Born-Institute Berlin, Germany 


Reinhold Schuch Stockholm University, Sweden 

Ross, D LIXAM Univ. Paris-Sud, France 

Sandner, W. Max-Born-Institute Berlin, Germany 

Schneider, Dieter LLNL, US 


Zielbauer, B. Max-Born-Institute Berlin, Germany 

217

Working Group: Reaction Microscope Local contact: S. Hagmann 

Ali, Rami Hash. Univ. of Jordan 

Cisneros, Carmen CCF Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 

Dörner Reinhard Inst. f. Kernphysik, Univ. Frankfurt, Germany 

Dubois, Robert Univ.of Missouri, Rolla, USA 

Garcia, Gustavo CSIC/ Madrid, Spain 

Hagmann, Siegbert Inst. f. Kernphysik, Univ. Frankfurt, Germany 

Kamber, Emanuel JRM - Kansas State University, USA 

Lanzano, Gaetano University of Catania, Italy 

Ma, Xinwen Inst. Mod. Phys., Lanzhou, China 


Richard, Patrick Kansas State University; United States 

Rothard, Hermann Ganil, Caen, France 

Sulik, Bela Atomki, Debrecen, Hungary 

Tanis, John JRM - Kansas State University, USA 


Zou, Yaming Fudan University, Shanghai, China 

Zouros, Theo J.M. Univ. of Crete, Heraklion, Greece 

Working Group: Setup developments for slow ion/surface Interaction studies 

Local contact: A. Bräuning-Demian 

Afaneh, Feras Hashemite University Amann, Jordan 

Braüning, Harald Giessen University, Germany 

Braüning-Demian, Angela GSI Darmstadt, Germany 

Ciortea, Constantin NIPNE Bucharest, Romania 

Dauvergne,Denis INP Lyon, France 

Dumitriu, Dana NIPNE Bucharest, Romania 

Enulescu, Alexandru NIPNE Bucharest, Romania 

Fluerasu, Daniela NIPNE Bucharest, Romania 

Ma, Xinwen IMP Lanzhou, China 

Penescu, Liviu Constantin NIPNE Bucharest, Romania 

Radu, Aimee Theodora NIPNE Bucharest, Romania 

Sava, Tiberiu NIPNE Bucharest, Romania 

Shirkov Grigori JINR Dubna, Russia 

218

Working Group: Ion Sources Local contact: K. Stiebing 

Aumayr, Friedrich TU Wien, Inst. f. Allgemeine Physik; Austria 

Braüning,Harald Giessen University, Germany 

Bräuning-Demian, A. GSI Darmstadt, Germany 

Currell, Fred Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland 

Dumitriu, Dana-Elena NIPNE, Romania 

Le Bigot, Eric-Olivier Univ. P. & M. Curie et Ecole Normale Supérieure; France 


Schenkel, Thomas E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; United States 

Stiebing, Kurt Univ. Frankfurt, Germany 

Stöhlker, Thomas GSI Darmstadt, Germany 

Working Group: HITRAP Local contact: W. Quint 

Blaum, Klaus Univ. Mainz/GSI, Germany 

Block, Michael GSI Darmstadt, Germany 

Burgdörfer, Joachim Techn. Univ. Vienna, Austria 

Dimopoulou, Christina MPI-K Heidelberg, Germany 

Djekic, Slobodan Univ. Mainz/GSI, Germany 

Herfurth, Frank GSI Darmstadt, Germany 

Kluge, H.-Jürgen GSI Darmstadt, Germany 

Kozhuharov, Christophor GSI Darmstadt, Germany 

Morgenstern, Reinhard KVI Groningen, Holland 

Quint, Wolfgang GSI Darmstadt, Germany 

Ratzinger, Ulrich Univ. Frankfurt, Germany 

Robin, Abel KVI Groningen, Holland 

Schempp, Alwin Univ. Frankfurt, Germany 

Schuch Reinhold Stockholm University, Sweden 

Schweikhard, Lutz Univ. Greifswald, Germany 

Stahl, Stefan Univ. Mainz, Germany 

Thompson, Richard Imperial Coll. London, United Kingdom 

Ullrich, Joachim MPI-K Heidelberg, Germany 

Vogel, Manuel Univ. Mainz, Germany 

Warczak, Andrzej IP JU Krakow, Poland 

Weber, Christine GSI/Univ. Mainz, Germany 

Winters, Danyal Imperial Coll. London, United Kingdom 

219

Working Group: Theory Local contact: S. Fritzsche, T. Beier 

Andreev, Oleg Dresden University, Germany 

Anton, Joseph Kassel University, Germany 

Artemyev, Anton St. Petersburg University, Russia 

Balashov, Vsevolod Moscow University, Russia 

Baur, Gerhard FZ-Juelich, Germany 

Beier, Thomas GSI-Darmstadt, Germany 

Briggs, John Freiburg University, Germany 

Bureyeva, Lyudmila ISR, Moscow, Russia 

Burgdoerfer, Joachim Wien University, Austria 

Dong, Chenzhong Physics Department, Northwest Normal University, China 

Drukarev, Evgenii NPI, St. Petersburg, Russia 

Eichler, Jörg HMI, Berlin, Germany 

Fricke, Burkhard Kassel University, Germany 

Fritzsche, Stephan Kassel University, Germany 

Goidenko, Igor St. Petersburg University, Russia 

Hencken, Kai Basel University, Switzerland 

Horbatsch, Marko York University, Canada 

Jentschura, Ulrich Freiburg University, Germany 

Keitel, Christoph H. MPI Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany 

Kirchner, Tom Clausthal, University, Germany 

Labzowsky, Leonti N. St. Petersburg, University, Russia 

Lemell, Christoph Vienna Univ. of Technology; Austria 

Lindgren, Ingvar Goteborg Univ., Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden 

