Insect Pests - Learn Grow
Insect Pests - Learn Grow
Insect Pests - Learn Grow
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Floridaredscale<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(Linnaeus)<br />
Migratorylocust<br />
Locustamigratoria(Linn)<br />
Molecricket<br />
Gryllotalpaafricana(Beauv)<br />
1<br />
Coconuthispid<br />
Brontispalongissima(Gestro)<br />
<strong>Insect</strong> <strong>Pests</strong><br />
of<br />
Food Plants<br />
of<br />
Papua New Guinea<br />
A compendium<br />
Cacaofalselooper<br />
Achaeajanata(Linnaeus)<br />
Bruce R French<br />
Redbandedthrip<br />
Selenothripsrubrocintus(Giard)<br />
Sorghummidge<br />
Contariniasorghicola(Coq)<br />
Coconutspathebug<br />
Axiagastuscampbelli(Dist)
Acknowledgements<br />
2<br />
ThekindassistanceofBobMacfarlaneincheckinganearlierdraftofthisworkis<br />
greatlyappreciated. Manyfarmershaveallowedmetowanderaroundtheir<br />
subsistencefoodgardensandthisprivilegeisgratefullyacknowledged. Thewarm<br />
assistanceofmanyspecialistsandthosecaringforinsectcollectionsinPapuaNew<br />
Guineaasbeenofgreatassistancetoanon-specialistlikemyself.<br />
Itisstronglyrecommendedthatusebemadeoftheinformationsystemforplant<br />
healthavailableatwww.pestnet.orgforcurrentrecommendationsandcontactwith<br />
researchworkers.<br />
Dedication<br />
ThisbookisdedicatedtotheCreatoroftheworld,<br />
includingCreatorofthefascinatingworldofinsects<br />
ofwhichabout900speciesamongstmanythousands<br />
liketosharethefoodplantsthatpeoplealsoeat<br />
inPapuaNewGuinea.<br />
Publication<br />
ThisbookispublishedasaComputerbasedpdffile<br />
madeavailable2006butcompiledoverseveralpreviousyears.<br />
YouarefreetocopytheCD<br />
orprintoutallorpartoftheinformation<br />
asyouplease.<br />
The author<br />
BruceFrenchhasworkedasafieldofficerinagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea<br />
atvariousperiodsbetween1967andthepresent. Atonestage(1973-1975)hetaughtFoodCrop<br />
ProductionatVudalAgriculturalCollege(nowUniversity)andfelttheneedformoresystematic<br />
informationontheFoodCrops,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasestoassistfieldofficers. NowbasedinTasmania<br />
workingvoluntarilyforasmallnon-profitorganizationcalled,“FoodPlantsInternational”,<br />
heisnowtryingtodocumenttheEdiblePlantsoftheWorld.<br />
Contact: BruceRFrench<br />
38WestSt<br />
BurnieTasmania7320<br />
Phone(03)64321080<br />
Email:bfrench@vision.net.au
3<br />
Contents<br />
Page<br />
1. <strong>Insect</strong>saspests 4<br />
2. <strong>Insect</strong>lifecycles 6<br />
3. MothandButterflypests 9<br />
4. Beetlepests 64<br />
5. Bugpests 95<br />
6. Flypests 155<br />
7. Grasshopperpests 165<br />
8. Thrippests 174<br />
9. Mites 178<br />
10. Termites 179<br />
11. Wasps 180<br />
12. Minorinsectpests 181<br />
13. Indexes 198<br />
14. <strong>Insect</strong>pestsofspecificcrops 215<br />
15. Scientificnamelist 241<br />
16. References 277
4<br />
Preamble<br />
TheinsectsmentionedinthisbookhaveallbeenreportedasdamagingtofoodcropsinPapuaNew<br />
Guinea. Someareseriouspeststhatmustbecontrolled,otherinsectsdolittledamageanddonot<br />
needanyactionbythefarmertocontrolthem. Infactasmuchcareisneededtorecogniseinsects<br />
thatarenotgoingbepestsasitistorecognisethosethatmight. Iffarmersspendtime,energyand<br />
moneytryingtokillthewronginsectsthisisnotonlywastefulbutthecontrols(especiallychemical<br />
controls)couldactuallycausesomeoftheseharmlessinsectstobecomepests. Thishappens<br />
especiallywhereparasitesandpredators(beneficialinsects)areworkingnaturallytokeeptheinsect<br />
undercontrol(biologicalcontrol). Killingparasitesorpredatorsallowsinsectstobreedwithout<br />
controlandthereforetobecomepests. Becauseitisimportanttobeabletotellthedifference<br />
betweenthedifferentinsectsthatmightbeonaplantthisbookputsagreatdealofeffortinto<br />
describingeachinsectandallitsstages.<br />
Allinsectshaveascientificnameandsomeinsectshaveacommonnameaswell. Inthelistsatthe<br />
endofthisbookbothnamesareusedwhenevertheyareavailable. Donottobescaredofalistlike<br />
this,withalittlebitofthoughtyoucaneasilyworkoutthenameoftheinsectthatiscausingthe<br />
damage. Thefirstthingtodoistolookundertheparticularcropthatyouareinterestedin. Thentry<br />
todecidewhichoftheinsectsistheoneyouareinterestedin.<br />
InPapuaNewGuineathereareonly7groups(Orders)ofinsectsthatcommonlydamagefoodcrops.<br />
Theyare:<br />
1. Heteroptera-thesefeedbysuckingplantsapwithaneedlelikemouth;e.g.bugs<br />
haveleatherywingsthatcoveroverhalftheirbody<br />
2. Homoptera-thesealsofeedbysuckingplantsapwithaneedlelikemouth;e.g.<br />
leafhoppersaresmallandjumpveryquicklywhendisturbedaphidsaresmallverysoftbodiedandmoveslowlyscaleinsectsappeartohavenolegsorwings,somelooklikefish<br />
scalesotherslikesmallcottonwoolballs.<br />
3. Lepidoptera(mothsandbutterflies)<br />
4. Coleoptera(beetles)-thesehaveahardcoveroveralltheirbody.<br />
5. Orthoptera(grasshoppers)<br />
6. Diptera(flies)-theyhaveonly2wings(onepair).<br />
7. Thrips-tinynarrowinsectswithhairystrap-likewings.<br />
Mitesalsodamagecrops. Thesearetinycreaturesoftenfoundunderleaves. Theycaneasily<br />
beconfusedforinsectsbutarequitedifferent.<br />
Thefirstthingtodoistodecidewhatgroup(order)yourpestbelongsto. Isitabug,butterfly,<br />
beetle,grasshopper,orfly?<br />
Oneproblemthatyoumayhavefoundisthatthecreatureyouarelookingatmaybethelarval<br />
(young)stageoftheinsect’slifecycle. Thereareseveralthingsyoucandotogetaroundthis<br />
problem.<br />
1. Maybeyoucanaskthegardenerwhatthecreaturedevelopsinto. SomePapuaNew<br />
Guineagardenershaveagreatdealofknowledgeabouttheinsectsontheircrops.<br />
2. Youcouldkeepthelarvaandletitdevelopthroughitslife-cycleuntilitbecomesan<br />
adult.(Butdon’tforgetitwillneedfoodandair.)<br />
3. Oryoucansendittoanentomologist. Preferablysenditaliveandputawarningonthe<br />
containersaying“liveinsectinside”.<br />
Afterawhileyouwilllearntorecognisesomeofthecommonlarvaeorgrubsyourself.
5<br />
Youcansometimesmakeanintelligentguessattheidentificationofaninsectbylookingatthe<br />
commonnamesandcomparingthemtothetypeofdamageseenonthecrop.e.g.Aibikashoot<br />
boringgrub.<br />
InanotherlistatthebackofthebookIhavelistedtheinsectnamesundertheirOrdersandFamilies<br />
withalittlebitofinformationabouteachinsect. Thatmayhelp. Ofcourse,theinsectyouare<br />
lookingatmaynotbeonthelistbecauseitmaynothavebeenreportedbefore. Thereareseveral<br />
cropssuchaspitpits,greens,pandanusetc.thatstillhaven’thadtheinsectswhichdamagethem<br />
properlylistedordescribedyet.<br />
Onceyouhavesomepossiblenamesfortheinsectyouareexamining,youcanlookupfurther<br />
informationinthisorotherbooksandjournalstogetacloseridentification.<br />
What are <strong>Insect</strong>s<br />
Therearemillionsofdifferentinsectsintheworld. InPapuaNewGuineatheyestimatethatthere<br />
areatleast10,000differentkindsofmothsandbutterflies,25,000differentkindsofbeetlesandvery<br />
largenumbersofallotherkindsofinsects. Manyinsectsareuseful. Onlyaverysmallnumberof<br />
insecttypesdoseriousdamagetoplants.<br />
Peopleinvillagesoftenknowalotaboutlargerinsectsandinsectswhicheatplants. But,theydon’t<br />
usuallyhavenamesormuchinformationaboutsmallinsectsespeciallytheoneswhichsucksap.<br />
However,formanyinsects,themoreobservantvillagepeoplecantellyouthewholelifecycleand<br />
wheretheinsectlivesandbreeds. Theyalsoknowwhichinsectsareedible.<br />
Mostadultinsectshavesixlegs(3pairs). Manyadultinsectsalsohavewingsofvariousshapesand<br />
sizes,usuallytwopairs(4)(exceptforflieswhichonlyhaveonepair(2)). Whenaninsecthaswings<br />
itisadultandisfullygrown. Younginsectscaneitherlooksimilartotheadultbutwithshortwings<br />
thatdon’tworkorlookquitedifferenttotheadultsuchascaterpillars,larvaeandgrubs.
HEMIPTERA (Bugs) They have hard cover<br />
over half of their body<br />
nymph<br />
ORTHOPTERA (Grasshoppers)They<br />
havelargehindlegsforjumping<br />
nymphs<br />
eggs<br />
Bugshavepiercing<br />
suckingmouthpartsand<br />
sucksapcausingplants<br />
towilt<br />
LEPIDOPTERA (Moths & Butterflies)<br />
They have scales on their wings<br />
Adultsfeedonnectarorflowers<br />
butdon’tcausedamageand<br />
caterpillarschewanddamage<br />
plants<br />
adult<br />
6<br />
<strong>Insect</strong> life cycles<br />
HOMOPTERA Normally very small<br />
and often soft bodied<br />
Theysucksapandspread<br />
disease.<br />
DIPTERA (Flies) Only have 2 wings<br />
COLEOPTERA (Beetles) They have a<br />
hard cover over whole of body<br />
Bothadultsand<br />
grubsofbeetles<br />
candamageplants<br />
Oftenthey<br />
givebirth<br />
tolive<br />
young.
<strong>Insect</strong> life cycles<br />
7<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>sgrowbychangingintodifferentformsandbycompletingalifecycle. Forsomeinsectsitis<br />
onlytheadultthatdamagesplantsbutforothersbothadultandyoungdodamage. Forexample,for<br />
mothsandbutterfliesonlythecaterpillarscheworboreinplants;andforfliesonlytheyoung<br />
(larvae/maggots)attackplantsbyburrowingintosoftplantparts. Whileboththeadultandlarvaeof<br />
beetlescanattackplants;bothadultandyoungofbugssucksap;andadultandtheyoungstagesof<br />
grasshoppersandcricketschewleaves.<br />
Thrips,leafcutterbees,sawflies,termites,earwigsandcockroachesoccasionallyalsodamageplants<br />
orplantparts.<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>scandamageplantsinseveralways.<br />
Control of insect pests<br />
1. Theycanchewleaves.<br />
2. Theycanboreinstems,leavesandfruit.<br />
3. Theycaneatundergroundpartsofplants.<br />
4. Theycansucksap,causingplantstowiltorbecometwisted.<br />
5. Theycanspreaddiseases.<br />
Itisnotnecessarytotryandkilleveryinsectthatmightcausealittlebitofdamagetoafoodplant.<br />
Itismoreimportanttounderstandhowtostoptheinsectsthatwillseriouslydamagethefoodwe<br />
wanttoharvest.<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>svaryinhowmuchandhowoftentheydamageplants. Lotsofthingssuchasweather,other<br />
insects,birds,lackoffoodandsoonaffecthowmanyinsectsoccurandhowmuchdamagetheydo.<br />
• Someinsectsarealwaysabadproblem.<br />
• Someinsectsareonlysometimesabadproblem.<br />
• Someinsectsareoftenaminorproblem,butneverabadproblem.<br />
• Someinsectseatmanytypesofplantswhileotherseatonlyoneortwospecifickinds<br />
ofplants.<br />
• Someinsectscancompletetheirlifecyclesveryquickly(2or3weeks),whileothers<br />
takeoverayeartocompleteonelifecycle.<br />
• Someinsectslaylotsofeggsandproduceverylargenumbersofyoung. Other<br />
insectsonlylayafeweggsandproduceafewyoung.<br />
• Someinsectslikehotplacesordryplaces,whileotherinsectpestsaresuitedtocold<br />
orwetplaces.<br />
Control methods<br />
Manymethodsareusedtokillorcontrolinsectpests,themostcommonare:<br />
• Culturalmethods:wherethefarmerdoessomethingtothecroptoreducetheeffects<br />
ofthepests.Forexample,hillinguppotatoestohidethetubersfromweevils,or<br />
physicallypickingthecaterpillarsfromleaves,orcuttingoffthetasselsfrommost<br />
(twothirds)cornplantstoreducepollenfoodsuppliesforyoungcornborers.<br />
• Resistancemethods:wherethefarmersusescropvarietiesthatheknowsarenot<br />
heavilydamagedbythepestbecausetheydon’tlikeitstaste,sometimesthefarmer<br />
canselectthesefromamongsthisowncropsbutothertimeshebuysthespecial<br />
varietiesfromtheseedstore.
8<br />
• Chemicalmethods:wherethefarmerusespoisonouschemicalstocontrolthepests.<br />
Manyofthesechemicalsaredangeroustohumansaswellandshouldbeused<br />
carefully.<br />
• Biologicalcontrol:wherethefarmerusesotherinsectstocontrolthepests.<br />
Integrated Pest Management<br />
Thismethodofinsectcontrolisbecomingmostpopularasittriestouseasmanytypesofcontrol<br />
methodaspossibletokillthepest. Byusingawiderangeofmethodsthefarmerstandsthebest<br />
chanceofallofcontrollingthepestwithminimumcostandbyusingasfewpoisonouschemicalsas<br />
possible. Forexample,afarmerwillfirstprepareafieldwithasfewweedsandoldcropplantsas<br />
possible;thesoilwillbepreparedsothatithasfewstonesanddrainsfreely;thecorrectcropvariety<br />
willbechosenthatexperiencehasshownthatthepestdoesnotdamagemuch;andwhenever<br />
possiblethefarmerwilldothingstohelpparasitesorpredatorsmultiplyandattackthepest,e.g.<br />
leavesomefloweringplantssuchasColeusaroundthegardentoprovidenectarfortheadult<br />
parasites. Chemicalswillonlybeusedwhenthesemethodshavefailed.Thisbookrecommendsthat<br />
nonchemicalmethodsaretriedfirstbeforechemicalmethodsareused.Ittriestogiveasmany<br />
examplesofnonchemicalcontrolmethodsaspossible.<br />
Chemicals for killing insects<br />
Thereareaverylargenumberofchemicalsthatcanbeboughtandusedtokillinsects. Allofthem<br />
arepoisonous;someareverypoisonous-eventhesmellofthemoralittlespiltontheskincanmake<br />
peoplesickorevenkillthem.<br />
Peopleinvillageswouldverymuchliketohavechemicalstokillinsects. Buttherearesomevery<br />
bigrisksinvolved. Chemicalshavealotofimportantinstructionsonthelabelandpeoplehavetobe<br />
abletoreadthesedetailsbeforetheycansafelyusethechemical. Aswell,specialcontainersand<br />
measuringequipmenthavetobeusedanditisveryimportantthatthissameequipmentisneverused<br />
forfoodortoeatwith. Chemicalsneedsafe,strong,locking,cupboardsinabuildingwherepeople<br />
oranimalsdonotliveandintowhichotherpeopleorchildrenoranimalscannotget. Oftenpeople<br />
usingsprayshavetowearsafetyclothesandfacemasks.<br />
Aswell,ingardens,manypeople,butespeciallychildrenwalkthroughandpickandeattheedible<br />
leavesandfruitwithoutcookingorwashingthefoodfirst. Peoplealsoeatquiteafewoftheinsects<br />
thatarepestsinfoodcrops. Thiscouldbedangerousifchemicalshavebeensprayedonthese.<br />
Untilpeopleknowalotmoreabouthowtousechemicalstheyshouldnotbeusedinvillagegardens<br />
unlesstheyareusedforaspecialinsectoutbreakwhereinsectsoccurinlargenumbersandthena<br />
tabooshouldbeputonthegardensothateveryoneknowsnottoharvestorgointheiruntilthe<br />
chemical‘withholdingperiod’writtenonthepackethasexpired.
9<br />
Moths and butterflies
10<br />
Name African armyworm<br />
(Alsocalledlawnarmyworm)<br />
Scientific name: Spodopteraexempta(Walker)<br />
[Synonyms: Agrotisexempta(Walker),<br />
Laphygmaexempta(Walker)<br />
and Prodeniaexempta(Walker)]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thecaterpillarsofthismothoccasionallyoccurinlargenumbersnearhighlandtowns. Themoths<br />
areattractedbylights. Thecaterpillarsmoveinbands(swarms)andeatgrasses.Theymostlymove<br />
greaterdistancesatnight.Themothhaspalefore-wingsandwhitehind-wingswithdarkerveins.<br />
Thewing-spanis20-25mm.Thelarvaestartpalegreenwithgreystripesandbecomedarkgreen<br />
withyellowstripes.Theyareupto40mmlong.Thelarvaedonotcurlupwhentouchedlikeother<br />
caterpillarsongrassessuchasMythimna.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae-arefoundinsoil. Eggs-small0.55mmand<br />
17mmlongsmoothskingets slightlyflattened.Laidon<br />
darker.(10-15days) leavesinmasses1-3layers<br />
thick. (3-7days)<br />
Larvae-Startpaleandbecome<br />
darker. (10-20days)<br />
Alifecyclecantake23to82daysdependingontemperature.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaeeatrice,pitpits,sugarcane,corn,Job’stears,sorghumandoccasionallypeas,sunflowerand<br />
kohlrabi.<br />
Theymostlyeatyoungshortgrasses. Theyeattheleavesleavingtheveins.<br />
Forunknownoftenreasonslargenumbersofthesecaterpillarswillsuddenlyappearinoneplaceand<br />
doseriousdamagetograsses.<br />
Control<br />
1. Mostplaguesofthesecaterpillarsdieoutafteronegeneration.<br />
2. Ifitnecessaryspraypasturesetc.,withcarbaryl.<br />
References<br />
Hillp303;<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap336;<br />
Kranz,p494;PNGAgJ29(1-4),1978p11
Name Aibika leaf miner<br />
Scientific name Acrocercopssp.<br />
Family: Gracillariidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
11<br />
Adult-4mmlong.Front<br />
wingsdarkyellow.Headcovered<br />
scales.<br />
Pupae-browninwhiteoval Eggsshapedcocooninfoldofgrass<br />
nearaibika.<br />
Larvae-yellowthenchangeto<br />
red.5mmlong. Mineinsidethe<br />
leaftissueleavinganobvioustrack<br />
onthesurface.<br />
Damage<br />
Animportantpestofaibika.<br />
Alsodamagestaro,okra,soybeanandcacao(orsimilarspeciesofinsects)Acrocercopshomalacta<br />
minessweetpotatoleavesinthehighlands.<br />
Control<br />
1. Leaveswithobviousminescanbecutoff.<br />
References<br />
Possiblyotherspecies<br />
CSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAustraliap807<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip126
12<br />
Name: Aibika shoot boring grub<br />
(Alsocalledcottonspottedbollworm;<br />
andspinybollworm)<br />
Scientific name Eariasvitella(F.)<br />
[Synonyms EariasfabiaStoll<br />
and EariashuegeliRogenhofer]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultisamoth12mmlong,itswingsareverypalebrownincolourwithagreenwedgeshape.<br />
Eggsaresmallsphericalandgreenwithridges. Larvaearebrownishwhitewithadarkhead. Pupae<br />
aredarkbrown,13mmlong,inalightbrowncocoon.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-layeggsatnight<br />
Pupaefoundinsoil Eggs-laidsinglyinhairypartsof<br />
2-3cmdeep.(8-14days). plantandlowersurfaceofleaves.<br />
60-700eggsperfemale.(3-7days)<br />
LarvaeDarkpurple<br />
withwhite&orangemarks.<br />
(10-16days)<br />
Alifecycletakes22-35days.Theremaybe8-12generationseachyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaeattackaibika,hibiscus,okra,cottonandotherrelatedplants.<br />
Thelarvaefeedinanddamagetheyounggrowingshoots.<br />
Temperature,rainfallandhumidityaffectthenumbersofinsects.<br />
Itcancausewidespreadandseriousdamagetoaibikabyboringintothestems.<br />
Control<br />
1. Removestalkswhenaibikaplantsarefinished.<br />
2. Choosevarietiesthatarelessdamaged.<br />
3. <strong>Insect</strong>icidessuchascarbarylcangivesomecontrol.<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap350<br />
Kranz,1977,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsofTropicalcropsp478<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip127
13<br />
Name: Banana scab moth<br />
Scientific name: Nacoleiaoctasema(Meyrick)<br />
[Synonyms: Lamprosemaoctasema(Meyrick)<br />
and Notarchaoctasema(Meyrick)<br />
and Omiodesoctasema(Meyrick)]<br />
Also LamprosemacharesalisWalker<br />
[Syn.NacoleiacharesalisWalker]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect:Theadultmothisrarelyseen. Itiscreamyyellowwithablackspotonthefrontofeach<br />
forewing.Thecaterpillarsarepinkishgreytobrownandupto25mmlong.Theyhaverowsofdark<br />
spots.<br />
Life cycle:<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs-80-120eggslaid<br />
(10-12days) neartheflowerorthebase<br />
oftheuppermostleaves<br />
Larvae-feedonflowers<br />
andcausecrackedorscabbedfruit<br />
(12-21days)<br />
Damage:<br />
Thismothonlydamagesbananasonsomeoftheislands,forexample,onNewBritainitruinsmany<br />
bananas.Thefruitarescarredandcrackedduetothelarvaefeedingontheflowersandyoungfruit.<br />
Italsooccursonpandanus,HeliconiaandNypapalm. TheinsectoccursonthemainlandofPapua<br />
NewGuineabutdoesnotdoseriousdamagetobananasthere.<br />
Control:<br />
1. Removethedeadleaveshangingfrombananas.(Mothshideundertheseduringtheday.)<br />
2. Choosebananavarietiesthathavewidelyseparatedfingersthatgetlessdamage.<br />
3. Removeflowersfromtheendofyoungfruittoreducethedamage.<br />
4. Removethebractfromoverthefruitbunchtoalsoreducethedamage.<br />
References:<br />
Hick,S.,1980,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17.DPIp9<br />
Hill,D.S.,1975,Agricultural<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropics&theircontrol.CUPp279<br />
PANSmanualNo.1PestControlinBananasLondon.p103<br />
SPCTechnicalPaperNo145.TheBananaScabMoth<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsp219
Name Banana skipper<br />
Scientific name: Erionotathrax(L.)<br />
[Synonyms: Hidarathrax(L.)<br />
and PelopidesthraxL]<br />
Family: Hesperiidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
14<br />
The insect<br />
Acasebuildingcaterpillarthatcutstheedgesofthebananaleafthenusesthepiecestospinacase<br />
thatitlivesinhangingfromtheleaf.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsflyinthe<br />
eveningandfeedonnectar<br />
frombananaflowers<br />
Pupaesuspended Eggslaidingroups<br />
inacasefromtheleaf. of25perleaf.<br />
Larvae<br />
Lifecycletakesabout5-6weeks.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaedamagebanana,manillahemp,coconut,oilpalmandnipapalm.Thepestoccursinthe<br />
MarkhumValleyandotherareasandrollleavesofbananasuntilonlythemidveinremainswithlots<br />
ofinsectcasesattached.<br />
Outbreaksofthepestcanoccurinshelteredbananagardens.Droughtmayhelpoutbreaks.<br />
Control<br />
AparasitehasbeenintroducedandreleasedonPNG. Itisgivinggoodcontrolinmostoutbreak<br />
regions.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapNo426<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap382<br />
PANSManualNo1PestControlinBananasp107,108<br />
WaterhouseSupplement1p88<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,BiologicalControl1989-PacificProspectsSupplement1,p88
15<br />
Name Bean leaf rollers<br />
(Alsocalledleafskeletoniser)<br />
Scientific names: OmiodesindicataFabricius<br />
[Synonyms: LamprosemaindicataFabricius;<br />
and Hedyleptaindicata(F.);<br />
and NacoleiaindicataFabricius]<br />
Scientific names: AndOmiodesdiemenalisGuenee<br />
[Synonyms: AsopiadiemenalisGuenee,<br />
and HedyleptadiemenalisGuenee,<br />
and Lamprosemadiemenalis(Guenee),<br />
and NacoleiadiemenalisGuenee]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Adultmothsareabout6mmlongwithagoldenyellowbody,withwhitebands.Thewingsare<br />
goldenyellowwithbrownbandsandadarkouterborder.Maturelarvaeare20mmlongandgreygreenwithayellowhead.Thepupais8mmlong,brownandrolledintheleaf.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupaeareinrolledtheleaf Eggsarelaidonuppersurfaceof<br />
(16days) leaves165-466perfemale(5-7days)<br />
Larvaefeedonleavesleavingonlytheskin<br />
lookinglikeawindow.5instarsover14-15days.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaetieleavesofbeanstogetherwithsilkenthreads.Thentheyeatawaytheleaftissueleaving<br />
onlytheskin.Theydamagepeas,peanut,soybean,wingedbean,cowpea,snakebean,mungbean,<br />
velvetbean,pigeonpeaandotherbeans. Theyfeedonmostspeciesofgrainandvegetablelegumes<br />
inPapuaNewGuinea.Fromadistanceleaveslooksilvertoyellow.Thedamageismostlydone<br />
whilebeansareyoung(4-6weeks)andisworseindryseasonsandwithlowgrowingtypesofbeans.<br />
Control<br />
Inthelowlandsitiscontrolledbyparasitesandisthereforerarelyaproblem.<br />
References<br />
BeanProductionproblemsp378<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap268<br />
Singh,(ed),1987,SoybeansforthetropicsWileyp36<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFiji.p176<br />
ZhangBin-Cheng,1994,IndexofEconomicallyImportantLepidoptera.CABI
16<br />
Name Bean pod borer<br />
(Alsocalledpodborerandspottedborer)<br />
Scientific name MarucavitrataFabricius<br />
[Synonyms Marucatestulalis(Geyer)]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Themothhasbrownfrontwingswithablackedgeandwhitemarks. Therearwingsarelight<br />
colouredwithbrownbandsatthetipandaremostlyfreeofscales.Thewing-spanis25mm.They<br />
shelteramongtheleavesduringtheday.<br />
Thelarvae(caterpillars)areyellowwithbrownorblackspotsalongthebody.Theheadislight<br />
brown. Theyarethinandupto25mmlong.<br />
Eggsarelaidsinglyontheyoungflowers.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-(5-7days)<br />
Pupaearefoundinleafdebris Eggs-laidalloverthehost<br />
inadoublewalledcell.(5-15days) plant.(about3days)<br />
Larvaelivemostlyinthepod<br />
butcomeoutsideatnight.<br />
Damage<br />
Theseinsectscancauseseriousdamagetothepodsandseedsofmostbeans.Theydamagelima,<br />
snake,mung,adzuki,ricebean,snakebean,cowpea,wingedbean,soybean,velvetbean,andpigeon<br />
pea.<br />
Thelarvaeboreintotheyoungpodsandcanenterthestems.Theholewheretheyentertheplantis<br />
normallyfilledwithchewedupplantmaterial(frass).Theyalsoeatotherplantparts.Theinsectis<br />
mostactiveduringthewetseason.<br />
Control<br />
1. Usekindsofbeansthatarelessdamagedthanothers.<br />
2. <strong>Grow</strong>beansinmixedplotswithmaizetoreducedamage.<br />
3. Thechemicalsthatwillcontroltheseinsectsaretoopoisonousforvillageuse.(Especiallyas<br />
peopleeatbeanflowers,leavesandbeans.)<br />
4. Allowafallowperiodofatleastsixmonthsaftereachcropduringwhichwhenbeansarenot<br />
grown.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17p39<br />
Kranz,p457<br />
ZhangBin-Cheng,1994,IndexofEconomicallyImportantLepidoptera.CABI<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsp204
Name Beet webworm<br />
17<br />
Scientific name SpoladearecurvalisFabricius<br />
[Synonyms Hymeniarecurvalis(Fab.)]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Themothhasawingspanofabout20mm. Theyarebrownwithtwoincompletewhitebandsacross<br />
thefrontwingsandonewhitebandacrosstherearwings. Themothsareattractedtolights. The<br />
larvaislightgreenandresemblesaleafvein. Larvaedevelopadarklinedowntheirbacksasthey<br />
growlarger. Theytendtofeedinlargenumbersundertheleaf. Theyeatclearpatchesintheleaves<br />
withthetopskinstillintact.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultshavebrownwingswithwhitestripes.<br />
Femaleslive18-21days.<br />
Pupaeareinacocoon Eggs50-400eggslaidonthe<br />
andcoveredwithsoil. backofleaves.(3-5days)<br />
(10-15days)<br />
Larvae aresmoothandpalegreen<br />
upto20mmlong.(10-15days)<br />
Alifecyclecanbe3to4weeks.<br />
Damage<br />
Thecaterpillarsrollupandeattheundersideofleavesofanumberofplantsandformaweb.<br />
Plantsdamagedincludebeetroot,spinach,silverbeet,Chinesecabbageandamaranthus.<br />
Control<br />
1. Thecaterpillarscanbekilledwithanumberofchemicalssuchascarbarylandmalathion.<br />
2. Removinghostweedsnearbycanreducetheinsectnumbers.<br />
References<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>sofHawaiiVol8p52
Name Black cutworm<br />
(Also called greasy cutworm)<br />
Scientific name Agrotisipsilon(Hufnagel)<br />
[Therearealsoseveralothernames]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
18<br />
The insect<br />
Thefrontwingsarebrownandthehindwingsareyellow/brown. Larvaearegreyorgreenincolour<br />
withashinyskin,theycurlupwhentouched.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsarealargemoth,40-50mmwing-span.<br />
Pupaedarkbrown20mm Eggs-whiteglobularandribbed.<br />
long.(10-30days) 0.5mmacross.(2-9days)<br />
Eachfemalecanlay1800eggs.<br />
Larvae-hideinsoilorleaflittercoiled<br />
inaball.Theyarebrownontop<br />
withgreensides30mmlong.(28-34days)<br />
Alifecyclecantake32to67daysdependingontemperature.<br />
Damage<br />
Thecaterpillarscutoffseedlingsatgroundlevelatnight.<br />
Damageoccursinarangeofplantsgrownfromseedincludingcoffee,maize,onion,tomato,carrot,<br />
Rorippasp.,cabbage.Cutwormshavebeenreporteddamagingpotatotubersandcassavasprouting<br />
sticks.<br />
Damagetendstobeworseinlow-lyingdampareasespeciallywheremanyweedshavebeen<br />
growing.<br />
Control<br />
1. Deepdiggingofthesoilcanexposeeggsandpupae.<br />
2. Collarsmadeoftincanswiththeendsremoved,orofbamboo,orstiffcardboardpushedatleast<br />
3cmintothesoilandsticking5cmabovethegroundwillprotectyoungseedlings.<br />
3. Soiltreatmentwithcontactinsecticidescanbeused.SeeAgDept.bulletins.<br />
4. Birdsandotherpredatorsattackthelarvae.<br />
5. Soilthathasbeendugandkeptfreeofweedsforawhileislesslikelytohavecutworms.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo261<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo.7andHarvest8(2).p131<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbookSeriesno17p42<br />
Hill,p302
19<br />
Name Cabbage cluster caterpillar<br />
Scientific name: Crocidolomiabinotalis<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Themothhasawingspanof22mm.Theforewingsarebrownishgreywithirregularmarkings.The<br />
hindwingsarepaleyellow.Therearetwosmallwhitespotsontheforewingsandadarkbrownspot<br />
ontopofthebody.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult-<br />
Pupae-inground Eggs-Yellowishgreen<br />
inacell.9days laidinamassintheleaves<br />
andleafstalks.4days<br />
Alifecycleis3-4weeks.<br />
Larvae-haveorangehead<br />
andgreenbodywith3white<br />
linesontopand2moreoneachside.<br />
Upto2cmlong.14days<br />
Damage<br />
Thesecaterpillarseatholesintheleavesofanumberofplantsinthecabbagefamily. Theyleave<br />
darkchewed-uplumpsoffrassontheleaves.<br />
Theycanregularlycause90%damagetothemoreleafytypes.<br />
Theheartsofcabbagecanoftenbecompletelydestroyed.<br />
Plantsdamagedincludecabbage,Chinesecabbage,kohlrabi,broccoli,turnip,radishandNasturtium<br />
schlechteri.<br />
Thelarvaeavoidlightsoeatsontheundersideofleaves.<br />
Control<br />
1. Naturalmethodsofcontrolsuchaspredatorsseemtohavenoeffectatall.<br />
2. Sprayingonlywhenneeded.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo49orHarvest12(4)p12-14<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFiji.p135<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,BiologicalControlPacificprospectsp199
20<br />
Name Cacao armyworm<br />
(Alsoknownasbananafruitcaterpillar)<br />
Scientific name TiracolaplagiataWalker<br />
[Synonyms ArcilasisaplagiataWalker]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thisisanarmywormthatattacksmanydifferentplants. Itisasemilooper,whichmeansithasless<br />
thantheusual5pairsoflegsontheabdomenofthecaterpillar.Theadultisalightgreymothwitha<br />
“V”markonthefrontwings. Caterpillarsfeedonleavesatnight.Theygathertogetheringroups<br />
andarethereforecalledarmyworms.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Lifecycle35-40days<br />
Adultsflyatnight.Wingspanof50mm.<br />
Greybrownincolour.<br />
Pupaereddishbrown Eggs-200to1200laidatnight<br />
and2cmlong onleaves.Whitewithafaintgreen<br />
(16-18days) tinge.0.8mmacross.Hatchin4days.<br />
Larvae-caterpillarsaredarkincolourwith<br />
ayellowishstripeoneithersideofthebody.<br />
Theydroponthreadswhendisturbed.(15-17days)<br />
Damage<br />
Theyattackmanycropsincludingeggplant,tea,banana,limabeans,commonbeans,wingedbean,<br />
cassava,castoroil,cacao,tobacco,maize,pumpkin,watermelon,cabbage,cauliflower,tomato,cape<br />
gooseberry,passionfruit,beetroot,pawpaw,pigweed,amaranths,spinach,rubber,crotalaria,<br />
leucaena,bittercucumber,fig,taro,sweetpotato,mulberry.<br />
Thelarvaeeatyoungsoftgrowingpartsoftheplantsandcanalsoeatweedsandbushtrees.The<br />
insecttendstobuildupontreeslikeleucaenashadeorotherlargeareasofonecropthenspreadin<br />
plaguenumbersintosurroundinggardens.<br />
Control<br />
1. Mixedcroppinghelpskeepabalanceofinsectsandtheirpredators.<br />
2. Outbreakscanbepredictedbytrappingmothsinlighttraps.<br />
3. Somepredatorsandparasitesoperatebuttheydonotexertenoughcontroltostopastrong<br />
outbreak.<br />
4. Carbarylinsecticidewillcontrolthem.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNG.p27<br />
PNGAgJ15(1&2)p15;15(3&4)p105andPNGAgJ19(2)p68
21<br />
Name Cacao false looper<br />
(Also called castor semi-looper)<br />
Scientific name: Achaeajanata(Linnaeus)<br />
[Synonyms: Ophiusajanata.<br />
and AchaeamelicertaDrury<br />
and PhalaeamelicertaLinnaeus]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect:<br />
Thematurelarvaisgreywithaspottedheadandacolouredstripealongtheside. Itis60mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Lifecycle32-38days<br />
Adults -7cmwingspan<br />
Canflylongdistances.<br />
(10-20days)<br />
Pupaeinleaves Eggs-about600laid<br />
oronsurfaceof onuppersurface<br />
soil.(10-16days) ofleaves.(3days)<br />
Larvaemoveinloops<br />
(11-17days)<br />
Damage<br />
