Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of ...

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PERSONNEL CONTRIBUTING TO THE BIOLOGICAL METHODS MANUAL Biometrics Lassiter, Dr. Ray - Chairman Harkins, Dr. Ralph Tebo, Lee Plankton Maloney, Thomas - Chairman Collins, Dr. Gary DeBen, Wally Duffer, Dr. William Katko, Albert Kerr, Pat McFarland, Ben Prager, Dr. Jan Seeley, Charles Warner, Richard Periphyton-Macrophyton Anderson, Max - Chairman Boyd, Dr. Claude E. Bugbee, Stephen L. Keup, Lowell Kleveno, Conrad SUBCOMMITTEES: vii Macroinvertebrates Tebo, Lee - Chairman Garton, Dr. Ronald Lewis, Philip A. Mackenthun, Kenneth Mason, William T., Jr. Nadeau, Dr. Royal Phelphs, Dr. Donald Schneider, Robert Sinclair, Ralph Fish LaBuy, James - Chairman Karvelis, Ernest Preston, Ronald Wagner, Richard Bioassay Arthur, John - Chairman Hegre, Dr. Stanley Ischinger, Lee Jackson, Dr. Herbert Maloney, Thomas McKim, Dr. James Nebeker, Dr. Allan Stephan, Charles Thomas, Nelson
The role of aquatic biology in the water pollution control program of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency includes field and laboratory studies carried out to establish water quality criteria for the recognized beneficial uses of water resources and to monitor water quality. Field studies are employed to: measure the toxicity of specific pollutants or effluents to individual specitf.> or communities of aquatic organisms under natural conditions; detect violations of water quality standards; evaluate the trophic status of waters; and determine long-term trends in water quality. Laboratory studies are employed to: measure the effects of known or potentially deleterious substances on aquatic organisms to estimate "safe" concentrations; and determine environmental requirements (such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, etc.) of the more important and sensitive species of aquatic organisms. Field surveys and water quality monitoring are conducted principally by the regional surveillance and analysis and national enforcement programs. Laboratory studies of water quality requirements, toxicity testing, and methods development are conducted principally by the national research programs. The effects of pollutants are reflected in the population density, species composition and diversity, physiological condition and metabolic rates of natural aquatic communities. Methods for field surveys and long-term water quality monitoring d"'· sribed in this manual, therefore, are directed iTIa:ily toward sample collection and processing, organism identification, and the measurement ef biomass and metabolic rates. Guidelines are also provided for data evaluation and interpretation. There are three basic types of biological field studies; reconnaissance surveys, synoptic surveys, and comparative evaluations. Although there is a considerable amount of overlap, each of the above types has specific requirements in terms of study design. Reconnaissance SUI veys may range from a brief perusal of the stW.i)' area by boat, plane, or INTRODUCTION ix car, to an actual field study in which samples are collected for the purpose of characterizing the physical boundaries of the various habitat types (substrate, current, depth, etc.) and obtaining cursory information on the flora and fauna. Although they may be an end in themselves, reconnaissance surveys are generally conducted with a view to obtaining information adequate to design more comprehensive studies. They may be quantitative or qualitative in approach. As discussed in the biometrics section, quantitative reconnaissance samples are very useful for evaluating the amount of sampling effort required to obtain the desired level of precision in more detailed studies. Synoptic surveys generally involve an attempt to determine the kinds and relative abundance of organisms present in the environment being studied. This type of study may be expanded to include quantitative estimates of standing crop or production of biomass, but is generally more qualitative in approach. Systematic sampling, in which a deliberate attempt is made to collect specimens from all recognizable habitats, is generally utilized in synoptic surveys. Synoptic surveys provide useful background data, are valuable for evaluating seasonal changes in species present, and provide useful information for long-term surveillance programs. The more usual type of field studies involve comparative evaluations, which may take various forms including: comparisons of the flora and fauna in different areas of the same body of water, such as conventional "upstreamdownstream" studies; comparisons of the flora and fauna at a given location in a body of water over time, such as is the case in trend monitoring; and comparisons of the flora and fauna in different bodies of water. Comparative studies frequently involve both quantitative and qualitative approaches. However, as previously pointed out, the choice is often dependent upon such factors as available resources, time limitations, and characteristics of the habitat to be studied. The latter factor may be quite important because the habitat to be studied may not be amenable to the use of quan-
Page 1 and 2: ... EPA-610/4-13 -001 July 1973 BIO
Page 3 and 4: • FOREWORD Man and his environmen
Page 5: Name Anderson, Max Arthur, John W.
Page 9 and 10: FOREWORD 1 PREFACE CONTENTS BIOLOGI
Page 11 and 12: BIOMETRICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Ter
Page 13 and 14: BIOLOGICAL METHODS sample or a plan
Page 18: TABLE 1. RAW DATA ON PLANKTON COUNT
Page 33: BIOLOGICAL METHODS y POSITIVE INTER
Page 40: PLANKTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0 SAM
Page 43 and 44: sampling is usually sufficient. In
Page 45 and 46: Several sampling methods can be use
Page 47 and 48: 100X. When combined with the ocular
Page 49 and 50: float, examine the underside of the
Page 51 and 52: of counts to numbers per ml is quit
Page 53 and 54: pipet with distilled water into a c
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Calculate the ch
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PLANKTON REFERENCES Holmes, R. W. 1
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PERIPHYIOI
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Diatom Species P
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Patrick, R. 1957
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MACROPHYTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0
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3.0 REFERENCES MACROPHYTON Blackbur
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I '" MACROINVERTEBRATES 1.0 INTRODU
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1.0 INTRODUCTION The aquatic macroi
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the limitations of available sampli
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Because of the extreme spatial and
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predetermined depth. Grabs with spr
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Because of the s
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS fauna and hydrol
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS technique, or co
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Equitability "e,
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. CLASSIF
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. (Contin
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TABLE 7. (Continued) MACROINVERTEBR
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MACROlNVERTEBRATE REFERENCES 33. Ll
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MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Hauber
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MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Robert
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FISH
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Deepwater seInIng usually requires
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS (Lonchocarpus ni
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Figure 4. Gill n
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the major univer
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Freshwater: Northeast FISH REFERENC
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FISH REFERENCES U.S. Department of
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BIOASSAY 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS When making wast
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 1. STOCK C
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the concentratio
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Dimick, R. E., a
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Laboratory in Newtown, Ohio. Groups
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taining some yellow pigment, coarse
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Appendix A Test (Evansville, Indian
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2.3 Food Use a good frozen trout fo
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 3.5 Methods When
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APPENDIX
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Item Source Cat. No. Unit Approx. C
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2.3 Fish Sources of information on
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Definitions In its original concept
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To Minims _ Liquid Ounces _ Gills _
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