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Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924000531818
PLANT SUCCESSION AN ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETATION BY FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS Professor of Botany in the University of Minnesota PUBMSIHBD BY THE CaBNBQIB INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON Washington, 1916
Page 1 and 2: LIBRARY ANNEX
Page 3: Cornell University Library " QK 901
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE, The present book constitut
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS. PAOB. Preface iii List of
Page 11 and 12: V FAOE. VI. Stabilization and Clima
Page 13 and 14: PAGE. XII. Past Succebbzon. The Cen
Page 15 and 16: Plate 18. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PA
Page 17: Plate 55—Continued. B. Stump staa
Page 21 and 22: I. CONCEPT AND CAUSES OF SUCCESSION
Page 23: CLEMENTS A. Stages of a sandhill se
Page 26 and 27: 6 CONCEPT AND CAUSES OF SUCCESSION.
Page 29 and 30: ESSENTIAL NATURE OF SUCCESSION. 7 F
Page 31 and 32: EAELY INVESTIGATIONS. SO still make
Page 33 and 34: EARLY INVESTIGATIONS. "A third kind
Page 35 and 36: EARLY INVESTIGATIONS. shallow water
Page 37 and 38: EARLY INVESTIGATIONS. 15 at a later
Page 39 and 40: EARLY INVESTIGATIONS. 17 scattered
Page 41 and 42: EARLY INVESTIGATIONS. 19 entrance o
Page 43 and 44: RECENT INVESTIGATIONS. 21 Middendor
Page 45 and 46: RECENT INVESTIGATIONS. 23 and the l
Page 47 and 48: RECENT INVESTIGATIONS. 25 eventuall
Page 49 and 50: RECENT INVESTIGATIONS. 27 soil is k
Page 51 and 52: RECENT INVESTIGATIONS. 29 Clements,
Page 53 and 54: RECENT INVESTIGATIONS. 31 much disc
Page 55 and 56:
III. INITIAL CAUSES. Significance o
Page 57:
A. Primary bare area, due to weathe
Page 60 and 61:
36 INITIAL CAUSES. necessary it may
Page 63 and 64:
TOPOGRAPHIC CAUSES. 37 in another.
Page 65 and 66:
EROSION. If we consider wind erosio
Page 67:
A. Superficial erosion by water on
Page 70 and 71:
42 INITIAL CAUSES. in large degree
Page 72 and 73:
44 INITIAL CAUSES. to the rate itse
Page 74 and 75:
46 INITIAL CAUSES. It seems evident
Page 77 and 78:
DEPOSIT. 47 impossible, so that ext
Page 79:
CLEMENTS A. Terminal moraine of the
Page 82 and 83:
60 INITIAL CAUSES. Kinds of lakes a
Page 85 and 86:
DEPOSIT. In the case of a lake in a
Page 87 and 88:
ELEVATION AND SUBSIDENCE. 63 (1) Wh
Page 89 and 90:
EDAPHIC CAUSES—CLIMATIC CAUSES. 5
Page 91:
A. Salton Sea, California; portion
Page 94 and 95:
58 INITIAL CAUSES. minima and volca
Page 97 and 98:
BIOTIC CAUSES. and not an artificia
Page 99:
ui-tnyitiN I a A. Primary area colo
Page 103 and 104:
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AREAS. 61 or
Page 105:
CLEMENTS A. Superficial wind erosio
Page 108 and 109:
64 ECESIC CAUSES. Belation to denud
Page 111 and 112:
MIGRATION. surface of the disseminu
Page 113:
CLEMENTS A. Rootstock migration of
Page 116 and 117:
68 ECESIC CAUSES. study of vegetati
Page 118 and 119:
70 ECESIC CAUSES. for long periods
Page 121 and 122:
ECE8I8. dry mold or dust increases
Page 123:
PLATE 17 &4?!»^i '^'Vim .s-Ss'^^^s
Page 126 and 127:
74 ECESIC CAUSES. distinguish the s
Page 129 and 130:
INVASION. below the dominant one de
Page 131:
PLATE 19
Page 134 and 135:
78 ECESIC CAUSES. of invasion as th
Page 137 and 138:
V. REACTIONS. Concept and nature.
Page 139 and 140:
SOIL FORMATION. 81 Kinds of reactio
Page 141:
A. Reaction by the accumulation of
Page 144 and 145:
g4 BEACTIONS. A secondary influence
Page 146 and 147:
86 REACTIONS. tions, to transpirati
Page 149 and 150:
SOIL-STRUCTURE. 87 finest particles
Page 151:
CLEMENTS A. Reaction by preventing
Page 154 and 155:
90 REACTIONS. total amount present;
Page 157 and 158:
SOIL ORGANISMS. Without attempting
Page 159:
CLEMENTS A. Peat-bog with Thuja ocd
Page 162 and 163:
94 REACTIONS. parent trees without
Page 164 and 165:
96 REACTIONS. families and colonies
Page 166 and 167:
VI. STABILIZATION AND CLIMAX. Stabi
Page 169 and 170:
DEGREE OP STABILIZATION. 99 to brin
Page 171 and 172:
LIFE-HISTORY STAGES. 101 forms, etc
Page 173:
PLATE 27 A. Ceanothus oonsooies sur
Page 176 and 177:
104 STABILIZATION AND CLIMAX. the t
Page 179:
A. Medial stages of a pond sere, se
Page 182 and 183:
106 STABILIZATION AND CLIMAX. Natur
Page 185 and 186:
THE CLIMAX. 107 concerned. The latt
Page 189 and 190:
THE CLIMAX. greater rainfall or les
Page 191 and 192:
CLEMENTS PLATE 32 A. Postclimaxes o
Page 193 and 194:
VII. STRUCTURE AND UNITS OF VEGETAT
Page 195:
CLEMENTS '''X*^1^
Page 198 and 199:
114 STRUCTURE AND UNITS OF VEGETATI
Page 200 and 201:
116 STRUCTURE AND UNITS OP VEGETATI
Page 203 and 204:
THE UNITS OP VEGETATION. 117 consis
Page 205 and 206:
THE UNITS OF VEGETATION. 119 from o
Page 207 and 208:
THE UNITS OF VEGETATION. even in Wa
Page 209 and 210:
THE UNITS OF VEGETATION. Hence ther
Page 211 and 212:
THE FORMATION OF VEGETATION. 125 co
Page 213:
A. Forest association, Pinus-Abies-
Page 216 and 217:
Page 219 and 220:
CLIMAX UNITS. 129 are more or less
Page 221:
CLEMENTS A. Strawberry society, Fra
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 229 and 230:
SERAL UNITS. 135 Clans are distingu
Page 231 and 232:
CLEMENTS ^.i/Ti^jfr?^;^ "' "CJi^Mt^
Page 233:
CLEMENTS A. Aspen consocies, Populu
Page 236 and 237:
Page 239 and 240:
SERAL UNITS. 139 A colony does not
Page 241:
^^®SiSe*?:^- \0' >-fe P-'" '^^^Tjr
Page 244 and 245:
Page 247 and 248:
FORMATION GROUPS. 143 (1) vegetatio
Page 249 and 250:
VIII. DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT. Dev
Page 251:
A. Apparent retrogression of finus
Page 254 and 255:
148 DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT. In co
Page 256 and 257:
150 DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT. "Afte
Page 259 and 260:
REGRESSION. 151 formation as the ch
Page 261 and 262:
REGRESSION. "progressive" scrub is
Page 263 and 264:
CONVERSION OF FOREST. 155 Hole's de
Page 265 and 266:
CONVERSION OF FOREST. In America, t
Page 267 and 268:
CONVERSION OF FOSEST bulk of the ma
Page 269 and 270:
CONVERSION OF FOREST. in a swamp ve
Page 271:
Missing Page
Page 274 and 275:
164 DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT. succe
Page 276 and 277:
166 DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT. Coope
Page 278 and 279:
IX. CLASSIFICATION OF SERES. Histor
Page 281 and 282:
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SUCCESSION. 1
Page 283 and 284:
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SUCCESSION. 1
Page 285:
PLATE 48 A. Montane climax forest o
Page 288 and 289:
174 CLASSIFICATION OF SERES. mation
Page 290 and 291:
176 CLASSIFICATION OF SERES. and th
Page 293 and 294:
THE CLIMAX AS A BASIS. produce esse
Page 295:
A. Desert scrub climax of Carnegiea
Page 298 and 299:
180 CLASSIFICATION OF SERES. life-f
Page 301 and 302:
THE CLIMAX AS A BASIS. 181 Picea al
Page 303:
PLATE 52 A. Hydrosere of Balrachium
Page 306 and 307:
X. CLIMAX FORMATIONS OF NORTH AMERI
Page 308 and 309:
186 CLIMAX FORMATIONS OF NORTH AMER
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
194 CLIMAX FORMATIONS OP NORTH AMER
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
[ "1. 1 I i 214 CLIMAX FORMATIONS O
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
218 CLIMAX FORMATIONS OF NOETH AMER
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 359 and 360:
DESERT CLIMAXES. 235 30 feet of the
Page 361 and 362:
SOUTHEASTERN CLIMAXES. 237 record t
Page 363 and 364:
SCANDIVAVIA. 239 The fonnerly exten
Page 365 and 366:
SCANDINAVIA. 241 Kellgren (1891) ha
Page 367 and 368:
SCANDINAVIA. 243 type is still poor
Page 369 and 370:
SCANDINAVIA. 245 to 2 meters above
Page 371 and 372:
SCANDINAVIA. 247 land is invaded. T
Page 373 and 374:
SCANDINAVIA. 249 Warming (1906) has
Page 375 and 376:
BRITAIN. 251 Gaut (1904) has descri
Page 377 and 378:
BBITAIN. 253 moist peat these are J
Page 379 and 380:
BRITAIN. 255 etc. The Quercetum are
Page 381 and 382:
i« BRITAIN. Lacttstbine Moors. Top
Page 383 and 384:
BRITAIN. Orr (1912 : 209) has descr
Page 385 and 386:
BRITAIN. 261 fruticosa disposes its
Page 387 and 388:
MIDDLE EUROPE. 263 Empelrum, Vacdni
Page 389 and 390:
MIDDLE EUROPE. 265 He designates as
Page 391 and 392:
MIDDLE EUROPE. 267 Mdgen (1900 : 14
Page 393 and 394:
MIDDDE EUROPE. Gadeceau (1909) has
Page 395 and 396:
RUSSIA. 271 Steenstrup, in which as
Page 397 and 398:
MEDITERRANEAN REGION. 273 quickly b
Page 399 and 400:
TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS. 275 Atriple
Page 401 and 402:
TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS. 277 Casuari
Page 403 and 404:
XII. PAST CLIMATES AND CLIMAXES. In
Page 405 and 406:
METHODS OF INTERPRETATION. 281 deci
Page 407 and 408:
VEGETATION ERAS. 283 the fossils de
Page 409 and 410:
VEGETATION ERAS. 285 Texas, no spec
Page 411 and 412:
VEGETATION ERAS. 287 fications of v
Page 413 and 414:
VEGETATION ERAS. 289 the name of th
Page 415 and 416:
THE PLANT RECORD. 291 the present.
Page 417:
CLEMENTS A. Stase of Tilia american
Page 420 and 421:
294 PAST CLIMATES AND CLIMAXES. Vol
Page 423 and 424:
THE PLANT RECORD. 295 occur in the
Page 425 and 426:
DEFORMATION AND GRADATION. 297 the
Page 427 and 428:
DEFORMATION AND GRADATION. 299 tain
Page 429 and 430:
DEFORMATION AND GRADATION. 301 an i
Page 431 and 432:
DEFORMATION AND GRADATION. 303 move
Page 433 and 434:
DEFORMATION AND GRADATION. 305 The
Page 435 and 436:
DEFORMATION AND GRADATION. 307 nece
Page 437 and 438:
DEFORMATION AND GRADATION. 309 tinu
Page 439:
PLATE 68 A. Lateral planation of th
Page 444 and 445:
312 PAST CLIMATES AND CLIMAXES. exi
Page 446 and 447:
314 PAST CLIMATES AND CLIMAXES. no
Page 449 and 450:
GEOLOGIC EVIDENCE. 315 Lower and Up
Page 451 and 452:
BOTANIC EVIDENCE. 317 seemingly hav
Page 453 and 454:
ZOOIC EVIDENCE. 319 since the Devon
Page 455 and 456:
CAUSES OF CLIMATIC CHANGES. 321 Hum
Page 457 and 458:
CAUSES OF CLIMATIC CHANGES. 323 "Ev
Page 459:
CLEMENTS A. Culture relicts indicat
Page 463 and 464:
CAUSES OF CLIMATIC CHANGES. 325 The
Page 465 and 466:
CAUSES OF CLIMATIC CHANGES. 327 cen
Page 467 and 468:
CLIMATIC CYCLES. 329 recurred at le
Page 469 and 470:
CLIMATIC CYCLES. 331 be drawn in th
Page 471 and 472:
CLIMATIC CYCLES. 333 The period of
Page 473 and 474:
CLIMATIC CYCLES. 335 is related dir
Page 475 and 476:
CLIMATIC CYCLES. 337 as next in imp
Page 477 and 478:
CLIMATIC CYCLES. 339 from sun-spot
Page 479 and 480:
THE SERIES OF CLIMATIC CYCLES. Majo
Page 481 and 482:
CORRELATION OF CLIMATIC CYCLES AND
Page 483 and 484:
GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 345 mannii-Abie
Page 485 and 486:
GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 347 western Nor
Page 487 and 488:
GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 349 Correlation
Page 489 and 490:
THE FLORA. 351 Elevation and subsid
Page 491 and 492:
THE FLORA. 353 these epochs with th
Page 493 and 494:
THE LIFE-FORMS. 355 dominant and su
Page 495 and 496:
CLIMATES AND HABITATS. 357 constant
Page 497 and 498:
CLIMATES AND HABITATS. 359 Deformat
Page 499 and 500:
THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD. 361 and fres
Page 501 and 502:
THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD. 363 final do
Page 503 and 504:
THE CRETACEOUS-EOCENE CLISERE. 365
Page 505 and 506:
THE OLIGOCENE-MIOCENE CLISERE. 367
Page 507 and 508:
THE PLEISTOCENE CLISERES AND COSERE
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 379 along with a
Page 519 and 520:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 381 digyna, Empe
Page 521 and 522:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 383 silvestris,
Page 523 and 524:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 385 of the peat-
Page 525 and 526:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 387 in the pine.
Page 527 and 528:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 389 Upon the bas
Page 529 and 530:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 391 plants have
Page 531 and 532:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 393 mountain-gla
Page 533 and 534:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 395 tion in the
Page 535 and 536:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 397 was of the b
Page 537 and 538:
The climatic periods of Geikie. THE
Page 539 and 540:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 401 referred to
Page 541 and 542:
THE PEAT CLISTASE. 403 swamps, in s
Page 543 and 544:
THE MESOPHYTIC ERA. 405 Ginkgo, Lar
Page 545 and 546:
THE MESOPHYTIC ERA. 407 As already
Page 547 and 548:
THE MESEOSERE. 409 ticaUy arid, but
Page 549 and 550:
THE MESEOSERE. 411 ^^^ tocene, they
Page 551 and 552:
THE MESEOSERE. 413 cycads were of c
Page 553 and 554:
THE MESEOSERE. 415 The similarity o
Page 555 and 556:
THE PALEOPHYTIC ERA. 417 nants in a
Page 557 and 558:
THE PALEOPHYTIC ERA. 419 Life-forms
Page 559 and 560:
Dunkard Series 135-165 Monongahela
Page 561 and 562:
XV. THE INVESTIGATION OF SUCCESSION
Page 563 and 564:
THE QUADRAT METHOD. 425 differ in f
Page 565 and 566:
THE QUADRAT METHOD. 427 plants in f
Page 567 and 568:
THE QUADRAT METHOD. 429 rule, this
Page 569 and 570:
THE TRANSECT. 431 segments of a tra
Page 571 and 572:
THE BISECT. 433 and the consequent
Page 573 and 574:
METHODS OF MAPPING. 435 A migration
Page 575:
PLATE 61 A. Section of the heal edg
Page 578 and 579:
438 THE INVESTIGATION OF SUCCESSION
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
442 THE INVESTIGATION OP SUCCESSION
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
446 TABLES OF GENERA. o to I is
Page 588 and 589:
448 TABLES OF GENERA. I ao s 1^ So
Page 590 and 591:
450 TABLES OF GENERA. I a 6 C6 "ft.
Page 592 and 593:
452 TABLES OF GENERA. I Co A . -S b
Page 594 and 595:
454 TABLES OP GENEBA. J 1^ 3
Page 596 and 597:
456 TABLES OP GENERA. s to
Page 598 and 599:
458 TABLES OF GENERA. 00 Is a"
Page 600 and 601:
I ao c> 460 TABLES OF GENERA.
Page 602 and 603:
462 TABLES OF LIFE FORMS AND DOMINA
Page 604 and 605:
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
Page 610 and 611:
470 TABLES OF LIFE FOBMS AND DOMINA
Page 613 and 614:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Abbot, C. G. 1902. Th
Page 615 and 616:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 475 Besset, C.E. 1897
Page 617 and 618:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 477 Chrysler, M. A. 1
Page 619 and 620:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 479 Drudb, O. 1905. P
Page 621 and 622:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 481 Gbadmann, R. 1909
Page 623 and 624:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 483 Hjelt, H. 1898. D
Page 625 and 626:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 485 K6PPEN, W. 1900.
Page 627 and 628:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 487 MiDDENDOBFF, A T.
Page 629 and 630:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 489 Palackt, J. 1883.
Page 631 and 632:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 491 Reisbek, S. 1856.
Page 633 and 634:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 493 Sebnandeb, R. 189
Page 635 and 636:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 495 Stosbner, a. 1859
Page 637 and 638:
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 497 Webeb, C. a. 1898
Page 639 and 640:
INDEX. The full table of contents a
Page 641 and 642:
Brassica 65, 188 Briza 263 Bromus 2
Page 643 and 644:
Deoodon 193, 195, 199, 203 vertioil
Page 645 and 646:
Ilicioides mucroBata 191 Impatiens
Page 647 and 648:
Oscillatoria 83 Osmunda 186, 197, 3
Page 649 and 650:
Querous Continued. oblongifolia 401
Page 651 and 652:
Sphagnum Continued. cymbifolium 256
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