Caterpillarseatarangeofyoungsoftleavesespeciallycastor,sweetpotato,peanuts,citrus,cacao,<br />
rubber,pumpkinsetc.<br />
Occursupto1900maltitude.<br />
Control<br />
1. Someparasitesareknown,especiallytachinideggparasites<br />
References<br />
PNGAgJ14(4)Mar’62p163<br />
PNGAgJ19(2)p68<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp27
22<br />
Name Cacao looper<br />
(Alsocalledthecocoaarmyworm)<br />
Scientific name: EctropisbhurmitraWalker<br />
[Synonyms: EctropissabulosaWarr.]<br />
Family: Geometridae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thelarvaeofthismothmovebyformingaloop. Theycanbuildupintolargenumbersgiventhe<br />
rightconditions.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Caterpillarseatyoungleavesduringtheflushofgrowthofcacao.<br />
Theyalsodamagesweetpotato,cassava,taro,peanutsandcoffeebyeatingtheleaves.<br />
Control<br />
Largeoutbreaksoftheseinsectsnormallydieoutnaturallyfollowingabuild-upofpredators.<br />
References<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp25<br />
PNGAgJ19(2)1967<br />
ZhangBin-Cheng,1994,IndexofEconomicallyImportantLepidoptera.CABI
23<br />
Name Cape gooseberry budworm<br />
Scientific name: HelicoverpaassultaassultaGuenee<br />
[Synonyms: Heliothisassulta(Guenee)]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Mostlarvaearegreenwithstripesalongthebodybutseveralothercoloursareknown.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsfeedonflowernectar<br />
Pupae Eggslaidsinglyon<br />
upperleafletsorhearts.<br />
500to2000eggslaidperfemale.<br />
Larvaekilleachotheruntil<br />
oftenonlyoneperplant.<br />
(2-3weeks)<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaedamagecorn,capegooseberry,tobacco,tomatoandotherplantsinthetomatofamily. They<br />
attackthefruitandtheflowers.<br />
Control<br />
Handpickingisnotparticularlyeffectiveandoftenchemicalshavetobeusedoncommercial<br />
tobaccoplants. Trapcropshavealsobeenused.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo262<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.,1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap341<br />
ZhangBin-Cheng,1994,IndexofEconomicallyImportantLepidoptera.CABI
24<br />
Name Citrus butterfly<br />
(Also called the orchard butterfly)<br />
Scientific name PapilioaegeusormenusGuerin<br />
[Synonyms PapilioerectheusDonovan<br />
and PapilioormenusGuerin-Meneville<br />
and PrincepsaegeusDovovan]<br />
Scientific name AlsoPapilioaeacusDonovan<br />
Family: Papilionidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesebutterfliesarecalledswallowtailsbecausetheyhavepointsonthewings.Themaleandfemale<br />
butterfliesaredifferentinsizeandcolour.Femalesarelarger.Thewingspanisabout10cm.The<br />
wingshaveyellowandbluespotsaswellaswhitepatches.<br />
Thelarvaegiveoffastrongsmellandpushoutafleshyorganontheheadwhenattacked.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsflyrapidlyandkeepwings<br />
inmotionwhilefeedingonflowers<br />
Pupaearegreenorbrown Eggsarespherical,large,yellow<br />
Attachedbytail¢ral andlaidsinglyonleaves.<br />
silkenthread.<br />
Larvaearedarkgreenwith<br />
whitemarks.Therearealsorows<br />
ofshortfleshyspinesalongtheside.<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaeeatcitrusleavesandcanoccasionallyeatalltheleavesoffonetree.<br />
Control<br />
1. Notnormallynecessary.<br />
2. Someparasitesareknownwhichbecomeeffectivewhenpestnumbersarehigh.<br />
References<br />
PNGAgJ.18(3)1966p11
25<br />
Name Citrus leaf miner<br />
Scientific name: PhyllocnistiscitrellaStaint<br />
Family: Phyllocnistidae/Lyonetiidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Adultsareverysmallsilverywhitemothswithpaleyellowmarkingsandablackspotatthetipof<br />
eachforewing.Theyareabout2mmlongandwithawingspanof4.5mm. Mothsflyatnight.<br />
Larvaearenarrowanduptoabout3mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult<br />
Pupae inminesinthe Eggsareflat,0.27mmlong.<br />
leaf.Stagelasts6hours. 2or3onaleaf.(2-3days)<br />
Alifecycletakesabout14-17days.<br />
Larvae-dullyellowwithasmall<br />
head.Burrowintoleaf.Feedfor<br />
5-6days.<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaeburrowintotheleafleavingwindingmarksoftheminewithin. Theypreferyoungleaves.<br />
Infestedleavesbecomedistorted.<br />
Theyareaseriouspestofnewlyestablishedcitrusorchards.<br />
Control<br />
1. Theycanbecontrolledbysprayingwithmalathion. Itistheyounggrowththatneedstobe<br />
sprayedanditneedstoberepeatedat10-dayintervals.<br />
2. Elsewhereparasiteshavebeenfoundwhichcontrolthepest.<br />
References<br />
O’Connor,SPCExotic<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseases.SectiononCitrus
26<br />
Name: Cluster caterpillar<br />
(Also called common cutworm)<br />
Scientific name: Spodopteralitura(Fab)<br />
[Synonyms: Noctuaitura(Fab)<br />
and ProdenialituraFab.]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect: Theadultmothis18mmlongwithabrownbody. Thewingspanisabout40mm.The<br />
frontwingshavesilverymarksandthehindwingsaresilverywhite;youcanalmostseethrough<br />
them.Thismothisattractedtolightsatnight. Thelarvaearedarkbrownaboveandgreenbeneath<br />
withalightbandalongtheside.Larvaeare45mmlongandclustertogetherinthefirstfewdays<br />
afterhatching.<br />
Life cycle:<br />
Adults-femalecanlay200to300eggs.<br />
Pupae-insoilorplant Eggslaidinbatchesandcovered<br />
refuse.Sometimesavery with“wool”,onleaves.<br />
shortstage.(7-12days) (3-7days)<br />
Larvae-caterpillarsingroupsinitiallylight<br />
green.Theyskeletonizeleavesthenchewholes<br />
andborein.Moult4times(14-21days)<br />
Canhave8-10generationsperyear.<br />
Damage:Theydamagearangeofcrops-lettuce,taro,cabbage,tomato,beansincludingwinged<br />
bean,maize,cassava,citrus,rice,sweetpotato,sunflower,peas,peanuts,brusselssprouts,kohlrabi,<br />
aibika,okra,kiwifruit,leekandtobacco.Quiteoftenthedamageisonlyslightbutinsomeseasons<br />
theycandoextensivedamage.Theymovebetweencropsandthenumbersdependontheclimatic<br />
conditions.<br />
Control:<br />
1. Sometimescontrolcanbeachievedbyremovinganddestroyingleavesthathavelargenumbers<br />
ofcaterpillars. Ontaro,theyoungcaterpillarscanbecollectedandburned.<br />
2. Controlcanbeachievedwithcontactinsecticidessuchascarbaryl.<br />
References<br />
Hick,S.,1980,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17DPIp87<br />
Hill,S.,1975,Agricultural<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropicsandtheircontrol. CUPp308<br />
Swain,G.,1971,Ag.ZoologyinFijiHMSOpp44,67,147,154,182,278<br />
WaterhouseandNorris,BiologicalControlPacificProspectsp250
27<br />
Name Coconut cup moth<br />
Scientific name: Thoseasinensis(Walker)<br />
Family: Limacodidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thelarvaisabroadovalinshapeandhasagreyorgreenstripealongthebackwithcolouredspots<br />
alongtheside.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult<br />
Pupa Eggs150-500perfemale<br />
Alifecycletakesabout3months.<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
DamagetoyoungcoconutpalmsiswidespreadandseriousinCentralProvince. Alsorecordedon<br />
citrus.Itisknowntoattackpomegranate,coffee,tea,andothercrops.<br />
Control<br />
ApredatorwasintroducedtoPNGbutwasnotsuccessful.<br />
References<br />
Cock,M.J.W.,etal,SlugandNettlecaterpillarsCIECAB<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.,1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap294
28<br />
Name Coconut spathe moth<br />
(Alsocalledcoconutspikemoth)<br />
Scientific name: TirathabarufivenaWalker<br />
[See MelissoblaptesrufovenalisSnellen]<br />
Also TirathabaignevenaHmps.<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thisisasmalllightbrowncolouredmoth. Theveinsinthewingsareclearlymarkedinareddish<br />
colour. Larvaeupto22mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult-<br />
Pupae-incocoonnear Eggs-oncoconutflower.<br />
flowers.(7-14days) (4-5days)<br />
Larvae-feedonnewlyopened<br />
buds.12-30days.<br />
Alifecyclecantake20-50days.<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaeattackcoconut,nipapalm,oilpalm,betelnut,bananasandbeans.<br />
Withcoconutstheycausesomenutstofall.Whenpopulationsofcrazyant(Anplolepislongipes<br />
Jerd.)occuronthepalm,nutfallcanbeserious.<br />
Thelarvaeboremostlyintomaleflowers. Maleflowerscanbewebbedtogether.<br />
Batrachedraarenosella(Walker)ortheLesserCoconutspikemoth,gnawsmaleandfemaleflowers<br />
andcancauseslightdamage.<br />
Control<br />
1. Someparasitesandpredatorshelpcontrol.<br />
References<br />
Hick,S.,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17<br />
WaterhouseandNorris,BiologicalControlPacificProspects.p.211
Name Coffee leaf roller<br />
(Also called tea tortrix)<br />
Scientific name: HomonacoffeariaNietn.<br />
[Synonyms: CapuacoffeariaNietn.<br />
and TortrixcoffeariaNietn.]<br />
Family: Tortricidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Mothsflyatnightandlayhundredsofeggs. Thelarvaespinleavestogether.<br />
Life cycle:<br />
29<br />
Adults-femalepalebrown<br />
maledarkerbrown<br />
Pupaeinweb Eggs20-40inmass<br />
ofleaves(14days) onleaves.Flat.<br />
Lifecycleabout2months<br />
Larvae-wandertofindsofttissue<br />
Upto2cmlong.Dullgreen<br />
bluishwithscatteredhairs<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaedamagecoffeeandteabyeatingandrollingupleaves.<br />
Alsodamagesoybean,pea,snakebean,velvetbean,peanut,mungbean,parsley,okra,eggplant,<br />
cucumber,sunflower,citrus,soursop,andthetreelegumescrotalariaandalbizzia.<br />
Moreseriousinthehighlands.<br />
Control<br />
1. Oftennumbersarenaturallycontrolledbytwowasps.<br />
2. Chemicalcontrolisrarelynecessary.<br />
References<br />
PNGAgJ.18(3)Dec1966p95
Name Common grass blue butterfly<br />
Scientific name: Zizinaotis(F.)<br />
[Synonyms: ZizeraotisFabricius]<br />
Family: Lycaenidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
30<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultmaleisdullblueandthefemalehassomebrownareas. Thelarvaearegreenwithdarker<br />
markings. Ithasadarkerlinealongthebackandawhitelinealongtheside.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae-attachedto Eggs-whiteorpaleblue&slightly<br />
undersideofleaves. flattened.Laidsinglyonfoodplants.<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaefeedontheleavesofarangeofbeansincludingpigeonpea,snakebean,soybeanand<br />
wingedbean.<br />
Control<br />
Notcommonlyneeded.<br />
References<br />
Child,ButterfliesofAustralia.<br />
Smithies
Name Corn earworm<br />
(Alsocalledtomatogrub;tobaccobudworm<br />
andcottonbollworm&Americanbollworm)<br />
31<br />
Scientific name: Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner)<br />
[Synonyms: Heliothisarmigera(Huebner)<br />
and Heliothisarmigerandothers]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect:Theadultmothsvaryincolourbutaregenerallybrowntogreywithdarkirregular<br />
markingsacrossthefrontwings.Theyaredarkertowardsthetipwithapalebandneartheedgeand<br />
withadarkspotalmostnearthecentre. Mothshaveawingspanof35mm. Theyflyatnightandlay<br />
upto1550eggs.<br />
Life cycle:<br />
Adults-yellowishbrownincolourbut<br />
itcanvaryThehindwingsarepaleat<br />
thebaseanddarktowardstheedges.<br />
Pupaearebrown Eggs-laidsinglyunderleaves.<br />
andarefoundinplantdebris Theyaresmallandwhite.<br />
ontheground. (7-10days)<br />
Larvaeareroughinappearanceandgreento<br />
reddishbrown.Feedfor4-6weeks.<br />
Theyhaveadarkstripedowneachside.<br />
Alifecycletakesabout35days.<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaefeedonleavesandfruit. Theydamagearangeofplants,especiallycorn,tomatoes,<br />
capsicum,butalsolettuce,rice,taro,pigeonpea,gardenpeas,beans,sweetpotato,cabbage,<br />
sunflower,okra,tobacco,cacao,andcoffee.Theycancauseseriousdamagetocorncobsandtomato<br />
fruit. Rainhelpsthepupaedevelopandwarmmoistweathermakesthepestworse. Inthehighlands<br />
theoccurrenceisprobablyseasonalwithalullearlyintheyearandagaininAug/Sept.<br />
Control<br />
Severalparasitesandpredatorsareknownthereforeitisimportanttosprayaslittleaspossiblesoas<br />
tohelpthesetobuildupandcontroltheinsect. Afungusdiseasegrowsontheinsectsinthe<br />
highlandsandisfavouredbywetconditions. Thelarvaebecomedarkandmoveslowly. White<br />
fungalthreadsturngreenandbecomepowdery. Thelarvaecanalsobeshakenofftheplantsand<br />
thenkilled.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletins34&35orHarvest10(4)p159-166<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbook17<br />
Hill,p294; Kranz,p479-481<br />
PNGAgJ19(2),1967,p61<br />
WaterhouseandNorris,BiologicalControlPacificProspects.p228
Name Cotton leaf roller<br />
32<br />
Scientific name: SylleptederogataFabricius<br />
[Synonyms: PhalaenaderogataF.<br />
and PleuroptyaderogataF.<br />
and SyleptaderogataF.<br />
and SyleptamultilinealisGuenee]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect:<br />
Larvaearelightgreenincolour,withdarkbrownheads,theyareverylivelywhendisturbedand<br />
escapefromtheirleafcases.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-havecreamcolouredwings<br />
withirregularbrownlines<br />
Pupae-inrolledleaf Eggs-laidonundersurface<br />
ofleaves.Lightyellow.<br />
Alifecycletakesabout22-26days.<br />
Larvae-younglarvaefeedonleaves,<br />
thencutthebladenearthestem<br />
androlltheleafdownwards.Length20mm<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaerollsupandeatsleaves.<br />
Damagesaibika,okra(andcotton).<br />
Larvaeareverycommononaibikaandattimescaneatalltheleaves.<br />
Control:<br />
1. Thecaterpillarscanbepickedofftheleaf.<br />
3. Usecroprotationsorhavegapsbetweencrops.<br />
References<br />
Epenhuijsen,<strong>Grow</strong>ingnativevegetablesinNigeriap66<br />
Hill,p273<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.,1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p268,269<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip124<br />
ZhangBin-Cheng,1994,IndexofEconomicallyImportantLepidopteraCABI
33<br />
Name Cotton semi-looper<br />
(also called Cotton looper)<br />
Scientific name: AnomisflavaF.<br />
[Synonyms: AnomisindicaGuenee<br />
and CosmophilaflavaF.andothers]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Larvaearegreenwithlightershortlinesandspotsalongthesides.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsliveforabout28days.<br />
Pupaeincocoon Eggsabout350laid<br />
indownwardfolded perfemale.<br />
pieceofleaf.<br />
Lifecycletakesabout21days.<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaecanoftendamageaibika,okra,blackvelvetbeanandhibiscusfoliagethroughouttheyear.<br />
Theyeatthetissueofleavesleavingonlytheveins.<br />
Control<br />
References<br />
SeeHolloway,J.D.etal,Lepidopterap158<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap352<br />
CIEDistributionmap379
Name Cup moths<br />
Scientific name: ScopelodesnitensB.Bak<br />
and ScopelodesdinawaB.Bak<br />
Family: Limacocidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thelarvaeareyellow-greenwithglasslikelinesandrowsofspinyhairsalongthebackandsides.<br />
Thehairswillstingtheskin.Thecocoonsareroundandlightbrown.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult<br />
34<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Theyarereportedtocompletelyeattheleavesoffmangoandcashewtrees. Thelarvaeeatingroups<br />
ontheleaves. Theyalsodamagebanana.<br />
Thesebutterflieshavestinginghairsthatcanmakeharvestingofcropssuchasteaunpleasant.<br />
Control<br />
1. Caterpillarsandcocoonscanbecollectedanddestroyed.<br />
References
35<br />
Name Diamond back moth<br />
(Also called cabbage moth)<br />
Scientific name: Plutellaxylostella(L.)<br />
[Synonyms: Plutellamaculipennis(Curt.)<br />
andothers]<br />
Family: Plutellidae/Yponomeutidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thismothisbrownwithdiamondshapesdownitsback. Itisabout7-12mmlong.Thehindwings<br />
haveafringeoflonggreyhairs. Themothsareactivefliers.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-about7mmlongandbrownincolourwith<br />
alightcoloureddiamondshapedowntheback.<br />
Pupae-ontheplantin Eggs-small,yellowand<br />
asilkencocoon. laidsinglyunderleaves<br />
(5-10days) nearveins. (3-8days)<br />
Larvae-burrowintoleavesthen<br />
latereatholes.Theystayunderneaththeleaf.<br />
Theyareupto8mmlongandgreen.(14-28days)<br />
Theyhavea27-daylifecycleinthehighlandsthatwillbefasterinthelowlands.<br />
Damage<br />
Thecaterpillarseatirregularshapedholesintheleavesofcabbagefamilyplants.<br />
Thelarvaedropfromtheplantonsilkenthreadswhentheyaredisturbed.<br />
Theydamagecabbage,turnip,broccoli,kohlrabi,brusselssprouts,Chinesecabbage,Nasturtium<br />
schlechteri,andpossiblyotherplantsinthecabbagefamily.<br />
Themothtoleratesawiderangeofclimatesbutdamageisworseinhotdryareas.<br />
Control<br />
IPMmethodshavebeenintroducedtohighlandsfarmersandtheseshouldbeusedwhenever<br />
possible. Biologicalcontrolmethodsarebeingusedsuccessfullyinthehighlands.<br />
Overheadirrigationhasbeenclaimedtocontrolthepest.<br />
Chemicalscanbeusedbutitisimportanttoonlyusethosethatdonotkilltheparasites.Itis<br />
importanttospraytheundersideofleaves.<br />
Theinsectsdevelopresistancetosomechemicalsquicklysothechemicalsneedtobechanged<br />
regularly.ForinformationonchemicalsseeEntomologyBulletinNo8<br />
References:<br />
DPIEntomologyBulletinNo8orHarvest12(3)1987p87<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentseriesHandbook17<br />
Hill,p247; Swain,AgZoologyinFijip132<br />
WaterhouseandNorris,BiologicalControlPacificProspects.p177
36<br />
Name Evening brown butterfly<br />
Scientific name: MelanitisledabankiaF.<br />
Family: Nymphalidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thisbutterflyhasdifferentshapesandcoloursformaleandfemaleandindifferentseasons. They<br />
flyatmorningorevening.Theaveragewingspanis70mm. Thecaterpillarshaveredtopurplelines<br />
alongtheside.Theyareupto55mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults -oftenenterhouses.<br />
Pupae-smoothand Eggs-almostround,pale<br />
lightgreen. greenandlaidsinglyon<br />
leaves.<br />
Alifecycletakesabout6weeks.<br />
Larvae-lightgreenwithshort<br />
hairsfromwhitespots;headgreen<br />
withhairybrownhorns.<br />
Damage<br />
Reportedcausingslightdamagetoriceleavesinbothwetlandanddrylandareas.Theyfeedduring<br />
theday.<br />
Inotherplacesitalsodamagessugarcane,maize,sorghumandothercoarsegrains.<br />
Melanitisconstantiaisalsoreporteddamagingsugarcaneandmaizebyeatingleaves.<br />
Control<br />
References<br />
Burns,AustralianButterfliesinColour(Reed)p60<br />
Common,ButterfliesofAustraliap234<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp27
37<br />
Name Fruit piercing moth<br />
Scientific name: EudocimafulloniaClerck<br />
[Synonyms: OthreisfulloniaClerck<br />
[Oftenas Othreisfullonica(Cl.)]<br />
[Synonym: OphideresfulloniaClerck]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Mothswithawingspanofabout75mm.Theyarebrownishincolour. Thehindwingshavedarker<br />
brownedgeswithorange-yellow.Ontherearwingsthereisadarkbrownquartermoonshapedspot.<br />
Caterpillarsrestintheformofan“S”. Thefullgrownlarvaeare85mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-<br />
Pupaeshiny Eggs-28mmlong<br />
brown-black laidonErythrinaleaves<br />
Alifecycletakes28-39days.<br />
Larvae41-50mmlong.<br />
Blackwithyellowandwhite<br />
spotsonthesideofthebody.<br />
Damage<br />
Theadultmothusesitsrigidtonguetopiercetheskinofthematurefruitandintroducefungithat<br />
causethefruittorotanddropoff. Theyfeedonthefruitsofcitrus.Thefruitlosessapanda<br />
discolorationappears. Rotsandvinegarfliescanenterthroughthesedamagesites.<br />
ThelarvaeliveonErythrinashadetrees.<br />
Control<br />
1. RemovingErythrinashadetreeshelpscontroltheinsectwherethesetreesareusedasshade.<br />
2. Fruitonsmallertreescanbe‘bagged’bycoveringtheyoungfruitwithpaperbags.<br />
3. Parasiteshavebeenintroducedinseveralcountriestocontroltheeggsandlarvaebutresultshave<br />
beenmixed.<br />
References<br />
CitrusProductionintheSouthPacific1976,SPCHandbookNo14p38<br />
Holloway,J.D.etal,1984,LepidopteraCIEGuidesto<strong>Insect</strong>sofImportancetoManCABIp158<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap355<br />
Maddison,P.A.,1982,Fruit-piercingmothPestAdvisoryLeafletNo.14SouthPacificCommission,<br />
Noumea,NewCaledonia<br />
WaterhouseandNorris,BiologicalControlPacificProspectsp240
38<br />
Name Gold-fringed rice borer<br />
Scientific name: Chiloauricilius(Dudg.)<br />
[Synonyms: Chiloauricilia(Dudg.)<br />
and Chilotraeaauricilia(Dudg.)<br />
and Diatraeaauricilia(Dudg.)<br />
and Procerasauricilius(Dudg.)]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult<br />
Pupa Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaedamagerice,sugarcaneandsorghum. Theyarereportedtoattackricestemscausingwhite<br />
heads. Theyalsoattacksugarcaneandsorghum.<br />
Control<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapNo300
Name Green looper<br />
(Also called vegetable looper<br />
and green semi looper)<br />
39<br />
Scientific name: ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday<br />
wronglyas Chrysodeixischalcites(Esp.)<br />
and PhytometrachalcitesDoubleday<br />
[Synonyms: PlusiachalcitesDoubleday<br />
and PhytometraeriosomaDoubleday]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Alightbrownmothwithbronzeforewingswhichhavetwowhitemarks.Thelarvaearepalegreen<br />
withfaintwhitewavylinesalongthebody.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-15mmlong<br />
Pupae-inside Eggs-0.5mmacross,white,<br />
foldedleaves. flatandlaidsinglyunder<br />
theleaf.(3-4days)<br />
Lifecyclelastsabout5weeks.<br />
Larvae35mmlong<br />
palegreen.Faintwhite<br />
wavylinesonback.<br />
(13-24days)<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaecommonlyattackcabbageleavesandalsodamagesbeans,pumpkinfamilyplantsandcacao,<br />
tobacco,tomato,cotton,cabbagefamilyplantsandlegumes.<br />
Reportedtoeatleavesofkholrabi,snakebean,aibika,basilandlesseryam.<br />
Theycancompletelyeatthesofttissueofleavesofsoybean.<br />
Anothersemilooper,Phytometraorichalcaea(F.)(LEP.)[Probablysyn.PlusiaorichalcaeaL.]is<br />
reportedondill,parsley,coriander,sunflower,lettuce,tomato,Chinesecabbage,celery,turnipand<br />
brusselssprouts. Itisanattractivegolden-colouredmoth.<br />
Control<br />
1. Controlisnotnormallyneededbutcarbaryliseffective.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo376<br />
SeeHolloway,D.J.LepidopteraCABIp159,160<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip68,194,281
40<br />
Name Green spotted triangle<br />
Scientific name: GraphiumagamemnonL.<br />
[Synonym: PapilioagamemnonL.]<br />
Family: Papilionidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultisabeautifulbutterflywithblack-brownwingswithbrightgreenspotsandyellowstripes.<br />
Itfliesveryquicklymakingithardtocatch. Itkeepsitswingsinmotionwhenvisitingflowers.<br />
Caterpillarsaregreenandupto40mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae -greenwith Eggs-paleyellowand<br />
yellowheadand laidsinglyonupper<br />
darkspots surfaceofleaves.<br />
Larvae-havelongblackspines<br />
oneachsectionofthorax<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaefeedontheleavesofcustardapple,cherimoya,avocadoandsoursop. Theyalsoeat<br />
durianleaves.<br />
Theymoveerraticallybecausetheyattachthemselvestothesmoothleavesbyasilkenthread. When<br />
theyaredisturbedtheygiveoffabadsmell.<br />
Control<br />
1. Notnormallynecessaryorappropriate.<br />
References<br />
Common,ButterfliesofAustraliap174<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap376<br />
Mayflower,Illus.Encycl.Moths&Butterfliesp84
41<br />
Name Large mango tip borer<br />
Scientific name: PenicillariajocosatrixGuenee<br />
[Synonym: Bomboteliajocosatrix(Guen.)]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggsverysmallandlaid<br />
scatteredoveryoungleaves.<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaeboreintheyoungshootsofmango. Theytendtofeedonyoungleavesandliveinthe<br />
topsoftrees.<br />
Control<br />
1. Notnormallynecessaryorappropriate.<br />
References<br />
CSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAustraliap865,863<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.,1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap349<br />
ZhangBin-Cheng,1994,IndexofEconomicallyImportantLepidopteraCABI
42<br />
Name Leaf miner of sweet potato<br />
Scientific name: AcrocercopshomolactaMeyr<br />
Family: Gracillaridae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Itisaverysmallmoth. Itspreadsitswingsatandangleandhaslightanddarkbrownstripes<br />
acrossthewings.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage:Larvaetunnelintheleavesofsweetpotatoleavingatwistingwhitetrailonthesurface.<br />
Control<br />
1. Notnormallynecessaryorappropriate.<br />
2. Sweetpotatoleafcanwithstandveryhighlevelsofdamagebeforeyieldlossesarenoticed.<br />
References<br />
seeThistletonsurvey.Bulletin36p5
Name Maize stem borer<br />
(Also called Asian corn borer;<br />
and Asian maize borer)<br />
Scientific name: Ostriniafurnacalis(Guen.)<br />
[Synonyms: PyraustadamoalisWalker,<br />
and PyraustavastatrixSchulte<br />
andothers]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thelightbrownadultmothemergesfromthepupalateatnight. Larvaearespottedandstriped.<br />
Theydroponsilkthreadsifdisturbedandcanspreadinthewind.<br />
Life cycle<br />
43<br />
Adults-mothscanflylong<br />
distancesatnight.<br />
Pupae-inacocoonin Eggs-inclustersof10-40<br />
thesoilorstem.(6days) underleaves.Onefemale<br />
canlay500-1500eggs.<br />
(3-10days)<br />
Alifecycletakes22-45daysinthelowlands.<br />
Larvae-younglarvaeeatleaves<br />
thenboreintostems.<br />
Damage<br />
Cornplantscanbreakoffwherethelarvaehavetunnelledintothestemorwheretheyhaveboredthe<br />
jointsalongthestem.Thereisalargeamountofbrownpulpypowder(frass)leftbytheinsect<br />
boring.Itiscommonandseriousinmaize/corn.Cobscanalsobedamaged.<br />
Thisinsectcanalsodamagerice.<br />
Control<br />
De-tasselingofmorethantwothirdsofallplantshasbeenshowntoeffectivelycontrolthispest.<br />
1. Removecornstubbleafterharvest.<br />
2. Resistantvarietiesofmaize/corncanbeused.<br />
3. Chemicalscanbeusedtokillyounglarvaebeforetheyhaveburrowedintothestems.<br />
4. Usingcroprotationswithcropsotherthanmaizehelpscontrol.(2monthswithnomaize.)<br />
References<br />
Frohlich,p156;Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbook17p41<br />
Hill,1975,Ag<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropicsandtheircontrolp270<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap278-280<br />
Kranz,1977,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>&WeedsofTropicalcropsp459<br />
PNGAgJ.30(1-3):21-24
44<br />
Name Myops owl butterfly<br />
(Also called banana butterfly)<br />
Scientific name: TaenarismyopskirschiStgr.<br />
Also TaenarisdimonaHew<br />
Family: Amathusidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultisalargegreyish-blackandwhitebutterflywith4“eyes”ontheundersideofthehind<br />
wings. Thelarvaecanbeupto5cmlong,theyareadullyellowcolourwith3linesand2bunches<br />
ofhairsalongthebackofeachsegment. Theheadsarebrown.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae-yellowishgreen;fairlydense<br />
palesecondaryholes.Lightbrownhead<br />
withclubbedandspinyhorn.<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaeofthisbutterflyoccasionallyeatalltheleavesofbothcultivatedandwildbananas. They<br />
grouptogetherandeatinaline.<br />
Theyaremorecommonnearmonsoonforestareas.<br />
Control.<br />
1. Notnormallynecessaryorappropriate.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17<br />
Lamb,Some<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp29
Name Paddy armyworm<br />
(Also called rice swarming caterpillar;<br />
paddy swarming caterpillar & rice moth)<br />
45<br />
Scientific name: Spodopteramauritia(Boisduval)<br />
[Synonyms: Hadenamauritia(Boisduval)<br />
andothers]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultisagreybrownmoth.Thereisadistinctblackspotonthefrontwings.Thehindwingsare<br />
lightbrownwithadarkedge. Larvaearelightgreenwhenyoungbutbecomebrown. Theheadis<br />
darkerandthereare3linesalongtheside.Larvaegrowto4cmlong.Adultmothslayabout1500<br />
eggs.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults15-20mmlongand<br />
30-40mmwingspan.<br />
Pupae-insoil Eggs-100-300attipof<br />
(7-14days) youngleaves.(3-9days)<br />
Alifecycletakes37-40days.<br />
Larvae-(15-24days)<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaemainlyattackricebutalsosugarcane,cornandsomeothergrassesatnight.<br />
Occasionallyoutbreaksoflargenumbersoflarvaecanoccurwhenthedamagecanbeserious.<br />
Control<br />
1. Larvaecanbefloatedoffnewlyplantedriceandcollectedinfloodedricefields.<br />
References<br />
Hill,D.S,1975,Ag<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropicsp306<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.,1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap334,335
Name Pea Blue butterfly<br />
(Also called bean butterfly & Crotalaria blue)<br />
Scientific name: LampidesboeticusL.<br />
[Synonym: PapilioboeticusL.<br />
andothers]<br />
Family: Lycaenidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
46<br />
The insect<br />
Apurplish-bluebutterfly,withbrownneartheedgesofthewings. Onthehindwingstherearetwo<br />
smallblackspotswithwhiterings. Thereisaslenderblacktailattherearofthehindwings.Itisa<br />
strongflier.(Zizinaotis,asimilarpestdoesnothavetails.)<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-10to13mmlong<br />
Pupae-palebrownwith Eggs-whiteflattenedwith<br />
darkermarks.Onground, finelymarkedlinesofspines.<br />
orsuspendedbetweenleaves Laidsinglyonflowerbuds.<br />
Alifecycletakes5-7weeks.<br />
Larvae-greenorbrownwith<br />
ared-brownlinedowntheback.<br />
10mmlong.<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaefeedonflowersandboreinthepodsofanumberoflegumesincludingsnakebeans,<br />
pigeonpea,mungbean,cowpea,peas,wingedbean,pigeonpeaandCrotalaria.<br />
Control<br />
References<br />
Common,ButterfliesofAustraliap398<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip393<br />
Young,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofgrainlegumes2 nd PNGFoodCropsConference
47<br />
Name Potato tuber moth<br />
(Also called Potato moth)<br />
Scientific name: Phthorimaeaoperculella(Zell.)<br />
[Synonyms: GnorimoschemaoperculellaZeller<br />
andothers]<br />
Family: Gelechiidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thissmallmothisabout5mmlongandwithawingspanof14mm. Itisgreyishbrown. Thereare<br />
tinydarkscatteredmarkingsonthefrontwings. Thepaleyellowhindwingshaveafringeofhairs.<br />
Themothshideduringthedayandflynearsunset.Larvaecrawlonleavesthenburrowin. Larvae<br />
theneatintothestemandtubers. Mothscanflyseveralhundredmetrestonewgardensespecially<br />
downwind.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-liveabout13days.<br />
Pupae-7mmlongbrownand Eggs-white,ovallaidonleaves<br />
inasilkencocoonontheground. stalksortubers.0.5mm.<br />
(5-18days) (4-5days)<br />
Larvae-9mmlongwithaslightpinkcolour<br />
onuppersurface,otherwisewhite.(9-67days)<br />
Alifecyclecanbecompletedinamonthallowingseveralgenerationsperyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaemineintheleavesofplants.Someboreinstalks. Withplantsgrowingwellthisisnormally<br />
nottoomuchofaproblem.<br />
However,larvaewillboreintotubersiftheyarenearthesurfaceandwheresoilscrack. Thenthey<br />
canseriouslydamagetubers.Damagecancontinueduringstorage. Damageisdonetopotatoes,<br />
