Nemertea Background
Nemertea Background
Nemertea Background
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Origin:<br />
Greek sea-nymph Nemertes, daughter of Nereus & Doris<br />
Nereis of “wise” “unerring" counsel, wisest of 50 sisters<br />
Old names:<br />
Nemertinea<br />
Nemertini<br />
Nemertinia<br />
Rhynchocoela<br />
Common names:<br />
ribbon worms<br />
proboscis worms<br />
# Species described:<br />
~1500<br />
Lengths:<br />
< 1 mm to 54 meters<br />
longest invertebrates<br />
Colors:<br />
<strong>Nemertea</strong><br />
<strong>Background</strong><br />
yellow, orange, red & green coloration<br />
UNA.edu<br />
ODFW<br />
Steve Trewhella<br />
Tubulanus annulatus<br />
Basiodiscus mexicanus<br />
11/5/2012<br />
1
Origin:<br />
Old names:<br />
Greek sea-nymph Nemertes, daughter of Nereus & Doris<br />
Nereis of “wise” “unerring" counsel, wisest of 50 sisters<br />
Nemertinea<br />
Nemertini<br />
Nemertinia<br />
Rhynchocoela<br />
I. Proboscis<br />
<strong>Nemertea</strong><br />
<strong>Nemertea</strong><br />
<strong>Nemertea</strong><br />
hollow organ everting from rhyncochoel to capture prey<br />
Ronald L. Shimek<br />
<strong>Background</strong><br />
<strong>Nemertea</strong>n Feature<br />
proboscis<br />
capturing prey<br />
Ronald L. Shimek<br />
11/5/2012<br />
2
II. Stylets<br />
III. Venom<br />
<strong>Nemertea</strong>n <strong>Background</strong> Feature<br />
barb at end of proboscis to pierce/puncture prey<br />
50 µm<br />
50 µm<br />
Stricker & Cloney 1982<br />
<strong>Background</strong><br />
William Kem early 1970s<br />
Paranemertes peregrina<br />
Nicotinoid alkaloid<br />
similar to compounds from tobacco<br />
10 µm<br />
anabaseine<br />
similar to venom from 2 ant species (Aphaenogaster spp.)<br />
stimulate vertebrate neuromuscular nicotinic receptors<br />
cholinergenic transmission<br />
synthetic analog DMXBA (GTS-21) memory enhancing effects<br />
treating Alzheimer's disease<br />
isolated<br />
Suntory Whisky<br />
11/5/2012<br />
3
IV. Protonephridia<br />
VI. Complete Gut<br />
<strong>Nemertea</strong>n Feature<br />
Similarities to Platyhelminthes<br />
Differences to Platyhelminthes<br />
Taxonomy<br />
V. Advanced Circulatory System<br />
VII. Rhynochocoelom & Blood Vessels Coelomic<br />
<strong>Background</strong><br />
Class: Anopla = unarmed (no stylets)<br />
Order: Paleonemertea ~100 spp.<br />
Order: Heteronemertea ~400 spp.<br />
Class: Enopla = armed (stylets)<br />
Order: Bdellonemertea ~ 7 spp.<br />
Order: Hoplonemertea ~650 spp.<br />
anoplan<br />
enoplan<br />
11/5/2012<br />
4
marine<br />
Ecology:<br />
--intertidal-rocks, sand, mudflats<br />
--benthic- Antarctica<br />
--pelagic<br />
fresh water<br />
22 spp.<br />
semi-terrestrial<br />
terrestrial<br />
Ecological Importance<br />
freshwater<br />
UNA.edu<br />
Pantinonemertes sp<br />
Ng & Sivasothi<br />
Geonemertes sp<br />
J. Bohne<br />
Ecological Importance<br />
Parborlasia corrugatus<br />
carnivores: worms, small crustaceans & clams<br />
scavengers: feeding on dead organisms<br />
commensals: in bivalves/tunicates<br />
Norbert Wu<br />
Malacobdella sp<br />
11/5/2012<br />
5
ectosymbionts: decapod crustaceans<br />
caviar<br />
Ecological Importance<br />
Ovicides sp. (Carcinonemertidae): Pacific hydrothermal vent crab Austinograea alayseae<br />
Shields & Segonzac 2007<br />
Ecological Importance<br />
1 mm<br />
Host rafting crab, Plagusia immaculata Lamarck 1818<br />
Bay of Panama<br />
Torchin 2007 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute<br />
11/5/2012<br />
6
From host Callinectes arcuatus (Golfo de Nicoya)<br />
From Callinectes arcuatus (Golfo de Nicoya)<br />
Costa Rica Carcinonemertes<br />
Eye spots<br />
Costa Rica Carcinonemertes<br />
Stylet<br />
Sheath<br />
worm egg string<br />
11/5/2012<br />
7
Host Crabs & Decapods<br />
Paralithodes camtschatica (red king crab) C. regicides<br />
Chionoectes bairdi (tanner crab) C. regicides<br />
Hemigrapsus oregonensis C. epialti<br />
Portunus pelagicus C. mitsukurii<br />
Callinectes sapidus C. carcinophilia<br />
Carcinus maenas C. carcinophilia<br />
Loxorynchus grandis Carcinonemertes sp. undescribed<br />
Ovalipes trimaculatus Carcinonemertes sp. undescribed<br />
Randallia ornatus Carcinonemertes sp. undescribed<br />
Chlorodiella nigra & C. xishaensis Ovicides julieace<br />
Libinia spinosa C. divae<br />
Callinectes danae & C. ornatus C. carcinophila imminuta<br />
Hepatus pudibundus C. caissarum<br />
Menippe nodifrons C. sebastianensis<br />
Austinograea alayseae Ovicides sp.<br />
Homarus americanus (American lobster) Pseudocarcinonemertes homari<br />
Panilurus cygnus (Australian spiny lobster) C. australiensis<br />
Panilurus interruptus (California spiny lobster) C. wickhamni<br />
Pacific*<br />
Euphylax<br />
Iliacantha<br />
Paraxanthus<br />
Portunus<br />
Randallia<br />
*Norenburg 2007 Smithsonian Institution<br />
Ecological Importance<br />
Ecological Importance<br />
Host Crabs from Panama<br />
Bocas del Toro**<br />
Cataleptodius floridanus<br />
Macrocoeloma trispinosum<br />
Mithraculus cinctimanus<br />
Mithraculus forceps<br />
Mithrax caribbaeus<br />
Mithrax spinosissimus<br />
Panopeus lacustris<br />
Pilumnus pannosus<br />
**Santos 2004 Smithsonian Institution<br />
11/5/2012<br />
8
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