Lindroth, Eva Stockholm University, Sweden 

Lisitsa, Valery Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia 

Luedde, Hans-Juergen Frankfurt University, Frankfurt, Germany 

Macek, Joseph University of Tennessee and ORNL, USA 

Nefiodov, Andrei NPI, St. Petersburg, Russia 

Pachucki, Krzysztof Warsaw University, Poland 

Pisk, Krunoslav Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia 

Plunien, Guenter Dresden University, Germany 


Saenz, Alejandro Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany 

Salomonson, Sten Goteborg Univ., Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden 

Scheid, Werner Giessen University, Germany 

Shabaev, Vladimir St. Petersburg University, Russia 

Shevelko, Viatcheslav Lebedev Institute, Moscow, Russia 

Suric, Tihomir Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia 

Surzhykov, Andrey Kassel University, Germany 

Trautmann, Dirk Basel University, Switzerland 

Voitkiv, Alexander MPI Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany 

Volotka, Andrei TU Dresden, Russia 

Yerokhin, Vladimir St. Petersburg University, Russia 

Zwicknagel, Günter Erlangen University, Germany 

Feinstein, Pablo Centro Atomico Bariloche, Argentina 

Le Bigot, Eric-Olivier Univ. P. & M. Curie et Ecole Normale Supérieure, France 

Tokesi, Karoly Inst. of Nuclear Research (MTA ATOMKI), Debrecen, Hungary 


Zouros, Theo J.M. University of Crete and IESL-FORTH, Greece 

220

A 'Theory Group' has been established to support the planned experiements within the SPARC. At 

present, the group contains about 40 members. Although, originally, two working groups were 

announced to deal especially with 

i) Atomic structure issues including QED and parity violation issues and ii) collisional dynamics 

with highly-charged ions.The group is open also to other research topics in atomic heavy ion 

physics. For the first years, in particular, it is planned to keep a single 'Theory Group' which is lead 

together by Stephan Fritzsche (Kassel) and Thomas Beier (GSI Darmstadt). 

A first overview about the current research activities was provided by the 1st SPARC Collaboration 

Meeting in October 2004. This meeting revealed a wide range of experience in theroetical heavy-ion 

physics, including the following topics: 

• QED in few-electron ions and strong fields; 

• parity violation effects in heavy few-electron atoms 

• radiative and non-radiative electron capture in strong fields; 

• relativistic pair production and bremsstrahlung; 

• generation and control of polarized ion beams; 

• impact ionization and studies of impact-parameter dependences; 

• atomic physics with exotic atoms (e.g., anti-hydrogen, pionium); 

• limits of the semi-classical approximation; 

• interactions of ions with light, surfaces, crystals. 

Beside these topics, the group help in answering questions which arises in the plan and set-up of 

new experiments as, for instance, the current need for cross section estimates by the CBM 

experiment. 

Special attention in the coordination of the 'Theory Group' is paid to regular meetings which allow 

the research teams to present the details of their work. These meetings are intended to be kept 

resonable cheap to allow 

The participation of students. In Germany, these meetings might be included in the Riezlern 

meetings which are held at the beginning of each year. For Summer 2005, moreover, we envisage a 

meeting in or close to St. Petersburg in order to include also the Russian students. A further 

'visibility' of the group inside of the SPARC collaboration is achieved by a special web-page within 

the SPARC site (www.physik.uni-kassel.de/~surz/sparc/). There, a table of all groups is provided, 

together with their addresses and major research topics as well as the links to the main homepages 

of the groups. 

Working Group: FLAIR-Building Local contact:A. Bräuning-Demian 

Braeuning-Demian, Angela GSI Darmstadt, Germany 

Danared, Håkan; MSL Stockholm, Sweden 

Grieser, M. MPI Heidelberg, Germany 

Grzonka, D. FZ Julich, Germany 

Holzscheiter, M. pbar medical Los Alamos, USA 

Quint, Wolfgang GSI Darmstadt, Germany 

Wada, M. RIKEN, Japan 

Walz, J. MPQ Garching, Germany 

Welsch, Carsten MPI Heidelberg ,Germany 

Widmann, E. S. Meyer Institut, Vienna, Austria 

Yamazaki, Yasunori Tokyo University, Japan 

221

H Relation to other Projects 

AP Cave SIS12/100 

Atomic physics and applications in radiobiology, space and materials research with extracted beams 

from SIS 12 or SIS100 will share the same experimental area, i.e. the "High-energy Atomic Physics 

Cave". Therefore, the infrastructure issues such as detector equipment, vacuum system, chamber 

setups will be a the subject of a close collaboration among the various groups. 

NESR 

a) The internal target will also be used by the EXL collaboration, these groups are in part also 

planning for a in-ring detector system similar to the ones discussed with SPARC. The installation 

scheme, see chapter C, was worked out jointly. Also the target working group of EXL and SPARC 

is joined activity. 

b) The electron target will be also used as a second electron cooler for low ion-beam energies. The 

project is, therefore, strongly connected to the NESR acceleration project. A NESR deceleration 

cycle will be shorter and more efficient if the main cooler cools at the initial ion energy whereas the 

electron target functions as a cooler at the final energy of the decelerated beam. Thus, the electron 

target will be also used not only by the other SPARC experiments at the low energy cave and/or 

HITRAP, but basically by the FLAIR collaboration as well as by those NUSTAR experiments, 

which will require extracted low-energy ion beams as, for instance, AGATHA. The particle 

detectors in the NESR will be developed and installed in close collaboration with STORIB of 

NUSTAR (e.c. EXL, ELISe, etc.). 

FLAIR building 

a) Low Energy Cave The common location of the low-energy experimental area, HITRAP and all 

low-energy antiproton experiments imply a strong correlation between the Low-Energy Cave 

Working Group and the FLAIR collaboration and there is a need for a close 

coordination/collaboration on the technical level. This extends over planning and designing of 

common parts, testing and commissioning, sharing of common infrastructure and beam time. For 

R&D phase the collaboration with CBM and the NoRHDia collaborations in the field of diamond 

detector developing very valuable. 

b) LSR 

The LSR/CRYRING contribution is included both in the FLAIR report and the SPARC report. 

c) HITRAP 

Mass measurements at HITRAP: A mass measurement program is also proposed at the low-energy 

branch within the NUSTAR project (MATS: Measurements with an advanced trapping system). The 

main goal of MATS is to perform high-precision mass measurements and trap-assisted spectroscopy 

measurements on very short-lived nuclides which are not accessible at HITRAP. 