tobaccoandotherplantsinthatfamily.Damagegetsworseinhotdryseasons. Theinsectscanoccur<br />
onpotato,tomato,tobacco,aswellascapegooseberry,&blackberriednightshade.<br />
Control<br />
1. Protecttubersfromthemothbycoveringwithsoilanddeeperplanting.<br />
2. Usecleanpest-freepotatoesforplanting.<br />
3. Keeppotatotopsawayfromtubersafterharvest.<br />
4. Removeolddamagedtubers.<br />
5. Mothsblowdownwindsoisolategardensfornewcrops.<br />
6. Removeoldpotatotopsafterharvest.<br />
References<br />
HickRuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17p79<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap220-221<br />
Kranz,p429;O’Connor,SPCExotic<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseases.Sectiononpotatoes.<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip189,282
48<br />
Name Purple lined rice stem borer<br />
(Also as rice stalk borer; & Asiatic rice borer)<br />
Scientific name: Chilosuppressalis(Walker)<br />
[Synonyms: ChilooryzaeFletcher]<br />
Also-early shoot borer<br />
Scientific name: ChiloinfuscatellusSnellin<br />
[Synonyms: ChilotraeainfuscatellusSnellin<br />
and DiatraeainfuscatellusSnellin]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Themothislightbrownand13-16mmlong. Thereisarowofsmallspotsalongthetipofthefore<br />
wing. Thelarvaehave5darkspotsalongapalebrownback.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-13-16mmlongand<br />
activeinearlyevening.<br />
Pupae-reddishbrown Eggs-whitetoyellowmassesof<br />
11-13mm. overlappingrowsofeggsonlower<br />
instem halfofflowers.(100-550eggsper<br />
female)<br />
Larvae-5stripesdownpalebrownback<br />
Finalstage20-26mmlong.<br />
Alllarvaeenterviaacommonhole.(20-48days)<br />
Alifecycletakes35to60days.Therecanbe1to5generationsperyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaeboreintothestemcausingthecentreofricetillerstodieandthegrainstodryup,producing<br />
whiteheads.<br />
Oftenitdevelopsasapestafteraperiodofsuddenwarmweather.<br />
Control<br />
1. Damageisworseifhighratesofnitrogenfertiliserhavebeenused.<br />
2. Severalparasitesoccur.<br />
3. Spidersactaspredatorsalongwithsomebugs.<br />
4. Removingstrawbydiggingitinorfloodinghelpscontrol.<br />
5. Isolatingcropsandavoidingsequentialplantingreducesthepestbuildup.<br />
6. Somericevarietiesaremoreresistant.<br />
7. <strong>Insect</strong>icidesshouldonlybeusedasalastresortasthesecankilloffparasitesandpredators.<br />
References<br />
Grist,&Lever,1969,<strong>Pests</strong>ofRiceLongmansp62-70<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.,1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap236<br />
Kranz,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsofTropicalCropsp452
49<br />
Name Rice armyworms<br />
(Also called rice ear cutting caterpillar;<br />
paddy army worm; Oriental army worm)<br />
Scientific name: Mythimnaloreyi(Dup.)<br />
[Synonym: Cirphisloreyi(Dup.)andothers]<br />
Scientific name: Mythimnaseparata(Walk.)<br />
[Synonym: PseudaletiaseparataWalker]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Twonoctuidarmywormmothswhoselarvaedamagerice.Thelarvaestaytogetherandduringthe<br />
dayhidenearthebaseoftheplant. Atnighttheycomeoutandfeed.ThemothislikeHeliothisbut<br />
doesnothaveadistinctdarkbrownbandonthehindwing. Theyarereddishtogrey.Thelarvaecurl<br />
upwhentouched<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-18mmlong<br />
wingspan38-40mm.<br />
Pupa-shinydarkbrownin Eggs-ingroupsonleaves.<br />
cocooninsoil.15-19mmlong 100+ingroups.Greento<br />
(18days) yellow.(4-13days)<br />
Lifecyclestake30to40days.<br />
Larvae-40mmlongandfinewhite<br />
stripesonback.Twopairsofprolegs<br />
socalledsemi-loopers.(24days)<br />
Damage<br />
Theycandoseriousdamagetodrylandrice.Mostoftheleafcanbeeatenawayandchopofftherice<br />
ear.Inotherplacestheyarealsorecordeddamagingmaize,sorghum,sugarcaneandgrasses.They<br />
chewtheedgesofmaizeleaves.M.separataisacommonarmywormoncorninthehighlands. They<br />
arealsoreporteddamagingwingedbeanleaves. Theyareworseinwetweather. Sugarcaneisonly<br />
susceptibletoM.loreyiduringthefirst4monthsofgrowth.<br />
Control<br />
1. Birdsandthegianttoadhelpcontrolnumbers.<br />
References<br />
CIEdistributionmapsNo230(revised)<br />
Hill,p288<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap333,334;Kranz,p511<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp27<br />
Sands,Rice<strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGinAgintheTropicsp312<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip111,121,260
Name Rice leaf roller<br />
50<br />
Scientific name: Cnaphalocrocismedinalis(Gn.)<br />
[Synonyms: CnaphalocrocisjolinalisLederer<br />
andothers]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Alightbrownmoth. Thewingshavedarkeredgesandtwonarrowwavylines. Thewingspanis17-<br />
19mm.Theyareattractedbylight.<br />
Life cycle<br />
AdultsMothslightbrown.<br />
Pupaeinsiderolled Eggslaidsinglyorinrowson<br />
leaf.Darkbrownwith lowersurfaceofleafofyoung<br />
6pairsofextended rice(4-7days)<br />
processes.(spiracles)<br />
Alifecyclecanbecompletedin4-6weeks.<br />
LarvaeLastabout20days.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaefeedontheleavesofrice,corn,wheat,sorghumandsugarcane.<br />
Damagetendstobeworseinfloodedricebutonmaizeinthedryseason.<br />
Control<br />
1. Keepedgesaroundricepaddiesclearoflonggrass.<br />
2. Applyingexcessnitrogenfertilisercanmaketheinsectdamageworse.<br />
3. Removeoldricestalks.<br />
4. Parasitesareknownwhichhelpcontroltheseinsects.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo212(Revised)<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap264
Name Rice leaf rollers<br />
51<br />
Scientific names: Marasmiaspp.<br />
MarasmiabilinealisHampson<br />
Marasmiahexagona<br />
CnaphalocrocispoeyalisBoisduval<br />
[Synonym: MarasmiapoeyalisBoisduval]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Themothsaresmallbrownmoths. Larvaebindtwoedgesoftheleaftogetherwithsilkthenfeedon<br />
theleafinsidethefold.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae-inrolledleaves Eggs-laidneartipsofleaves<br />
Oneortwoeggstogether.<br />
Larvae-<br />
Damage<br />
Theleaftipsofricearerolled. Plantscanbestuntedandriceheadspoorlydevelopedfollowing<br />
extensiveleafdamage.<br />
IthasattimesbeenapestinEastSepikProvince.<br />
Control<br />
1. Controlisoftennotnecessary.<br />
2. Somericevarietiesaremoresusceptibletodamagethanothers.<br />
3. Severalparasitesareknowntokeepitundercontrol.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17p53<br />
Hill,D.S.,1975,Ag<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropicsandtheircontrolCUP.p275(otherspecies).<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip109<br />
ZhangBin-Cheng,1994,IndexofEconomicallyImportantLepidopteraCABI
52<br />
Name Sorghum head caterpillar<br />
(Also called webworm)<br />
Scientific name: MampavabipunctellaRag.<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggslaidwhilesorghum<br />
isinflower.<br />
Damage<br />
Itisanimportantpestofsorghum.<br />
Larvaesmallandhardtosee<br />
Feedonpollenandpartsofflower<br />
Spinwebstyingflowerstogether<br />
Control<br />
1. Useopenheadedvarietiesofsorghumthatgetlessdamage.<br />
References<br />
Hick,S.,RuralDevelopmentserieshandbookNo17,p59
Name Sugarcane borer<br />
(See also other sugarcane borers)<br />
Scientific name: ChiloterenellusPag.<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
53<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaeboreintostems.Youngplantscandieandthetopscanbekilled. Stemscanbreakandcane<br />
forchewingisspoilt.<br />
Thisisanimportantpestcausingwidespreaddamage.<br />
Control<br />
1. Removeoldsugarcanestalksandrubbish<br />
2. Avoidsitesnearpitpitandothergrasseswherethepestcanlive.<br />
3. Usesugarcanevarietiesthatgetlessdamage.<br />
4. Strippingoldleavesreducesthedamage.<br />
5. Someparasitesareknowntohelpcontrol.<br />
References<br />
Hick,S.,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17p81
54<br />
Name Sweet potato hawkmoth<br />
(Also as sweet potato hornworm; sphinx<br />
moth and convolvulus hawkmoth)<br />
Scientific name: AgriusconvolvuliL.<br />
[Synonyms: Herseconvolvuli.(L.)<br />
and SphinxconvolvuliL.<br />
andothers]<br />
Family: Sphingidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultisalargehawkmothwithgreywingsandpinkandblackbandedbody.Thewingspanis<br />
75-120mmandthebody45mmlong. Thewingshaveirregularlightanddarkpatterns. Theadults<br />
flyatsunset. Theyarestronglyattractedtolightsandcanflylongdistances(Thousandsof<br />
kilometres). Theadultshoveratflowerstosucknectarfromthematsunset.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-hawkmoth.Greenwith<br />
blacklinesonwings.Abdomen<br />
haspinkbands.<br />
Pupae-insoil8-10cmdown. Eggs-laidsinglyontopsurface<br />
(3weeks)butcanoverwinter ofleavesandstems.They<br />
aspupae. aregreen,oval&1mmlong.<br />
Larvae-aregreentoreddishbrown<br />
withyellowstripesontheside.Ithasabrownhorn(tail).<br />
<strong>Grow</strong>to100-110mmlong.(3-4weeks)<br />
Damage<br />
Theyeattheleavesofsweetpotato.Thelarvaefeedontheundersideoftheleaves.Itisalsoknown<br />
todamagelegumesandsunflower.<br />
Itismoreseriousincoastalareasandmainlybelow1500m. Itisalsoworseindryweather.<br />
Control<br />
1. Therearenaturalparasitesandpredatorsthathelpcontrol.<br />
2. Diggingthegroundtoexposepupaereducesnumbers.<br />
3. Larvaecanbepickedoffleavesbyhand.<br />
4. Chemicalcontrolisrarelyneededbutcarbarylinsecticideiseffective. (Thisshouldrarelybe<br />
usedaspeopleeatsweetpotatoleaves. Theyounglarvaethatneedtobesprayedareonyoung<br />
leavesthataretheonespeopleeat.)<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17<br />
Hill, p291<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap366-368<br />
PANSManualNo4.Pestcontrolintropicalrootcropsp235
55<br />
Name Sweet potato leaf miner<br />
Scientific name: Bedelliasomnulentella(Zeller)<br />
[Synonym: BedelliaipomoeaeBradley]<br />
Family: Lyonetiidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thelarvaeofthisverysmallmothmineintosweetpotatoleaves. Thelarvaearesmallgreen<br />
caterpillars.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-3mmlong.<br />
Browntogreycolour<br />
Pupae-onaweb Eggs-laidonleaves<br />
ofsilkenthreads usuallynearveins<br />
amongtheleaves 0.2mmacross<br />
Larvae-lightyellowishgrey<br />
Movebyloopingwhennotinsideleaf.<br />
Alifecycletakes3-4weeks,sopestnumberscanbuildupquickly.<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaecanbeupto7mmlongandatfirstmakestraightminesintheleavesbutlatertheymine<br />
outblotchesinthetissue.<br />
Onlyoccasionallydolargeoutbreaksofthesecaterpillarsoccur. Mostly,theyarecontrolledby<br />
parasitesandpredators.<br />
AcrocercopshomalactaMeyralsominessweetpotatoleavesinthehighlands.<br />
Control<br />
1. Carewithchemicalsisimportantastheycanupsetthebalanceofpredatorsandparasites.<br />
2. Ifitisnecessarytospray,arangeofchemicalswillkillthelarvaebutnotthepupae. Thereforeit<br />
isnecessarytospraytwiceaboutaweekapart.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentseriesHandbook17<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFiji
56<br />
Name Sweet potato vine borer<br />
(Also called sweet potato stem borer)<br />
Scientific name: OmphisaanastomosalisGuenee<br />
[Synonyms: OmphisaillisalisWalker]<br />
Family: Pyraustidae/Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Larvaeareyellowishwithbrownhardplates.Upto3cmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultslayabout300eggs<br />
Pupaeintuberin Eggsonundersideofleaf<br />
acocoon<br />
Lifecycletakesabout55days.<br />
Larvaeburrowintoleafstalks<br />
thenburrowdownwards.<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaeboreintovines. Itisclaimedthatthetubersarereducedinsize.Infestedsweetpotato<br />
starttowiltindryweather.<br />
Control<br />
1. Croprotationisimportant.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo18orHarvest8(2)p95<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap274<br />
PANSManualNo4PestControlinTropicalrootcropsp92-93
Name Taro hawkmoth<br />
(Also as taro hornworm &<br />
grapevine hawkmoth)<br />
Scientific name: Hippotioncelerio(L.)<br />
[Synonyms: Chaerocampacelerio(L.)<br />
and Deilephilacelerio(L.)<br />
and Sphinxcelerio(L.)]<br />
Family: Sphingidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
57<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultshavesmallsilverymarkingsonlightbrowntorpedo-shapedbodies. Theyflyatnightwith<br />
awhirringsound. Thefrontwingsarebrownwithasilverystripeandtherearwingsarebrownwith<br />
ablackcentralpatchandbrightpinknearthebody. Thelarvaeareupto60mmlongandaregreen<br />
orbrownwithalargeeyespotonthefourthbodysegmentandasmallyelloweyespotonthefifth<br />
segment.Thehorn(tail)ontherearendisstraightandblack.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-brownwithgreypatch<br />
Hindwingshaveredtinge.<br />
40mmlongandwingspan70mm.<br />
Pupae-insoil.45mmx10mm Eggs-laidonuppersurface<br />
Havedarkbrownspots ofleavesandstems.Oval<br />
(15-18days) andbrightgreen.(3-4days)<br />
Larvae-pinktoblackcurvedhorn<br />
Colourisgreentobrown.<br />
Withfalseeyespots.(10-15day)<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaeeatleavesandcandoseriousdamage.Theyarenormallyfoundundertheleafandeatthe<br />
edgesoftheleaf.<br />
Theyeatleavesoftaroandsweetpotatoandgrapevine.<br />
Thelossofsomeoftheleavesdoesnotnecessarilyreducetheyieldofcorms.<br />
Control<br />
1. Itispossibletopickthelarvaeoffbyhand.<br />
2. Carbarylinsecticidecanbeusedbutisrarelyneeded.<br />
3. Someparasitesandpredatorsareknownwhichhelpcontrol.<br />
References<br />
Hick,S.,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17p86<br />
PANSManualNo4PestControlintropicalrootcropsp235<br />
Rangai,S.,TaroRuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo12p12
Name Vine hawkmoth<br />
58<br />
Scientific name: TheretraoldenlandiaeFabricius<br />
[Synonyms: ChaerocampaoldenlandiaeFabricius<br />
and HippotionoldenlandiaeFabricius]<br />
Family: Sphingidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesemothsaresimilartosweetpotatohawkmothbuthavenopinkareasonthehindwings. The<br />
mothhasawingspanof60to75mm.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaefeedongrapevines,sweetpotatoandtaro.<br />
Theretrapinastrinaintersectaisalsoreportedeatingtaroleaves.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,Book2p368,635(Dutchedition)NotinEnglishedition
59<br />
Name Violet rice stem borer<br />
(Also called pink stem borer<br />
and purple stem borer)<br />
Scientific name: Sesamiainferens(Walker)<br />
[Synonyms: Nonagriainferens(Walker)]<br />
Family: Noctuidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultisalightbrownmothwithadarkbrownstreakonthefrontwingsandwhitebackwings.<br />
Thebodyisabout14-17mmlong.Thelarvaearepurpleonthebackandwhiteunderneath.Thehead<br />
isorange-red. Theprocesses(spiracles)onthelarvaearedarkunlikepyralidborers. Incornthey<br />
borethroughtheinternodesunlikeOstrinia.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsflyatnight<br />
Pupae-brown Eggs-laidinrowsintheleaf<br />
(10days) sheath(About7days)<br />
Alifecycletakes46-83days.<br />
Larvae-Feedonleafsheaththentunnel<br />
intostem(About35days)<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaeboreintothestemsofricecuttingoffthesapsupplycausingpaleunfilledheadsofgrainto<br />
develop. Leafsheathsalsodie.<br />
Mostlyitisnotimportantbutoccasionallydoesdamage.<br />
Theyalsoboreintosugarcane,cornandanumberofothergrasses.<br />
ItismorecommonintheMarkumValley. Theytendtogetworsewherethereisadistinctdry<br />
season. Itbreedsallyearround.<br />
Control<br />
1. Rotatecrops.<br />
2. Getridofoldstubbleandfloodpaddyfields.<br />
3. Riceseedlingscanbedippedininsecticidebeforetransplanting.<br />
References<br />
Frohlich,1970,<strong>Pests</strong>,DiseasesofTropicalCropsandtheircontrolp144<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17<br />
Hill,1975,Ag<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropicsp299<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap348<br />
Kranz,1977,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsofTropicalcropsp491
60<br />
Name White rice borer<br />
(Also called white stem borer)<br />
Scientific name: Scirpophagainnotata(Walker)<br />
[Synonyms: ScirpophagasericeaSnellen<br />
and Tryporyzainnotata(Walker)]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Mothshatchandflyatnight.Theyareattractedtolights.Therecanbearestingstageinthelifecycle<br />
duringperiodsofdrought.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-femaleslayabout160eggs<br />
over4days.<br />
Pupaeinlowestpart Eggslaidinclustersonthe<br />
ofstem.(6-9days) undersideoftopleavesofrice<br />
plant.Theyareflatandcovered<br />
withbrownscalesandhairs<br />
Lifecycleabout39-46days<br />
Larvaeboreintoleafsheath<br />
Damage<br />
Thepestoccursinregionswithapronounceddryseason. Itonlyoccursinthelowlandstoan<br />
altitudeof200m.<br />
Eggsareonlylaidinestablishedricecropsaroundtheedgesofthefield.<br />
Control<br />
1. Somecontrolcanbeachievedbyplantingricebeforethewetseason.(Mothshatchingis<br />
influencedbyrains.)<br />
References<br />
CMIdistributionmapsNo253(revised)<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap244-249
61<br />
Name White stem borer<br />
(Also called white rice stem borer)<br />
Scientific name: MaliarphaseparatellaRagonot<br />
[Synonyms: AmpycodespallidicostaHampson,<br />
and AnerastiapallidicostaHampson,<br />
and MaliarphapallidicostaHampson<br />
and MaliarphavectiferellaRagonot]<br />
Family: Pyralidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thismothhaslongwingsthatoverlapwhenatrest.Thepalerforewingshaveamarkedreddish<br />
brownline. Thehindwingsarewhitewithametallicshine.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-15-18mmlongandwingspan<br />
23-29mm.Longpaleyellowwings.<br />
Pupae-inloosecocoonin Eggs-laidtogetherin<br />
ricestem.Brownwithredspot clumpsof50attachedto<br />
ontheback. leaf.Thesedryandtwistthe<br />
leafaroundtheeggs.<br />
Canbe3-4generationsperyear.<br />
Larvae-clearwhitewith<br />
darkbrownhead.18mmwhen<br />
mature.Canenterrestingstageindroughts.<br />
Damage<br />
Themostcommonstemborerofsugarcaneinwetterlowlandareas.<br />
Itboresintoricestems. Thisresultsinwhiteheads.<br />
Itcanbeaproblemwherecontinuousricecroppingispractised.<br />
Control<br />
Forriceploughinstubbleandfloodthelandfor2-3months.<br />
References<br />
Hill,p267
62<br />
Name Winged bean blotch miner<br />
(Also called winged bean leaf miner)<br />
Scientific name: LeucopterapsophocarpellaBradley&Carter<br />
Family: Lyonetiidae/Elachistidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupa Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaedamagetheundersideofwingedbeanleaves.<br />
Control<br />
References<br />
Bradley,J.D.&Carter,D.J.,1982,Anewlyonetiidmoth,apestofwingedbean.Systematic<br />
Entomology7:1-9<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo20orHarvest8(3)p138-140<br />
Holloway,BradleyetalCIEGuides,1984,Lepidopterap87
Name Yam hawkmoth<br />
Scientific name: TheretranessusDry<br />
Family: Sphingidae<br />
Order: LEPIDOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
63<br />
Adults-atrestresemble<br />
adeadleaf.<br />
Pupa-incocoonon Eggs<br />
groundinfallenleaves<br />
Headraisedlikehelmet.<br />
Larvae-fatlargeandgrey-green.<br />
9cmlong.Ithasabrownhorn<br />
likeahookandbentdownwards.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaeeattheleavesofyam. Occasionallytheycancauseseveredamage.<br />
Control<br />
Notusuallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,1951,DePlagenvandecultuur-GewasseninIndonesiap629,635InDutcheditionbut<br />
notEnglishedition
64<br />
Beetles and weevils
Name Agrilus beetles<br />
Scientific name: Agrilusspp.<br />
and AgrilusoccipitalisEsch.<br />
Family: Buprestidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
ThelarvaeofA.occipitalisarewhiteand2cmlong. Theadultshaveablueabdomen.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
65<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
TheyboreunderthebarkoftreesincludinglimetreesandOkarinuttrees.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo45<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap414
66<br />
Name Asiatic rhinoceros beetle<br />
(Also called Coconut black beetle)<br />
Scientific name: Oryctesrhinoceros(L.)<br />
Family: Scarabaeidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Adultsare35-50mmlongthemalehasahornontheheadthatcurvesoverbackwards. Theymostly<br />
flyatnighttothecrownsofpalms. Thelarvaeliveinmoistrottingvegetablematterparticularly<br />
deadrottingpalms.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-40mmlong<br />
Pupae-insoilorrotting Eggs-approx.35laidin<br />
palm.5-9cmlong. rottingpalms.White3mm.<br />
(20days) (11-13days)<br />
Lifecycleabout5-9months.<br />
Larvae-creamywhite‘C’shaped.<br />
60mmlong.<br />
Damage<br />
Theadultsofthesebeetlesattackcoconuts,pandanus,sagopalms,nipapalms,oilpalms,taro,<br />
sugarcaneandbanana.<br />
Theyboreintothecrownofthepalmandcankillyoungpalms.<br />
Oftenaftertheadultboresaholediseasesandotherinsectslikethepalmweevilcangetentryinto<br />
thepalmtocauserots.<br />
ThisinsectisconfinedtotheislandsparticularlytheGazellepeninsula.<br />
Control<br />
1. Destroybreedingplacessuchasolddecayingpalmlogs.<br />
2. Collectandkilltheadultbeetles.<br />
3. Creepingcovercropscanhidepotentialbreedingsites.<br />
4. Avirusdiseaseisavailabletospreadinareaswherethisinsectisaproblem.<br />
5. Someinsectpredatorsanddiseaseshelpcontrolthisinsect.<br />
6. Chemicalsarenotofmuchuse.<br />
References<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesofTropicsp203<br />
Gorick,B.D.,UsingavirusagainstRhinocerosbeetles.Harvest5(2)84-91<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17p22<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap463<br />
O’ConnorSPCExotic<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseases.Coconutpests.<br />
PNGAgJ17(2)1965p51<br />
Stride,G.1977,Coconutpalmrhinocerosbeetle.PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.4SouthPacific<br />
Commission,Noumea,NewCaledonia;Swain,AgZoologyinFijip75<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,Biologicalcontrol-PacificProspectsp101
67<br />
Name Banana weevil borer<br />
Scientific name: Cosmopolitessordidus(Germar)<br />
Family: Curculionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultsarebrownwhenyoungandchangetoblack. Thehaveahardshellandapronouncedlong<br />
nose(snout). Therearefineindentationsoverthewingcover. Theymovebywalking,astheydo<br />
notflywell. Duringthedaytheyhidenearthebaseoftheplants.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-canliveforupto2years<br />
About12mmlongwithlongnose.<br />
Pupae-inmines Eggs-10-50laidsinglyin<br />
instems.Whiteand leafbaseWhite1mm.<br />
12mmlong(1week) (5-8days)<br />
Anaveragelifecycleis29to47days.<br />
Larvae-White&legless12mmlong<br />
(3-6weeks)<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaetunnelintothestemofbananasandtheplantsbecomeweakandfallover. Youngplants<br />
canwilt. Tunnelscanbe8mmwideand30cmlong.Ithasalsobeenrecordeddamagingyams.Itis<br />
notaseriousprobleminPNG.Awarmmoistenvironmentsuitstheinsectbesttoallowyearround<br />
breeding.<br />
Control<br />
1. Bananaswith“B”groupgeneshavesomeresistance.<br />
2. Usecleanplantingmaterial,asinsectsaremostlyspreadincorms.<br />
3. Keepthegardenfreefromweeds.<br />
4. Don’tleaveoldcormsontopoftheground.Theyshouldbechoppedupandallowedtodryout.<br />
5. Practicecroprotationingardenswherebananasarenotgrowing.<br />
6. Becarefultonotcarrytheinsectinplantingmaterialtoanewgarden.<br />
7. Healthilygrowingbananasgetlessdamage.<br />
References<br />
Feakin,PestControlinBananas.PANSManual1p87-93<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesinTropicalCropsp35<br />
HickRuralDevelopmentSeriesNo17<br />
Hill,p399;Kranz,p406;Swain,AgZoologyinFijip43<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,Biologicalcontrol-PacificProspectsp152
Name Bean weevil<br />
68<br />
Scientific name: Acanthoscelidesobtectus(Say.)<br />
Family: Bruchidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultsaresmallfatovalweevilsabout3mmlong. Theyhavewhitegrey,brownorblack<br />
patchesonthetop. Thelegsandantennaearered. Theyounglarvaehavelegsandlateronesare<br />
legless.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae-inside Eggs-severalhundred<br />
thebeanseed. laidonpodsorseeds.<br />
Therecanbeupto6generationsperyear.<br />
Larvae-growto3mmlong.<br />
Damage<br />
Adultsandlarvaedamagetheseedsofallbeansbothinthefieldandinstorage.Thelarvaefeedand<br />
pupateinsidetheseeds,adultscurroundholesintheseedastheyemerge. Inthefieldthedamageby<br />
larvaeisscarcelynoticed,themaindamageisdoneafterharvestduringstorage.<br />
Theyarefavouredbywarmdryconditions.<br />
Control<br />
1. Harvestcropsassoonasmature.<br />
2. Destroyoldcropremains.<br />
3. Plantbeansawayfromstoredorinfectedseed.<br />
4. Ifseedareclean,storetheminasealedcontainer.<br />
References
Name Black flea beetle<br />
69<br />
Scientific name: ArsipodatenimberensisJacoby<br />
Family: Chrysomelidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theinsectisaverysmallblackbeetle.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Theadultcausescharacteristicdamage(smallholes)tosweetpotatoleaves,corn,commonbeanand<br />
soybeanandprobablysomeotherplants. Thesameorasimilarinsecthasbeenreportedonrice.<br />
Itiswidespreadbutthedamageisnormallynotimportant.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo18orHarvest8(2)p97<br />
SeeThistletonSurveyBulletin36p9
70<br />
Name Cane weevil borer<br />
(Also called New Guinea sugarcane weevil)<br />
Scientific name: RhabdoscelusobscurusBoisduval<br />
Family: Curculionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Abrowncolouredweevilwithalongnose(snout)curvedunderthebody.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults12mmlong,darkbrownwith<br />
blackpatchesonthewings.<br />
Pupae-inacocoon Eggs-white,oval<br />
offibresinstalk. laidinstalkbehindleaf<br />
sheath.<br />
Lifecycleabout2months.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvae12mmlongleglessandwith<br />
wrinkledgreybodyandredhead.<br />
Adultscancauseseriousdamagetosugarcanebyburrowingintothestemneartheground.<br />
Itmakeschewingcaneunpleasantandallowsotherdiseaseorganismsintotheplant.<br />
Italsoburrowsintopawpaw,coconut,banana,sagopalmandoilpalm.<br />
Control<br />
1. Useresistantvarietiesofsugarcane.<br />
2. Usecleanplantingmaterial.<br />
3. Getridofoldsugarcanestubble.<br />
4. Rotatesugarcanecrops.<br />
5. Someinsectparasiteshelpkeepitundercontrol.<br />
References<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip269
71<br />
Name Citrusleafeatingweevil<br />
Scientific name: RhinoscaphathomsoniWterh<br />
Family: Curculionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
Theinsect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Adults-<br />
Pupae-in soil Eggs-<br />
Larvae-in soil<br />
Adultsfeedontheleavesoflemonsandprobablyothercitrus.Mostlyonlyyoungleavesare<br />
attacked.<br />
Larvaeattacktheroots.Theycanbe1mdeepinthesoil.<br />
Control<br />
1.Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
Otherspecies.<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip59
72<br />
Name Coconutboleweevil<br />
Scientific name: SparganobasissubcruciatusMarsh<br />
Family: Curculionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
Theinsect<br />
Lifecycle<br />
Damage<br />
Adults-<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Adultsandlarvaeseverelydamagepalms,oftenoccurringwiththepalmweevil. Theboleweevil<br />
attacksthelowerboleregionofcoconuts. Palmseventuallyfallover. Theireggsarelaidwithin<br />
about25cmofthegroundandinthetrunkofthepalm.<br />
Control<br />
References
Name Coconuthispid<br />
(Also called coconut leaf hispine)<br />
Scientific name: BrontispalongissimaGestro<br />
[Synonym: BrontispafroggattiSharp]<br />
Also BrontispapalmivoraGres<br />
and BrontispasimmondsiMlk.<br />
Family: Chrysomelidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
73<br />
The insect<br />
Asmall,flat,orangeandblackbeetle. Theadultis10mmlongand4mmwide. Theheadand<br />
antennaeareblackandasmallpartofthewingcoverisyellow-brown. Theremainderofthewing<br />
coverisblack.<br />
Lifecycle<br />
Adults-<br />
Pupae-inunopened Eggs-laidbetween<br />
youngleaves tightlyfoldedyoung<br />
6days leaves.(5days)<br />
Lifecycletakesabout121days.<br />
Larvae-feedinsideandon<br />
unopenedleaf.(36days)<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaeandadultsseverelydamageyoungcoconutpalms.Theyfeedamongstandontheunopened<br />
leaflets. Theadultschewnarrowlinesparalleltothemidribcausingtheleaftolookstriped. The<br />
insectismainlyonlyaproblemincoconutnurseriesandisnotnormallyaprobleminthefield.<br />
Eightotherpalmspeciesarealsoattackedbytheseinsects. Betelnutpalmscanbeseverelyattacked<br />
whenthepalmsareyoung.<br />
SomeotherspeciesofinsectssuchasB.palmivoradamagecoconutsandotherpalms.<br />
Control<br />
Theseareusuallykeptundercontrolbyanintroducedparasite.<br />
Innurseriesifparasitesdonotgiveenoughcontrolthechemicalsshouldbeusedwithcare.<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p447<br />
Lamb<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNG<br />
Maddison,P.A.,1983,Coconuthispinebeetle.PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.17SouthPacific<br />
Commission,Noumea,NewCaledonia<br />
O’ConnorExotic<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesSPCundercoconuts;PNGJAg.17(2)1965<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,BiologicalControlPacificProspectsp134
74<br />
Name Coconut leaf miner<br />
Scientific name: PromecothecapapuanaCsiki<br />
[Synonym: PromecothecaantiguaWeise]<br />
Family: Hispidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Goldenbrownincolourwiththetailendofthewingcover.Theadultisabout8mmlong.Allstages<br />
occuronthecrownofcoconuts.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-femalechewsaslitinleaves<br />
thenlayseggs.Canlivefor5months.<br />
Pupa-inleaf Eggs-usuallyabout5ina<br />
(10days) lightbrowneggcaseon<br />
undersideofopenedleaf.<br />
Adultcanlay80to100eggs<br />
perfemale.(15days)<br />
Larvae-mineintoleaf<br />
(17-30days)<br />
Therecouldbeupto5generationsperyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Itmostlydamagescoconutpalmbutcanalsoattacknipapalm,sagopalm,betelnutpalmandoil<br />
palm. Theymaynotbeabletocompletetheirlifecycleontheseotherpalms. Adultsandlarvae<br />
chewtheopenedfronds. Maturepalmsarepreferred.<br />
ItisnormallyonlyaprobleminsomepartsofNewBritainandManus. Palmscantakeupto2years<br />
toresumenutproduction.<br />
Whenallthedifferentstagesoftheinsectarepresentatthesametimetheinsectisnotaproblembut<br />
whenonlyonestageispresentnumberscanbecomelargeandcauseproblems.<br />
Control<br />
1.Itisoftencontrolledbypredatorsandparasites,butsometimesthesearenoteffectiveenough.<br />
2.Chemicalsarenotnormallyused.<br />
3.Lizardsandbirdsprobablyhelpcontrol.<br />
4.Kurukumantshelpcontrol.<br />
References<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp35<br />
PNGAgJ17(2)1965;PNGAgJ23(1&2)1972,p28;<br />
Otherspecies.Swain,AgZoologyinFijip74<br />
O’Connor,SPCExoticPestandDiseases.Coconutsection.<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987.BiologicalControl-PacificProspects.p.118.
