Y.D. JAYAKER - Fresno Pacific University

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would be discussed in the public places. Particularly when a couple quarreled, every aspect of their private life would be made public. 97 Child marriage in those days was common, and widow remarriage was prohibited, except among Dalit women, where remarriage was possible. Cousin marriages, bigamy, or polygamy, and concubinage were some of the special forms of marriage in Telangana. 98 1.6.1.4 Death and Funeral Rites. The manner of burial was not same among different level groups. It depended on the caste and religion to which they belonged. According to Hindu religious beliefs, death is the sixteenth and the last samskara or ceremony. 99 The body of a Brahmin was carried to the cremation ground without pomp or show, whereas the bodies of others were taken with much fanfare and a musical band. Coins and copper mixed with rice and flowers are also often thrown over and across the body as it is being carried. Sometimes the tools belongings to the deceased person‘s profession, for instance, like bows and arrows, sickles, axe and so on, also accompany a body to the grave. 100 Usually corpses are burned on a pyre of wood or buried in the ground, according to caste. Many castes observe a period of pollution for nine to ten days, during which period the family is not allowed to take part in certain social functions. 1.6.2. Village Hinduism Dalits were not allowed to enter into the Hindu temples of Shiva, Rama and other deities of particular importance to upper castes. Among Dalits, there was no concept of temple 97 Ilaiah, Why I Am Not a Hindu…, 5. 98 Cousin Marriages: A man‘s children may marry his sister‘s children, but the children of two brothers or two sisters will not intermarry. A man may marry his first cousin, the daughter of his maternal aunt. Polygamy or Bigamy: Polygamy was very common among Muslims. Monogamy is the ideal marriage among Hindus. In some cases, the Hindus also married many women. For instance, a person goes in second marriage if his wife is certified barren. Polygamy was confined mostly to the higher sections of Telangana society. It was became a matter of personal pride and social prestige if one could afford it. Concubinage - those girls, who are unable to enter into any legal union for physical disability or other reasons, form a connextion as concubines with their nearest relative or any other person who cares to receive them as such. Luke and Carman, op.cit., 12 – 13. 99 Bhatt and Bhargava, op.cit., 542. 100 Ibid., 541. 23
in a definite place or form. Their deities lived in all forms, in all shapes and in different places. Dalits have separate gods and goddess according to their caste. Almost each caste has their kulladevudu (caste god) or Kulladevata (caste goddess). 101 Village deities (grama-devatalu) were of immediate significance to most village Hindus, especially to middle and lower castes, in Telangana. These deities are associated with the well-being of the village as a whole, but, when angered, were also believed to cause epidemic diseases and village disasters. Their authority is restricted to a single village, and, even when goddesses of the same name have shrines in adjacent villages, they are regarded as different goddesses. Following are some of goddesses: 102 Nalla Pochamma is the most popular goddess in Telangana. She is the goddess of smallpox. Near every village there is a small Pochamma temple. Once every year the masses go to the temple with bonalu (pots in which sweet rice is cooked), wash the small stone that represents the deity, and clean the temple and its surroundings. Katta-Maisamma is a goddess whose popularity is second to Pochamma. She is responsible for ensuring that the tank is filled with water. She regulates water sources. Poleramma, or Polimeramma, the border Goddess, guards a village‘s boundaries. Durgamma is responsible for the welfare of the village. Uradamma is a goddess of a village. Mutyalamma is the goddess of chickenpox. Mankali is another name for Durgamma, but is sometimes considered a separate goddess. Bhulakshmi is the earth goddess. Mattadi Poshamma is a new goddess, originally the ghost of a murdered woman. Balamma is a goddess of fertility. Wachinamma (literally, ―the woman who has come‖) is the ―foreign‖ goddess who has come from another village, who is believed to cause cholera. Pantalaskmi is a goddess who guards the fields and crops. Yellamma, Maremma, Upplamma, Sammakka, Sarakka, 101 Ilaiah, Why I Am Not a Hindu…, 7-8 102 See Ibid., 7-8, 93; Interview with Y. Yadagiri, A Dalit Priest, 30 December 2010; Luke and Carman, op.cit., 34; 24