The Laser project at HITRAP will link in with laser spectroscopy in the stored ion beam, which we 

are also interested in. 

222

I Other Issues 

A The FLAIR building 

Apart of the, originally in CDR proposed, atomic physics experiments with decelerated, cooled 

highly charged ions (HCI) extracted from the NESR, a large number of experiments, promoting 

physics topics connected to the low-energy antiprotons (pbar) interactions with atoms and 

radioactive nuclei have been later proposed. A presentation of the physics case of these experiments 

is done in the Letter of Intent (LoI) submitted by the FLAIR collaboration for the FAIR Project in 

January 2004. 

All these experiments will use beams extracted from NESR. Therefore, it was naturally to try to 

group all these experiments in a single area, close to the NESR. Like this, emerged the need of a 

larger building which will accommodate ten different experimental areas, where more then 20, 

already proposed, experiments will be performed. 

Fig. 1 presents the layout of this building, as it is today designed. Most of the new pbar experiments 

need very low energy antiprotons, in the range of keV. This limit is far below the design parameters 

of the NESR and to reach it without high losses in beam intensity, a further deceleration must be 

performed. As already mentioned in section B4 of this report, this task can be successfully 

performed by the CRYRING, a facility at Manne Siegbahn laboratory at Stockholm University. 

Although the proposed HCI experiments are not strongly dependent on the existence of an additional 

decelerator, they can tremendously benefit from using beams from this ring. First of all, the 

HITRAP facility, originally proposed only for HCI physics, can start a new physics program at the 

FAIR facility, if beams of 4 MeV antiprotons can be transferred from the CRYRING. If provided 

with his own ion injectors, as it is today in Stockholm, the ring can also accelerate and provide ion 

beams for tests and commissioning of all experiments, independent on the NESR. On long term this 

will increase the efficiency of using the main beams delivered by the FAIR accelerator complex. 

Some information about the FLAIR building and the CRYRING (further referred to as the Lowenergy 

Storage Ring, LSR) are presented in section B4 of this report. More details are presented in 

this section. 

223

Figure I 1. Layout of the FLAIR building 

224

1 The Low-energy Storage Ring, LSR 

The layout of the ring, as it is today mounted in Stockholm is presented in fig. 2. Further are 

described properties of the ring relevant to the FLAIR requirements. 

Figure I 2. Present layout of the CRYRING facility at the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory. 

The Low-Energy Injector 

Singly Charged Ions 

The dedicated low-energy injector for LSR/CRYRING will provide protons and H – for 

commissioning of the antiproton part of the FLAIR facility. Ion sources for protons and H – will be 

mounted on a high-voltage platform similar to the present MINIS platform at MSL. For protons and 

H – , the platform voltage needs to be 10 kV, and the particles will then be accelerated by the present 

CRYRING-RFQ from 10 keV/u to 300 keV/u, the latter being the present injection energy in 

CRYRING when ions are accelerated in the RFQ. 

The RFQ is designed for ions with mass-to-charge ratios, m/q, between –4 and 4, but ions outside 

that range can be transported through the RFQ without acceleration, and they are then injected into 

the ring at the energy defined by the ion-source platform voltage. The platform voltage is at present 

usually 40 kV. In this way ions with m/q between 1 and 208 and between –1 and –130 have been 

injected into CRYRING. 

Highly Charged Ions 

The injector will also have an ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) ion source for commissioning of 

the atomic physics part of FLAIR. The CRYRING facility at MSL is presently operating with an 

ECR ion source on a 300-kV platform, injecting through the RFQ. Whether this arrangement will be 

225

etained at FLAIR is still a subject of investigation (c.f. Milestones). Other alternatives are a smaller 

platform and/or a new RFQ. 

Figure I 3. Fish-eye view of the CRYRING synchrotron and its electron cooler. 

2 The Synchrotron 

It is proposed that the CRYRING synchrotron is moved to FLAIR with essentially all its present 

components, including magnets, vacuum system, rf system for acceleration/deceleration, electron 

cooler, diagnostics, power supplies, etc. The only major modifications to be done are to replace the 

injection system with a new one that allows injection of 30 MeV antiprotons from HESR, or ions of 

the same rigidity, and to add an extraction beamline. In addition, one could think about changing of 

a number of old power supplies with new ones of more modern design and better performances. 

CRYRING has a maximum magnetic rigidity of 1.44 Tm, corresponding to 96 MeV (anti)protons. 

The minimum rigidity is 0.052 Tm, corresponding to 130 keV (anti)protons, but operation becomes 

increasingly difficult below 0.08 Tm or 300 keV (anti)protons due to remanence and hysteresis 

effects in the ring magnets. Transfer of antiprotons and ions from the NESR to LSR/CRYRING is 

foreseen to take place at the rigidity of 30 MeV antiprotons, i.e. 0.80 Tm. The beam from the NESR 

is cooled at the NESR extraction energy, so it can be decelerated immediately after injection into 

LSR/CRYRING to an intermediate energy of around 4 MeV/u. At that energy the beam will be 

electron-cooled for one or a few seconds, then decelerated to the extraction energy of 300 keV/u, 

where it will be electron-cooled again before actually being extracted. Alternatively, the deceleration 

cycle can be interrupted at higher energies for experiments that need beams above 300 keV/u. As an 

example, extraction to HITRAP would take place at 4 MeV/u immediately after electron cooling at 

that energy. The optimum sequence for deceleration and cooling will be investigated at MSL (c.f. 

Milestones). 