75<br />
Name Dermolepida beetles<br />
(Or chafer beetles)<br />
Scientific name: Dermolepidanigrum(Nonf.)<br />
DermolepidanoxiumBritton<br />
Family: Scarabaeidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Brownorblackbeetlesalittleover25mmlong.Theydonothavedistinctlymodifiedlegsfor<br />
digging. Oftentheyflyatduskandcometolightsatnight.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
TheadultsofD.nigrumhavebeenreportedchewingbananashoots.<br />
TheadultsofD.noxiumhavebeenreporteddamagingtaro.<br />
Onbananas,seriousleafdamagehasbeencausedinsomeareasonaregularyearlybasis.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
Gressitt,J.L.1977NGBeetlesWauEcologyInstituteHandbookNo2plate66<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong>sofPNGp18
Name Elephant beetle<br />
(Also called Unicorn beetle)<br />
Scientific name: Dynastesgideon(L.)<br />
[Synonym: Xylotrupesgideon(L.)]<br />
Family: Scarabaeidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
76<br />
The insect:Onlythemalebeetlehaslongprotuberencesoneontheheadandoneonthethoraxthat<br />
looklikeenormousjawsbutarereallyharmless.Larvaearecoveredwithcoarseredhairsandlivein<br />
soilwithdecayingplantmatter.The‘C’shapedlarvaeareupto7cmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Alifecycletakesabout8to11months.<br />
Damage<br />
Adultsfeedontheunderneathsurfaceofthemidribofcoconutfronds.Theyalsoattackoilpalm,<br />
sugarcane,banana,bamboo,litchiandpotato.Adultsarealsooftenfoundfeedingontheyoungbark<br />
offlametrees(Poinciana)<br />
ThefemalesboreintothecentreleafofcoconutsinasimilarwaytoOryctesbeetles. Malesareoften<br />
foundonthenewlyopenedflowers.<br />
Control<br />
References<br />
CIEdistributionmapsNo474.<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p468<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp17<br />
PNGAgJ17(2)p51
Name Eupholus weevils<br />
Scientific names: Eupholusspp.<br />
EupholuscinnamoneusPasc.<br />
EupholusschonherriGuer<br />
EupholusnickerliHllr.<br />
Family: Curculionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insects: Thesearequitelargeandoftenbrightlycolouredweevilsthatoccuronthecoast.<br />
Sometimestheyoccurupto900mbutaremorecommonbelow450maltitude.Thecoloursare<br />
brightmetalliccolours.Theychewtheleavesofarangeofplants.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
77<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Adultschewtheleavesofcassava,kaukauandyams.Alsoreportedoncashewandavocado,<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
NewGuineaBeetlesplate4d
Name False wireworm<br />
78<br />
Scientific name: GonocephalumochthebioidesFul.<br />
[Synonym: Opatrumsp.]<br />
Family: Tenebrionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesebeetleshaveafirmwingcover. Theyliveinthesoil. Duringthedaytheycollectinshady<br />
sites. Thelarvaeresemblewirewormsbeinglong,thinandround. Bothlarvaeandadultsliveon<br />
partlydecayedplantmaterial.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-live6months.<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Alifecycletakes4-5months.<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Reporteddamagingradish<br />
Mostlytheseliveunderstonesandlogsorinrottenwood.<br />
Theycandamagecuttingsofsugarcane,cassava,aswellasriceandcorn. Attacksoccurusuallyjust<br />
aftergardenshavebeencleared.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
Otherspecies.<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,423
Name Horned weevil<br />
(Also called spiny weevil;<br />
leaf eating weevil and shot hole weevil)<br />
79<br />
Scientific name: Apirocaluscornutus(Pascoe)<br />
ApirocalusebriusFaust<br />
and ApirocalusterrestrisThompson<br />
Family: Curculionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
SimilartoOribiusweevils<br />
Damage<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Occuruptoabout1600maltitude<br />
Adultweevildamagebananas,cassava,taro,aibika,chilli,cabbage,choko,lettuce,beetroot,carrot,<br />
sweetpotato,coffee,bamboo,apple,citrus,soursop,guava,cashew,peanut,mungbean,strawberry.<br />
Theycancauseseveredamageincacaoandcoffee<br />
Itmainlyattacksgrowingpointsandsoftshoots.Itchewstheleaveseatingholesandthisisoften<br />
calledshotholedamage.Otherinsectsdosimilardamage.Thedamageisoftennotserious.<br />
Onbananasiteatstheleavesoffyoungplantsandfeedsonflowersofolderplants.<br />
Control<br />
1. Theweevilscanbepickedoffplantsanddrownedinatinofwaterthathasalittlekerosene<br />
onthesurface.<br />
2. Chemicalcontrolisnoteasy.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo18Harvest8(2)p97<br />
EncyclopaediaofPNGp560<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbook17<br />
Lamb,Economicentomologyinthetropicsp116
80<br />
Name Island pinhole borers<br />
(Also called coconut shot-hole borer)<br />
Scientific names: XyleborusexiguusWalk.<br />
Xyleborusperforans(Wollastan)<br />
Coconut shot-hole borer<br />
XyleboruspotensSchedl.<br />
Family: Scolytidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesebarkbeetlesboreintotrees. Theyareabout2mmlongandreddishbrown.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-flyandbore<br />
intotrees.<br />
Pupae Eggs-laidin<br />
tunnels<br />
Larvae-boreoutwardsfrom<br />
thetunnelwheretheyareborn.<br />
Damage<br />
Theyboreintotreesandcarryfungaldiseasesporesfromonetreetoanother.<br />
Thedamagefromboringcanaffecttimberquality.Theyarepestsofcoffeeandrubber.<br />
X.perforanshasbeenrecordeddamagingsugarcane,coconut,citrus,breadfruit.Withsugarcane,<br />
adultsandlarvaeboreintothestemsatgroundlevel.Theyformabranchingsystemoftunnelsthat<br />
areofteninfectedbyfungaldiseases.<br />
X.potenshasbeenrecordeddamagingavocado.<br />
X.exiguushasbeenrecordeddamagingcoconut.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallypossible.<br />
References<br />
CIEdistributionmapsNo320.<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesofTropicalcropsp99plate17<br />
HandbookNo2NewGuineaBeetlesWauEcologyInstitutep70<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17<br />
O’Connor,SPCExotic<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesSectionontea
Name Leaf beetles<br />
81<br />
Scientific names: CassenasppandPsylliodesspp.<br />
Family: Chrysomelidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL.)<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL.)<br />
Leafbeetlesattackaibika,beansincludingcommonbean,mungbean,soybean,snakebean,broad<br />
bean,peas,corn. Importantoccasionally. NewGuineabeetlesp63Alsoreportedcausingshothole<br />
damagetoapple.SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin36p44<br />
PsylliodesloriaeJac. Chrysomelidae(COL.)<br />
Reporteddamagingspinachandeggplant.<br />
Psylliodessp. Chrysomelidae(COL.)<br />
Reporteddamagingyoungtomatoleaves.<br />
PsylliodesspnrfulvipesJacoby, Chrysomelidae(COL.)<br />
Feedingonpumpkinleaves,snakebeanandsweetpotato.Causeminordamagetoleafepidermis.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
Otherspecies.<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p444
82<br />
Name Leaf eating ladybird<br />
Scientific names: HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd.<br />
and Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel)<br />
[EpilachnasignatipennisBoisduvalalsoeatsbeanleaves.]<br />
[andEpilachnacucurbitaeRichardseatingcucumberleaves.]<br />
Family: Coccinellidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thissmallroundbeetleisyellowwithblackspots. ThenumberofspotsonEpilachnaspecies<br />
varies. Thelarvaearefoundontheundersideofleaves.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs-laidin<br />
clusters<br />
Larvae<br />
Boththelarvaeandadultseattheleaves,youngfruitandflowersofplants.<br />
Theyeatpumpkinandcucumberflowersandleaves,beetroot,spinach,commonbean,wingedbean,<br />
mungbean,soybean,eggplant,tomatoandpotato,gingerandanumberofotherlegumes. Epilachna<br />
signatipenniseatsaibikaleaves. Theytendtoeatthefleshypartsunderneaththeleaf.Theytendto<br />
preferhigherhumidity.<br />
Otherladybirdbeetleslooksimilartothispestbutareinfactgoodinsectsbecausetheyfeedon<br />
aphids. ThepestEpilachnaspecieshaveacoveringoffinehairsthathelpsyoutotellthemfromthe<br />
goodspecies.<br />
Control<br />
1.Parasitesseemtobeoflittleassistanceincontrol.<br />
2.Larvaecanbecontrolledwithcarbarylinsecticide.<br />
3.Removeoldcropresiduesafterharvest.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17<br />
Young,2 nd PNGFoodCropsConference<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsp127
83<br />
Name Lesser coconut borer<br />
(Also called Tahitian coconut borer)<br />
Scientific name: Diocalandrataitense(Guer.)<br />
[Possiblyalso Diocalandrafrumenti(F.)]<br />
Family: Curculionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Larvaeboreintoallpartsofthecoconutpalm. Itisprobablynotaseriouspestbutcancausedamage<br />
whereotherdamagehasalreadyoccurred.<br />
Itprobablyalsoattacksnipapalm.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo248<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p500,501
Name Monolepta beetles<br />
(See similar Pumpkin beetles)<br />
84<br />
Scientific names: MonoleptabifasciataHornstedt<br />
MonoleptanigroapicataBryant<br />
MonoleptasemiviolaceaFauvel<br />
Family: Chrysomelidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
AdultM.bifasciataisyellow-whitewithbrownpatches. Itisabout4mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Theyfeedonyoungshootsandflowersofcassava,corn,mungbeans,pumpkins,cucumber,and<br />
sweetpotato.<br />
MonoleptaspnrbifasciataHornstedt. Chrysomelidae(COL.)<br />
Feedsonleavesofcassava.SeeKalshovenp441.Itisyellowish-whitewithbrownpatches. Itisan<br />
occasionalpestofcassava.Itfeedsontheshootsandyoungleaves.<br />
MonoleptanigroapicataBryant. Chrysomelidae(COL.)Monoleptabeetle<br />
Reportedfeedingoncorntassels.Alsofeedingonmungbeanleavesandyoungshoots.Alsofeeding<br />
onleavesandflowersofpumpkins.<br />
MonoleptasemiviolaceaFauvel. Chrysomelidae(COL.)<br />
Reporteddamagingcucumber.Feedingonleavesofpotato.Alsofeedingonleavesandflowersof<br />
pumpkins.SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin36p12<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p441andoppositep492<br />
Thistleton,survey.Bulletin36p12
85<br />
Name New Guinea Rhinoceros beetle<br />
Scientific names: ScapanesaustralisgrossepunctatusSternb.<br />
and Scapanesaustralisaustralis(Boisd.)<br />
Family: Dynastidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesearelargeblackbeetlessimilartorhinocerosbeetles. Maleshaveahornontheheadandtwo<br />
hornsofthethorax. Femaleshaveonlyaverysmalldoublehornonthehead.Ofthesetwovery<br />
similarinsectsthefirstoneoccursonNewBritainandBougainvilleandtheotheroneoccursonthe<br />
NewGuineamainland.Thebothtendtobecoastalandareoccasionallyfoundupto900maltitude.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-liveforabout100days.<br />
Pupae-underfallenlogs Eggs-laidunder<br />
fallenlogs<br />
Alifecycletakesaboutoneyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvae-“C”shaped,liveonrottingwood<br />
underfallenlogs<br />
Adultsattackandcankillyoungcoconutpalms(2-5yearsold),oilpalms,pineapples,manilahemp<br />
andbananas.Thelarvaefeedondecayingplantmaterialandorganicmatterinthesoiloftenbeneath<br />
fallenlogs.<br />
Theentryholesofthisbeetleallowtheblackpalmweevilanddiseasestogainentry.<br />
Damageisoftenworseinplantationsplantedintonewlyfelledforest.<br />
Scapanesaustralisaustralis ontheNewGuineamainlandistheworsepest.<br />
Control<br />
1. Theadultscanberemovedbyhand.<br />
2. Creepingcovercropscoveruppossiblebreedingsites.<br />
3. Removeolddecayinglogsfromgardens.<br />
References<br />
Gressitt,HandbookofCommonNewGuineaBeetlesp34<br />
Hick,RuraldevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp18<br />
PNGAgJ17(2)1965.<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,BiologicalControlPacificProspectsp122
Name Palm weevils<br />
(Also called black palm weevil<br />
& red palm weevil)<br />
86<br />
Scientific names: Rhynchophorusbilineatus(Montr.)<br />
Black palm weevil<br />
[Synonym RhynchophoruspapuanusKirsch]<br />
Also Rhynchophorusferrugineous(Oliv.)<br />
Red palm weevil<br />
Family: Curculionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultweevilisblackand25to40mmlong. Ithasatypicallyelongatedsnout.Adultsarestrong<br />
flierstheyflyinmorningsandeveningsandmakeabuzzingsound.Theycanflyupto900m.They<br />
keeplayingeggsfor5-8weeksandlay400eggs.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-25-40mmlong.<br />
Livefor2-3months.<br />
Pupae-inbarkincocoon Eggs-eggsarelaidinsoftpartsof<br />
(12-20days) thepalms. Lightyellowand2.5mm<br />
long.(2-5days)<br />
Larvae-barrellike.(36-78days)<br />
Alifecycletakesabout82daysandmoreasaltitudeincreases.<br />
Damage<br />
R.bilineatusisthemostseriouspest.Theyarepossiblythemostdamagingpestsofyoungcoconuts.<br />
Theyattackcoconuts,sago,oilpalmandfishtailpalmandcankillthem. Larvaecanonlyliveinsoft<br />
sappytissue. Theycanliveintherefusefromprocessingsago.Theyareattractedtodamagedpalms,<br />
e.g.Sagopalmsareattractivefor2-13daysaftercutting.<br />
Normallytheygainentrywherethepalmhasbeendamagedbycuttingorwhererhinocerosbeetles<br />
havemadeentry.Theycanalsoattacktheyoungunopenedleavescausingthemtocollapseanddrop<br />
off.<br />
Control<br />
1. Avoiddamagetopalms.<br />
2. Repairorsealoffholesfromrhinocerosbeetleswithtar.<br />
3. Cutdonottearthefrondsoffpalms,about25cmfromthebase.<br />
4. Keeprootsofyoungpalmscoveredwithsoil.(20cmthick).<br />
5. ControltheOryctesandScapanesbeetles.<br />
6. Adultscanbetrappedinsplitsectionsofsago-palmtrunkanddestroyed.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo36orHarvest11(1)p33-35<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeries.No17<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p487-491<br />
Lamb,1974,EconomicEntomologyinthetropicsAcademicp104;PNGAgJ17(2)1965p54
Name Pumpkin beetles<br />
(Also called red pumpkin beetles)<br />
Scientific names:<br />
Aulacophoraabdominalis(Fabricius)<br />
AulacophoracoffeaeHornstedt<br />
AulacophoraculcullataBlackburn<br />
Aulacophorafemoralis(Mots.)<br />
AulacophoramelanopusBlanchard<br />
AulacophorapallidifasciataJacoby<br />
AulacophorapapuanaJac.<br />
AulacophorapygidialisBaly<br />
AulacophorarigoensisJacoby<br />
AulacophorasimilisOlivier<br />
Family: Chrysomelidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theyareyellowbeetlesthatareoftenfoundonpumpkins.A.similisisabout7mmlongandhasa<br />
pointedend.Thefrontisblackandthelegsyellow.<br />
Life cycle<br />
87<br />
Adults-about6mmlong<br />
Pupae-intheground Eggs<br />
Larvae-intheground<br />
Damage<br />
Theadultsfeedonflowersandleaves.Thelarvaetunnelinstemsandattackroots.<br />
Theydamagebeansincludingcommonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,broadbeans,andalso<br />
cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweetpotato,andotherpumpkinfamilyplantssuchasrockmelon,<br />
zucchini.Alsoreportedoncorn.<br />
Control<br />
1. Possiblyparasites<br />
2. Possiblymulches<br />
3. TheycanbekilledwithDerrisdustorspraysofcarbaryl.<br />
References<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>sofMicronesiaVol17No1p28<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p440andoppositep492<br />
NewGuineabeetlesp63<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip144<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsp142
Name Ramu canegrub<br />
(Also called sugarcane white grub)<br />
88<br />
Scientific name: LepidiotareuleauxiBrenske(Arrow?)<br />
Family: Scarabaeidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Itisadarkbrownbeetlewithdigginglegsatthefront.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Lifecycleprobablyabout380days.<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaefeedonrootscausingstuntinganddeathofplants. Adultsandpupaearefoundinsoil.<br />
Probablydamageisworseinsandysoil.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
Otherspecies.<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p478
89<br />
Name Rhyparida coriacea<br />
Scientific name: RhyparidacoriaceaJac.<br />
Family: Chrysomelidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Aleafeatingchrysomelidbeetle.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Theadultbeetlesfeedontheleavesoflegumes.<br />
Theyhavealsobeenrecordedeatingtheleavesofsunflower,eggplant,Macaranga,Elaeocarpusand<br />
Castanopsis.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
PNGAgJ17(4)1965p168
Name Shot hole weevils<br />
Scientific names: OribiuscinereusMshl.<br />
OribiuscruciatusFst.<br />
OribiusdestructorMshl.<br />
OribiusinimicusMshl<br />
Family: Curculionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesearesmallhardlongnosedweevilsthatarecommononmanyplants. Theychewsmall<br />
irregularholes.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
90<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Alifecycleprobablytakesaboutayear.<br />
Larvaeinsoilandfeedonroots<br />
Damage<br />
Theyfeedonawiderangeofplants.Tangetsareoneofthemostcommonlyeatenplants. Theyalso<br />
eathibiscus,banana,cassava,taro,citrus,sunflower,avocado,cashew,macadamia,passionfruit,<br />
corn,pumpkin,asparagus,rhubarb,strawberry,silverbeet,amaranth,Rungia,soursop,snakebean,<br />
mungbean,limabean,andothers.<br />
Theychewirregularshapedholes.<br />
Thelasttwospecieslistedabovearemostcommoninthehighlands.<br />
Control<br />
1. Cleanweedingofgardenshelpscontroltheseweevilsalthoughtherecanbeatemporary<br />
increaseindamagesoonafterweeding. Mulchingalsohelps.<br />
2. Theweevilscanbehandpickedintoatinofwaterwithalayerofkeroseneonthesurface.<br />
References<br />
PNGAgJ15(1&2)p33
91<br />
Name Small tortoise beetles<br />
Scientific names: CassidadiommaBoisduval<br />
CassidapapuanaSpaeth<br />
CassidasexguttataBoisduval<br />
Family: Chrysomelidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae Eggs<br />
Larvae<br />
Feedonsweetpotatoleavesaswellaslettuceandpotato.<br />
Damagenormallyminor.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo18orHarvest8(2)p96
92<br />
Name Sweet potato weevil<br />
Scientific name: Cylasformicariuselegantulus(Summers)<br />
Family: Curculionidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thisisasmallshinyblue-blackant-likeweevil. Theadultrarelyfliesbuttheycanflyupto1.5km<br />
andtheyareverypooratburrowinginthesoil. Itisabout5-6mmlong. Adultsfeedonleavesand<br />
stems.<br />
Life cycle<br />
AdultsCanliveforseveralmonths<br />
Pupae-intubers Eggs-inholesinvines<br />
orvines.(1week) tubers.(1week)<br />
Larvae-whiteandlegless7-8mmlong<br />
Burrowintovinesandtubers.(14days)<br />
Lifecycleaboutonemonth. Canbe8generationsperyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Theycancauseseriousdamageindry,crackingsoilsandinoldgardens.Damageisworseindry<br />
weather.Theinsectthrivesunderwarmmoistconditions.<br />
Theyburrowintosweetpotatovinesandtubers.Tubersgetabittertasteandbadsmell.<strong>Insect</strong>scan<br />
alsoliveonothersweetpotatofamilyplants.<br />
Control<br />
1.Croprotationspreventlargenumbersbuildingup. Aone-yearbreakbetweencropsandone<br />
kilometrebetweengardensisneeded.<br />
2.Moundingsoilaroundsweetpotatoesespeciallyinplaceswithdry,crackingsoils.<br />
3.Becarefulnottotakeweevilstonewgardensinplantingmaterial.<br />
4.Deeprootingandfastmaturingkindsofkaukaugetlessdamage.<br />
5.Getridofoldsweetpotatovinesafterthecropisharvested.Pigsorotheranimalscanbeusedto<br />
cleanthegardens.<br />
6.<strong>Insect</strong>scanalsobreedinsweetpotatofamilyweedse.g.morningglory,soremovethesefromnear<br />
thegarden.<br />
7.Harvestthecropassoonasitmaturesordamagecanstilloccur.<br />
8.PlantingmaterialcanbedippedinMalathioninsecticideifseveredamageisexpected.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo17orHarvest8(2)90-93&Harvest11(1)28<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17;Hill,p408<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p521-524<br />
Macfarlane,R.andJackson,G.V.H.1989. SweetpotatoweevilPestAdvisoryLeafletNo.22(ISSN<br />
1017-6276)SouthPacificCommission,NoumeaNewCaledonia<br />
Kimber,1972,Harvest2(4)p117-121.<br />
PANSManualNo4PestControlintropicalrootcropsp235;Swain,AgZoologyinFijip160<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,BiologicalControlPacificProspectsp148
Name Taro beetles<br />
Scientific names:PapuanaaninodalisPrell PapuanabiroiEnd<br />
PapuanahuebneriFairm PapuanajapenensisArrow<br />
PapuanalaevipennisArrow Papuanasemistriata<br />
PapuanaszentivanyiEndrodi PapuanatrinodosaPrell.<br />
PapuanauninodesPrell Papuanawoodlarkiana(Montr.)<br />
11ofthe18speciesoftarobeetleshavebeenrecordedaspestsoffoodplants.<br />
Family: Scarabaeidae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
93<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultbeetlesarebrowntoblackandwithstronglegsfordigging. Theyare15-25mmlongand<br />
thewingcoversdonotquitereachtheendoftheabdomen. Thereareoneormoresmallhornson<br />
topofthethoraxandhead.Theyflyatnight.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-canlivefor150days<br />
Pupae-200mm Eggs-insoilneargrassesetc.<br />
to1mdeepinsoil. 50-150mmdeep.<br />
Larvae-feedonplantrootsespeciallygrasses.<br />
White‘C’shapedgrubs<br />
Life cycles: Phuebneri-122days;Pwoodlarkiana-215days<br />
Damage<br />
Boththeadultsandlarvaeeatrootsofplants.Larvaeareusuallyfoundamongsttherootsofgrasses<br />
whileadultsfeedontarocormsandotherrootssuchas,Chinesetaro,Gianttaro,bananas,sweet<br />
potato,pitpit,coconut,sago,sugarcaneandpotato. Theycanalsobadlydamageyoungbetelnut<br />
palms.Withbananasindryareasthetarobeetlecankillthegrowingpointofyoungplants.<br />
P.biroi,PtrinodosaandP.woodlarkianarecordedascommoninhighlandsonpotatoandtaro.They<br />
alsofeedonpeanutsbelowtheground.P.huebneriandPwoodlarkianaarethemostdamagingin<br />
NewBritain.<br />
Control Thisisverydifficult.<br />
1.Gardenlocationinfluencesdamage,keepnewgardensseparatefromoldandfarfromgrassy<br />
areas.<br />
2.Barriercropsaroundtheedgesofgardenspossiblyhelpscontrol.<br />
3.Onlyplanttaroforoneorpossiblytwoyearsinthesameareaifpossible.<br />
4.Somevarietiesoftarogetlessdamage.<br />
5.Chemicalcontrolisnotrecommended.<br />
References<br />
HandbookofNGBeetlesWauEcologyHandbookNo2<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17p85;Lamb,Some<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp17<br />
Macfarlane,R.,1987,Papuanabeetles,PestAdvisoryLeafletNo21SouthPacificCommission<br />
Noumea,NewCaledonia.<br />
PANSManualNo4PestControlonrootcrops.p202<br />
Perry,inEnyi(ed),AgintheTropicsUPNGp319<br />
PNGAgJ17(3)p99;Waterhouse&Norris,BiologicalControlPacificProspectsp118
Name Tortoise beetles<br />
(Also called tortoise shell beetles<br />
& large tortoise beetles)<br />
Scientific name<br />
AspidomorphaadhearensWeber<br />
AspidomorphaaustralasiaeJacoby<br />
Aspidomorphamiliaris(F.)Spottedtortoisebeetle.<br />
Aspidomorpha?punctum(Fabricius)<br />
Aspidomorpha quadriradiataBoh.<br />
AspidomorphasociaMontr.<br />
AspidomorphatestudinariaMontr.<br />
Family: Cassididae<br />
Order: COLEOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultsareround,tortoiseshaped,insectsoftenwithbrightcolours.<br />
Life cycle<br />
94<br />
Adults-about12mmacross<br />
Ovalinshape.<br />
Pupae Eggs-laidunderneathleaves.<br />
Alifecyclemaytake4-6weeks.<br />
Larvae-flattened,spiny<br />
andoftenwitholdskinsheld<br />
overtheback.<br />
Damage<br />
Theadultsandlarvaeeatholesinsweetpotatoleavesandeventuallyalltheleafbetweentheveins<br />
canbeeatenaway. Theyalsoeataibika.<br />
Theyarenormallynotamajorpest.<br />
Control<br />
1. Oldsweetpotatoplantsandotherplantsinthesamefamilycanactasplacesfortheinsectsto<br />
breedsotheseshouldberemoved.<br />
2. Sprayingwithcarbarylinsecticideworks(0.2%solution).<br />
3. Oftencontrolisnotnecessary.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo18orHarvest8(2)p96<br />
Hill<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p445andoppositep492<br />
NewGuineaBeetlesplate9f
95<br />
Bugs, leafhoppers and aphids
Name Amblypelta bugs<br />
(Or tip wilt bugs; green coconut bug;<br />
Papuan tip wilt bug and coreid bugs)<br />
96<br />
Scientific names<br />
AmblypeltacocophagaChina-Greencoconutbug<br />
AmblypeltacostalisszentivanyiBrown<br />
AmblypeltagallegonisLever<br />
AmblypeltalutescenspapuensisBr.-Papuantipwiltbug<br />
AmblypeltatheobromaeBrown-Tipwiltbug<br />
Family: Coreidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultsareabout20mmlong. Theyareagreenishbrownwithsmokywings.Thecolourvaries<br />
withspecies. Theyflyshortdistancesinwarmtimesofday.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsmatefrequentlyandlay2-3eggs,singlyonleavesandshootseachdayforseveraldays.Eggs<br />
areoval,palegreenandabout1.7mmlong.Theyhatchafter6-7days. Nymphsremainonthesame<br />
plantalltheirlife.Alifecycletakesabout50daysand3-4generationsperyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Theysucksapandsecreteatoxicsaliva.Afewinsectscancauseextensivedamage.Theycancause<br />
plantshoottipstowiltandyoungcoconutsandotherfruittodropoff.<br />
Theyattackcacao,coconuts,rubber,cassava,pawpaw,mango,soursop,avocado,cashew,citrus,<br />
mungbeans,wingedbean,sweetpotato,choko,rosella,aibika,sugarcaneandotherplants. They<br />
probablyalsoattackbananas,guava,custardapple,citrusandmacadamias.<br />
Incassavatheyhavebeenreportedaskillingthegrowingtips.ThisisparticularlyforAlutescens<br />
papuensisanditoccursatlowaltitudesonthesouthsideofPNG.<br />
InBougainvilleanantinterfereswiththenaturalenemiesandallowsthisinsecttobecomeserious<br />
occasionally.(A.gallegonis)<br />
Control<br />
1Asthesebugsoftenliveontreesinthebush,attackisprobablyworsewhenfruittreesarein<br />
gardensnearbush.<br />
2.IncoconutandcocoaplantationsthebugiscontrolledbytheKurukumantOecophylla<br />
smargadina. Everythingshouldbedonetoencouragethedevelopmentoftheseantcolonies.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuraldevelopmentHandbookSeriesNo17p17<br />
PNGAgJ13(2)1960p59<br />
Wood,CocoaTropicalAgricultureSeriesLongmansp173
Name Banana aphid<br />
Scientific name: PentalonianigronervosaCoq<br />
Family: Aphididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
97<br />
The insect<br />
Thesesmallbrownaphidsoccurnearthetopsofbananaplantsandaroundthefalsestemandunder<br />
theleafbases. Theyare1to2mmlong.Bothwingedandwinglessformsoccur.Thewingedforms<br />
havedarkbrownwings. Aclosedcellontheforewinghelpsidentifythespecies.Thewingedforms<br />
flybetweenplants.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Alifecycletakesabout2weeks.Therecanbe20-26generationsperyear.Bothwingedand<br />
winglessfemalescanproduce25-50youngeach.Wingedformscanproduce6-29young<br />
Damage<br />
Directdamageisrarebutthewingedformscanspreadvirusdiseasessuchasbunchytopvirus. This<br />
diseasecausesplantstobestunted,leavestobunchtogetherandproducesmallfruit.<br />
Bananasarethemainplantattacked,buttaroandgingerfamilyplantscanalsobeattacked.<br />
Honeydewsecretedbytheinsectscausesootymouldstogrow. Antsalsooccurinassociationwith<br />
theseinsectsandtheyhelpreducetheaffectofpredators.<br />
Control<br />
1. Somevarietiesofbananasseemlessattackedthanothers.<br />
2. Controlbychemicalsisnormallytooexpensive.<br />
3. Becarefulnottotakeaphid-infectedplantstoanewgarden.<br />
4. Controllingantshelpspredatorstobuildupandcontroltheaphids.<br />
References<br />
Hill,1975,Ag<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropicsandtheircontrolp164<br />
Kranz,1977,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsinTropicalcropsp366<br />
PANSManualNo1PestControlinBananasp108<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFiji<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsp42
Name Banana lace-bug<br />
Scientific name: Stephanitistypica(Dist.)<br />
[Synonym: CadamustustypicusDist.]<br />
Family: Tingidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesearesmallwhitebugsthatarealmostclear.Theygrouptogetherontheundersideofleaves.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Damageisprobablyonlyslight.Patchesoftheleavesturnyellowthenbrown.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
98<br />
References<br />
CMIdistributionmapsNo308<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p114<br />
PANSManualNo1PestControlinBananasp108
99<br />
Name Black leaf-footed bug<br />
(Also called leaf-footed plant bug)<br />
Scientific name: Leptoglossusaustralis(Fab.)<br />
[Synonym: Leptoglossusmembranicus]<br />
Family: Coreidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thisbugisabout20mmlongandsmokyblackincolour. Thebodyhasseveralorangetoredspots.<br />
Thehindlegsarelongandflattenedandtoothedalongtheedge.Theantennaehaveblackandpale<br />
orangezonesalongtheirlength.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eggsarepalebrown&about1.6mmlongandbarrelshaped. Theyarelaidinchainsonunderside<br />
ofleavesandhatchafter8-10days. Thereare5nymphalinstars<br />
Damage<br />
Thisbugdamagesatleast26differentspeciesofplants. Theyarecommononpumpkinsand<br />
zucchiniinhighlands. Theyalsogetoncucumber,rockmelon,bittercucumber,granadilla,cassava,<br />
sweetpotato,taro,yams,passionfruit,tomatoandoncitrus.<br />
TheinsectoccursinmostdistrictsofPNGatmosttemperaturesandlocalities,wetanddry,grassland<br />
andforestupto1750maltitude.<br />
Thenymphsandadultssuckthesapparticularlyoffruitscausingplantstowilt,fruittodropoffand<br />
fruittorot.<br />
Itiscommonbutnotveryserious.<br />
Control:<br />
1. Controlmeasuresarenotnormallyrequired.<br />
2. Malathioninsecticidecancontrolthisinsect.Itneedstobesprayed12daysapart.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletin41orHarvest11(4)p156-157<br />
Hill,p209<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p101<br />
PNGAgJ13(2)Sep1960p70<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip145
100<br />
Name Brown backed rice planthopper<br />
(Also called brown planthopper)<br />
Scientific name: NilaparvatalugensHaseg<br />
Family: Delphacidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Asmallbrownhopper2-3mmlong. Ithas3stripesalongtheback.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eggsarelaidatbaseofricestems.Theyhatchafterabout7days.Thereare5nymphalinstarsover<br />
14days.<br />
Damage<br />
Thisinsectismainlyapestofirrigatedrice.Thesapsuckingoflargenumbersofthepestcausesrice<br />
plantstodryoutleavinglargebrownpatchesinthecropthisiscalledhopperburn.<br />
Alsoitsecreteshoneydewonwhichsootymouldfungigrowleavingblackstainsatthebaseofthe<br />
riceplants.<br />
Itisapotentialviruscarryinginsect.<br />
Control<br />
1. <strong>Insect</strong>icidescanbeusedbutinsectsbecomeresistanttothem.<br />
2. Burnricestubbleafterharvest.<br />
3. Somevarietiesofriceareresistant.<br />
References<br />
Hale,Fieldnotesonricepests,1 st PNGFoodcropsconference<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbook17p5<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p131andplateDoppositep69<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp13<br />
O’ConnorSPCExotic<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseases.RiceSection<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip250
101<br />
Name Brown coffee scale<br />
(Also called hemispherical scale<br />
and helmet scale and coffee scale)<br />
