JOHN MOOREHERITAGE SERVICES - Archaeology Data Service

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John Moore HERITAGE <strong>SERVICES</strong> Cobrey Farm, Ross on Wye, Herefordshire An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment virgate of land are identified but not fully located (see below). The past importance of the manor is hinted at by this manor having rights to dues of honey and sheep in Archenfield. This can be identified as coming from Bridstow (Yeates 2006), a parish on the west side of the Wye from Ross-on-Wye. The church at Linton is a complicated structure and predated the Norman Conquest, a pair of reused Roman tufa arches have been recognised in the building, which must come from the Roman settlement at Bury Hill, Weston-under Penyard (Yeates 2005, 21-32). A further royal manor was located at Cleeve with its outlier Walton covering 14 ½ hides (Thorn and Thorn 1983, 1.8). This manor was located in the modern parishes of Walford and Bridstow. There were 20 villagers, a reeve, 11 smallholders, 9 male and 5 female slaves, a ploughman, 2 mills and a fishery. The numbers of Welshmen that belong to this manor are not numbered. The church of the manor is held by the Saint Mary’s of Cormeilles, along with a priest the tithe and 1 villager. This could be a repetition of the Linton holding but is more likely a reference to the church at Bridstow or less likely Walford. Woodland and tithes are also mentioned with tithes of honey and sheep, besides another 2 hides, half a fishery (presumably the other half is tithe free or belongs to another manor), and 2 hides less 1 virgate at Ashe Ingen in Bridstow parish. The Abbey of Cormeilles is also recorded in the Domesday Book as holding a manor at Kingsone, which was located in the later parish of Weston-under-Penyard (Moore 1982, 1.11; Thorn and Thorn 1983, 3.1). This estate covered 2 hides, but tax and service was paid in Gloucestershire, by they lived and came to pleas in the hundred of Bromsash. The manor probably originated as part of the manors of Linton and Cleeve, a series of dispersed estates throughout the earlier parochia of Ross-cum- Linton (see below), but was in 1086 accounted as part of the royal manor of Westbury-on-Severn (Moore 1982, 1.11) along with a number of other diverse holdings up the Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire borders. The manors of Pontshill and Weston-under-Penyard where held by Durand of Gloucester in 1086 (Thorn and Thorn 1983, 22.2-3). Bernard Newmarch held these estates from Durand, while Gunnar held them in 1066. Pontshill was accounted as an estate of 1 hide with 6 small holders. The manor of Weston had 2 hides had 2 smallholders. An account of the manor of Hope Mansell and the other lands held by William son of Baderon also has to be provided as will be evident in the later accounts of the manorial holdings (Area C). All of William’s land holdings mentioned here were located in the hundred of Bromsash (Thorn and Thorn 1983, 15.1-3), the hundred in which was dominated by the parochial system of Ross-cum-Linton. The manor of Hope Mansell was divided into two manors of 4 hides, with 1 villager and 1 small holder with 1½ ploughs. A further third part of the manor was held by the abbey church of Saint Peter’s at Gloucester. The village of Hope Mansell contains a house called Sutton House, and it is likely that one of these manors may have been known as Sutton, a directional estate name that would match Weston and Aston and thus start to combine the parish and manor into the larger early medieval estate. William also held Ruardean, which Hardwic held from him, with the land assessed at 4 hides. The last holding was 1 virgate in the manor of Linton, the king’s manor, which 10
John Moore HERITAGE <strong>SERVICES</strong> Cobrey Farm, Ross on Wye, Herefordshire An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Leofstan held from him. The later manorial associations here may mean that this part of Linton Manor could be part of Hope Mansell parish, as later data indicates that isolated parts of Linton manor lay along the Coughton valley. As indicated above the churches of Ross-on-Wye and Linton appear to have had a previous importance as implied through textual sources on chapels and land holdings. The parochial arrangement has been discussed previously by Yeates (2005, 21-32; Yeates 2006, 1137-49), although broadly correct there is room for refinement of the points in these arguments. The place-name Eccleswall contains the Brittonic word eclēs, a loan word from Latin, which has an early formation date, and is suggestive of early medieval Christianity occurring in the area (Cameron 1987, 1-7). The place lies near the parish boundary of what was Ross and Linton, and may not refer to a church at that location but a well on the boundary of the ecclesiastical establishment. The chapels of Ross are identified as follows: Bampton in 1356 (Parry 1912, 228), Weston-under-Penyard over tithes in Kingstone in 1290 (Capes 1909, 239-40), burial rites granted at Walford in 1321 (Bannister 1908, 174), burial agreement at Wilton in 1163 x 86 (Barrow 1993, no. 127), Ruardean a chapel of Walford in 1200 (VCH 1996, 244), a chantry at Rudhall in 1307 (Cooke 1882, 123), a chapel at Pontshill in 1321 (HER 12578), a chapel at Hom Green or Cleeve in the 12 th century (Cooke 1882, 118), and a chapel at Coughton in 1610 on Speed’s map. Those churches tied to the church at Linton include Bridstow in 1086 (Thorn and Thorn 1983, 1.8; Duncomb 1812, 392), in Kingstone in 1168 (Atkyns 1712, 570-1), and at Lea in 1418 (Parry 1918, 35-7). Accounts of the manorial descent of these estates are to be found in Duncumb’s History of Herefordshire (Cooke 1882), though this is dated. Here it is apparent that the parishes of Ross and Walford formed the manors of Ross Borough and Ross Foreign (at Walford). Here the large manorial system was split between town and country as at Ledbury and Wotton-under-Edge. The manor of Walford as part of Ross Foreign remained part of the episcopal manor (Cooke 1882, 179-80) and formed part of a knight’s fee. Historically Hugh de Walford held the knights fee in 1182, and Thomas de Walford and heir when 5 hides is recognised as being under ancient feoffment. In 1282 John de Walford held the manor, he is recorded as accompanying the king’s forces into Wales. Henry de Walford is accounted as a witness to a deed in 1336, concerning the transfer of a house from Adam Wodelaw to Henry Tulle. The de Walford family had lost the manor by 1441 when bishop Spofford granted the manor to a relation John Chambers for a rent of 12d. The bishop of Hereford’s register contains some accounts of the extensive woods that were under the protection of members of the bishop’s household (Cooke 1882, 180- 1). In 1523 there was a directive from the see of Hereford through the incumbents of the parishes of Walford, Goodrich, Bridstow and Foy to the parishioners not to carry away the eggs of Hawks. This would cover the woods of Bishop’s Wood and Chase Wood. The Bishop’s Wood was an area of 2000 acres, which in 1614 was formerly declared wasteland of the manor of Ross Foreign. These woodlands had seen surreptitious enclosure in the 1600s, and presumably Bishoip’s Wood and Chase Wood could have been far more extensive in the past. 11
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