3 Subsystems 

Magnets: The synchrotron has 12 dipole magnets, 36 quadrupole magnets, 12 sextupole magnets 

and 12 correction dipoles. These will be moved to FLAIR, together with their power supplies, 

essentially without modifications. A particular feature of CRYRING is its two ramping modes: In 

the fast ramping mode, the magnet current can ramp from 10% to 90% of full value, or vice versa, in 

150 ms, and in the slow mode the ramping time is 1 s or longer. The fast ramping requires a higher 

rf voltage and is therefore not the standard mode of operation at present, although it has been used 

for a small number of experiments where the lifetime of the ionic state being studied has been very 

short. 

226

Injection: The present injection system in CRYRING is designed for 300 keV/u, and it must thus be 

completely redesigned. This design has only begun, and at present a system combining fast injection 

of a short antiproton bunch at 30 MeV/u (or ions of the same rigidity) and multiturn injection of 

low-energy ions from the dedicated injector is being considered. The injection channel has a 

magnetic septum followed by two short pairs of electrostatic deflectors. The electrostatic deflectors 

are active only for low-energy injection and compensate the thickness of the magnetic septum.. The 

injection straight section also has four pairs of electrostatic deflectors that produce the closed-orbit 

deformation needed for the multiturn injection. There is also a magnetic kicker in a ceramic vacuum 

chamber at a suitable betatron phase advance for the high-energy injection. 

Extraction: CRYRING was designed with extraction in mind, and one of the straight sections that 

are at present used for experiments will be rebuilt to house the extraction channel with a septum 

magnet. Both slow, resonant extraction and fast kicker extraction will be available at all beam 

energies. The slow extraction will use a third-order resonance, and the sextupoles needed to drive 

that resonance are already part of the machine. For slow extraction an additional electrostatic septum 

on another straight section will be needed, and for the fast extraction a kicker magnet with a ceramic 

vacuum chamber must be installed. The new injection and extraction should, as far as possible, use 

standardized hardware (septum magnets, kickers, etc.) being developed at GSI for other machines of 

the FAIR facility. 

Radio frequency: The acceleration/deceleration in CRYRING uses a non-resonant driven drift tube 

rather than a more common resonant cavity. The drift tube, 2.7 m long, is connected to a power 

amplifier providing up to 7.5 kV peak-to-peak on the drift tube, or an effective 

acceleration/deceleration voltage of 2.5 kV, between 40 kHz and 2.5 MHz. For slow ramping, only 

about 1 kV on the drift tube is needed. The present installation uses several old power supplies that 

will be replaced by new ones before the move to FLAIR. The exact extent of the modifications will 

depend on the need for fast ramping at FLAIR. 

Electron cooling: The use of electron cooling is necessary to keep the beam emittance small during 

deceleration. No modifications of the present cooler are foreseen, and it is planned that the 

superconducting gun solenoid is kept. The superconducting solenoid, allowing larger electron-beam 

expansion and lower electron temperature, is not needed for cooling of antiprotons. It is, however, of 

considerable interest to the SPARC community, thus motivating the extra cost of handling liquid 

helium. 

Vacuum: Pumping in CRYRING relies mainly on NEG (non-evapourable getter) pumps, with ion 

pumps for gases that are not pumped by the NEG. There are also turbo-molecular pumps giving 

extra pumping speed for heavy rest-gas components. The entire vacuum system is bakeable to 

300 degrees. The true average pressure in the ring (mainly H2) is approximately 1×10 -11 torr, 

corresponding to less than 7.5×10 -12 torr nitrogen-equivalent pressure. This pressure is fully 

sufficient for antiprotons at all energies, but it will limit the lifetime of heavy, highly charged ions 

to, in some cases, less than 100 ms at the lowest energies. 

Diagnostics: CRYRING is equipped with sensitive diagnostics of different kinds: In the injection 

line, and to some extent also in the ring, destructive diagnostics such as fluorescent screens, strip 

detectors and Faraday cups are used. In the ring there are in addition DC and AC beam transformers 

for absolute current measurements, electrostatic pickups for measuring the beam position and also Q 

values with the help of horizontal and vertical kickers, residual-gas beam profile monitors and a 

Schottky detector for longitudinal and transverse Schottky signals. These will all be included in the 

move to FLAIR. With the exception of instrumentation for closed-orbit measurements, the 

diagnostics is fully up-to-date and adequate for the new role of CRYRING. 

227

Power supplies: The ring and the injector have a large number of power supplies. The large supplies 

for the ring dipoles, quadrupoles and the electron-cooler magnets together with switchgear and 

transformers will probably have to be disassembled, moved and reassembled by Imtech Vonk, a 

company related to the manufacturer Holec. Many of the smaller supplies can be moved as they are, 

but some are old and must be replaced by new ones. In particular this applies to supplies for magnets 

in the injection line and some supplies used for the acceleration system. If funding can be obtained 

well in advance, these can be installed and commissioned at MSL before the ring is transferred to 

FLAIR. 

B Trigger, DACQ, Controls, An-line/Off-line Computing 

Low-energy Storage Ring LSR 

CRYRING has presently its own pc-based control system which was taken into operation in 2003. 

The software of the control system was developed at Aarhus University, originally for use at the 

ASTRID storage ring, and is fully modern. The hardware is based on older standards such as G64 

and CAMAC, with some more recent additions based on newer standards. While it will be perfectly 

possible to continue running LSR/CRYRING with this system, there ought to be a substantial 

advantage in integrating not only the LSR/CRYRING controls and diagnostics, but also the control 

of all beam lines in the FLAIR hall into the general FAIR control system. For the integration of 

LSR/CRYRING into the FAIR control system, a very coarse and preliminary cost estimate of 

2 MEuro has been obtained from GSI. This matter will be a subject of further discussions with GSI 

(c.f. Milestones). 