Scientific name: SaisettiacoffeaeWalker<br />
Family: Coccidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thescaleinsectisgreenwhenyoungbutdarkbrownwhenolder. ImmaturefemaleshaveanHshapedmarkontheirbodies.<br />
Maturescalesareabout2mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Acompletelifecycleadulttoeggtakesabout6months.Eggsarelaidunderfemales.Upto600eggs<br />
perfemale.<br />
Damage<br />
Itattackscoffeeandotherplantssuchascitrus,guava,mangoetc.<br />
Itclustersontheshoots,leavesandfruit.<br />
Control<br />
1. Keeptreeswellfertilised.<br />
2. Whiteoilwillcontrolyoungscales.<br />
3. Controllingantshelpcontrolthescales.<br />
4. Pruningoffheavilyinfectedbranchesthenleavingthemonthegroundallowstheparasites<br />
thatcontroltheinsecttoemergeandthenattachotherinsects.<br />
References<br />
Hill,D,S,1975,Ag<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofthetropicsp183<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFiji
Name: Cacao mirid<br />
(Also called Helopeltis bugs)<br />
Scientific name: Helopeltisclavifer(Walker)<br />
Family: Miridae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
102<br />
Thesebugshaveimmaturestageswithsoftbodiesthataredelicateandthereforetheycaneasilydry<br />
outanddie. Theyoccurinwarmhumidareas. Theyarenormallyfoundonlynearthehostplants. A<br />
distinctivefeatureoftheadultsandlarvaeisapin-likeprocessthatarisesverticallyfromthethorax.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsare7-9mmlongand2mmwide,theyhavelonglegsandlongantennaeandlive6-10weeks.<br />
Theylay50-300longshapedeggsseparatelyonshootsthathatchin6-14days.<br />
Nymphsaresoftbodiedandtake2-4weekstobecomeadult<br />
Damage<br />
Adultsandnymphshavepiercingmouthpartsthatsecreteatoxicsalivawhichcausesadeadspoton<br />
theplant. Thepoisoncankilltheterminalbudandgrowingshootofplants.Oneinsectcanmake50<br />
feedingpuncturesaday.<br />
Youngfruitscandieandolderfruitscanbedeformed.<br />
Theyhavebeenrecordeddamaging25speciesofplantsinPNG. Theseincludesweetpotato,<br />
eggplant,snakebean,cashew,custardapple,mango,guava,passionfruit,Ficussp.,avocado,citrus,<br />
cacaoandLeucaena.<br />
Theinsectsoccurfromsealevelupto1670maltitude.<br />
Infestationisoftenrestrictedtoonlytoasectionofacroportree.<br />
Control<br />
1. Collectionofinsectsbyhandispossible.<br />
2. Trytokeepsusceptiblecropsseparatefromeachother.<br />
3. Reducingshadereducesthenumberofinsects.<br />
4. Usewell-drainedandfertilesoilsforcrops.<br />
5. Chemicalinsecticidescanbeused. Theyneedtobesprayedoncoolshadytimesofday.<br />
Onlyinfestedareasneedtobesprayed.<br />
References<br />
Kranz,p289<br />
PNGAgJ29(1-4)p1<br />
Wood,Cocoa,TropicalAgricultureSeriesp167
Name Cardamom mirid<br />
103<br />
Scientific name: RagwelellushorvathiPoppius<br />
Family: Miridae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Anarrowinsect12mmlongwithlongantennaeandbigeyes<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsflyeasilyandliveforabout8weeks,theylay2or3eggsinthemidribofleaves. Theeggs<br />
hatchafterabout20days. Thereare5nymphalinstarsover21days. Alifecycletakesabout50<br />
days.<br />
Damage<br />
Theadultsandnymphsfeedonleavesofcardamomleavingclearemptycellsbetweentheveins.<br />
Theyalsodamageginger. Damagecanbesevere.<br />
Thelevelofshadeforcardamomdoesnotseemtoaffectthelikelihoodofdamage.<br />
Control<br />
1. Removeotherwildgingerfamilyplantsfromnearby.<br />
2. Killinsectsbyhandonyoungplants.<br />
3. Usuallyonlyyoungplantsareatrisk.<br />
4. Fewpredatorsorparasitesseemtooccur.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo10orHarvest7(1)p47<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17p61<br />
PNGAgJ28(2,3&4)1977p97-101
Name Chinch bugs<br />
104<br />
Scientific name: Caenoblissuspilosus(Barber)<br />
Family: Lygaeidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theseareverysmallinsects.Whenfullygrowntheyareabout3mmlong.Youngbugsareaboutthe<br />
sizeofapinheadandareredwithblackmarkings.Theadultsareblackwithsilverwings.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Theyliveundergroundandeattherootsofwildgrassesthenmoveintorice.Theysuckthemoisture<br />
outoftherootsofyoungriceplants. Theyonlyattackuplandrice. Ricethathasbeendamaged<br />
looksasiftheseedlingisdyingofdrought.<br />
Control<br />
1. Floodedriceisnotdamaged.<br />
2. Plantingricenearbushgetslessdamagedthaningrassland.<br />
References<br />
Hale,P.R.,Checktherootsoftheprobleminrice.Harvest.5(2),1979,p92,93
Name: Citrus aphids<br />
Scientific name:<br />
Brown citrus aphidToxopteracitricidus(Kirk.)<br />
[Synonym: ToxopteracitricidaKirk.]<br />
Black citrus aphid<br />
Toxopteraaurantii.(B.d.F.)<br />
(Also called Tropical citrus aphid<br />
and Oriental black citrus aphid)<br />
Family: Aphididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
105<br />
Thesesmallblackandbrownaphidscanclusterinlargenumbersonyoungplantshoots. Normally<br />
theaphidcolonies,arevisitedbyants. Thetwospeciesaredistinguished,bydifferentveinsinthe<br />
frontwings. Thebrowncitrusaphidismoretropical.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsareshinyblackandwingedorwingless. Onlyfemalesarepresentandtheyproducelive<br />
young.<br />
Onelifecyclecanoccurin6-8daysinwarmweather.<br />
Damage<br />
ThebrowncitrusaphidToxopteracitricidusissmallerandoftenmorecommonthantheBlackcitrus<br />
aphid.<br />
Itmainlyattackscitrusbutcanoccuronfig,persimmonandloquat. Itproduceshoneydewthat<br />
causessootymouldfungitogrow.<br />
Suckingofsapcanreducethequalityofthefruit. Leavesarerolledupwardsandturnbrittle.<br />
Theycanspreadviruses.<br />
Control<br />
1. Manynaturalenemiesoccur.<br />
2. Earlycoloniesshouldbetreatedtostopdistortionofleaves.<br />
3. Theycanbecontrolledbysprayingwithwhiteoil.<br />
4. Theyarelesscommoninwetweather.<br />
5. Sprayingshouldbedonecarefullysoasnottokillaphidenemies.<br />
References<br />
Hill,p150<br />
Kranz,p342,343<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip47,64
Name Citrus mealy bug<br />
Scientific name: Planococcuscitri(Risso)<br />
[Synonym: Pseudococcuscitri]<br />
Family: Pseudococcidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thismealybugattacksawiderangeofplants.Theadultsare1.5-2mmlongandcoveredwitha<br />
whitewax.Thefringeofwaxthreadsislongeratthetailend.Thereisadarkseparationofthese<br />
threadsinthemiddle.<br />
Normallyantsattendcoloniesofmealybugs.<br />
Life cycle<br />
106<br />
Adultsareovalandpaleyellow,malesaresmallerthanfemales. Eggsaresmall,yellowandinegg<br />
sacswhichlooklikecottonwool. Afemalecanlay50-600eggsthathatchin3-10days. Thereare<br />
severalinstarsandthefirstinstars“crawlers”feedonsofterpartsofplant. Alifecycletakesabout<br />
30daysandtherecanbe3-10generationsperyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Itattacksanumberofplantsincludingcitrus,cacao,coffee,Leucaena,Tephrosia,Crotalaria,passion<br />
fruit,figtreesandyams.<br />
Theysuckthesapcausingtheleavestofallandfruittofailtoripen.Damageisworseinhotdry<br />
areas.<br />
ThismealybughasoftenbeenmixedupwithPlanococcuspacificus.<br />
Control<br />
1. Itisnormallycontrolledbyaladybird(CryptolaemusaffinisCrotch).<br />
2. Itcanbecontrolledbysprayingwithwhiteoilat1partoilin40partsofwaterevery21days.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo43<br />
Hill,p<br />
Kranz,p350<br />
Swain,AgZoolinFijip66,89,238
107<br />
Name Coconut spathe bug<br />
(Also called Coconut shield bug)<br />
Scientific name: AxiagastuscambelliDist.<br />
Family: Pentatomidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Adultsare13mmlongand7mmwide. Theyaredarkbrownwithyellowmarks. Theygiveoffa<br />
badsmellwhendisturbed.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultslayeggsondrycoconutspathes,theyhatchafter7days. Thereareseveralnymphalinstars.A<br />
lifecycletakesabout8weeks.<br />
Damage<br />
Theyfeedontheflowersofcoconutsthatcausestheflowertoturnbrown.Ittendstodamagemale<br />
flowersandtocausenutstofall. Itcanweakenpalmsandhighnumberscancauseflowerstodieor<br />
canpreventthenutsfromfillingout‘banana-shaped’.<br />
Itismoreofapestintheislandsandmainlyoccursthere.<br />
Ithasbeenrecordedonwildbetelnut.<br />
Control<br />
1. Somepredatorsandparasitesoccurandcanbeintroducedtococonutplantations.<br />
2. Kurukumantshelpcontrolthepest.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbook17<br />
PNGAgJ17(2)1965,p61<br />
PNGAgJ24(3)p79-86
Name Coconut scale<br />
(Also called “Aspidiotus”, transparent scale<br />
and circular scale)<br />
Scientific name: AspidiotusdestructorSign.<br />
Family: Diaspididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
108<br />
Ayellowscaleinsectwithagrey,almostclearroundscaleoveritsbody.Theylookliketinybumps<br />
ontheundersideofcoconutleaves. Youngcrawlerscanspreadinthewind.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults:female2mmwithayellowbodyandtranslucentscale.<br />
Malesarefragileandwinged. Eggs:20-50underthescaleofthefemale. Thefirstnymphalinstars<br />
areabout0.2mmlongwithlegsandantennae. Theyarecrawlers. Alifecyclecantakeinaboutone<br />
monthwith6-12generationsinoneyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Oncoconuts,thescalescollectalongtheveinsontheunder-surfaceoftheleavesandsucksap. The<br />
leavesturnyellowstartingatthepatchwherethescalesarefeeding.Insevereoutbreaksthescales<br />
cancompletelycoverleavesandnuts.<br />
Theyalsoattackbananas,guava,mango,goldenapple,cherimoya,soursop,sweetsop,pawpaws,<br />
sugarcane,pandanusandBarringtoniasp.(Paonuts),breadfruit,betelnutpalm,andotherplants.<br />
Damagecanbebaduntilsuitablepredatorsareintroduced.<br />
Control<br />
1. Itismostlycontrolledbyladybirdbeetles.<br />
2. Sprayingisnotnormallyused. Itcouldbeusedinnurseries.<br />
References<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseaseofTropicalcropsp208<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo.17<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>sofMicronesiaVol6No7p513<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap166<br />
Kranz,p353<br />
O’Conner,SPCExotic<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesCoconutsection<br />
Swain,Ag.ZoologyinFijip77<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsp62
Name Coconut white fly<br />
109<br />
Scientific name: Aleurodicusdestructor(Mackie)<br />
[Synonym: A.albofloccosa]<br />
Family: Aleyrodidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thisinsectproducesverylongcoiledwaxthreads. Theseformawoollycoveringovertheunderside<br />
ofinfectedleaves. Theadultissmallandwhitewithwingsandis5mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsareatypicalwhitefly,theylaywhite,shiny2mmlongeggsinconcentricringswithwaxy<br />
covers.Thesehatchin4days.Nymphsarecoveredwiththreads.Alifecycletakesabout55-60days.<br />
Damage<br />
Attackscoconutandotherpalmsandbananas. Itcanalsogetonsoursop.<br />
Reportedinnumbersoncoconutsbutdamageisslight. Theyincreaseduringthedryseason.<br />
Infectedleavesdryoffanddie. Withcoconuts,nutsfallearly. InAustraliaitoccursonBanksia.<br />
Control<br />
1. Parasitesandpredatorshelpcontrol.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo.356<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p151-153
Name Coffee bugs<br />
(Also called variegated bugs)<br />
110<br />
Scientific name: Antestiopsissemiviridis(Walker)<br />
Family: Pentatomidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Alifecycletakesabout50-60days.<br />
Damage<br />
Theyarerecordedasdamagingpepper,coffeeandTephrosia.<br />
Theysuckyoungfruitcausingittodrop.<br />
Damagegetsworseinwetweather.<br />
Control<br />
1. Decreasingtheshadecoverlessensthedamagebythisinsect.<br />
2. Windyareasgetlessinsectdamage.<br />
References<br />
Kranz,p288
Name Corn laternfly<br />
(Also called corn leafhopper)<br />
111<br />
Scientific name: Peregrinusmaidis(Ashmead)<br />
[Synonym: DelphaxmaidisAshm.<br />
and PundaluoyasimpliciaDist.]<br />
Family: Delphacidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Aleafhopper.Therearebothfullwingedandshortwingedadults. Thelargerformhasspotsonthe<br />
wingtipsandpalebrownstripesontheback.Thesmallformhaswingsreducedtoscaleswhichare<br />
transparentbuthavesomedarkspots.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Alifecycletakesabout25days.<br />
Damage<br />
IthasbeenreportedoncorninPapuaNewGuinea. Inothercountriesitspreadsvirusdiseases.(e.g.<br />
maizestripevirus). Thedamagewhereyellowingandstuntingoccursiscalled“hopperburn”.<br />
Italsogetsonsugarcaneandsorghum.<br />
Theysecretehoneydewthatattractsants.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
SeeCIEDistributionmapsNo317.<br />
Hill,p213,316<br />
Kranz,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsintropicalcropsp318,22
Name Corn leaf aphid<br />
112<br />
Scientific name: Rhopalosiphummaidis(Fitch.)<br />
[Synonym: Aphismaidis]<br />
Family: Aphididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect:<br />
Abluishgreeninsectwithblacklegsandantennae. Adultabout2mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultscanbewingedorwinglessandcanproduceyoungfrom6-15daysaftertheythemselvesare<br />
born. Onefemalemaygivebirthto3-67youngatarateof1-9aday.<br />
Alifecycletakesabout8daystocomplete.45generationsperyearcanoccur.<br />
Damage<br />
Theycandevelopintolargenumbersaroundthetopofcornplantsandcauseplantstoyellowand<br />
wilt. Theformationofcobsoncorncanbeaffected. Thisgetsworseindryperiods.<br />
Theycanhelpspreadsugarcanemosaicvirus.Thiscanspreadtoandfromothergrasses.<br />
Itisknowntoattackcorn,citrus,sugarcane,millets,sorghum,rice,andothergrasses.<br />
Honeydewissecretedandsootymouldscandevelop. Itmayalsoattractotherinsectpests.<br />
Control<br />
1. Gettingridofcropstubbleafterharvesthelpsreducenumbers.<br />
2. Withhealthilygrowingcropsnaturalpredatorsmostlykeeptheaphidsundercontrol.<br />
3. Timeofplantingcanbeimportantinsomeplaces.<br />
4. Somevarietiesofcropsaremoreresistantthanothers.<br />
5. Avoidplantingsuccessivecropsneareachotheriftheinsectisaproblem.<br />
6. Severalpredatorsareknowntoattackaphidstochemicalspraysshouldbeavoided.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo67(revised)<br />
Hill,p155<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p154<br />
Kranz,p338<br />
Swain,AgriculturalZoologyofFijip120
Name Cowpea aphid<br />
(Also called black bean aphid;<br />
groundnut aphid<br />
and common black aphid)<br />
Scientific name: AphiscraccivoraKoch<br />
Family: Aphididae.<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Wingedandwinglessformsoccurandbothusuallyhaveshinyblackbodieswithdark-redeyes.<br />
Wingedadultsspreadbetweencropsandwinglessformsspreadwithincrops.<br />
Life cycle<br />
113<br />
Adultsaredarkbrown,1.5to2mmlong.Nymphsarewinglessdarkandroundedinshape.<br />
Damage<br />
Theseaphidsareoftenfoundfeedingonsnakebeans. Theyrarelycausemuchdamage.Large<br />
numbersgetoncowpeainthewetseason.<br />
Theycanalsoattackotherbeansincludingwingedbean,mungbeanandlimabean.<br />
Theyclusterinlargenumbersnearthetipsofstemsandshootsandtheirfeedingcausesthesepartsto<br />
bedeformed. Plantscanbestuntedandwilt.<br />
Theirimportanceforspreadingvirusesisnotknown. Theycanspreadcowpeamosaicvirus.<br />
Theyalsodamagepeanutsandtomatoes.Occasionallytheygetonsweetpotato.<br />
Theycanbespreadinthewind.<br />
Control<br />
1. Plantspacingisimportantincontrol.<br />
2. Naturalenemiesattackaphids.<br />
3. Theycanbecontrolledbyacephateorpirimicarbinsecticides.<br />
References<br />
Feakin,PestControlinGroundnutsPANSmanualNo2<br />
Hick,RuraldevelopmentSeriesHandbook17<br />
Hill,p161<br />
Kranz,p324<br />
Young,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofGrainLegumes2 nd PNGFoodCropsConference
Name Crusader bug<br />
Scientific name: MictisprofanaF.<br />
Family: Coreidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect:<br />
114<br />
Theadultbugisabout25mmlong. Itisadarkbrowncolour. Thebughasadistinctiveyellow<br />
crossontheback. Theunderneathoftheinsectisbrownandthelegsarelong. Theyflyeasilyand<br />
whendisturbedgiveoffabadsmell.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eggsarelongandbrownandlaidinrowsontwigsorfruit. Nymphslooklikeadultsandfeedin<br />
leaves. Thereare5instars.<br />
Damage:<br />
Itisaseriouspestofpigeonpeainsomeareas. Withpigeonpeaboththenymphsandadultssuck<br />
youngshootscausingtheplanttodieback.<br />
Itprobablyalsoattackscitrusandpumpkinplantswhereitfeedsonthestems.<br />
Control<br />
1.Whennumbersaresmall,theycanbecollectedbyhandandburned.<br />
2.Manybirdsandotherthingseatthebugs.<br />
3.<strong>Insect</strong>icidescanbeusedwithyoungtreesorwhenlargenumbersofinsectsoccur.<br />
References<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip52<br />
Young:<strong>Pests</strong>ofgrainlegumesinPNG.2 nd PNGFoodCropsConference
Name Florida red scale<br />
115<br />
Scientific name: Chrysomphalusaonidum(L.)<br />
[Synonym: ChrysomphalusficusAshm.]<br />
Family: Diaspididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Oncitrus,breadfruit,coconut,Indianmulberry,banana,pandanus,cycads. Alsocanoccuroncandle<br />
nut,soursop,sweetsop,bullock’sheart,tamarind.<br />
Control<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo4<br />
FAOTechnicaldocumentNo135p18<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofEconomicSignificanceinAsiaandthePacific<br />
Region<br />
Williams,D.J.,andWatson,G.W.,TheScale<strong>Insect</strong>softheTropicalSouthPacificRegionPart1<br />
TheArmouredScalesCABIIEp93
Name Foxglove aphid<br />
(Also called the glasshouse aphid)<br />
116<br />
Scientific name: AulacorthumsolaniKaltenbach<br />
Family: Aphididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Reportedonpotatoesandbeans.<br />
Itattacksplantsinthepotato/tomatofamilyspreadingvirusdiseases.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessaryexceptwherevirusdiseasesareaproblemforexampleingrowingcertified<br />
seedpotatoes.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo86(revised)<br />
Hill,1975,p151
Name Grass bug<br />
(Also called sweet potato mirid)<br />
Scientific names: AlticustibialisReut<br />
[Synonym: HalticustibialisReut]<br />
Also HalticusinsularisUsinger<br />
Family: Miridae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
117<br />
Thisbugisabout20mmlongandblack.Itjumpslikeafleabeetlewhendisturbed.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eggsarelaidunderleafskin.Nymphsarenarrow,andlightgreenwithlongwhiteantennaeandlegs.<br />
Alifecycletakesabout3-5weeks.<br />
Damage<br />
Nymphsandadultsfeedonsaponsweetpotato,parsnip,Chinesecabbage,okra,mungbeanand<br />
soybean.<br />
Canalsofeedonpeanutsandpumpkinfamilyplants.Usuallyabundantonpumpkinleaves.<br />
Halticusminutusisalsorecordedonsweetpotatoandpeanutandotherplants.<br />
Itisconsideredawidespreadandprobablyseriouspestofcucumbersetc.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo18orHarvest8(2)p97<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>sofMicronesiaVol7(1)p51<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p127,128
118<br />
Name Green peach aphid<br />
(Also as peach aphid; tobacco aphid<br />
and peach-potato aphid)<br />
Scientific name: MyzuspersicaeSulzer<br />
Family: Aphididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Asmallgreeninsectbetween1.25and2.5mmlong. Theyhavedarkmarksonthebody. The<br />
nymphsarelikeadultsbutsmallerandpalerandwithoutwings.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Thedevelopmentofthelifecyclevarieswiththeclimateandthecrop.<br />
Alifecyclecantakeaslittleas6-7days.<br />
Damage<br />
Itdoesdamagebydirectfeedingandbytransmittingviruses.Oftentheinsectisscarcelynoticedand<br />
themainresultisthediseasesitspreads. Thedirectfeedingdamagecannotnormallybeseen.<br />
Itattacksaverylargenumberofplantsandspreadsaverylargenumberofvirusdiseases.Itis<br />
alwayspresentoncabbagesinthehighlands.<br />
Itdamagestaro,chillies,potato,sugarcane,beans,citrus,tomato,tobacco.<br />
Itnormallyproduceslittlehoneydew.<br />
Control<br />
1.Severalpredatorsandparasitesareknowntocontrolthispest.<br />
2.<strong>Insect</strong>icidesarerarelyusefulinstoppingthisinsectspreadingvirusdiseasesandcankillbeneficial<br />
insects.<br />
3.Croprotationisimportanttostopvirusdiseasespreadinpotatoes.<br />
4.Hightemperaturesandheavyrainfallhelpcontroltheinsect.<br />
5.Somevarietiesofcropsaremoreresistant.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17p<br />
Hill,D.S.,1975,Ag<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropicsandtheircontrol.CUPp163<br />
Kranz,J.,1977,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsofTropicalCropsp333
Name Green scale<br />
(Also called Green coffee scale<br />
and soft green scale)<br />
Scientific name Coccusviridis(Green)<br />
Family: Coccidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
119<br />
Thescalesareflatandlighttodarkgreenincolour. Theyare4mmlongand2.2mmwide. There<br />
areafewblackspotsontheback. Onlyfemaleinsectshavebeenfound.Theyoftenlivein<br />
associationwithants. Theymainlyoccurataltitudesbelow1300m.<br />
Theyareoftenfoundmixedwithsoftbrownscale.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsarefoundmostlyalongmainleafvein. Eggsarelaidunderthebodyofthefemalethatcan<br />
layupto500eggs. Therecanbe3nymphalinstars. Onegenerationtakes1-2months.<br />
Damage<br />
Itattackslaulau(SyzygiumaqueumandS.malaccensis).Italsoattackscoffee,citrus,tea,mangoand<br />
otherplants.<br />
Damageiscausedbyremovingsapandcanbeseriousonyoungplants.<br />
Becausetheysecretehoneydew,sootymouldoftendevelops.<br />
Control<br />
1.Controllingtheassociatedantscanhelpreducethepest.<br />
2.Ladybirdshelpcontrolthepest.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo33orHarvest10(3)p118-121<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17p30<br />
Hill,p181<br />
Kranz,p352
120<br />
Name Green Vegetable bug<br />
(Also called green stink bug)<br />
Scientific name: Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus)<br />
Family: Pentatomidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultsaregreenshieldshapedbugs10-13mmlong. Thisbuglayseggsingroupsonleavesthen<br />
thesehatchouttosmallnymphswhichlookliketheadultbutdon’thavewings.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultslive3-6weeks.Eggsare1.3mmlongandlaidingroupsof40-60onundersideleaves.They<br />
hatchin10-20days.Thereare5nymphalInstars. Alifecyclecantake56-100dayswith3or4<br />
generationsperyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Boththeyoungnymphsandtheadultssucksap.Thiscausesplantstowiltandlumpydeformedfruit.<br />
Theydamageanumberofvegetablesandfruits.Theydamagebeans,includingwingedbean,rice<br />
bean,soybean,broadbean,mungbean,snakebean,okra,tomatoes,rice,andalsoTephrosia.<br />
Theinsectsgiveoffasmellthataffectsfoodtoeat.<br />
Amoreseriouspestinthelowlands.<br />
Control<br />
1. Theyarelargeenoughtopickoff.<br />
2.Theycanbekilledwithcontactinsecticidessuchaspyrethroids.<br />
References<br />
Butcher,C.F.1981,Greenvegetablebug,PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.13SouthPacificCommission,<br />
Noumea,NewCaledonia<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo16orHarvest8(1)p36-38<br />
Hill,p221<br />
Swain.AgZoolinFijip172<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987.BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsp81
121<br />
Name Hibiscus mealy bug<br />
Scientific name: Maconellicoccushirsutus (Green)<br />
[Synonyms: Maconellicoccusperforatus(DeLotto)<br />
and PhenacoccusglomeratusGreen.]<br />
Family: Pseudococcidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eggsarelaidinbatches.Thereare4nymphalstagesformalesand3forfemales.<br />
Damage<br />
ReportedonhibiscusleavesinRabaulwhereitcausedseriousdamage.Alsogetsonmulberry,<br />
grapes,cotton,pineapple,cacao,aibikaandbreadfruit.<br />
Plantgrowthcanbestunted,leavescurledandswellingsproduced.<br />
Normallyattendedbyants.<br />
Control<br />
1.PredatorstocontrolthemhavebeenintroducedtoPapuaNewGuinea.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo100(revised)<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p188
122<br />
Name Longtailed mealybug<br />
Scientific name: Pseudococcuslongispinus Targioni<br />
[Synonym: Pseudococcusaonidum]<br />
Family: Pseudococcidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Femalemealybugsareupto3mmlong,slowmoving,wingless,flattenedandovalinshape. Their<br />
bodiesarecoveredwithawhitemealywax. Attherearendthereareapairofwaxthreadsthatare<br />
longerthanthebody. Malesaredelicatewingedinsectsthatarerarelyseen. Nymphslooklike<br />
adults.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Therecanbemanygenerationsinayear.<br />
Damage<br />
Theysucksapespeciallyinprotectedplacessuchasunderleavesorneartheleafsheath. Therefore<br />
theyareoftennotnoticeduntillargenumbershavedeveloped.<br />
Theyalsosecretehoneydewthatattractsants.<br />
Theygetworseinwarmhumidconditions.<br />
Theyhavebeenrecordeddamagingcitrus-lemon,orange,pomelo;soursop,breadfruit,banana,<br />
cacao,cashew. Theyalsogetonsomeferns.<br />
Control<br />
1.Trynottokilltheothersinsectsthatkeeptheseundercontrol.(egwithsprays).<br />
2.Keepplantswellwateredtoreducethedamage.<br />
3.Removeanddestroybadlyinfectedplantparts.<br />
4.Controlassociatedants.<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p184,185
Name Mango hopper<br />
123<br />
Scientific names: Idioscopusniveosparsus (Leth.)<br />
[Recordedas Chunrocerusniveosparsus]<br />
And Idioscopusclypealis(Leth.)<br />
[Synonym: Idiocerusniveosparsus]<br />
Family: Cicadellidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Adultsareverysmallhoppers. Malesare3.4to3.7mmandfemales3.6to3.9mmlong. Young<br />
nymphsarewhitewithredeyes. Theymoverapidlybutonlyadultscanjump.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eggsarelaidnearflowers.Upto200eggscanbelaidbeeachfemale. Theyhatchin4-7days.<br />
Nymphslivefor10-20daysandalifecycletakesabout12-16days.<br />
Damage<br />
Theinsectismostactiveduringthemangofloweringseason.<br />
Thenymphsandadultssuckthesapofflowerscausingthemtogoblackandthusaffectingthe<br />
numberoffruitformed.<br />
Theyalsosecretehoneydewthathelpssootymouldfungitogrow.<br />
Damagegetsworseindampshadyplacessuchasneglectedwaterloggedorchards.<br />
Control<br />
1.Keepareasnearmangoesclearofrubbishandensuregooddrainage.<br />
2.Systemicinsecticidescanbeusedbutonlyifdamageissevere.<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p139<br />
Kranz,J.1977,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsofTropicalcropsp311
Name Melon aphid<br />
(Also called cotton aphid)<br />
Scientific name AphisgossypiiGlover<br />
Family: Aphididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
124<br />
Theinsectsaresmall(2mm)andsoftbodiedandfeedbysuckingsap. Thecolourofthemvaries<br />
betweengreentoblack.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Typicalaphidlifecycle.<br />
Damage<br />
Largenumberscancauseleavestocurlandthiscanstuntplantgrowth. Itcanreducethenumbersof<br />
flowersandfruitformed.Theaphidsalsoreleasehoneydewthatencouragesthegrowthofsooty<br />
moulds.<br />
Aphidstransmitdisease. Thisaphidtransmitsdasheenmosaicvirusintaro,cucumbermosaicvirus<br />
andpossiblysugarcanemosaicandmaizemosaicvirus.<br />
Theydamageaibika,taro,potato,lettuce,cucumber,wingedbean,okra,eggplant,pumpkin,anda<br />
largenumberofothersplants.<br />
Control<br />
1.Theyareeatenbybirdsandladybirdsbeetlesandthesecangiveworthwhilecontrol.<br />
2.Ifnumbersarelargeanddamageisimportantinsecticidessuchpirimorandpyrethroidsor<br />
dimethoatecanbeused.<br />
References<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip141,148<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>pestsofPNGp13
Name Nigra scale<br />
(Also called black scale)<br />
Scientific name Parasaissetianigra(Nietner)<br />
[Synonym: Saissetianigra(Nietner)]<br />
Family: Coccidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Femalescalesareblack,oval,shinyand5mmlong. Thesesmallscaleinsectscanoccurona<br />
numberofplantsbothfoodcropsandotherplants.<br />
Life cycle<br />
125<br />
Eggsarelaidinlargenumbersunderneaththefemalescale.,theyaresmallandpink.Youngnymphs<br />
‘Crawlers’movetoanewsite,inserttheirproboscisandsucksap,theyarepink,flatandoval.<br />
Damage<br />
Theysucksapweakeningtheplant. Theyareoftenonstemsandsecretehoneydewleadingtothe<br />
growthofsootymouldfungi.Thehoneydewattractsants.<br />
Theydamagecassavaandaibika,aswellascoffee,rubber,cotton,Crotalaria,Leucaenaetc.<br />
Control<br />
1.Normallynocontrolmeasuresarenecessary.<br />
2.Avoidaffectedplantingmaterial.<br />
References<br />
CSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAustralia.p429<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesofTropicalCropsp109<br />
O’Connor,SPCExoticPlant<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseases.<br />
PANSManualNo4PestControlinTropicalRootCrops.p132<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFiji.p138,222<br />
Williams,D.J.&Watson,G.W.,1990,TheScale<strong>Insect</strong>softheTropicalSouthPacificRegionPart3<br />
TheSoftScalesCABp135
Name Onion aphid<br />
126<br />
Scientific name: Neotoxopteraformosana(Takahashi)<br />
Family: Aphididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Itoccursononion,shallot,garlic,chives,leeketc.andiscommonononionsinthehighlands.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
SeeCarver,M.,1980,JAustEntSoc.19:139-142
Name Paddy bugs<br />
(Also called rice stink bug)<br />
127<br />
Scientific names: Leptocorisaacuta(Thunberg)<br />
Leptocorisadiscoidalis<br />
Leptocorisaoratorius(Fab.)<br />
Leptocorisapalawanensis<br />
LeptocorisasolomonensisAhmad<br />
Family: Alydidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesearelongslenderinsectsthatarelightbrownontopandlightgreenunderneath. When<br />
disturbedtheyflyoffquickly. Boththeadultsandnymphsgiveoffasmellwhendisturbed.Adults<br />
cansurvivedryperiodinarestingstate.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsaregreenincolourand15mmlong,3-4mmwide.Theycanlivefor114days.Eggsare<br />
roundflatbrownandlaidinrowsontopofleaves. Theyhatchin7days.Thereare5nymphal<br />
instarsovera19to31dayperiod.Theyaremoreactivenearmorningandevening.<br />
Lifecycletakesabout1month.<br />
Damage<br />
Theysuckthesapofboththeflowersandthericegrains. Leavesandstalksgoreddish-brownand<br />
emptywhiteheadsofricecanoccur. Damagecanbeimportantinbothdrylandandirrigatedrice.<br />
40%to90%lossofcropcanoccur. DamageisworseinEastSepikandNorthernprovinces.L.acuta<br />
andL.solomonensisareminorandmainlyondrylandrice. Theyspreadintoricecropsfromother<br />
grasses.Isolatedandsmallricefieldsoftengetworsedamage. Bugscanfeedonbetelnuts,<br />
amaranths,beans,sugarcaneetc.<br />
Control<br />
1.Damageislessinareaswithalongdryseasonbecausenaturalenemieskeepbugpestnumbers<br />
down.<br />
2.CuttingEchinochloacolonumannualgrassinwetareasnearricehelpscontroltheinsectsthat<br />
breedonthisgrass.<br />
3.Somenaturalpredatorsoccur.<br />
4. Earlyharvesthelpscontroldamage.Alsoquickmaturingvarieties.<br />
5.Plantsuccessivecropsmorethan3weeksapart.<br />
References<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesofTropicalcropsp146<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbook17<br />
Hill,p210<br />
Kranz,p296<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofPNGp14<br />
