The Ecology of Phytoplankton

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Figure 2.14 Plot of sinking rates of killed, stellate eight-celled colonies of Asterionella cells of diminuitive length and volume, compared with the sinking rates calculated for a sphere of the same volume and density (ws calc). Three regressions are fitted to the observed values: (1) applies to all points, (2) to those colonies >1000 µm 3 in volume and (3) to those 1200 µm 3 (curve 2) and those 2and> 3, towards the ‘plateau’ level shown in Fig. 2.13. To the left of curve 5 (corresponding to regression 3), sinking rate varies more closely with volume (though not so steeply as ws calc); ϕr is in the range 1.6–2.4. The change in behaviour has apivot point when the colony falls below 1200 µm 3 , when individual cell volumes are
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ecology, biodiversity, and conserva
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cambridge university press Cambridg
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Contents Preface Acknowledgements p
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References Index to lakes, rivers a
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xii PREFACE questions the very conc
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Acknowledgements Except where state
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2 PHYTOPLANKTON In this way, plankt
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4 PHYTOPLANKTON ecosystems, Hensen
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6 PHYTOPLANKTON Table 1.1 Survey of
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8 PHYTOPLANKTON Table 1.1 (cont.) P
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10 PHYTOPLANKTON Table 1.1 (cont.)
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12 PHYTOPLANKTON of producing popul
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14 PHYTOPLANKTON The relatively rec
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16 PHYTOPLANKTON reveals a commensu
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18 PHYTOPLANKTON mechanisms for inc
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20 PHYTOPLANKTON Table 1.2 Nominal
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22 PHYTOPLANKTON Notes to Table 1.2
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24 PHYTOPLANKTON attenuated cells (
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26 PHYTOPLANKTON Table 1.3 Air-dry
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28 PHYTOPLANKTON Volcani, 1981). In
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30 PHYTOPLANKTON Figure 1.9 The sil
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32 PHYTOPLANKTON Analogous argument
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34 PHYTOPLANKTON Cell chlorophyll a
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36 PHYTOPLANKTON Figure 1.11 Log/lo
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Chapter 2 Entrainment and distribut
Page 110: 40 ENTRAINMENT AND DISTRIBUTION IN
Page 164: they create a local change in the m
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Page 172: left the same layer had it been unm
Page 176: The effect of wind is to distribute
Page 180: Figure 2.19 Depth, H, plotted again
Page 184: stratified enclosure during relativ
Page 188: Moreover, the biological differenti
Page 192: thermal stratification (usually in
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Page 204: Figure 2.28 Whole-lake ‘conveyor
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is damped and dissipated through a
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Chapter 3 Photosynthesis and carbon
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ibulose 1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) reac
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are rather loosely dispersed throug
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the carbon fixed. To evaluate these
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plankters in their natural environm
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The decline in biomass-specific P b
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product Pmax × (the depth from the
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Figure 3.6 Mean saturated chlorophy
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time courses of insolation, measure
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Figure 3.10 The absorption of visib
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Figure 3.12 Carbon-specific area of
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which project perhaps 10-30 m 2 (mo
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LIGHT-DEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL SENSI
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photosynthesis is possible (hp), th
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Figure 3.16 Growth-rate responses o
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and larger, buoyancy-regulating Cya
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Figure 3.17 The pH-carbon dioxide-c
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may be equally diminished on a rela
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nitrogen and phosphorus in particul
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CAPACITY, ACHIEVEMENT AND FATE OF P
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substrates, even though they turn o
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Chapter 4 Nutrient uptake and assim
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Here, the movement of solutes are s
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Figure 4.3 Basic structure of a rec
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deployment and growth. At low but s
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as fluorapatite and hydroxylapatite
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developed, the understanding of pho
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PHOSPHORUS 157 Table 4.2 Some speci
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of the cells. According to the expe
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Figure 4.6 (a) Observed maximum chl
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Vibrio, first reducing nitrate to n
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intracellular anaerobic conditions
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or participate in its function. Som
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incidental confirmation of the proc
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independent of an external supply.
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In the context of sulphur biogeoche
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45% of the mass of siliceous debris
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In parts of the Atlantic and Indian
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of 2(ln2= 0.693) and its relation t
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Assembling the growing cell has bee
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measured rates of change in numbers
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Figure 5.2 Maximum growth and repli
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Figure 5.3 Temperature dependence o
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(0.151 × 0.63 × 10 −12 =) 0.095
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Figure 5.4 Light dependence of grow
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are located so relatively deep in t
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could be true at MRP concentrations
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through observation and experiment.