B beam/target requirements 

a. Beam specifications 

At present we assume that a cooled beam in NESR with an emittance of 1 π mm mrad or better is 

transferred to LSR/CRYRING in a single bunch, and that the rigidity of the transferred beam is that 

of 30 MeV antiprotons. As an alternative, in order to reduce the incoherent tune shift in 

LSR/CRYRING, the NESR beam could be bunched at a higher harmonic, and the smaller bunches 

could be transferred and decelerated in successive machine cycles of LSR/CRYRING. The spacecharge 

limit is discussed further in the following paragraph. Details of the transfer must be 

coordinated with the NESR team (c.f. Milestones). 

b. Intensity Limits 

In CRYRING, the space-charge limit for a coasting beam of protons at 300 keV is N = 1×10 8 , 

assuming ∆Q = –0.02 and ε = 1 π mm mrad. Since a tune shift of –0.02 is quite conservative, 1×10 8 

antiprotons is, at a minimum, what LSR/CRYRING should be able to deliver once every NESR 

cycle of 20 s, losses during extraction not counted. The space-charge limit is proportional to energy 

(non-relativistically), and equilibrium emittances in our case shrink with energy, so one can expect 

that the number of antiprotons per unit time and emittance increases at least linearly with energy, 

provided that sufficient quantities are delivered from NESR. 

Recently, some very preliminary tests were made with protons at CRYRING. It was found that the 

electron cooling is sufficiently strong at 300 keV proton energy in order to reach down to 

ε = 0.2 π mm mrad in both planes with 1×10 

228 

8 particles, indicating also that it is possible to store a 

beam with a tune shift of around –0.1. As many as 4.7×10 9 particles could be stacked at 300 keV 

with emittances in the order of 10 π mm mrad, but one cannot expect to be able to decelerate such a 

large number of particles.

Some improvement could be obtained if the NESR beam is bunched at the 4 th harmonic before 

extraction, and the four bunches are transferred to LSR/CRYRING and decelerated in four 

consecutive machine cycles. Each cycle taking about 5 s, LSR/CRYRING could thus be able to 

deliver four batches of 1×10 8 antiprotons, minus extraction losses, within approximately 

1 π mm mrad emittance every 40 s. 

For highly charged ions, the space-charge limit scales with A/Z 2 . The rates for intrabeam scattering 

and electron cooling also change, such that one can expect that the equilibrium emittance, at the 

space-charge limit, does not depend strongly on the ion species for a given particle velocity. Again, 

the emittance shrinks with increasing energy. From this scaling, we can find, for example, that 

1×10 8 antiprotons at 300 keV corresponds to 4×10 7 U 92+ at 4 MeV/u. 

C Implementation and Installation 

The FLAIR building 

The floor plan and a description of the building are presented in fig. 1. This plan presents only the 

ground floor of the building. In principle, additional place on the top of the concrete roofs of some 

caves will also used for experiments, acquisition rooms, laser labs and for power supply storage. The 

planning of this area in still in making and further discussion with the civil construction planner are 

needed before the final layout can be decided. 

The building should be designed to accommodate approximately 10 different experimental areas 

with different requirements, different labs, electronic and control rooms, spaces for power supplies, 

storage areas for setups which will share the same beam line, social room and access ways between 

all these locations. It is very important that all these ways are roofed, so that the transport of 

different parts can be done in secure conditions and independent on the weather situation. The 

building should be accessible through at least one large access door for heavy transports. To give the 

possibility to move heavy parts like large magnets or concrete parts, two cranes of 5 tones, each 

covering an area of about 25 x 40 m are required: one for the LSR area and the second one for the 

low-energy antiprotons experimental areas (F4-F5-F6-F9) where parts of 2 to 5 tones should be 

often moved or lifted at the second floor level. Taking into account that the maximal height of the 

different concrete shielded caves will be 7m, the hook height must be in approximately 9.5 m height. 

Additional, smaller, up to 2 tones cranes will be mounted in fix positions at the different 

experimental areas. The beam line height should be all over the hall 2 m. This make it easily to 

access both sides of the beam line, move parts from one side to the other without using cranes and 

also offer more ports to mount collimators, valves, diagnosis, etc. Also, due to the fact that some 

shielding will be movable and during the operation time the requests for the size of the experimental 

areas can change, it is practical to keep the floor height at the same level all over the building. To 

make the access between the mounting areas, laser labs, acquisition rooms and experiments easier, 

an access way approximately 2.5 m wide, along the building, at least on two sides is strongly 

requested (not included into the layout presented here). The floor loading depends from experiment 

to experiment. More details are presented in the description of the proposed experiments. 

The ion and antiproton beams extracted from the NESR will be delivered towards the Flair building 

via a beam line which, at approximately 25 m behind the NESR, will split into two parts: one going 

to the LSR and the second branch going direct to HITRAP (F2), Low –energy HCI area (F1) and F8, 

area dedicated to the biological studies with antiproton beams. The beams decelerated/accelerated in 

the LSR will be distributed further to the experimental places (F1, F2, and F4-F10) through 

additional beam lines. In the present building design, the total length of the beam lines is estimated 

at about 160 m. 

229

Special care must be taken for the parameters of the transported beams. For channelling experiments 

parallel beams with a divergence below 0.3 mrad on both directions, well focussed (better then 2 x 2 

mm) and halo free are strongly requested. To achieve these parameters in the beam quality two sets 

of slits much be inserted into the beam line as close as possible to the NESR. Each set of slits should 

consist of two pairs of slits –one horizontal and one vertical- remote controlled by the users. The 

final beam optics calculations and simulations still to be performed by the collaboration should take 

into account these devices 

. 

Also improved beam monitoring, able to determine the beam profile in real time with high 

accuracy, must be considered for this beam line. Specially designed beam monitors should be used 

and placed upstream and downstream the emittance slits (at least four profilers). These monitors 

should be x and y position sensitive, and sensitive to the beam intensity. Part of the today GSI 

standard beam diagnosis can be overtaken. The fluorescent screen with digital read-out, scintillators 

and the gas profiler are used as in-beam viewer. The present GSI standard is not suited for energies 

below 10 Mev/u. More R&D is required in this direction. Beam intensity monitors are not available 

for low intensities highly charged heavy ion beams. We hope that the development works for the 

focal plane detector will offer a spin-off for beam monitoring: a two dimensional position sensitive 

detector with 100 % efficiency at high count rate capability (up to few hundred kHz). In this sense 

diamond based detectors are very promising for the beam diagnosis. 

Between the LSR and the low-energy antiproton experimental setups an electrostatic beam line of 

approximately 40 m is proposed. This option is possible due to the extremely low antiproton energy, 

E < 300 keV, and has the advantage to be lower in cost then a magnetic one. Lifetime limits of the 

low energy antiprotons impose UVH conditions al over this beam line. 

The building must have standard infrastructure: water, electrical power, ventilation, compressed air. 

C 1 Cave and Annex Facilities: The Low-energy Storage Ring LSR 

a. access, floor plan, maxim. floor loading,, beam height, crane hook height, alignment fiducials 

The hall for LSR/CRYRING should preferably be big enough to have 3 m free space between the 

ring (which has a diameter of 16.5 m) and the walls. Additional space is needed for the injectors. 

The power supplies, except main magnet power supplies, need a floor space of approximately 40 m2 

plus some space inside the ring. Also, the 40 m 2 area could be inside the ring, although this would 

make access more difficult. Another alternative would be on a second floor above the ring. At MSL, 

the main magnet power supplies at present occupy a hall of dimensions 10 × 18 m 2 , which could 

perhaps be reduced to 9 × 15 m2 with the entrance at an optimal location. The height of this hall is 

4 m (with a computer floor at 0.9 m and 3.1 m above that). In addition, switchgear occupy 

3.6 × 11 m 2 and transformers 4 × 7 m 2 , although these need not be located in the FLAIR building if 

one accepts the cost for longer cables. 

The heaviest parts of CRYRING are the dipole magnets with a weight of 4.5 tons each and a 

footprint of approximately 1 m 2 . Total weight is estimated to 100 tons. 

Beam height of CRYRING is at present 1.5 m, but it is suggested that this be increased to 2.0 m at 

FLAIR. 

Required crane hook height is approximately 5.5 m and required ceiling height is approximately 

6.0 m with 2.0 m beam height. 

All relevant magnets are equipped with alignment fiducials, allowing the alignment to be checked at 

any time provided that the fiducials are properly surveyed after initial magnet alignment (c.f. section 

D). Alignment issues will put restrictions on the positioning of columns for roof support inside the 

ring. 

b electronic racks 

230

See (e). 


The total active power consumption of CRYRING is approximately 1 MW at maximum magnetic 

field. A corresponding water-cooling capacity is required at 7 bar and 4 bar overpressure. Also, a 

cooling system with 3.5 bar and 10°C is used at present. 


According to a rough estimate, 25 kW is released into the air. 


Power supplies consume, at maximum load, 1 MW active power and 3.5 MVA reactive power. 

Input voltages are 10 kV, 400 V and 230 V at 50 Hz. Total floor space required by power supplies is 

200-250 m 2 (c.f. section C1 a) 


Compressed air in the vicinity of LSR/CRYRING is required. 


The superconducting electron-cooler magnet consumes approximately 50 l of liquid helium per 

week. 

C 2 Detector-Machine Interface 

FLAIR building 

a. vacuum 

The FLAIR facility, as o whole, interferes with the NESR and SFRS through the transfer beam lines 

(~ 140 m). 

Almost half of this length (LSR-F4 towards F9 and LSR-F7) requires Ultra High Vacuum (UHV). 

Around the beam injection point into the LSR the high vacuum quality of the ring (10 -11 mbar) must 

be guaranteed. Due to the fact that the NESR and LSR have both UHV requirements and between 

the NESR extraction point and the LSR injection point are more the 20 m away no special problems 

are foreseen. The distance between the extraction point from the LSR and the crossing point with 

the beam line coming from the NESR is relatively short – maximum 20 m- and is necessary to 

adjust the vacuum quality in this region (10 -8 mbar) to the LSR requirements. 

As a solution for this problem two scenarios are currently discussed: 

1. the beam line connecting the LSR with HITRAP and low-energy cave will be a UHV region 

over 10 more meters beyond the point where the LSR beam enters the NESR beam line, toward the 

F1/F2. 

2. a system of differential pumping, implying short segments with a smaller beam pipe diameter a 

additional pumping power 

Both solutions have advantages and disadvantages. The final decision will be taken after a careful 

cost benefit analysis. 

An additional beam line, 60 m long, connecting the Super Fragment Separator low-energy branch 

(SFRS) with the FLAIR building was proposed by the Exo-Pbar collaboration (for details see 

section B1.10.2 in FLAIR Technical Report). This beam line should be able to transport low-energy 

radioactive beams from SFRS to FLAIR and ions with intermediate energies from LSR toward 

SFRS and is proposed to be mounted in between LSR and Ultra-low energy Storage Ring (USR) 

locations (F3 and F4 in Figure I 1). 

231

. beam pipe 

A preliminary design of the beam line between the NESR and the low-energy experimental area 

(F1) is presented in Figure I 4. This layout is optimized only for heavy ions transport: beams with 

the energies between 1 and 130 MeV/u and emittances of 1 x 1 π mm mrad can be delivered in both 

caves F1 and F2 (HITRAP). Figure I 5 presents the x and y envelopes of a U 91+ beam at 100 MeV/u 

transported along this beam line with a dispersion presented in Figure I 6. The beam line is 

approximately 70 m long and can, in principle, transport also ion beams delivered from the LSR. 

The main elements are 4 dipoles and 18 quadrupoles. For beam transport, especially for low 

energies, stabilized power supplies should be used for these elements (at low current values). 