Sands,RiceinsectsinPNGinAgintheTropicsp309<br />
Sands,D.P.A.,TheBiologyandEcologyofLeptocorisa(Hemiptera:Alydidae)inPapuaNew<br />
Guinea.DPIResearchBulletinNo18PortMoresby<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip252
Name Pepper bug<br />
Scientific name Nesocypselaspiperica<br />
Family: Tingidae<br />
Order: HEMPITERA<br />
The insect<br />
128<br />
Theyarecalledlacebugsbecausetheyhaveacomplexpatternofveinsintheirwings. Itisgreyin<br />
colourandabout3mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Theadultfeedsontheundersideofpepperleavescausingsmallyellowish-brownspots.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
Aburu,K&Kukup,B1975,Pepper.RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo7p21<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17
129<br />
Name Pineapple mealy bug<br />
Scientific name Dysmicoccusbrevipes(Cockerell)<br />
[Synonym: Pseudococcusbrevipes(Cockerell)]<br />
Family: Pseudococcidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thefemaleislargeandoval,3mmx2mm.Itlivesnearthebaseandontherootsofpineapples.<br />
Onlysmallnumbersliveontheleaves.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult-pinkbodiedandovalshapedandcoveredwithawhitewaxy‘meal’.(Oftengivebirthtolive<br />
youngwithoutsexualreproduction).Smallcrawlerscanbeblowninthewind.<br />
Therecanbe6-7generationsperyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Itcausesdarkcolouredspotsontheleavesofpineapples. Thefibrerootscanbedestroyedby<br />
suckingfromtheinsect. InsomecountriesitspreadsMealybugwiltvirusofpineapples.Itcancause<br />
fruittoappearunattractive.<br />
Largeamountsofhoneydewformsonplantsattractingantsandsootymoulds.<br />
Numbersoftenincreaseattheendofthewetseasonandspreadrapidlyinthedryseason.<br />
Itcanalsoattackbananas,peanuts,mangoes,sugarcaneandoilpalms,coconut,coffeeand<br />
Pandanus.<br />
Control<br />
1.Pineappleslipsforplantingshouldbedippedininsecticide.<br />
2.Controlofantscanreducethenumbersofmealybugs.<br />
3.Somevarietiesofpineapplearemoreresistant.<br />
4.Sprayingtheleavesisoflittleuse.<br />
References<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesofTropicalcropsp78<br />
Hill,1975,Ag<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofthetropicsandtheircontrol.CUPp173<br />
Kranz,1977,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsofTropicalcrops<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip186
Name Pink wax scale<br />
(Also called pink waxy scale)<br />
Scientific name CeroplastesrubensMask.<br />
[Possibly Gascardiarubens]<br />
Family: Coccidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
130<br />
Itfeedsonhundredsofdifferentplantsespeciallyshrubsandtrees. Itisknowntooccuroncoconut,<br />
mango,avocado,citrus,coffee,tea,cycads,andbreadfruit.<br />
Itsecreteslotsofhoneydewproducinglotsofsootymouldfungi.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
CSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAustraliap114,428,430<br />
Hill,p99,139,221,268,348
Name Pod sucking bug<br />
(Also called bean bug)<br />
131<br />
Scientific name RiptortusannulicornisBoisd.<br />
RiptortusimperialisKirk<br />
RiptortusobscuricornisDallas<br />
RiptortusrubronotatusBlote<br />
Riptortusspp.<br />
Family: Coreidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Amediumsizedsap-suckingbug.Theyareslenderinshape. Brownincolour.Theyaresimilarto<br />
Leptocorisasp.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Itcancauseseveredamagetowingedbeans,snakebeans,mungbeans,soybeans,limabeans,peas,<br />
commonbeanandprobablyotherbeans. Itsucksthepods.Alsoreportedfromstrawberries.<br />
Theyoccurthroughouttheyear.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.Ifseveredamageisexpectedthenpesticidessuchaspyrethroidscanbe<br />
considered.<br />
References<br />
Young,2 nd PNGFoodCropsConference
Name Potato aphid<br />
132<br />
Scientific name: Macrosiphumeuphorbiae(Thomas)<br />
[Synonyms: Macrosiphumsolani<br />
and Macrosiphumsolanifolii]<br />
Family: Aphididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Itattackspotato,tomato,capsicum,eggplant,sweetpotato,pawpaw,pumpkinfamily,lettuce,and<br />
manyotherplants.<br />
Onpotatotheyattacktheleavessuckingsapandcausingleavestocurl. Theyalsotransmitviruses.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessaryunlesscertifiedpotatoseedisbeinggrown.<br />
References<br />
Kranz,p331
Name Red cotton bug<br />
(Often called cotton stainers; red seed bug)<br />
Scientific names: Dysdercuscingulatus(F.)<br />
Also DysdercussidaeMontr.<br />
[Synonym: DysdercusinsularisStal.]<br />
Family: Pyrrhocoridae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
133<br />
Redbugswhichfalltothegroundwhenplantshaken.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsare10-20mmlongandgrey/yellow/brownincolour.Theylivefor5-14days. Eggsarelaid<br />
ingroupsofabout100ingroundoronthesurface.Theyneedmoistsoilandhatchin5-8days.There<br />
are5nymphalinstarsthatlast21-35days.<br />
Lifecycle20-40daysdependingontemperature,humidityandfeed.<br />
Damage<br />
Theysuckthepodsofokra.<br />
(Theyalsodamagecottonandprobablyotherplantsinthesamefamilylikeaibika,hibiscus,and<br />
rosella.) Theycandamagecowpea.<br />
Theyareanoccasionalpestprobablyduetoseasonalconditions.<br />
Theyarenormallyworseinhotdryregions.<br />
Disdercussidaeisknowntodamagecotton,kapokandhibiscus.Itisalsoreportedoncorn.<br />
Control<br />
1.Harvestcropearly.<br />
2.Allowingchickenstoroamingardenshelpstocontroltheseinsects.<br />
References<br />
D.sidaeSeeCIEdistributionmapsNo267<br />
(Otherspecies)<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseaseofTropicalCropsp251<br />
Kranz,p298<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip93,94
Name Red scale<br />
(Often called California red scale)<br />
(See also yellow scale)<br />
Scientific name AonidiellaaurantiiMask.<br />
Family: Diaspididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
134<br />
Thescaleisroundandredwithanearlytransparentedge. Femaleisabout2mmacross. Maleis<br />
abouthalfthesize. Itsuckssap. Thebodyofthefemaleinsectiskidneyshaped. Themaleinsectis<br />
moreovalandpaler.<br />
Life cycle Bothmaleandfemaleareneededforfertilisationandtheyoungdevelopinside<br />
thebodyofthefemale. Theyoungcrawlerscanmoveupto3mbeforesettlingdown. Theycanbe<br />
blowninthewind. Theyoftensettlenearthemidriborveinsoftheleaves. About150crawlersare<br />
producedbyeachfemale<br />
Therecanbeupto5generationsinayear.<br />
Damage<br />
Thisscaleinfestsallpartsofcitrustrees. Damageiscausedbytheinsectsecretingtoxicsubstances<br />
asiteats.<br />
Leavesandtwigscanbecoveredwithredscales.<br />
Leavesbecomespotted,turnyellowandmaydropoff.<br />
Fruitcanbedeformedbecomingroughandfalloff.<br />
Youngtreesareoftenmoredamaged.<br />
Italsoattacksotherornamentalplantsandcycads.<br />
Control<br />
1.Sprayscanbeusedwhentheinsectsareinthecrawlerstageandseriousdamageisexpected.<br />
2.Theydoworsedamageinwidelyspacedtreesandneartheedgesoforchards.<br />
3.Dryareasandhightemperaturesreducetheinsectnumbers.<br />
4.Anumberofnaturalpredatorsandparasitesoccur.<br />
5.Oilsprayscangivecontrolandthesedon’tgreatlyreduceparasites.<br />
References<br />
Frohlich,p<br />
Hill,Ag<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropicsCUPp185<br />
Kranz,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsinTropicalCropsp355<br />
O’ConnorExoticPlants<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseases<br />
SPCHandbookNo.14onCitrusp39
Name Soft brown scale<br />
(Also called citricola scale<br />
and soft scale)<br />
Scientific name CoccushesperidiumL.<br />
Family: Coccidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
135<br />
Adultsaremobile. Theyareflat,ovalandbrowntopaleyellowand2.5to4mminlength.Females<br />
canproduceyounginabout60days.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Reportedoncoconutpalms.Italsoattackscitrusandornamentaltrees. Oftenjustsomebrancheson<br />
atreeoronetreeinanorchardareattacked.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References
Name Soft wax scale<br />
136<br />
Scientific name: GascardiadestructorDeLotto<br />
[Synonym: CeroplastesdestructorNewstead]<br />
Family: Coccidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesescaleinsectshaveathickarmourofwax. Theyareusuallyirregularinshape. Thescale<br />
coverstheshinylight-redtodarkbrownbodyofthematurefemale.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eggsarereddishbrownandunderneaththebodyofthefemale. Nymphsarefoundontheupper<br />
surfaceofleavesandsettlenearmidrib. Theymigratebacktotwigsafter5-6weeks.<br />
Damage<br />
Theyattackcitrus,avocado.<br />
Theyexcretehoneydewthatcausessootymouldstogrow.<br />
Heavyattackscankilltrees.<br />
Control<br />
1.Summeroilsareeffectiveagainstcrawlers.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo37orHarvest11(2)p75-77<br />
<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofNewZealandp54
137<br />
Name Spiralling whitefly<br />
Scientific name: AleurodicusdispersusRussel<br />
Family: Aleyrodidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Adultsareatypicalwhitefly.Itleavesacharacteristicspiralofwhitewaxonleaves.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eggsarewhiteandlaidsinglyorinaloosespiralunderleaf. Theyare0.3mmlongandhatchin7-<br />
10days.Nymphshaveawaxdepositoverbody.<br />
Alifecycletakesabout26-56days.<br />
Damage<br />
Attackguavaandmangotreesbutalsootherplants.<br />
Control<br />
Parasiteshavebeenintroducedtocontrolthispestsospraysshouldbeavoided.<br />
References<br />
FAOPlantProtectionCommissionQuarterlyNewsletterAsiaPacificRegionApr.-Jun1990p22<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,BiologicalControl1989,-PacificProspectsSupplement1,p12
Name Stink bug<br />
Scientific name Plautiabrunneipennis<br />
Family: Pentatomidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
138<br />
Theyareshieldshapedbugsabout8mmlong. Theygiveoffabadsmellwhendisturbed.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Reportedsuckingsapofsnakebean,capsicumandsunflower.Alsoontheheadsofsorghum.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References
139<br />
Name Striped mealy bug<br />
(Also called cassava mealy bug<br />
and leucaena mealybug)<br />
Scientific name: FerrisiavirgataCockerell<br />
[Synonym: Ferrisianavirgata]<br />
Family: Pseudococcidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultfemalehas2darkstripesrunningalongthebody. Theyhaveglassywaxthreadsanda<br />
pronouncedtail. Apowderywaxsecretionsurroundsthemealybugsbody. Bothsexualandnon<br />
sexualreproductionoccur.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Theadultfemalelays300-400eggs,andlivesfor1-2monthsbutmalesonlylivefor1-3days.Eggs<br />
hatchinfewhoursafterbeinglaid.Nymphsarefullygrownin6weeks.<br />
Damage<br />
Itoccursonaverylargenumberofplantsincludingcassava,cacao,coffee,guava,cotton,rubber,<br />
citrus,avocado,hibiscus,Leucaena,Erythrina,cashew,<br />
Itcantransmitcacaoviruses. Theyinfestthefruitstalksandleavesandareusuallyaccompaniedby<br />
ants.<br />
Leucaenaisthemainhost.<br />
Control<br />
1.ControllingthepestonLeucaenaisimportant.<br />
2.Pyrethroidinsecticideswillgivecontrol.<br />
References<br />
Hillp77,99,110,124,166,192,199,253,268,202,334,342,360<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.,1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p189<br />
Kranz,p369
Name Sugarcane aphid<br />
(Also called sorghum aphid)<br />
140<br />
Scientific name: AphissacchariZehntner<br />
[Synonym: Longiunguissacchari(Zehntner)]<br />
Family: Aphididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Normallythisaphidisadirtywhitishyellowcolour. Itoccursinlargenumbersontheundersideof<br />
youngsugarcaneleaves.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Wingedfemalesflybetweenplantsandgivebirthtoliveyoungthatspreadontheplants. Warmdry<br />
conditionsencouragetheincreaseofthispest.<br />
Damage<br />
1. Itcandamagesugarcane,sorghum,corn,beans,sweetpotato,tomato. Sugarcaneisthemajor<br />
host.<br />
2.Anumberofpredatorsandparasitesnormallykeepthisinsectundercontrol.<br />
3.Affectedleavesbecomespottedwithrustybrownmarksandcandryup.<br />
4. Theinsectsecreteshoneydewthatdropsontheleavesbelowandsootymouldsgrowonthis. So<br />
oftensootymouldonsugarcanemeanstherewereaphidsthereearlier.<br />
5.Normallythesugarcanerecovers.<br />
Control<br />
1.Somevarietiesofsugarcanegetmoreattackedthanothers.<br />
References<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>sofHawaiiVol.5p86
141<br />
Name Sugarcane leafhoppers<br />
(Also called sugarcane planthopper)<br />
Scientific names: 15speciesincountry<br />
Perkinsiellabicaloris<br />
PerkinsiellaboreonFennah<br />
PerkinsiellabulliFennah<br />
PerkinsielladiagorasFennah<br />
PerkinsiellafalcipennisFennah<br />
PerkinsiellalalokensisMuir<br />
PerkinsiellamacrinusFennah<br />
PerkinsiellamyconFennah<br />
PerkinsiellapapuensisMuir<br />
PerkinsiellarattleiMuir<br />
PerkinsiellasaccharicidaKirkaldy<br />
PerkinsiellasinensisKirkaldy<br />
PerkinsiellathompsoniMuir<br />
Perkinsiellavastatrix(Breddin)<br />
Family: Delphacidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theseplanthoppersare3-5mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultfemaleslive1-2months. Eachlaysabout300longcurvedeggsingroupsonthemidribofa<br />
leaflowonuppersurface. Theyhatchin14-40days. Thereare5nymphalinstars<br />
Alifecycletakesabout48-56daysandtherecanbe5or6generationsayear.<br />
Damage<br />
Theydamagesugarcanebysuckingleavesandtheyoungbuds,causingtheplantstowitherandturn<br />
yellow.<br />
Theyalsosecretehoneydewthathelpssootymouldfungitogrow.<br />
SomespeciesspreadthevirusthatcausesFijidisease.<br />
Control<br />
1.Ifneededtheycanbecontrolledbyrepeatedspraysofinsecticides.<br />
References<br />
(otherspecies)<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseaseofTropicalCropsp239<br />
Hill,p138
142<br />
Name Sugarcane mealy bug<br />
(Also as pink sugarcane mealy bug)<br />
Scientific name: Saccharicoccussacchari(Cockerell)<br />
[Synonym: Trionymussacchari]<br />
Family: Pseudococcidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Apinkmealybug.Thebodyisclearlysegmentedandcoveredwitha‘mealy’waxsecretion. Often<br />
breedwithfemalesonly. Malesarerarebutcanbewingedorwingless.Femalesareabout4mm<br />
long.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eachfemalelaysabout1,000eggsthatarelaidunderleafsheathes.Theyhatchin10-14hours.<br />
Crawlersfeednearleafsheathandmoveoutastheygetlarger.<br />
Alifecycletakesabout30daystocomplete.<br />
Damage<br />
Itbuildsupinlargenumbersonsugarcanestalks. Itsuckssap.<br />
Itisanimportantpestbecauselesssugarisproduced.<br />
Itcanalsoattacksorghum,rice,andothergrasses.<br />
Control<br />
1.Getridofoldcropplantpartsafterthecropisharvested.<br />
2.Useuninfectedcaneswhenplanting.<br />
3.Plantingmaterialcanbedippedinkerosene.<br />
4.Sprayinginsecticidesonthegrowingcaneisnormallynotuseful.<br />
5.Varietieswithlesstightlyfittingleafsheathsgetlessdamage.<br />
References<br />
Hill,p169<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap191<br />
Kranz,p348
Name Sugarcane scale<br />
Scientific name: Aulacaspistegalensis(Zhnt.)<br />
[Synonym: Aulacaspisrutherfordi]<br />
[Probsyn. Diaspisrutherfordi]<br />
Family: Diaspididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
143<br />
OtherarmouredscalesinPapuaNewGuineacanalsogetonsugarcane. Theseinclude:<br />
Aspidiellasacchari(Cockerell)<br />
and AspidiotusdestructorSignoret<br />
Aswell,softscalescanattacksugarcane.Theseinclude:<br />
PromargarodesaustralisJacubski<br />
and PulvinariaelongataNewstead<br />
The insect<br />
Thefemalescaleiswhiteandalmostround. Malesarewingless.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Thefemalelays150-250eggs. Lifecyclelastsabout24-28days.<br />
Damage<br />
Itgetsonsugarcaneandpitpit. Thescalesgetonthestalksandleafsheaths.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallynecessary.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo187<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap172<br />
Williams,D.J.andWatson,G.W.,TheScale<strong>Insect</strong>softheTropicalSouthPacificRegionPart1The<br />
ArmouredScalesp76
144<br />
Name Sugarcane whitefly<br />
Scientific name: Neomaskelliabergii(Signoret)<br />
Family: Aleyrodidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Immaturestagesandadultsfeedonundersurfacesofsugarcaneleaves.<br />
Control<br />
1.Someparasitesoccurwhichhelpcontrol.<br />
References<br />
CSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAust.p425
145<br />
Name Sugarcane woolly aphid<br />
(Also called white sugarcane aphid)<br />
Scientific name: Ceratovacunalanigera(Zehntner)<br />
[Synonym: OregmalanigeraZehntner]<br />
Family: Aphididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thisaphidhasawoollycoveringwhichmeansitcouldeasilybemistakenforamealybug. The<br />
nymphsandunwingedfemalesarecoveredbyawaxylayer. Thewingedformshavenowaxandare<br />
brownishgreen.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Moderatelycommonunderleafbladesofsugarcane. Theycanaffectthegrowthofyoungsugarcane.<br />
Theysecretehoneydewcausingsootymouldstogrow.<br />
Control<br />
1.Pesticidescanreduceparasitessoshouldbeusedcarefullyandonlywhenseriousdamageis<br />
expected.<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p158,159<br />
SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin36p31
Name Taro leafhopper<br />
146<br />
Scientific name: Tarophagusproserpina(Kirk)<br />
and Tarophaguscolocaisae<br />
and Tarophaguspersephone<br />
Family: Delphacidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theseverysmall,whiteandbrownleafhoppersjumpwhendisturbed. Adultsare4mmlong. They<br />
aremostlyonthecoast. Theyspendalltheirlifecycleontarostems.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eggsarelaidnearthemidribofthetaroleaf. Nymphsarecreamywhite.<br />
Alifecycletakesabout18days.<br />
Damage<br />
Themaindamagebythesesuckinginsectsisthattheycanspreadvirusdiseases.Thetwovirus<br />
diseasescalledalomaeandbobonespreadbytheseinsectsarekillingtaroplantsincoastalareas.<br />
Thesediseasescausetarostobecomeyellowandtwisted.<br />
Verylargenumbersoftheseinsectsontarointhedryseasoncancausetheplanttowilt.<br />
Control<br />
1.Diseasedtaroshouldberemovedtoreducethesourceofdisease.<br />
2.Aneggpredatorisknowntocontrolthispestsochemicalsshouldbeavoided.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookN017<br />
PANSManualNo4PestControlinTropicalRootCropsp197<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,BiologicalControl1989,-PacificProspects,p27
Name Tobacco whitefly<br />
(Also called cotton whitefly)<br />
Scientific name Bemisiatabaci(Guen.)<br />
Family: Aleyrodidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
147<br />
The insect<br />
Theseareverysmallwhiteflies.Adultsareabout1mmlong. Nymphsdonotmovemuch. The<br />
whitefliesaremostlyfoundonthelowerleafsurface. Iftheleavesareshakenacloudofsmallmothlikeinsectsflutteroutbutresettle.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultshaveayellowbodyandwhitewaxywingstheyare1mmlong. Eggsareyellowandlongand<br />
laidunderleavestheyareabout0.2mmandpearshaped. Theyhatchin7days. Nymphsareyellow,<br />
roundandscalelike. Theyare0.6mmlong. Thereisarestingstage,knownasapupariumiswhite<br />
and0.7mmlong.<br />
Alifecycletakesabout2-3weeks.<br />
Damage<br />
Theyounginsectssucksap,causingleavestoturnyellow,wiltanddieiftherearelargenumbersof<br />
insects.<br />
Theyspreadviruses. Ontarotheyspreaddasheenmosaicvirus.<br />
Theyalsosecretehoneydewcausingsootymouldfungitogrow.<br />
Theydamagesweetpotato,taro,cassavaandoccasionallytomatoandtobacco.<br />
Damageismorecommonduringthedryseasonandtheydisappearwhenrainstarts.<br />
Control<br />
1.Controlisnotnormallyneeded.<br />
2.Parasitesareknowntocontrolthispestyouwillknowiftheyarepresentasthepupariumisblack.<br />
References<br />
Hill,p146<br />
Kranz,p320<br />
O’Connor,SPCExotic<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseases-sectionontaro<br />
<strong>Pests</strong>ControlinTropicalRootcrops.PANSManualNo4p196<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip153
148<br />
Name White backed rice planthopper<br />
(Also called white-backed planthopper)<br />
Scientific name SogatellafurciferaHorvath<br />
Family: Delphacidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Asmall2mmlongpaleplanthopperwithawhitestripeonthebackofthehead,thebodyiscreamy<br />
whitewithablackback. Theadultsareverymobileandeasilydisturbed. Thefrontwingsare<br />
slightlybrownandclear. Shortwingedandlongwingedgenerationsalternate. Wingedadultscan<br />
flyconsiderabledistances.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsarecreamywhiteandlive18-30days. Eggsarelaidinmassesinleafsheaths. Theyhatch<br />
after3-6days. Nymphsarepalebrownandthisstagelasts1-12days.<br />
Alifecycletakes3-4weeks.<br />
Damage<br />
Thesesmallsap-suckingbugsattackriceandsomeothergrasses.Theysecreteatoxicsaliva. They<br />
attackthestemandleafofindividualplantscausingthemtodieorfallover.<br />
Theytendtokillindividualplantsnotwholeareas,andarefoundmainlyonirrigatedrice.<br />
Theyproducehoneydewthatcausessootymouldfungitogrow.<br />
Control<br />
1.Somepredatorsassistwithcontrol.<br />
2.Astheysurviveinricestubbleitisimportanttoremovethis.<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p135<br />
O’Connor,SPCExoticpestsanddiseasesRicesection<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip116,263
Name White jassid<br />
(Also called white leafhopper<br />
and white paddy leaf hopper)<br />
Scientific name: Cicadellaspectra(Dist.)<br />
[Synonym: Tettigoniellaspectra(Dist.)]<br />
[Prob.Syn. CofanaspectraDistant]<br />
Family: Cicadellidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultis8-11mmlong.<br />
149<br />
Life cycle<br />
Eggsarelaidinleafsheathsparticularlyinpartsthatgounderwateroccasionally.<br />
Damage<br />
Damagesrice,sugarcaneandgrassesbutnotusuallyseriously. Theyalsoreportedonsweetpotato<br />
andcorn.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallyrequired.<br />
References<br />
CIEdistributionmapsNo385<br />
CSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAustraliap415
Name White louse scale<br />
(Also called snow scale)<br />
Scientific name: Unaspiscitri(Comst.)<br />
Family: Diaspididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesearesmallscalesabout1-2mmacross. Malesarewhitewith3ridgesandsmallerthanthe<br />
females;femalesarebrown. Theyliveonthetrunksandmainbranchesofmaturecitrustrees.<br />
150<br />
Life cycle<br />
Crawlersareyellowandareattractedtolightandtheendsoftwigs.<br />
Alifecycletakesabout8weeks.<br />
Damage<br />
Itoccursonthetwigsandleavesofcitrus. Thebarkbecomeshardandcracks.<br />
Snowscalesnormallyonlybecomeaprobleminneglectedorchards. Seedlingtreesaremore<br />
affectedthancommercialvarieties.<br />
Itdevelopsinhumidregions.<br />
ItalsooccursonAibika.<br />
Control<br />
1.Improvethegrowingconditionsofthetrees.<br />
2.Severalpredatorsandparasitesareknowntocontrolthispestsochemicalcontrolisnotusually<br />
recommended.<br />
3.Lime-sulphurspraysareeffectiveandlasts2to3years.<br />
References<br />
CSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAustraliap431<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesofTropicalCropsp53<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip63<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsp72
Name White scale<br />
(Also called cassava scale;<br />
white peach scale and armoured scale)<br />
151<br />
Scientific name: Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targ.)<br />
Family: Diaspididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thefemalescaleis2-2.5mmacross,round,flatandwhite. Ithasolderreddishbrownskinsnearthe<br />
edges. Theadultmaleis1.5mmlongandnarrower. Theyoungnymphsareredbutlaterdevelop<br />
whitewaxythreads.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Femalesareusuallymatedwithin3weeksofsettlinginonespot. Approx.125eggsarelaid14-16<br />
daysaftermatingbyeachfemale. Thefirsthalf,areusuallyonlyfemaleandthesecondhalfare<br />
male. Eggshatchin4-5daysandcrawlersemerge. Theywalktowardslightbutnotfarandsettleto<br />
feedquickly.Thereareseveralinstarsbeforeadultscalesareformed.<br />
Damage<br />
IthasbeenrecordedinPNGoncassavastems,aibikaandcapsicumplants.<br />
Inotherplacesithasbeenrecordedonpassionfruit,okra,breadfruit,pawpawandotherornamentals.<br />
Theygetonthestemsofplantsinlargenumbersandoftenafungus,Septobasidiumsp.,occurs<br />
togetherwithit. Theadultsandnymphssucksap,causingplantstowilt. Thescalescanentirely<br />
formacrustoverstalksandtwigs.<br />
Indryseasonsdamagecanbemoreserious.<br />
Control<br />
1.Plantonlyunaffectedcuttings.<br />
2.Itisattackedbyparasitesandladybirdpredators.<br />
3.Oftennocontrolisnecessary.<br />
4.However,sprayingwithmalathionandwhiteoiliseffective.<br />
References<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p171<br />
PANSManualNo4PestControlintropicalrootcropsp131<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFiji<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsp50
152<br />
Name Yam mealy bug<br />
(Planococcuscitriorcitrusmealybugalsodamagesyams)<br />
Scientific name: PlanococcusdioscoreaeWilliams<br />
Family: Pseudococcidae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultfemalemealybugisovaland2.5mmlong. Theyarecoveredwithamealywaxlike<br />
secretion.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Severalinstarsoccurasnymphsdevelop.<br />
Damage<br />
Storedyamtubersandyamrootsinthefieldcanbedamaged. Theycauserootsandtuberstodry<br />
out.<br />
Itmaybethatunusualclimaticconditionsorsomethingaffectingthepredatorscausesthispesttobe<br />
aprobleminsomeseasons.<br />
Control<br />
1.Onlyusecleanhealthytubersasplantingmaterial<br />
References<br />
PNGAgJ13(1)1960p39<br />
PANSManualNo4PestControlinTropicalRootCropsp175
153<br />
Name Yam mirid sap sucker<br />
Scientific name: PlatypeltocorissimilisPopp<br />
Family: Miridae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Averysmallinsectthatsucksthesapofyams.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Control<br />
References
Name Yellow scale<br />
(Also called citrus yellow scale)<br />
(See also red scale)<br />
Scientific name: Aonidiellacitrina(Coq.)<br />
Family: Diaspididae<br />
Order: HEMIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
154<br />
Damage<br />
Itfavoursshadedsituationsontheundersideoflemonleavesandonlowerbranches.<br />
Itcancauseleavestofalloffandfruittogetspotsonthem.<br />
Theyinfestleavesandfruit,oftenthelowersurfacesofleavesandonlyrarelytwigsorbranches.It<br />
preferscoolershadyhumidplaces.<br />
Control<br />
References
Flies<br />
155
Name Fruit flies<br />
(See also banana fruit fly, melon fruit fly<br />
156<br />
Scientific names<br />
Thereareabout200fruitflyspeciesinPapuaNewGuinea. Onlysomeoftheseareseriouspests. At<br />
presentitisnotpossibletonamethemallcorrectly. MostPacificfruitfliesarenowconsideredtobe<br />
inthegenusBactroceraratherthantheGenusDacuswhichiswhatmostwereformallynamedas.<br />
The insects<br />
Smalltomediumsizedflies(0.5-1cmlong)withasuperficiallikenesstowasps,thatistheyoften<br />
haveyellowandbrownstripesandgreyorduskywings.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-small-mediumsizedflies<br />
Pupae-indampsoilat Eggs-7-10laidbelowskinofgreenfruit<br />
baseofplant.(7-10days) justbeforeitstartstoripen.(3-11days)<br />
Larvae-inpulpoffruit,promote<br />
rotting(7-11days)<br />
Alifecycletakesabout3-4weeksinthelowlands.<br />
Damage<br />
BactroceraatrisetosusPerkins<br />
Reportedinzucchinifruit.Alsodestroyingfruitofsquash,marrow,andcucumber. Ittendstobeat<br />
higheraltitudes. Italsoattackstomatoes.<br />
Bactrocerabryoniae(Tryon.)<br />
Attackscapsicum,mango,banana,nectarine<br />
BactroceradecipiensDrew<br />
OccursonlyonNewBritainandisaseriouspestofpumpkins.<br />
BactroceradorsalisHendel<br />
Attacksmanykindsoffruit.<br />
BactrocerafrauenfeldiSchiner<br />
ReportedonSyzygiumaspfruit. Alsorecordedfromguavafruit. Itisaseriouspestofmango.<br />
Bactrocerafrenchi<br />
Bactroceramusae(Tryon.)<br />
BactroceraneohumeralisHardy<br />
Reporteddamagingpawpawandmanyotherkindsoffruit.<br />
Bactroceraobliquus<br />
BactrocerapapuaensisMalloch<br />
Reportedoncorn.<br />
Bactrocerapeculiaris<br />
BactrocerastrigifinisatritusMay<br />
Reportedinpumpkinfruit. Alsodestroyfemaleflowersofsquash.<br />
BactroceratrivialisDrew<br />
Larvaerecordeddestroyingfruitsofcapsicum,grapefruit,peachandguavainmainlandPNG<br />
Bactroceraumbrosus(F.)<br />
Isabundantinlowlandareasandinfestscitrusandbreadfruit.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo19orHarvest8(3)p134-137<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1993,BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsSupplement2p4
Name Banana fruit fly<br />
(SeveralotherBactroceraspalsoattackbananas)<br />
Scientific names: Bactroceramusae(Try.)<br />
and Bactrocerabryoniae(Try.)<br />
Family: Tephritidae<br />
Order: DIPTERA<br />
157<br />
The insect<br />
FruitfliesoccurovermuchofPNGuptoabout1600maltitude.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-smallflies8mmlong<br />
Pupae-indampsoilat Eggs-7-10laidbelow<br />
baseofplant.(7-10days) skinofgreenfruitjustbefore<br />
itstartstoripen.(3-11days)<br />
Larvae-inpulpoffruit,promote<br />
rottingwithbacteriaintroduced<br />
wheneggsarelaid(7-11days)<br />
Alifecycletakesabout3-4weeksinthelowlands.<br />
Damage<br />
Fruitflydamagearangeoffruitincludingbananas,chillies,pawpaw,capsicums,tomatoesand<br />
guavas.<br />
Forbananadamageisprobablylessintallplantsandinplantswithharderskins.<br />
Hightemperaturesandhumidityhelpnumbersbuildup.<br />
Attacksareoccasionalanditisnotaregularproblemwithmanyvarietiesofbananas.<br />
Control<br />
1.Somekindsoffruitgetlessdamage.<br />
2.Fruitcanbeharvestedgreenbeforeeggsarelaidinthem.<br />
3.Bananabunchescanbecoveredwithplasticbunchcovers.<br />
4.Wrappingoffruitinpaperbagswhilegreenreducesdamage.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo19orHarvest8(3)p134-137<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17p7<br />
Smith,TheBananafruitflyinPNGinAgricultureintheTropicsp323<br />
Smith,PNGAgJ,1977,Vol28(2,3&4)p47<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1993,BiologicalControl-PacificProspects.Supplement2p4
Name Melon fruit fly<br />
Scientific name: BactroceracucurbitaeCoq<br />
[Synonyms: DacuscucurbitaeCoq.<br />
and StrumetacucurbitaeCoq]<br />
Family: Tephritidae<br />
Order: DIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
158<br />
Theadultisamediumsizedbrownfly8-10mmlong. Theeyesandheadaredarkbrown. Thereisa<br />
darkbrownstripealongtheedgeofthewing.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult-brownfly8-10mmlong<br />
Pupae-mostlyinsoil Eggs-ingroupsunderthe<br />
(10days) skinoffruit.100-120eggs<br />
perfemale.(2-3days)<br />
Alifecycletakesabout3-4weeks.<br />
Larvae-10-12mmlong,infruit<br />
feedingpromotesrottingwith<br />
bacteriaintroducedwheneggsarelaid.<br />
Damage<br />
Itcommonlyonlyoccursonpumpkinfamilyplantssuchaswatermelon,zucchini,squash,cucumber<br />
androckmelon. Itcanattackseveralotherfruits.<br />
Larvaetunnelintothefruitandalargenumberofthemaggotsoccurinthepulp. Itcanbeaserious<br />