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in physiological variability in N :
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Figure 5.7 Initial increase in cell
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REPLICATION RATES UNDER SUB-IDEAL C
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systems), a few days (polymictic an
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actual depth through which growth-s
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There are probably sufficient data
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of their ecologies. The C-S gap is
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(Section 6.3). Representative gener
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No physical change occurs (they do
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increase the probability of surviva
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GROWTH OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN NATURAL
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GROWTH OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN NATURAL
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the year. The narrowness of the 95%
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Figure 5.14 Reynolds’ (1997b) pro
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Figure 5.15 Approximations of the d
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terrestrial replenishment (Fig. 5.1
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the water was clear and the ratio o
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y colonial Chlorophyceae (CS strate
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do different things. These may be i
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(and are sometimes well within) the
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Chapter 6 Mortality and loss proces
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at t, then, at t2, weshould have: N
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y filter-feeding zooplankton and (s
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non-saline inland waters (ρw) is l
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Figure 6.3 Net increase and attriti
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6.3.3 Accumulation and resuspension
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and ecology of particular zooplankt
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Table 6.1 (cont.) CONSUMPTION BY HE
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and where feeding relies mainly on
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Holopedidae are represented by a si
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2003). Equally, the growth of micro
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Quantitatively, the best studied of
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Possibly the most pertinent deducti
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Thompson et al. (1982) found that t
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Box 6.1 On the sticky question of m
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CONSUMPTION BY HERBIVORES 273 quick
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d = 26 µm). These increases were n
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CONSUMPTION BY HERBIVORES 277 Table
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carnivorous in the later copepodite
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CONSUMPTION BY HERBIVORES 281 Box 6
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CONSUMPTION BY HERBIVORES 283 Some
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CONSUMPTION BY HERBIVORES 285 Table
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although the authors noted that nei
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native species and a greater variet
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Food-chain length The examples give
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The most conspicuous fungal parasit
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presumably, to facilitate transfer
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are probably exaggerated. However,
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prevents it from increasing at all
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esource that is available to direct
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SPECIES COMPOSITION AND TEMPORAL CH
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Even the permanent pycnocline, loca
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of the Kuroshio Current (roughly, f
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The Coriolis forces acting on the f
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though this is under way at least a
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eutrophication from its main influe
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Figure 7.3 The ‘intaglio’ (of S
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to the Prochlorococcus-dominated am
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phytosociologists to diagnose plant
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Table 7.1 (cont.) SPECIES COMPOSITI
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over fixed carbon to the microbial
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calmer conditions, the Cyanobacteri
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et al., 1997). Originally identifie
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All these lakes can support signifi
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its dynamics coincide sufficiently
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and Black Sea watersheds in that co
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(C/D/Y → X1/X2/Y/E → H1/F → L
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of the intensification of the therm
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On this basis, some ‘large lakes
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Finally, many shallow, hypertrophic
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Table 7.6 Sensitivities to habitat
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Figure 7.8 (a) Habitat template for
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matter, cohabitant microbes, zoopla
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point that needs to be emphasised i
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over a12-year period, Venrick (1990
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adiation (Qs) as heat (units, W m
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an attendant increase in transparen
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Table 7.7 Attributes of early and m
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Figure 7.14 Idealised environments,
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intense is the competition for the
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Figure 7.17 Periodicity of dominant
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against Hardin’s (1960) principle
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various states of ecological disequ
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weather conditions (hurricanes, flo
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in Connell’s (1978) hypothesis an
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duration and the physiological resi
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Figure 7.24 Annual mean Shannon div
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the 100 or so commonly encountered
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independently of which species had
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similarity of seasonal pattern amon
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Chapter 8 Phytoplankton ecology and
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is suggested to be 5-80 mg C m −3
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the turnover of carbon than nutrien
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the order 1-10 g Cm −2 . Larger c
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/ / Processing fluxes Figure 8.2 Lo
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Figure 8.4 Sketch to show several a
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systems in general. Reynolds and Da
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Table 8.1 Proposed criteria for cla
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et al., 1964). The work was continu
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generate a toxic dose in 28 L of la
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implicit confidence in the techniqu
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Figure 8.7 Stages in the recovery o
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stage 1 to a P-led biomass reductio
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through their physical penetration
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supportable concentration is closer
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efficient traits (discussion in Sec
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associated with a strong presence o
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epiphytic and some planktic algae t
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state has become too firmly establi
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phytoplankton, tolerance of natural
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eplacement by ‘sea urchin barrens
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Starting with what we know, the glo
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carbon-exporting elements of the pe
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state, a low, stable, average bioma
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50% of the area is
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Glossary Text boxes are used to exp
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eflection, absorption or consumptio
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L litre, a customary unit of volume
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Rib bulk Richardson number, being t
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z(0.5I k) depth beneath the water s
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References Abeliovich, A. and Shilo
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Productivity, ed. P. J. leB. Willia
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Bowen, C. C. and Jensen, T. E. (196
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(1980). Some general observations o
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shallow lake, with special referenc
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Sensing, ed.F.M. Danson and S. E. P
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Algal Blooms, ed.D. M. Anderson, A.
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(2002). Global dispersal of free-li
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(2002). Regional scale influences o
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northern pike, aquatic vegetation a
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Heaney, S. I., Canter, H. M. and Lu
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Huisman, J. and Sommeijer, B. (2002
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on growth and sinking rate of two p
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Kierstead, H. and Slobodkin, L. B.
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y various predators. Microbial Ecol
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Levich, A. P. (1996). The role of n
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Lund, J. W. G., Kipling, C. and Le
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(1987). Trophic dynamics and develo
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organisms in a hypereutrophic pond.
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Owens, O. van H. and Esaias, W. (19
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(1999). Spatial structure of pelagi
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composition of plankton. In The Jam
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(2000a). Phytoplankton designer or
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Richey, J. E., Melack, J. M. Aufdem
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Sarmiento, J. L. and Wofsy, S. C. (
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Sirenko, L. A., Stetsenko, N. M., A
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Spencer, M. and Warren, P. H. (1996
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(1957a). Diurnal changes of stratif
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growth rate of Microcystis (Cyanoba
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Walsby, A. E., Utkilen, H. C. and J
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Microcystis aeruginosa hyperscums f
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Lowes Water, UK 54 ◦ 34 ′ N, 3
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Index to genera and species of phyt
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Chromulina (Chrysophyta CHROMULINAL
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Glaucocystis (Glaucophyta) F6 Table
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Peridinium gatunense Nygaard F, LO
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Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenb. F, B
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Daphnia galeata 221, 261, 266, 266
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Tropocyclops Crustacea, Cyclopoidea
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own tides, 407 bryophytes, 11 bryoz
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‘swimming’ velocities, 68; vita
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keystone species, 382, 394, 427 kin
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particulate organic matter (POM), 3
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quantum yield of photosynthesis, 98
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vertical migration of phytoplankton
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The Ecology of Phytoplankton

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