Figure I 4. The NESR-F1 transport beam line 

Figure I 5. MIRKO simulations of the envelope of a100 MeV/u Uranium beam transported through 

the NESR-F1 beam line. 

232

Figure I 6. Beam dispersion for the same beam as in Figure I 5. 

For the final design the antiproton option (to HITRAP and F8) must be included. This will request 

bipolar power supplies for the magnets along the line. In principle a vacuum of 1 x10 -8 mbar is 

sufficient for the transport of ions with energies above few MeV/u. For highly charged ion beams 

with energies below MeV/u the vacuum quality will strongly influence the life time and the final 

beam intensity delivered into the caves. 

For the low-energy antiproton branch an electrostatic beam line is planed for the transport between 

the different experiments. The final design of this beam line will be done by the FLAIR 

collaboration. The geometry of these two lines will define the final size of the FLAIR building. 

Low-energy storage Ring 

Same as above 

C 3 Assembly and installation 

The Low energy Storage-Ring, LSR 

It is foreseen that CRYRING is moved to GSI as soon as the FLAIR hall is ready. During the 

installation, resources such as mechanical and electronics workshops will be needed. 

D Commissioning 

The FLAIR Building 

The commissioning of the setups installed in the FLAIR building will be done by each responsible 

group. The commissioning of the common parts- LSR and beam lines- must be, finally, discussed 

and done in collaboration. In principle almost all commissioning can be done using ions delivered 

by the LSR and its ion sources. For the high energy beam line, connecting the NESR with the caves 

F1, F2, F7 and F8 NESR beam is requested. 

The Low-energy Storage Ring, LSR 

a. not needed 

b. alignment 

The initial alignment of CRYRING used a Distometer together with calibrated invar wires for 

distance measurements, a level instrument, a theodolite and a number of specially made mechanical 

devices like targets for the optical instruments and devices for attaching the Distometer and its invar 

wires to the magnets and a central pylon. All these are still available at MSL. Although the original 

alignment was made using the magnet gaps as references, there are also fiducials on the top of the 

233

magnets, allowing the alignment to be checked after the gaps have been filled with vacuum 

chambers. The realignment at FLAIR can use much of the existing equipment but should be done in 

collaboration with GSI. 

c.Commissioning of LSR/CRYRING, as well as other equipment in the FLAIR building, can be 

made using the dedicated low-energy injector. This means that commissioning of the ring with 

protons, H – or highly charged ions can start as soon as assembly and alignment has been completed, 

provided that the relevant infrastructure in terms of electrical power, cooling water, etc. is available 

in the FLAIR building. Also the control system for the ring, which preferably is integrated into the 

general FAIR control system (see section B2), must be available. Beam lines, the USR ring and 

parts of experiments can be commissioned with the same ions as soon as they, together with controls 

and diagnostics, are ready to accept the beam from LSR/CRYRING. 

E Operation 

1 The FLAIR Building 

For the operation of the FLAIR building as an infrastructure entity, the responsibility lays with the 

FLAIR/SPARC collaborations. It is strongly requested that this infrastructure will be integrated in 

the whole FAIR infrastructure (power, cranes, gas, ventilation, water, cryo system, vacuum 

controlling, phone, networking, etc.). 


It is advised that operation and control of LSR/CRYRING is coordinated with the control for other 

accelerators at FAIR, see section B2. For power, gas, cryo, etc., see section C1. 

F Safety 

1 The FLAIR Building 

General safety considerations 

The primary hazard is due to the radiation environment. The hall will be under the surveillance of 

the GSI safety engineers, and measurement and warning systems must be installed in the 

neighbourhood of the caves with risk of high radiation level. The crane handling will be done only 

in accordance with the German safety rules, by trained personnel. 


Mainly, radiation hazards. Protection against high voltages and magnetic fields is installed locally, at 

the equipment in question. Access to area with large magnet power supplies will probably have to be 

restricted according to German regulations, in a similar way as is the case in Sweden and the Manne 

Siegbahn Laboratory at present. 

G Organization and Responsibilities 

(WP1) FLAIR Building 

Due to the large number of the proposed experiments and the diversity of different devices the 

FLAIR building implies a high degree of complexity. 

The responsibility for the FLAIR building is shared by both collaboration SPARC and FLAIR.For 

the actual phase (internal structure planning) the responsibility over the FLAIR building is shared by 

A. Braeuning-Demian and W. Quint from GSI. 

234


Data Collection for Planning GSI, FLAIR Collaboration 

Building Planning 

GSI, FLAIR Collaboration, 


Civil Construction and Infrastructure Installation 

GSI, Civil Construction 

Contractor 

Final Construction Acceptance GSI, Collaboration Groups 

Mounting of the Common Parts (Beam Lines) 

SPARC and FLAIR 

Collaborations 

Although the Low-energy antiproton physics was initially not included into the Conceptual Design 

Report (CDR) and the FLAIR collaboration was formed during the year 2003, the research program 

proposed by this collaboration was strongly recommended by the APPA-PAC after the evaluation of 

the FLAIR Letter of Intent. Originally, only the locations for the low-energy experimental area for 

highly charged ions extracted from NESR and HITRAP were included in the CDR. 

(WP 2) Low Energy Storage Ring (LSR) 

Most of the tasks generate by the need to transform the CRYRING into a dedicated antiproton and 

highly charged ions decelerator for FLAIR (LSR) will be performed at MSL in Stockholm by the 

Swedish operating team. 


Design of CRYRING modifications 


Installation and Commissioning of the Modifications 

CRYRING Team at MSL 

Disassembly of CRYRING at MSL 

Transfer to FLAIR 

Reassembly and Alignment at FLAIR 

Commissioning with p, H - and HCI 

d4. Cost and Manpower Estimates Related to Atomic Physics with Cooled, Decelerated, and 

Extracted Ions 

(WP 1) FLAIR Building 

No final design and cost estimate for the proposed FLAIR building was available at the moment of 

final editing of this Technical Report (Proposal). Mainly, the cost for the FLAIR building can be 

separated into the civil construction costs (including standard infrastructure) and costs for the 

installations used in common by the two collaborations (beam lines, LSR). 


235 

NN



1 2 2 5 

(WP 2) Low-Energy Storage Ring (LSR) 

The funding that MSL would need to make the necessary modifications of CRYRING and move it 

to GSI is estimated at 4.22 M€, assuming that the move will take place in 2009. This number 

includes new hardware and services that need to be purchased externally (1.277 M€), manpower to 

make the modifications and to disassemble the machine and move it to GSI as well as costs for 

planning the project, writing reports, travel, etc. (0.65 M€), costs for maintaining the equipment at 

MSL between 2005 and 2009 (1.68 M€) and a 17% overhead which is the standard figure for 

external grants at Stockholm University if rents are paid separately. Everything is in 2004 prices. 

The manpower for re-assembling and aligning the machine at GSI and commissioning it with 

protons is estimated to cost 1 M€. 

Due to the fact that the present control system is not compatible with the GSI system, it is expected 

that a complete new system must be realized. No realistic cost estimation of a new control system 

for the ring could be done before the submission of the proposal. This estimation must be done in 

collaboration with GSI 




Hardware and Purchased Services 1277 k€ 

Manpower for Modifications and Move 650 k€ 

Costs for Maintaining the Ring in Stockholm 2005-2009 1680 k€ 

Overhead 17% 613 k€ 


No costs for the highly charged ions injector are here included. Due to the fact that the LSR could be 

installed in the FLAIR building already in 2010, it is strongly desired to have such a source for 

testing and commissioning of the setups dedicated to experiments with highly charged ions. 

Although the advantages of such an ion source in connection with LSR are evident this subject is 

still in discussion and no final decision concerning the type and funding have been yet made. Two 

possible scenarios are discussed: 

1. CRYRING will be transferred at GSI with the present ECR-source (see Section B) 

2. In the frame of SPARC collaboration, one can try to reuse a functional ECRIS source which 

could be overtaken from a research team which does not need it anymore 

e4. Schedule and Milestones 

(WP 1) FLAIR Building 

The time schedule for the building is mostly imposed by the general FAIR planning and financing. 

236



Completion of Design mid 2005 

Completion of the Civil Construction 2010 

Installation of Setups starting with 2010 

Schedule: 

Task 

Design and Planning 

Civil Construction 

Mounting 

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 

(WP 2) Low Energy Storage Ring (LSR) 

The schedule will depend on the time when the FLAIR hall will be available. Assuming that 

CRYRING can be moved to FLAIR in May of 2009, and that relevant funding can be secured, a 

tentative schedule looks as follows: 


Milestone Month - Year 

Completion of the injection and extraction systems design 05-2007 

New injection system in operation at CRYRING 11-2008 

CRYRING moves to FLAIR building 05-2009 

Commissioning starts at FLAIR 2010 

Schedule: 

Task 

Design of CRYRING 

Modifications 


Installation and Commissioning 

of Modifications 

Disassembly of CRYRING at 

MSL 

Move to FLAIR 

Reassembly and Alignment at 

FLAIR 

Commissioning with p, H 

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

- and 

HCI 

237

f. Organisation 


A. Braeuning-Demian, GSI Darmstadt, e-mail: a.braeuning-demian@gsi.de 

W.Quint, GSI Darmstadt, e-mail: w.quint@gsi.de 

E. Widmann, S.Meyer Institut, Wien, e-mail: eberhard.widmann@oeaw.ac.at 

C. Welsch. MPI Heidelberg, e-mail: Carsten.Welsch@cern.ch 

M. Grieser, MPI Heidelberg, e-mail: M.Grieser@mpi-hd.mpg.de 

H. Danared, MSL Stockholm, e-mail: danared@msl.se 

Y. Yamazaki Tokyo University, e-mail: yasunori@postman.riken.jp 

J. Walz, MPQ Garching, e-mail: jcw@mpq.mpg.de 

D. Grzonka, FZ Julich, e-mail: d.grzonka@fz-juelich.de 

M. Holzscheiter, pbar medical Los Alamos, e-mail: michael.holzscheiter@cern.ch 

M. Wada, RIKEN, e-mail: mw@riken.go.jp 

238

J References and Acknowledgements 

[Ad00] W.Adam et. al. (RD42 Collaboration), Radiation Tolerance of CVD 

Diamond Detectors for Pions and Protons, Proc. Int. Conf. Rad. Eff. on 

Semicon. and Mat., Florence 2000. 

[Ar03] A.N. Artemyev et al., Phys. Rev. A 67, (2003) 052711. 

[Az03] T.Azuma, Y.Takabayashi, T.Ito, K.Komaki, Y.Yamazaki, E.Takada, and 

T.Murakami, Nucl. Instrum.Methods B212 (2003) 397-401 and references 

therein. 

[Be01] E.Berdermann, K. Blasche, P.Moritz, H. Stelzer, B.Voss, The use of CVD- 

Diamond for heavy-ion detection, Diamat. 10 (2001) 1770-1777 

[Be02] T. Beier et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 15 (2002) 41 

[Be02a] T. Beier et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 88 (2002) 011603 

[Be04] E. Berdermann, private communication. 

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spectroscopy on fast ion beams. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in 

Physics Research, 1988. A272: p. 895-905. 

[Be04] Beyer, H.F., et al., FOCAL: X-ray Optics for Accurate Spectroscopy. 

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2004. 

[Be91] H.F. Beyer, P. Indelicato, et al. Phys. Rev. A 43(1), (1991) 223-227 

[Be96] P. Beiersdorfer, S.R. Elliott, A. Osterheld, Th. Stöhlker, J. Autrey, G.V. 

Brown, A.J. Smith, and K. Widmann, Phys. Rev. A53 (1996) 4000 

[Be97] Beyer, H.F., Characterization of Transmission-Type Curved-Crystal X-ray 

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