Page 1: THE ROLE OF THE MENNONITE BRETHREN
Page 4 and 5: ABSTRACT Christian missions, throug
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 8 and 9: 2.3.1 Evangelism and Church Plantin
Page 10 and 11: 3.3.6.4 Political Empowerment of Da
Page 12 and 13: GLOSSARY ayya banchan we always liv
Page 14 and 15: 1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM INTRODU
Page 16 and 17: programs, medical services, educati
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND OF THE PEOPL
Page 20 and 21: 1.3. GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND 1.3.1
Page 22 and 23: 1.4.2 Telangana in Post-Independenc
Page 24 and 25: was formed by Kalvakuntala Chandras
Page 26 and 27: menial toil, but intermarriage betw
Page 28 and 29: The formation of political parties
Page 30 and 31: 1.5.6 Status of Women The story of
Page 32 and 33: tight trousers, and, over their shi
Page 34 and 35: with marbles), dongaata (a hide-and
Page 38 and 39: Pedamma, Dokkalamma, Ankalamma are
Page 40 and 41: Bonded labor was a typical form of
Page 42 and 43: various places in A.P. and even to
Page 44 and 45: 2.1.2 Arrival of Protestant Mission
Page 46 and 47: Anabaptists understood the reform m
Page 48 and 49: aptizers.‖ 149 But they preferred
Page 50 and 51: 2.2.3 Persecutions and the Spread o
Page 52 and 53: (1853) in Samara, the Alexandertal
Page 54 and 55: to convert Russian labourers. 184 S
Page 56 and 57: Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius H. Unruh suc
Page 58 and 59: 1940, Janumpet was no longer a sepa
Page 60 and 61: formal village schools. Lay members
Page 62 and 63: engaged in the task of providing no
Page 64 and 65: AMBM not only educated children and
Page 66 and 67: The first hospital was completed at
Page 68 and 69: evidenced in their letters to their
Page 70 and 71: Kalvakurthy field. 258 The national
Page 72 and 73: M.B. Church, which is historically
Page 74 and 75: 3.1. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF MB
Page 76 and 77: industrial, and all other activitie
Page 78 and 79: to society.‖ 288 ―Christianity
Page 80 and 81: 1970s, was the largest day-scholar
Page 82 and 83: The Board of Education (G.C.) that
Page 84 and 85: 3.3.1.4 Theological Education. MBCI
Page 86 and 87:
church traditions, including the Ba
Page 88 and 89:
meeting of MBCI, held on 29 Septemb
Page 90 and 91:
3.3.2 Upliftment through Medical As
Page 92 and 93:
Amarchinta. The former was almost e
Page 94 and 95:
when there was an outbreak of gastr
Page 96 and 97:
improved, and infant mortality rate
Page 98 and 99:
3.3.3.4 Ministry among the Prisoner
Page 100 and 101:
fundamental role in moulding the th
Page 102 and 103:
MBDO is the indigenous, secular, no
Page 104 and 105:
to create awareness among youth and
Page 106 and 107:
Boarding Schools for formal educati
Page 108 and 109:
3.3.6.4 Political Empowerment of Da
Page 110 and 111:
eality. Finally, I feel proud to sa
Page 112 and 113:
―power knowledge combine‖ of th
Page 114 and 115:
converted. 478 Hindu fundamentalism
Page 116 and 117:
church records). It is also found t
Page 118 and 119:
1. EVALUATION EVALUATION AND CONCLU
Page 120 and 121:
in learning and other values--for e
Page 122 and 123:
I. Primary Sources A. Church Record
Page 124 and 125:
The New India Plan Implementation o
Page 126 and 127:
B. Minutes M.B. Board of Education
Page 128 and 129:
Directorate of Census Operations, A
Page 130 and 131:
Mission Principles and Policies of
Page 132 and 133:
Territories: Andhra Pradesh, vol. 2
Page 134 and 135:
Satyanarayana, A., G. Venkat Rajan
Page 136 and 137:
Case Study in Andhra Pradesh.‖ Jo
Page 138:
Lemuel, B.L. School Assistance, Gov
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Y.D. JAYAKER - Fresno Pacific University

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