pest.<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>numbersareusuallygreaterinthewetseason.<br />
ItoccursinlowlandareasofPapuaNewGuinea.<br />
Control<br />
1.Itisattackedbysomepredatorsandparasites,butcontrolisgenerallynotadequate.<br />
2.Destroyoffallenandinfectedfruitandrubbish.<br />
3.Ploughing/diggingundercropshelpsexposethepupae.<br />
4.Somevarietiesofpumpkinfamilyplantshaveresistance.<br />
5.Portionbaitspraysarebeingintroducedandhavebeenshowntobeeffectiveelsewhere.<br />
References<br />
Hill,1975,Agricultural<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropicsandtheircontrolCUPp323<br />
Kranz,J.,1977,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsofTropicalCropsp524<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1993,BiologicalControl-PacificProspectsSupplement2p4
159<br />
Name Queensland fruit fly<br />
Scientific name: BactroceratryoniFrogg<br />
[Synonyms: DacustryoniFrogg<br />
& StrumetatryoniFrogg.]<br />
Family: Tephritidae<br />
Order: DIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultfliesarealittlelikewaspsinappearanceandareredbrownincolour. Theyarealittle<br />
largerthanacommonhousefly. Thereareyellowpatchesonthebody. Thewingsareclearexcept<br />
foradarkbandnearthefrontandastripenearthebase.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-liveforlongperiods.<br />
Pupae-intheground Eggs-laidinfruit<br />
Smoothandlightbrown. (2-3days)<br />
Therecanbe5ormoregenerationsperyear.<br />
Larvae-infruit.About8mmlong.<br />
(10days)<br />
Damage<br />
Theamountofdamagevarieswithtypesoffruitassomefruitareharderandgetlessdamaged. In<br />
softvarietiesoffruitthewholefruitcangosoftandsquashyandrot.<br />
Numbersgetworseinhumidwarmweather.<br />
Fliescanbreedinaverylargenumberoffruitsincludingfigfruits,treetomato,passionflower,<br />
bananas,laulaus,etc.<br />
Fliesarespreadbyflyingandbybeingblowninthewind.<br />
Control<br />
1.Harvestfruitwhilestillgreenandripeninflyfreearea.<br />
2.Collectandremovefallenfruit.Itmustnotbeburied,butburned.<br />
3.Baitsprayscanbeused.<br />
4.<strong>Insect</strong>icidesprayscanbeused7or8weeksbeforefruitripen.<br />
5.Insomeareasfruitfliesareless.<br />
6.Keepingareasweedfreearoundfruittrees.<br />
7.Therearesomeotherinsectswhichparasitisefruitflies.<br />
References<br />
Hassan,E.,Major<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofAustralianCropsp17,78<br />
Maddison,P.A.,1983,Queenslandfruitfly,PestAdvisoryLeafletNo18SouthPacificCommission,<br />
Noumea,NewCaledonia<br />
O’Connor,Exotic<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseases.SPCsectiononcitrus<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1993,BiologicalControl-PacificProspects,Supplement2p4
Name Bean fly<br />
(Also called shoot galling fly<br />
and leaf mining maggot)<br />
160<br />
Scientific name: Ophiomyiaphaseoli(Tryon.)<br />
[Synonyms: AgromyzaphaseoliCoq<br />
and MelanagromyzaphaseoliCoq]<br />
Family: Agromyzidae<br />
Order: DIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultisatinyblackflyabout2mmlongandthelarvaearesmallwhitemaggots. Theadultflies<br />
canflystrongly.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-smallblackfly<br />
about2mmlong<br />
Pupae-instemofbean Eggs-about60laidwithin<br />
neargroundlevel. leavesofyoungplant,white<br />
2.3mmlongx0.8mm and1mmlong.(3days)<br />
Lifecycletakesabout2-3weeksinhotweather.<br />
Larvae-tunnelinleavesdownleafstalk<br />
tomainstemandintotaproot.<br />
Damage<br />
Plantsturnyellowandstemsbecomeswollenandcracked,andbreakoffinwind. Thisinsect<br />
commonlydoesseriousdamageduringdryseasons.8to10maggotsperplantcankillaseedling.<br />
Commonbeanisveryeasilydamaged. Itisprobablythemostimportantbeanpest. Ithasbeen<br />
recordedoncommonbean,snakebean,soybeanandmungbean.<br />
Control<br />
1.Removeoldcropresidues.<br />
2.Therearedifferencesbetweenkindsofbeans.Snakeandwingedbeansgetlessdamaged.<br />
3.Chemicalseeddressingsareusedbutthesecanbedangerous.<br />
4.Seedlingscanbesprayedwithinsecticide.<br />
5.Avoidoverlappingcropsofbeansneareachother.<br />
6.Traditionalsubsistenceseedsaresometimesbetterthanimportedseeds.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo28orHarvest9<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17<br />
Hillp329<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap549<br />
Kranz,p5
161<br />
Name Cabbage leaf miner<br />
Scientific name: Liriomyzabrassicae(Riley)<br />
[Alsospeltas Lyriomyzabrassicae]<br />
Family: Agromyzidae<br />
Order: DIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Averysmallfly,about1.5mmlong. Itismostlyyellowbutwithblacklinesacrosstheback.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-smallabout1.5mmlong<br />
Pupae-oval,shiny& Eggs-verysmallandlaid<br />
darkbrownInleaf insideleaf<br />
Larvae-2.5mmlong&<br />
yellow/green<br />
Damage<br />
Thelarvaeburrowintotheleavesofcabbage,Chinesecabbage,radish,broccoli,andturnip. It<br />
probablyalsodamagesothercabbagefamilyplants.<br />
Inothercountriesithasbeenrecordedminingintopealeaves.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallyrequired.<br />
References<br />
Schreiner,I.H.,1989,Serpentineleafminers,PestAdvisoryLeafletNo23SouthPacific<br />
Commission,Noumea,NewCaledonia<br />
SwainAgZoologyinFijip136,175<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,1987,BiologicalControl-PacificProspects,p159
Name Paddy stemfly<br />
(Also called rice seedling flies)<br />
Scientificname AtherigonaoryzaeMalloch<br />
Family: Muscidae<br />
Order: DIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Itresemblesasmallgreyhousefly.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
162<br />
Pupae-insoilin Eggs-1.5mmacross<br />
yellow-brownpupal Laidonyoungestleaves<br />
case (48hours)<br />
Alifecycletakesabout26days.<br />
Larvae-onlyonedevelopsperseedling<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaeinfestriceseedlingscausingdeadhearts.Theyarealsoreporteddamagingyoungseedlingsof<br />
maize. Theymainlydamagenon-floodedrice.<br />
Larvaeonlydevelopwithhighhumiditythereforethepestdoesnotoccurinthedryseason.<br />
Damagecanbeseriousinthewetseasoninseed-beds.<br />
Control<br />
Chemicalcontrolispossiblebutexpensive.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo411<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.,1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesiap553-554
Name Shootfly<br />
163<br />
Scientific name: AtherigonaorientalisSchiner<br />
[Synonyms: AtherigonaexcisaThomas<br />
and AtherigonatrilineataStein.]<br />
Family: Muscidae<br />
Order: DIPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Averysmallinsect.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaereportedinfruitofrockmelon. Alsoattacksfruitofcapsicum,tomato,corn,commonbean,<br />
marrowandpumpkinafterthefruithavebeenslightlydamaged.Alsoattackbittercucumber.<br />
KnowntoattacksorghumintheSolomonIslands.<br />
Control<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p554
Name Sorghum midge<br />
Scientific name: Contariniasorghicola(Coq)<br />
Family: Cecidomyiidae<br />
Order: DIPTERA<br />
164<br />
The insect<br />
Theseinsectsareverysmallandlooklikeamosquito. Ithasabrightorangebodyandonepairof<br />
wings. Thelarvaearesmallleglessmaggots. Thelarvaecangointoarestingstageinsideseedand<br />
stayalivefor3years. Thismakestheirspreadeasy.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult-verysmallfly<br />
Femaleshaveadark<br />
orangeabdomen<br />
Pupae-thesecan Eggs-over100laidinside<br />
over-winteringrain thesorghumflower.(2-4days)<br />
Alifecycletakes14to21days.<br />
Larvae-Whitethenturnorange,legless.<br />
Lessthan2mm.(9-11days)<br />
Damage<br />
Itdamagesthegrainheadofsorghumandothersorghumgrasses.<br />
Damagecanbeserious.<br />
Control<br />
1.Burntheremainsofoldcrops.<br />
2.Usegoodseed,andsowwell.<br />
3.Somevarietiesareresistant.Slowmaturingvarietiesgetmoredamage.<br />
4.Don’tgrowsuccessivecropsinnearbygardens.<br />
5.Chemicalsdonotofferagoodsolution<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo15orHarvest8(1)p32-35<br />
Hick,S.,RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17<br />
Hill,p319<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p537<br />
Kranz,p512
165<br />
Grasshoppers, locusts and crickets
166<br />
Name Atractomorpha crenaticeps<br />
Scientificname AtractormorphacrenaticepsBlanch<br />
Family: Acrididae<br />
Order: ORTHOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thisgrasshopperisuniformlygreenorlightbrownwithpalepinkhindwings.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Itdamagestheleavesofokra,aibika,brusselssprouts,sugarcaneandsweetpotato.<br />
Theytendtododamageinmoistplaces.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallyrequired.<br />
References<br />
SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin36p13,27
167<br />
Name Coconut tree hopper<br />
Scientific name: EumossulagracilisWillemse<br />
Family: Tettigoniidae<br />
Order: ORTHOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Reporteddamagingbananas.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallyrequired.<br />
References
168<br />
Name Coconut treehoppers<br />
(Also called Sexava)<br />
Scientific names: SegestideadefoliatriadefoliatriaUlvavov<br />
Segestideagracilis(Willemse)<br />
SegestideahanoveranaWillemse<br />
SegestideainsulanaWillemse<br />
SegestideamontanaWillemse<br />
SegestideanovaeguineaeBrancsik<br />
SegetescorneliiWillemse<br />
Family: Tettigoniidae<br />
Order: ORTHOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thesearelonghorngrasshoppers. Theadultscanbe10cmlong. Theyvaryincolourfromgreento<br />
brown. Theyhavewelldevelopedwings,jumpinglegsandverylongantennae.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Theadultsliveonpalmleaves. Eggsarelaidinthegroundorinaccumulatedplantmaterialon<br />
trunks. Theyhatchinapprox.70-80days. Nymphsmaketheirwaytothetopofpalms,thereare<br />
severalinstarsover100+days. Alifecycletakesover200days.<br />
Damage<br />
Onthecoasttheyattackcoconutsandinthehighlandstheyattackpandanus(Karuka). Theyalso<br />
attackbananasandoilpalm.Theycanseriouslydamagetheleavesandcrownofcoconutsand<br />
karuka.<br />
Theygetworseinplaceswherethereisnoregulardryperiod.<br />
Thedistributionoftheonesdamagingcoconutsis:<br />
SegestesdecoratusRedt.-CoastalNGandNewBritain.<br />
Segestideagracilis(Willemse)-NewBritainandNewIreland.<br />
Segestideauniformis(Willemse)-Manus<br />
Segestidealeefmansi(Willemse)-NewHanover,NewIreland.<br />
Segestideanovaeguineae(Brancsik)-CoastalNewGuinea.<br />
Control<br />
1.ForcoconutsthegreentreeKurukumanthasadeterrenteffect.<br />
2.Somepredatorsandparasitesareknown.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo11orHarvest7(2)p84-86.<br />
PNGAgJ23(1&2)1972p29
169<br />
Name Giant grasshopper<br />
Scientific name: Valangairregularis<br />
Also Javanese grasshopper<br />
Valanganigricornis(Burm.)<br />
Family: Acrididae<br />
Order: ORTHOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Averylargegrasshopper,upto90mmlong. Thecolourisgreen-brownfortheadultswhilethe<br />
nymphsarepalegreen. Theycanbefairlywellhiddenbecausetheircolourisoftensimilartothe<br />
backgroundvegetation.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Typicallifecycleofagrasshopper<br />
Damage<br />
Boththenymphsandadultsfeedoncitrusleavesandcancauseextensivedamagetoleavesandfruit.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallyrequired.<br />
References<br />
CIEDistributionmapsNo310<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p51
Name Migratory locust<br />
170<br />
Scientific name: Locustamigratoria(Linnaeus)<br />
Family: Acrididae<br />
Order: ORTHOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Agrasshopperupto40mmlong,andwitharingatitsneck. Thewingsarespeckled. Thecolour<br />
varies. Sometimesitbreedsinlargenumbersandmovesinaswarmofmillionsofinsects.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultslive3months. Eggsarelaidinsoilabout6cmdeepinapodof200to500. Theyare6mm<br />
long. Theyhatchin17-22days. Nymphsdevelopover1to1.5monthsbeforebecomingadult<br />
Lifecycletakesabout70to110days.<br />
Damage<br />
Itcanseriouslydamagetheleavesofbananas,sugarcane,riceandmaizeaswellasalargenumberof<br />
grasses.Alsodamagespineapple,palmsandbamboo.<br />
Theyoccuruptoabout1750maltitude.<br />
Hightemperaturesandlowhumidityspeedupdevelopmentandheavyrainsandlackofsunshine<br />
limitdevelopment. Oftenswarmsdevelopinsuccessiveyears.<br />
Control<br />
Normallyinthesolitaryphasecontrolisnotnecessary. However,swarmscanbehighlydestructive<br />
andinsecticidesneedtobeusedwhentheyarestillinthehopperstage.<br />
EarlyrecognitionanddestructionofbreedingplacesisusedinAfrica.<br />
References<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesofTropicalCropsp16<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.,1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p47,48<br />
Lamb,<strong>Insect</strong>pestsofPNGp11<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip112
Name Mole crickets<br />
(Also called African mole cricket)<br />
Scientific name: GryllotalpaafricanaPal.<br />
Family: Gryllotalpidae<br />
Order: ORTHOPTERA<br />
171<br />
The insect<br />
Theadultisabrowncricketabout25mmlongwithavelvetyappearance. Thefrontlegsare<br />
speciallyadaptedfordigging. Malesareheardchirpingintheevening.Theeggsareovalbrownand<br />
1.5mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultshideinsoilindaytimeandfeedsatnight. Eggsarelaidintunnelsinthesoil. Upto100,2.5<br />
mmlong,eggsarelaidperfemale. Theyhatchin2-3weeks. Thenymphalstagelast10months.<br />
Alifecycletakesaboutayear.<br />
Damage<br />
Itattacksmanycropsattheseedlingstage. Rootsaredamagedandplantswilt.<br />
Itisworseatloweraltitudesandinmoistsoil.<br />
Itcanburrowdeeplyintothesoil. Mostofthedamageistoseedlingsastheinsectsburrowjust<br />
belowthesurface.<br />
Itdamagessugarcane,tomatoesandothervegetables.Theycanfeedonpeanutsbelowtheground<br />
andsweetpotato.<br />
Control<br />
Ricefieldscanbeprotectedbyflooding.<br />
References<br />
Hill,1975,Ag<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropicsandtheircontrolCUPp111
172<br />
Name Phaneroptera brevis<br />
Scientific name: PhaneropterabrevisAud.-Serv<br />
[Synonym: Euanerotabrevis]<br />
Family: Tettigoniidae<br />
Order: ORTHOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Along-hornedgrasshopper,commoninthehighlands. Itsbodyisnarrow. Antennaeare3-4times<br />
thelengthofthebody. Femaleslayupto60eggsover3months.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsarewingedandgreen.Eggsare3mmlongandlaidonstemsofbushesandarecoveredwith<br />
bark.Nymphsaregreenishwithdarkstripesandspots.<br />
Alifecycletakes9-10weeks.<br />
Damage<br />
Itattacksaibika,beansincludingwingedbean,pigeonpea,peas,Chinesecabbage,cabbage,radish,<br />
asparagus,basil,sunflower,okra,brusselssproutsandsweetpotatobyeatingtheleaves. Itisoften<br />
foundinshadyplaces.<br />
Control<br />
Usuallynotnecessary<br />
References<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p58
173<br />
Name Spur throated locust<br />
(Also as short horned grasshopper)<br />
Scientific name: AustracrisguttulosaWalk<br />
Family: Acrididae<br />
Order: ORTHOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thisgrasshopperhasshortantennaeanddarkmarkingsontheforewingsandunmarkedtransparent<br />
hindwings. Theadultisgreybrownincolourand45-55mmlong. Ithasapegorspurinthethroat<br />
region.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Hasatypicalgrasshopperlifecycle.<br />
Damage<br />
1.Itcanformplagues.<br />
2.Adultsandnymphschewsugarcaneleavesandothergrassesleavingedgeswitharagged<br />
appearance.<br />
3.Theyarealsoknowntochewcitrusleaves.<br />
Control<br />
Birdscancontrolthispestwheninsmallnumbers.<br />
References<br />
CSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAustraliap343,344<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip114
174<br />
Thrips, sawflies, termites and mites
Name Banana rust thrips<br />
175<br />
Scientific name: ChaetanaphothripsorchidiiF.<br />
Also Chaetanaphothripssignipennis<br />
Family: Thripidae<br />
Order: THYSANOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Adultsareabout2mmlongandthinandgolden-yellow. Theyhavetwopairsofnarrow,strap-like,<br />
wingswithmanyhairsonthem. Thefrontwingshavedarkareasofcolour. Allstagesofthe<br />
insect’slifecycleseekcovertohide. <strong>Insect</strong>sflyonlypoorlyandprobablygettonewgardensin<br />
plantingmaterialorinthewind.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults-liveonbananafruit<br />
causingsmokypatchesonskin.<br />
Pupae-onsoil Eggs-onflowersandyoungfruit<br />
(7-10days) (7days)<br />
Nymphs-feedonfruit. Whiteoryellow<br />
Fullygrownin1week.<br />
Damage<br />
Adultsandnymphsfeedonfruitcausingbrownrustpatchesonbananafingers. Thisdoesnotaffect<br />
theeatingqualityofthefruit.<br />
Damageislessincoolerweatherastheinsectfavourswarmhumidareas.<br />
Removingthemalebudmayhelpcontrol.<br />
Thethripscanalsooccuroncitrusandgianttaro.<br />
Control<br />
1.Plantwashedpeeledrhizomesastheinsectisspreadwithbananaplantingmaterial.<br />
2.Coverthedevelopingfruitbuncheswithpolythenebags.<br />
References<br />
CSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAustraliap463<br />
Frohlichplate6<br />
Hassan,Major<strong>Insect</strong>andMitepestsofAustralianCropsp23<br />
Hick,RuralDevelopmentSeriesHandbookNo17<br />
Kranz,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsofTropicalcrops<br />
PestControlinBananasPANSManualNo1p94
Name Cacao thrips<br />
(Also called red banded thrips)<br />
176<br />
Scientific name: Selenothripsrubrocinctus(Giard)<br />
Family: Thripidae<br />
Order: THYSANOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Slenderbrowninsectsupto2mmlong.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adult-darkbrownand1mmlong.<br />
Pupae- Eggs-30-40kidneyshaped,<br />
(3-6days) eggslaidseparately0.25mm<br />
long.(12-18days)<br />
10generationscanoccurinayear.<br />
Nymphs-yellowwithbrightred<br />
bandonabdomen.1mmlong<br />
(6-10days)<br />
Damage<br />
Itdamagescacao,cashew,mango,avocado,appleandsomeothercrops. Theydamagemacadamia<br />
nutsinQueensland.<br />
Leaftissuewithersandbecomessilvery. Laterleavesofcacaobecomered.<br />
Itgetsworseindryperiodsandinsunnylocations. Itcausesleavestofalloff.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallyrequired.<br />
Usuallyassociatedwithplantsthatarealreadyunderstressforsomeotherreasonsuchasdroughtor<br />
poorsoils. Theseproblemsshouldbecuredfirst.<br />
References<br />
Frohlich,p91<br />
Hill,p234
Name Onion thrips<br />
Scientific name: ThripstabaciLind.<br />
Family: Thripidae<br />
Order: THYSANOPTERA<br />
177<br />
The insect<br />
Thisinsectissmall1-1.2mmlongandpaleyellow. Theyhave2pairsofnarrowfringedwings. It<br />
canbepickedoutfromotherthripsbecauseithasshortbristlesontherearoftheprothoraxand4<br />
bristlesonthefrontwingsawayfromthebody.<br />
Theycanlayeggswithoutbeingfertilisedandthesewillproduceyoung.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupae-insoil Eggs-intissueofplant<br />
Smallandwhite.<br />
(3-10days)<br />
Nymphs-lightyellowincolour<br />
Feedingonleaves.(1-3weeks)<br />
Lifecycledependsontemperature. Therecanbe15cyclesperyear.<br />
Damage<br />
Theyattackonions,tobacco,capsicumsandotherplantsinthetomatofamilyaswellasmanyother<br />
plants.<br />
Theysucksapproducingsmallwhitespotsonleaves,mostlyclosetotheveins.Leavescanbe<br />
deformedasaresult.Theinsectsusuallyfeedundertheleaves.<br />
Theycantransmitviruses.<br />
Theyareworseinareaswithhotdryweather.<br />
Theyleavesmallblackdropletsoffaecalmatter.<br />
Control<br />
1.Sprayscanbeusedbutmustberepeatedafterashortintervalastheydonotkilltheeggs.<br />
2.Diggingthegroundandgettingridofoldplantshelpsreducenumbers.<br />
3.Rainoroverheadirrigation,reducenumbers.<br />
4.Somecropvarietiesarelesssusceptible.<br />
References<br />
Frohlich,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesofTropicalcropsp13,129<br />
Hill,p225;Kranz,p280<br />
Swain,AgZoologyinFijip183<br />
Waterhouse&Norris,BiologicalControl1989,-PacificProspectsSupplement1,p36
Name Red spider mite<br />
178<br />
Scientific name: TetranychusmarianaeMcGregor<br />
Family: Tetranychidae<br />
Order: ACARINA<br />
The mite<br />
Thisisamite(ithas8legs)notaninsect. Mitesareverysmallandgrowuptoalengthofonly0.5<br />
mm. Theyarewinglesssocannotspreadquickly.Theyusuallyspreadbyspinningafinethread<br />
(web)andfloatintheairratherlikeaparachute.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Adultsareredand0.5mm.Eggsaresphericalandlaidunderleaves.Nymphsareyellow,greenor<br />
red.<br />
Damage<br />
Itcommonlyattacksleavesofcassava,bananas,peas,dwarfbeansandwingedbeans. Otherplants<br />
canalsobeattacked.<br />
Theyliveonthelowersurfacesofleavesoftennearveins.Theysucksapandyellowspotsare<br />
producedontheleafthatthenmaydryoff.<br />
Theyleaveafinesilkwebbingundertheleafandinbadattacksthismaycoverthewholeplant.<br />
Damagegetsworseinhotdryweather.<br />
Theycancauseheavydamagetobeans.<br />
Control<br />
Controlisoftennotnecessaryorpractical.<br />
References
179<br />
Name White ants or termites<br />
Scientific name: Coptotermeselisae<br />
Microcerotermesbiroi<br />
Family:<br />
Order: ISOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Coptotermeslivepartlyaboveandpartlybelowground. Theyliveincolonies. Theycanpenetrate<br />
livingaswellasdeadtreesandmakemudcoveredwalkwaysontrunksoftreestoaheightof2-3m.<br />
Life cycle<br />
Damage<br />
Normallytheyattackdeadtreesandwoodbutifatreeisnotgrowingwellmayalsobeattacked.<br />
Control<br />
Asdamageismorecommoninnewlyclearedrainforest,plantingannualfoodcropsbeforefruit<br />
treeshelpsreducedamagetotrees.<br />
References<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo47orHarvest12(3)p97<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.,1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia,p74-77
Name Yam sawfly<br />
180<br />
Scientific name: Senoclidiapurpurata(F.Sm.)<br />
Family: Tenthredinidae<br />
Order: HYMENOPTERA<br />
The insect<br />
Thissawflyorwaspisabout10mmlong.<br />
Lifecycle<br />
Adults<br />
Pupa-insoil Eggs-inyoungshoots<br />
andleaves<br />
Larvae<br />
Damage<br />
Larvaehavebeenreportedonyamleaves,feedingtogetherinrows. Theycanoccasionallycause<br />
seriousleafloss.<br />
Control<br />
Notnormallyrequired.<br />
References<br />
PANSManualNo4PestControlinTropicalRootcropsp173
181<br />
Minor insect pests with occasional records<br />
Acaloleptaholotephra<br />
Boisd<br />
Cerambycidae(COL) Boring,Ficus,LAESEastNewBritain<br />
ProvinceJuly1976.Alsoboringinto<br />
cassavastems,LAES<br />
Acauloplacellaimmunis Tettigonidae(ORTH) Reportedeatingleavesofcoastalpitpit<br />
Aclerissp. Tortricidae(LEP.) Damagingbrusselssprouts.<br />
Acrocercopscramerella Gracillariidae(LEP) Alsoknowntodamagerambutan.<br />
(Snellen) Cacaopodborer Kalshovenp209.NowConomorpha<br />
cramerella<br />
Acrocercopsspnr. Gracillariidae(LEP) ReportedminingleavesofJavaalmond<br />
phaedetaMeyr throughoutyearnearPortMoresby.<br />
ActinusimperialisFauvel Staphylinidae(COL) Reportedoncardamom.<br />
Acyrthosiphonsolani<br />
Kaltenbach<br />
Aphididae(HEM) Reportedonpotato.<br />
Adoxophyesmelichron Tortricidae(LEP)leaf Reporteddamagingpeanuts;alsookraand<br />
roller sugarpea.Canalsodamagecacaoand<br />
pawpaw.<br />
Adoxophyestetraphracta Tortricidae(LEP) Larvaereporteddamagingleavesvelvet<br />
Meyrick<br />
bean.<br />
Adoxophyessp Tortricidae(LEP)leaf Reporteddamagingavocado,peanuts,<br />
roller parsley,chinesecabbage,soybean,<br />
asparagus,eggplant,okra,peas,sweet<br />
potato,soursop.Otherspeciesin<br />
Kalshovenp222,223<br />
AediasericeaButler Noctuidae(LEP) Frequentinsmallnumbersinsweetpotato<br />
inhighlands.SeeThistletonsurvey<br />
Bulletin36p6<br />
Agapophytabipunctata<br />
Boisd.<br />
Pentatomidae(HEM) Reportedoncoconutandsago.<br />
AgapophytasimilisBlote Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
AgapophytaviridulaBlote Pentatomidae(HEM) <strong>Pests</strong>ofpigeonpeaandTephrosia.Large<br />
populationscanoccurandkillplants.<br />
Nymphsandadultsfeedonyoungshoots.<br />
Agonoscelisrutila Pentatomidae(HEM) Reportedsapsuckeronbasil.Otherspecies<br />
inKalshovenp94<br />
Agromyzapapuensis Agromyzidae(DIPT) Reportedmininginleafofcoastalpitpit.<br />
Agrotisinterjectionis Noctuidae(LEP) Lettuceseedlingsseverelydamaged.Also<br />
Guenee<br />
tomatoleaveseatenatWau.SeeKalshoven<br />
p568.<br />
Agrypnussp. Elateridae(COL) InleafsheathssugarcaneSeeThistleton<br />
surveyBulletin36p26<br />
AitetairidiasMyr. Noctuidae(LEP) LarvaefeedingonfoliageofTerminalia<br />
catappaorJavaalmond<br />
Alcidodesaustralis Curculionidae(COL) Reportedcausingminordamagetoyam<br />
Boisduval<br />
leaves.<br />
Alcidodessp. Curculionidae(COL) RecordedonbeetrootatWau.<br />
AlcidodeselegansGuerin- Curculionidae(COL) FeedingonleavesofFicus. Otherspecies<br />
Meneville<br />
inKalshovenp518,520<br />
Aleurodescomata Aleurodidae(HEM) Reporteddamagingsugarcane.<br />
Alticasp Chrysomelidae(COL) Reporteddoingminordamagetopumpkin<br />
leaves.Kalshovenp445<br />
Alticussp. Chrysomelidae(COL) Reportedonraspberry(Syn.Halticussp.)<br />
AmorbusrhombeusWestw. Pentatomidae(HEM) Reportedonrice<br />
AnadastusalbertisiHarold Languridae(COL) Onaibika.<br />
Ananipasp. Gryllidae(ORTH) Reporteddamaginglettuce.<br />
AnomalaanoguttataBurm. Rutelidae(COL) Reportedslightlydamagingsugarcane
182<br />
AntestiopsischamberetiLe Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
leaves.Alsopitpit.Othersp.<br />
Kalshovenp472.<br />
onsweetpotatoSeeThistletonsurvey<br />
Guillon<br />
Bulletin36p19.<br />
Antestiopsissemiviridis Pentatomidae(HEM) (AintricataandAorbitalisinAfricaCIE<br />
(Walk.) coffeebugs Distributionmap381&382)<br />
AnticarsiairrorataF. Noctuidae(LEP) Reportedeatingleavesofmungbeanand<br />
snakebeanatWauEcologyInstitute.Syn.<br />
ThermesiarubricansBdv..Alsoknownto<br />
attackvelvetbean. (Anticarsiagemmatalis<br />
illustratedinHolloway,D.J.,Lepidoptera<br />
p158)<br />
Apachynusbeccarii<br />
Dubrony<br />
Apachyidae(DERM) Damagingpotato.<br />
AphodiuslividusOlivier Scarabaeidae(COL) Larvaedamagingfalsestemcardamom.<br />
Aphthonabicolorata Chrysomelidae(COL) Doingminordamagetopumpkinleaves<br />
Jacoby<br />
eatingepidermis.Destroyedsorghum<br />
seedlings. Alsooncucumberstripping<br />
offtheleafepidermis. Feedontheleaf<br />
epidermisofsweetpotato.<br />
Aphthonaspnrscutellata<br />
Baly<br />
Chrysomelidae(COL) Doingminordamagetopumpkinleaves.<br />
Araecerussp.(See Anthribidae(COL) Damagingsugarcane.PictureFrohlich<br />
Oxyderes)<br />
plate49.Reporteddamagingpawpaw.<br />
Damagepotato. Relatedtocoffeebean<br />
weevil.Kalshovenp807Damaging<br />
cabbage.<br />
Araecerusfasciculatus Anthribidae(COL) Reporteddamagingwingedbean.<br />
Degeer Coffeeweevil. Kalshovenp484withpicture.<br />
Araeocorynussp. Anthribidae(COL) Reporteddamagingsugarcane.<br />
Araeocorynuscumingi<br />
Jekel<br />
Anthribidae(COL) Reporteddamagingwingedbean.<br />
ArginaastreaDrury Arctiidae(LEP)Orange RecordedasArginacribraria(Clerck)<br />
sannmoth onsweetpotatoandCrotalaria.An<br />
orangespottedmoth.Therearewhite<br />
edgedspotsonthefrontwingsand<br />
darkerspotsontherearwings.Larvae<br />
feedwithintheseedpodsofcrotalaria.<br />
Caterpillarisblackwithyellowrings<br />
acrossthebodyandwithlongblackand<br />
whitehairs.Thereisarowoforange<br />
spotsalongtheside.Theyareupto25<br />
mmlong. SeeCSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sp861,62.<br />
AgZoolinFijip391.Kalshovenp324<br />
Armaciasp Ricaniidae(HEM) Feedingonyoungstemsandleavesof<br />
Ficus.<br />
ArrhenesdschilusPlotz. Hesperiidae(LEP) Recordedcausingmoderatedamageto<br />
sugarcane. InCommon,Butterfliesof<br />
Australia.plate9<br />
Artonasp Zygaeinidae(LEP) Larvaeeatingbananaleavesinhighlands.<br />
Minorpest.SeeThistleton,Survey<br />
Bulletin36p56. Artonacatoxantha<br />
(Hmps.)knowntodamagecoconutand<br />
otherpalmsinIndonesia.seeCIE<br />
DistributionmapNo55.Kalshovenp297<br />
AstacopsdorycusBoisd. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
AstacopsflavicollisWalk. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Reportedoncoconutfronds.<br />
Astacopsvillicollis(Stal.) Lygaeidae(HEM) Twosmallbugscausingwiltingofleaves
183<br />
AsuracrocotaHampson Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
ofColocasiataro<br />
Larvaereportedboringsuperficial<br />
channelsinstoredsweetpotatotubersin<br />
thehighlands.<br />
AtaeniusspinatorHarold Scarabaeidae(COL) Reportedfeedingonrootsofcoastalpitpit.<br />
Atractomorphasimilis Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Atysasp. Chrysomelidae(COL) Reportedonleavesofsweetpotatoand<br />
alsopollinatingplant.<br />
Aulacophrysfascialis Curculionidae(COL) Adultsfedonleavesandfruitof<br />
Marsh.<br />
strawberry.<br />
Badamiaexclamationis Hesperiidae(LEP) Moderatetoseveredefoliationofyoung<br />
Fabricius<br />
okarinuttree.<br />
Bathytrichatruncata Noctuidae(LEP) AsPhragmatiphilatruncataWalkerCane-<br />
Walker<br />
mothborer;Largesugarcanemothborer<br />
Reporteddamagingsugarcane.ZhangBin-<br />
Cheng,1994,IndexofEconomically<br />
ImportantLepidoptera.CABI<br />
Batrachamorphussp. Cicadellidae(HEM) Reportedassapsuckerofroselleand<br />
sunfloweratWauEcologyInstitute<br />
Blastophagasp Agaonidae(HYM) Reportedonmillet<br />
Blissussp Lygaeidae(HEM) Adultsandlarvaefedonleafsheathand<br />
stemsofriceseedlingsnearandunderthe<br />
ground.<br />
BorbocinnaraWallace Hesperiidae(LEP.) ReportedeatingleavesofmaizeatWau<br />
EcologyInstitute.Larvaefeedingonrice<br />
leaves.<br />
Bothricharapalliata<br />
Macleay<br />
Cerambycidae(COL.) Reportedonrice.<br />
Bothrogoniasp Cicadellidae(HEM.) Sapsuckerofcoastalpitpit,andkidney<br />
beanatWauEcologyInstitute<br />
BrachyplatispapuusGuer. Pentatomidae(HEM.) Recordeddamagingbeans.Alsodamages<br />
sometreelegumes.<br />
Brachyplatyssp Pentatomidae(HEM.) Recordedsuckingpodofvelvetbeanat<br />
WauEcologyInstitute.<br />
Brachyplatistranslineatus Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Walk.<br />
DamagingPassiflorafoetidaandcacao<br />
Brontispalateralis Chrysomelidae(COL) Recordeddamagingsugarcane<br />
BrysicaexiguaDist. Pentatomidae(HEM) Reporteddamagingcassava.<br />
CaediusdemeijereiGeb. Tenebrionidae(COL) Reporteddamagingbeansespecially<br />
youngseedlingstowhichtheycancause<br />
considerabledamage. Alsoreportedon<br />
taro. Theadultsarefoundontheground<br />
underbeans.Alsoradish.<br />
Callitearahorsfieldi Lymantriidae(LEP)- asDasychirahorsfieldiSaunders<br />
Saunders tussockmoths. Reporteddamagingsugarcane.<br />
Carpophilusspnrtenuis<br />
Murray<br />
Nitidulidae(COL)<br />
Carpophilusmaculatus<br />
Murray<br />
Nitidulidae(COL) Reporteddamagingbetelnut<br />
CassidadiommaBoisduval Chrysomelidae(COL) Damaginglettuce.Alsodamagingsweet<br />
smalltortoisebeetle potatoleavesandpotatoleaveswith<br />
minordamage.PictureEpenhuijsen<br />
VegetablesinNigeriap52<br />
CassidapapuanaSpaeth Chrysomelidae(COL.)<br />
Cassidasexguttata Chrysomelidae(COL.) Reportedfeedingonsweetpotatoleavesin<br />
Boisduval<br />
smallnumbersanddoingminordamage.<br />
SeeDALEntomologyBulletinNo18or<br />
Harvest8(2)p96.
184<br />
Cephrenesmosleyi(Butl.) HesperiidaeCoconut<br />
skipper<br />
Larvaecausedmoderateleafdamageto<br />
youngcoconuts.Parasiteshelpcontrol.<br />
OtherspeciesinKalshoven.<br />
Ceresiumpachymerum<br />
(Pascoe)<br />
Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
CeroplastodeschitonGreen Coccidae(HEM) Checkwaxscales.Occursoncacao,<br />
soursop,pawpaw. Nowrenamed<br />
Drepanococcuschiton(Green).Attended<br />
byants.<br />
Chaetocnemabasalis Chrysomelidae(COL) Reportedoncornleaves. Attacksrice,<br />
(Baly)<br />
wheat,milletandmustard.See<br />
DistributionmapsNo462.Kalshovenp<br />
445.<br />
Chauliognathuswaroensis Cantharidae(COL) Reporteddamagingsweetpotatoand<br />
Wittmer<br />
beanleavesinhighlands.<br />
Chelisochesmorio Chelisocidae(DERM) Commonlyassociatedwithflowering<br />
Fabricius<br />
taro. Alsorecordeddamagingbanana<br />
fruit.InKalshovenp69withpicture. A<br />
predatorofsmallinsects.<br />
Chlumetiatransversa Noctuidae(LEP)Mango Reporteddamagingmangotrees.<br />
Walker shootcaterpillar Kalshovenp350Itoccursupto1250m<br />
Thevioletlarvaeinitiallyboresintothe<br />
youngleaf,thentheleafstalk,budsand<br />
shoots. Thecaterpillarspupateinthe<br />
soilinflimsycocoons. Theeggsarelaid<br />
ontheyoungleaves.Totaldevelopment<br />
takes22-27days.Repeatedattackscan<br />
leadtoseriousdamage.<br />
Cicadellasp. Cicadellidae(HEM) Reporteddamaginglettuce,taroand<br />
sugarcaneatWauEcologyInstitute.<br />
Causeseverebrownspottingofleaves.<br />
Reporteddamagingpotatoleaves.<br />
CicadellawallaceiDistant Cicadellidae Onsweetpotatoinhighlands.See<br />
[Jassidae](HEM) ThistletonsurveyBulletin36p13<br />
Cicindeladecem-guttata<br />
urvilleiDejean<br />
Cicindellidae(COL) Reportedonrice.<br />
Circopessp. Nitidulidae(COL) Reportedonmaleflowerofbetelnut.<br />
Clavigralloidesacantharis Coreidae(HEM)<br />
Fabricius<br />
Reporteddamagingpigeonpea.<br />
Cletussp Colobathristidae(COL) Reportedsuckingtheseedofamaranth<br />
ClosterarubidaDruce Notodontidae(LEP) ReportedonFlacourtiasp.<br />
ClysteriusangustusArrow Scarabaeidae(COL) InsweetpotatoSeeThistletonsurvey<br />
Bulletin36p21<br />
CoelophorainaequalisF. Coccinellidae(HEM) Reporteddamaginglettuceandsoybean.<br />
Leavecircularholesinleaves.Kalshoven<br />
p406 Normallypredatorofaphids.<br />
CoelophoraripponiCrotch Coccinellidae(HEM) Reportedoncorn.<br />
Colasposomaregulare Chrysomelidae(COL) Onleavesandstemsofsweetpotato.<br />
Jacoby<br />
CheckColaspoma. Kalshovenp440<br />
Makessmallroundholesinsweetpotato.<br />
ColgartricolorDist. Flatidae(HOM) Reporteddamagingaibika,chinese<br />
cabbage,sunflower,okra,avocado,<br />
cabbage;aswellascoffee,rubber,cacao,<br />
cashew. Sapsucker.<br />
Colposcelisvignaphila<br />
Bryant<br />
Chrysomelidae(COL) Oncommonbean.<br />
Compsolacongracilis Elateridae(COL) Adultsreportedfeedingoncorncobs.In
185<br />
Candeze leafsheathssugarcaneSeeThistleton<br />
surveyBulletin36p26Possiblypredators<br />
onleafhoppers.<br />
Conoderusmucronatus<br />
Candeze<br />
Elateridae(COL) Onpotatoleaves.<br />
Conogoniasp Cicadellidae(HEM.) Onfloweringtaro.<br />
Coproporussp. Staphylinidae(COL.) Reporteddamagingcabbage.<br />
Coptosomapygmaeum Pentatomidae(HEM.) SeeCSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAustp450.<br />
Mont.<br />
Reporteddamagingpigeonpea.<br />
Coptosomavariegata Plataspididae(HEM) Reportedonmaize.Kalshovenp90<br />
Herrich-Schaffer dwarfshieldbugs<br />
Coptotermeshyaloapex<br />
Holmg.<br />
Rhinotermitidae(ISOP) OnTonPometiapinnata<br />
CoronacellakirkaldyiMuir Delphacidae(HEM) Reportedonrice.<br />
Creatonotusgangis(L.) Arctidae(LEP)a“bear<br />
caterpillar”<br />
Larvaehavebeenreportedonmaize.<br />
Mothsareattractedtolights.See<br />
Kalshovenp563Dutcheditionandp<br />
321Englishedition. NowAmsacta.<br />
Larvaedarkwithlightstripealongside<br />
somewhitespotsonbodyandredwarts<br />
bearinghairtufts. Theymovequickly<br />
andcanappearinnumbersonsugarcane<br />
ormaize.Theypupateinloosecocoons.<br />
Themothsareremarkablebecauseofthe<br />
longdarktriangularmarksonthelight<br />
colouredfrontwings. SeeKalshovenp<br />
322.<br />
Criocerussp. Crioceridae(COL) Causesdefoliationofyams. Most<br />
noticeableafterrains. Pupationtakesplace<br />
inthesoil.<br />
CriocerusclarkiiBaly Crioceridae(COL) Feedingonleavesofpumpkin.<br />
Criontiadessp. Miridae(HEM) Onpotatoleaves.Onsweetpotatoleaves.<br />
Cryptophasasetiotricha Xyloryctidae(LEP) Larvaereporteddamagingraintreetrunk<br />
Meyr.<br />
nearPortMoresby<br />
Cryptophasasp.nr<br />
arithmologiaMeyrick<br />
Xyloryctidae(LEP) ReporteddamagingMalayapple.<br />
Cyrtopeltismodestus Miridae(HEM) Reportedsap-suckeroftomatoatWau<br />
EcologyInstitute. Otherspeciesin<br />
Kalshovenp126. PossiblyCyrtopeltis<br />
tenuisduetoconfusionwithnaming.<br />
Cyrtorhinuslividipennis Miridae(HEM) Reportedonriceandpossiblepredatorof<br />
Reuter<br />
Nilaparvatalugens. SeeKalshovenp126.<br />
Cyrtorhinussp. Miridae(HEM) Reportedontaro.<br />
DaralarubeolaFeld. Lasiocampidae(LEP) Larvaeonfrondsofcoconuts.Feedon<br />
frondsatnightbutduringdayrestunder<br />
fibrouscoverofleafaxilofyoungpalms.<br />
Pupalperiod20days.<br />
DasychiramendosaHubn. Lymantriidae(LEP)leaf Larvaereportedfeedingonfoliageof<br />
eatingcaterpillar HibiscusatKerevat. Alsoknownto<br />
damagepotato. Eatingleaveseggplant,<br />
cassavaandsoursopatWauEcology<br />
InstituteKalshovenp360. Larvaesmall<br />
andbrightlycoloured.Theheadandlegs<br />
arered.Atuftofwhitehairsoccursonthe<br />
fourthsegment,andablackoneonthe<br />
fifth. Thereisawhitebandaroundthe<br />
bodysurroundedbyaredspot. Theyare<br />
30-40mmlong.Theyeatmanyshrubsand
186<br />
Deanolisalbizonalis Pyralidae(LEP)Red<br />
trees. SomenowrenamedPsalis.<br />
AsNoordaalbizonalisHampsLarvae<br />
Hampson bandedmangoborer. reportedfeedingonmangofruit.<br />
Kalshovenp277.Thelarvaefeedinthe<br />
pulpandlaterthepith.Theborersgrowto<br />
2cmlong.Fruitflieslaterattack.Pupation<br />
takesplaceinthesoil. SeeZhangBin-<br />
Cheng,1994,IndexofEconomically<br />
ImportantLepidoptera.CABI<br />
DemonaxcollarisPascoe Cerambycidae(COL) Reporteddamagingsoybeaninhighlands.<br />
Dendrothripoidesipomoeae Thripidae(THYS) Feedingonsweetpotatoleavescausing<br />
Bagn.<br />
yellowfreckling.<br />
Dentiblissusvenosus<br />
Breddin<br />
Lygaeidae(HEM) Onsugarcane.<br />
Depsagesgranulosa<br />
Guerin-Meneville<br />
Cerambycidae(COL) Reporteddamagingpigeonpea.<br />
Deraecorissp. Miridae(HEM) Ontaro,LAES.<br />
Desmopterellasp Pyrgomorphidae<br />
(ORTH)<br />
Reportedeatingleavesofsunflower.<br />
Diacrisianiceta(Stal.) Arctiidae(LEP) Hairycaterpillarreportedfeedingon<br />
Portulacaoleracea. Theyfeedonthe<br />
youngleaves. Thepupaisinthesoilor<br />
underdryleaves.<br />
DiacrisiapapuanaRoth. Arctiidae(LEP) Reportedfeedingextensivelyonbanana<br />
fruitinhighlands.<br />
Dichocrosissp.nr Pyralidae(LEP)Peach Reporteddamagingwildginger.Dpunc.<br />
punctiferalisGuenee yellowmoth larvaedamagemacadamianutsin<br />
Queensland. Alsorecordeddamaging<br />
cotton.Kalshovenp266.Occursto1750<br />
m.Foundincidentallyonmanyplants.<br />
Caterpillarisredbrownandlivesina<br />
webmadeoffrass.Thepupaelieina<br />
fairlysolidcocoon.<br />
DieuchesfinitimusVan Lygaeidae(HEM) Reportedfromstrawberries(Fvesca)in<br />
Duzee<br />
highlands.<br />
Dieuchessp Lygaeidae(HEM) Reportedsuckingtheseedofbasil.<br />
Dimorphopteruscornutus<br />
Slater<br />
Lygaeidae(HEM) Infestingrootsofriceseedlings.<br />
Dimorphopterussp. Lygaeidae(HEM) Killedsignificantareaofrice.<br />
Dindymuspyrochrous Pyrrhocoridae(HEM) Reporteddamagingginger.Otherspecies<br />
Boisd.<br />
inKalshovenp111.<br />
Ectatorhinusmagicus<br />
Gerstaecker<br />
Curculionidae(COL) Boringintotrunkofgalip.<br />
Elassogasterlineatade<br />
Meij<br />
Platystomatidae(DIPT)<br />
Elassogastersepsoides<br />
Walk.<br />
Platystomididae(DIPT) Reportedfromsugarcane.<br />
ElaunonbipatitusKirby Forficulidae(DERM) Onpotato.<br />
Enoplopteron<br />
?hieroglyphicumde<br />
Miej<br />
Tephritidae(DIPT) Onsugarcaneandbananas.<br />
Epilachnaguttatopustulata Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
Fabricius<br />
Ontaro.<br />
Epilachnasignatipennis Coccinellidae(COL)leaf Reporteddamagingsweetpotato,rice<br />
Boisd. eatingbeetle bean,commonbean,cowpea,limabean,<br />
cucumber.NGBeetlesp50<br />
Epilachna<br />
vigintisexpunctata<br />
Coccinellidae(COL) Causingseveredamagetoeggplantleaves.
dorycaBoisduval<br />
Erythroneurasp. Cicadellidae<br />
[Jassidae](HEM)<br />
187<br />
Adultsandnymphsfeedingonunderside<br />
ofleavesofwingedbean.Damage<br />
sometimessevere.Manynotdescribed.<br />
Kalshovenp139.<br />
EuborelliaannulipesLucas Labiduridae(DERM) Boringintopeanutfruitandfeedingon<br />
kernels.<br />
Euconocephalussp Tettigoniidae(ORTH) Reportedeatingleavesofmaizeand<br />
coastalpitpit.<br />
Eudecatomasp. Eurytomidae(HYMEN) Waspforminggallsonlimetrees.<br />
EumetopinaflavipesMuir Delphacidae(HEM) Reporteddamagingsugarcane.Asap<br />
sucker.Adultsandnymphsgetintheleaf<br />
rolls.Verycommoninhighlands.See<br />
Eumossulagracilis Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
ThistletonsurveyBulletin36p28<br />
Reporteddamagingbananas.<br />
Willemse Coconuttreehopper<br />
EupneustasolenaBradley Elachistidae(LEP)leaf Reportedlarvaeminingsugarcaneleaves.<br />
minerofsugarcane SeeBull.EntRes.64:73-79.1974.<br />
Damagenotsevere. Thisspeciesisvery<br />
similartoDicranoctetessaccharellaBusk.<br />
Thelarvaegrowto6or7mmlong.The<br />
pupaeare5-6mmlonginacocoononthe<br />
leafofsugarcane.<br />
Euproctissp Lymantriidae(LEP) Reportedeatingleavesofbroccoli,okra,<br />
asparagus,apple,capsicumandwinged<br />
beanatWauEcologyInstitute.Other<br />
Euproctisspp.SeeCIEDistributionmaps<br />
No388and362(revised).Calledgold-tail<br />
mothandbrowntailedmothrespectively.<br />
Euricaniadiscigutta Ricaniidae(HEM)plant Reporteddamagingcoffeeandalso<br />
(Walk.) hopper cabbage,chinesecabbage,aibika,beans<br />
andcorn.Relatedspeciesreportedon<br />
cassavainSolomons.<br />
EuricaniatristiculaStal Ricaniidae(HEM.) Adultscollectedfromcitrus.<br />
Euricaniavillica Ricaniidae(HEM)plant Reportedsuckingsapofsunflower,<br />
hopper avocado,commonbean,soursopatWau<br />
EcologyInstitute.<br />
Euronotobrachyssp Eurybrachidae(HEM) Reportedontaro.<br />
Euryphlepsiasp. Cixiidae(HEM) Reporteddamagingsugarcane.<br />
Euscyrtushemelytrus(de<br />
Haan)<br />
Gryllidae(ORTH) Reporteddamaginglettuce.<br />
EysarcorisventralisWest. Pentatomidae(HEM) Adultsfeedonleafsheathofrice<br />
GanaepulchellaPascoe Curculionidae(COL) Reportedfeedingonstemsofokraand<br />
hibiscus.<br />
Gesonulamundata Acridiidae(ORTH) Abrightlycolouredsmallgrasshopper<br />
sanguinolentaKraus reporteddamagingtaro,sugarcane,and<br />
macadamia. PNGAgJ17(3)1965.<br />
Defoliatingyoungmacadamiatrees. On<br />
taroadultsandhoppersfeedonleaves.<br />
Eggslaidinpetioles. Moderatedamage<br />
toleaves.<br />
GleneaaluensisGahan Cerambycidae(COL) Adultsfeedingonaibikaandboringinto<br />
stems. Kalshovenp437.picturep436.An<br />
importantpestofcacaoinBismarck<br />
Archipelago.<br />
Glyptoporopterussharpi<br />
Faust.<br />
Curculionidae(COL) Reportedontaro.<br />
Gonocephalum Tenebrionidae(COL) ReporteddamagingradishOtherspeciesin
ochthebioidesFul.<br />
188<br />
Falsewireworm Kalshovenp423<br />
Gymnopholusinterpres<br />
Hllr.<br />
Curculionidae(COL) Reporteddamagingraspberries.<br />
Gymnopholusmarquardti<br />
Hllr.<br />
Curculionidae(COL) Reporteddamagingraspberries.<br />
GymnopholusweiskeiHllr. Curculionidae(COL.) Reporteddamagingyam. SeePNGAgJ<br />
18(3)<br />
HalticusinsularisUsinger Miridae(HEM.) Ontaro.NowAlticus<br />
HalticusminutusReuter Miridae(HEM)flea Reportedonpeanutsandbeans.Sucking<br />
hopper. sapofcommonbean,cucumber,parsnip,<br />
chinesecabbage,okra,coriander,dill,<br />
soybean,sweetpotato,lettuceandradishat<br />
WauEcologyInstitute.NowAlticus<br />
HapatesustropicusNeboiss Elateridae(COL) InleafsheathssweetpotatoSeeThistleton<br />
surveyBulletin36p26<br />
Haptoncussp.nrconcolor Nitidulidae(COL) Reportedonmaleflowerofbetelnutpalm.<br />
HarpedonaplanaPoppius Miridae(HEM) Nymphsandadultsreporteddamaging<br />
greateryamleavesandsomevarieties<br />
sufferedseveredamage. Theleavesgo<br />
spottedwithlightpatches.Seephoto<br />
GagneStaplecropsinsubsistence<br />
agriculture.MonographieBiologicaeVol<br />
42p248.<br />
Helicoverpaassultaassulta Noctuidae(LEP) Reportedeatingleavesofonion,<br />
sunflower,lettuceatWau.(SynHeliothis<br />
?)<br />
Helicoverpapunctigera<br />
Wallengren<br />
Noctuidae(LEP) Morecommoninlowlands.<br />
Hemisphaerinussp Issidae(HEM) Reportedsuckingsapofsoursop<br />
Heteropternisobscurella Acrididae(ORTH) Reportedfeedingonsugarcaneleavesand<br />
(Blanch)<br />
okrabutdamageslight.<br />
Hexacentrusmundar<br />
Walker<br />
Tettigoniidae(ORTH) Reportedontaro.<br />
HippotionboerhaviaeFab. Sphingidae(LEP) Reportedontaro.Moderatetosevere<br />
damagebyeatingleaves.<br />
Homeoxiphafuscipennis Gryllidae(0RTH) Reportedchewingleavesofpotato,<br />
capsicum,sunflower,turnip,avocado,<br />
maize,okra,wingedbean.<br />
HypolixusmastersiPascoe Curculionidae(COL) Reporteddamagingcornandyam.Other<br />
speciesinKalshovenp506.<br />
HypolixusritsemaePasc. Curculionidae(COL) Reporteddamagingsugarcane.Long<br />
narrowareashadbeenchewedinleaves<br />
butdamagewasslight.<br />
Hyposidratalaca(Wlk.) Geometridae(LEP) Eatingleavesofasparagus,commonbean,<br />
yam,custardapple,soursopandavocado<br />
atWauEcologyInstitute. Kalshovenp<br />
307.Thecaterpillarattacksmanywoody<br />
plants.Itcanattackcoffee,Syzygium.The<br />
larvaearebrownandbearrowsofwhite<br />
spotsacrossthebody.Thematurelarvae<br />
lowerthemselvesonthreadsandpupate2-<br />
4cmdeepinthesoil. Theeggsare<br />
iridescentandinclusters.Onefemalemay<br />
depositseveralhundredeggs.Alifecycle<br />
takes2.5to3.5monthsat1700maltitude.<br />
Thelossofleavesofteaetccanbeserious.<br />
HypotactusruralisFst. Curculionidae(COL) Reporteddamagingcassava.<br />
Idiophantiseugeniae Gelechiidae(LEP) Ingallsonlargelaulau(Eugeniaspecies)
189<br />
Bradley fruittrees.<br />
IdopsiscoeruleaFaust. Curculionidae(COL) Causingminorshotholedamagetopotato.<br />
Alsoreporteddamagingchilli.<br />
IdopsisexcellensFaust. Curculionidae(COL) Reporteddamagingsweetpotatoleaves.<br />
IdopsisgriseaFaust. Curculionidae(COL) CheckIdiopsis?onpassionfruit,citrus,<br />
Ischiopsophabifasciata<br />
Quoy&Gaimvar.hyla<br />
Heller<br />
Ischiosophaignatipennis<br />
Boisd.<br />
Ischnaspislongirostris<br />
(Sign.)<br />
sweetpotato,avocado.<br />
Cetoniinae(COL) Reportedadultsfeedingonripepawpaw<br />
fruit.<br />
Cetoniidae(COL) Reporteddamagingcoconutflowers.<br />
Diaspididae(HEM) Armouredscaleonpersimmon.Kalshoven<br />
p175.Asomewhatthreadlikedarkbrown<br />
scale.4.4x1mmAppearsoncoffee,<br />
Guilielmagasipaespalms,andmango.<br />
Damagecanbeseveretoseedlings.<br />
Kollasp. Cicadellidae(HEM) Reporteddamaginglettucecausingbrown<br />
spotting. Alsosweetpotatoleaves.<br />
Laccopteraimpressa<br />
Blanchard<br />
SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin36p10<br />
Lagriasp. Chrysomelidae(COL) Shotholedamagetoleavesofapple.<br />
Damagingmulberry.<br />
Lasiodactylumnotabilis<br />
Oliff<br />
Nitidulidae(COL) DamagingMalayapple.<br />
LemapapuanaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL) Reportedonbananaandhemp. See<br />
Oulema<br />
LemavariatorGres. Chrysomelidae(COL) SeeOulema<br />
LemawauensisGres. Chrysomelidae(COL) ReporteddamaginggingerandLemasp<br />
reportedchewingbananaleavesatWau.<br />
SeeOulemaPictureotherspeciesin<br />
Kalshoven.p438<br />
LeptotheaciskiiWeise Coccinellidae(COL) Reportedonpumpkins.<br />
LicyllusalbicollisFab. Chrysomelidae(COL) Reportedfeedingonleavesofeggplant.<br />
Liliocerusspnr.bakewelli Crioceridae(COL)<br />
Baly<br />
Lilioceruspapuana(Jac.) Crioceridae(COL) Reportedadultsandlarvaechewingleaves<br />
ofgreateryamatWauEcologyInstitute.<br />
Lophopssaccharicida Lophopidae(HEM) Reportedonsugarcane.Adultsand<br />
Kirkaldy<br />
nymphsinmoderatenumbers.On<br />
undersideofleaves.<br />
Lophopssp. Lophopidae(HEM) Onrice.<br />
Lophotectespenicilliger<br />
(Heller)<br />
Curculionidae(COL) Reportedoncoconutflowers.<br />
LygaeushospesFabr. Lygaeidae(HEM) Adultscommononandcausingyellow<br />
spotsonsilverbeet.<br />
LymantriarosinaPag. Lymantriidae(LEP) Numerouslarvaereportedonguavasin<br />
Gazellepeninsula. SeeDasychiraand<br />
Psalis<br />
Machaerotahumboldti Machaerotidae(HEM) Reportedsuckingsapofokra,turnip,<br />
sugarcaneandsunfloweratWau<br />
EcologyInstitute.<br />
Megalurothripsusitatus Thripidae(THYS) Onmungbean,peanut,soybean,lima<br />
Bagnall<br />
bean.<br />
Megamelussp. Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
MegymenumpapuenseDist. Pentatomidae(HEM) Nymphsandadultsreportedonbitter<br />
cucumber(Momordicacharanta)and<br />
marrow.<br />
Meijerellainaequalis Chloropidae(DIPT) Larvaeinginger.Kalshovenp554.Syn.
190<br />
Becker Oscinellainaequalis. Itattacksrice<br />
seedlingsandcancauseseriousdamage<br />
needingre-sowing.<br />
Melacanthusargineguttatus Alydidae(HEM) Recordedsuckingpodsofmungbeanat<br />
WauEcologyInstitute.<br />
Melanhyphusclypealis<br />
Arrow<br />
Scarabaeidae(COL) Reportedontaro.<br />
Melanitisconstantia Satyridae(LEP) Reportedlarvaefeedingonleavesof<br />
Cramer<br />
sugarcane.<br />
MenindabisignataWalker Pentatomidae(HEM) Onrice.<br />
Menochilussexmaculatus Coccinellidae(COL) