Potassium Research and Agricultural Production - The International ...

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In Hungary the best results were attained with those crops where the biological, chemical and technical production factors as well as the optimum conditions for their application could be ensured on a high level. Wheat is produced on 1.3 million ha i. e. 26% of the arable area and average yields increased considerably, particularly in the last five years. With the modernization of crop cultivation the average yields exceeded 20 q/ha between 1966 and 1970, and were continuously higher than 30 qfha in the last three years. In 1973 we attained the highest average wheat yield in the history of our country: 34.8 q per hectare. In the past fifteen years wheat yields have been doubled, and Hungary thereby came up to the production level of the best wheat producing countries. These results are due to the use of a complex technology. With this in view we are encouraging the introduction of high yielding wheat varieties, the use and regular change of good quality seed-grain, a high-rate fertilization and the optimum plant number, the chemical weed control and the complex mechanization of production, the completion of operations in due time and the reduction of losses. While in earlier years the production of the breadgrain supply for our country was our primary target, we are producing, today, for cattle feeding and export as well. The production of maize, our most important grain fodder crop areawise, is characterized by a similar progress. Maize is produced on 1.5 million ha i.e. 29% of the arable area. Since the establishment of the large farms, yields have almost doubled exceeding for the first time in 197340 q per hectare (40.5 Q/ha). With the results attained we joined the best maize producing countries. The general use of hybrid seed-grains has brought about a fundamental change in maize production. This development was promoted by the up-to-date maize production systems built on a complex technology and on the co-operation of the large farms using the most suitable hybrids, chemicals and most efficient types of machines on some 50% of the large-scale maize production area. These production systems utilize in the average 500· kg/ha active agent, about twice the national average, As a result of the development of maize production Hungary has become not only self-supporting in coarse grains, but even exports occasionally. In these two main sectors of crop production we are, however, still far from exploiting to the full extent the possibilities for yield increases. As shown by many farms, a 40-60 q/ha yield of wheat and 60-80 q/ha yield of maize can certainly be achieved under our conditions by a better exploitation of the potential productivity of the varieties and hybrids. In the other sectors of crop production our achievements are less spectacular than in wheat and maize production. In grassland farming and in the growing of certain industrial plants and potatoes we did not reach so far the best harmony of production factors; our material and technical resources have not rendered possible the proportionate development in every respect. This particularly applies to the capital intensive crops with special requirements, such as sugar beet, tobacco, potato and vegetable field crops. For the development of these branches programmes were elaborated which have already yielded first promising results. Our next task is to make our crop production more intensive by increasing average yields by higher efficiency. Accordingly, the uniform dynamic improvement of all sectors of agriculture is our future task. The structure of crop production will not essentially change in the following years. We regard it as an important task to eliminate, or at least to moderate the still existing differences in the levels of production. Although 17
for certain industrial crops a minor increase in the cultivated area is envisaged, a substantial increase of yields by the modernization of production is recognized to be of primary importance in these branches too. An important task is to increase the productivity of the agricultural areal. This means: further modernization of the biological bases, improved efficiency in the use of chemicals, development of the technico-material background, in a word: intensive development. Experiences gained with up-to-date complex technologies, employed in cereal and maize production systems, have unambiguously proved that the substantial reserves hidden in the agricultural production are quickest exploited by systems assuring the integration of the production factors. Therefore in all major branches of crop production we endeavour to develop complex technological systems and propagate them as widely and quickly as possible. Further on 1 wish to inform you about the tendencies of fertilizer use in Hungary, its present conditions, problems and our development objectives. Prior to the World War Il fertilizer use in our crop production was insignificant. Characteristically, in 1938 2.2 kg active agent per hectare cultivated area were used. The use of chemicals increased with the development of the socialist large-scale farms. After 1960 the opportunity was given to apply up-to-date technics and professional knowledge on a higher level. The first phase of development - between 1960 and 1970was characterized by increasing quantities of fertilizers applied. During those ten years the total amount of fertilizer active nutrients applied per hectare cultivated area grew from 29 to 150 kg, that is more than five times, and the amount of pesticides applied increased by more than three times. The utilization of synthetic materials - primarily for protected crops which was negligible in 1960 - exceeds 6(x)() tons in 1970. In addition to the quantitative increase even the assortment was enlarged. The number of fertilizers available to farms increased from only 3 in 1960 to 15 in 1970. The number of pesticides grew from 50 to 150 in ten years. The widening range of chemicals promoted the better exploitation of the possibilities offered by chemistry. The development of fertilizer use was accelerated since 1970; at present 450-550 kg/ha fertilizer active agent is utilized in the complex industry-like crop production systems. All this shows that without a rational improvement of fertilizer utilization the other factors of yield increase - variety, machines, etc. - cannot be sufficiently effective. In 1973 the amount of fertilizer active agent exceeded 171 kg per hectare agricultural area in Hungary. We reckon with a further increase, so fertilizer utilization may attain 217 kg/ha by 1975, and 298 kg/ha by 1980. To ensure the fertilizer quantities required for attaining high yields is an important task. There are neither phosphorus nor potassium raw material resources available in Hungary, so they have to be imported either as raw materials or as fertilizers. Nitrogen is the only active agent available as a raw material in sufficient quantities in Hungary. Under these conditions, the establishment of a domestic nitrogen fertilizer supply was first objective. The nitrogen induStry of Hungary produced 57000 tons of Nitrogen in 1960. This quantity increased to 4OO(x)() tons by 1973. Beside this Superphosphate production also showed a significant increase, approaching 200000 tons in 1973 compared'to 44000 tons in 1960 - expressed in active agent. The production of ammonia was built on an up-to-date natural gas base. While in 1960 only calcium ammonium nitrate was produced, today ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate are made available by our chemical industry. 18
Page 2 and 3: Potassium Research and Agricultural
Page 4 and 5: Chaudet, P. 1st Working Session SOD
Page 6: Drouineau, G. Mathieu, M. Mafavofta
Page 11 and 12: Chairman: Co-ordinator: 1 si Workin
Page 13: of the agricultural wage-earners wa
Page 17 and 18: expected to produce fertilizer type
Page 19 and 20: Organization and Achievements of Ag
Page 21: Research expenses are distributed a
Page 24 and 25: vigorously cultivated. The intensiv
Page 26 and 27: It became clear that in Congresses
Page 28: this balancing effect. On the other
Page 32 and 33: problems were studied by field and
Page 35 and 36: There is need to relate fertiliser
Page 37: Increase in the fertilisers used in
Page 42 and 43: are easier to use than three separa
Page 44 and 45: of workers, preferably associated b
Page 46 and 47: Chairman: Co-ordinator: 2 nd Workin
Page 49 and 50: Accordingly, K release increases fr
Page 56 and 57: ways satisfactory. If the greater p
Page 58 and 59: The Use of Reagents Containing Sodi
Page 60: tiated by the cultivation practices
Page 63 and 64: terial being an eruptive or crystal
Page 66:
G. Dut/lion, C. and Grosman, Ruth:
Page 76 and 77:
Potassium Fixation and Assessment o
Page 79:
The quantitative and qualitative di
Page 84:
Table 6. Average dry matter yield i
Page 95:
tons in 1960 in Hungary. Rapidly in
Page 99:
Bibliography I. KOIak. M.: Study of
Page 106 and 107:
Interaction of Potassium, Magnesium
Page 110 and 111:
3.3. Influence 0/ K, Alg alld Ca do
Page 116:
Table 8. (Lehmann. Malysirlk (15])
Page 123:
the magnitude of these reserves may
Page 132 and 133:
than a plant rich ill carbohydrates
Page 135:
form. Up to now wc do not know of o
Page 138:
Improvement of potassium nutrition
Page 145:
ATP Synthesis and Assimilate Transp
Page 151 and 152:
38 36 32 30 28 26 r Fig. J. x y •
Page 158:
Potassium and the Nutritive Balance
Page 170:
account of the unfavourable results
Page 176:
thorough understanding of the funct
Page 181:
Table 4. Nand K contents in milligr
Page 189 and 190:
In our view the fact that the K ion
Page 193 and 194:
[29]), suggesting that the K defici
Page 195:
eral sites permitting hydrogen-bond
Page 198:
Ions may be appreciably retransloca
Page 201:
would suggest that translocation is
Page 207 and 208:
Absorption and Lateral Transport of
Page 210:
cells and intracellular ,K+ activit
Page 224:
a value between the optimum and 1.0
Page 232 and 233:
the optimum (2.34%). Leaves affecte
Page 234 and 235:
!, 42 0,2u QII: laD l,Ra VfMl /91a
Page 237:
During the course of the years as t
Page 240 and 241:
Or. A. Vakhimstrov pointed out the
Page 242 and 243:
Summary Assessment of Potassium Fer
Page 245:
population the same imbalanced situ
Page 249:
Table 6. Responses of rice in soil
Page 253:
Table 10. Effect of potassium on th
Page 259 and 260:
12. Groundnut Groundnut is generall
Page 261:
Such a heavy production per hectare
Page 266 and 267:
sic primary minerals such as felspa
Page 268 and 269:
tween yield and K content of leaves
Page 270 and 271:
soils cannot therefore give any val
Page 272 and 273:
Summary Recent Developments of K Fe
Page 274 and 275:
5 FiK. 1. Soil regions of Latin Ame
Page 276:
N ... '" 7. Lower Amazon and J lowe
Page 280 and 281:
Table 2-3. Quantities of elements e
Page 285:
Ratio 1973 Time Fig. 5. Trends in r
Page 292 and 293:
Summary Intensification of Agricult
Page 295 and 296:
w ..,. Relative yield 100 " 80 70 5
Page 297 and 298:
agement practices, and without natu
Page 300 and 301:
(c) Nigeria, savanna zone (Healhcol
Page 302:
2.4. Improved ·/allows' If a plant
Page 305 and 306:
Report of the Co-ordinator of the 4
Page 307 and 308:
eached where the land is continuous
Page 309 and 310:
Chairman: Co-ordinator: 5 th Workin
Page 311 and 312:
kg/ha 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 o Ge
Page 313 and 314:
Pollution caused by fertilizer is t
Page 315 and 316:
Thus, even relatively high nitrate
Page 317:
Table 4. Distribution of the potass
Page 321:
The Table shows, that even sand fro
Page 324:
This indicates that potassium uptak
Page 328 and 329:
6. Vollen'lf.'cidcr Rich.A.: Scient
Page 330 and 331:
Report of the Co-ordinator of the 5
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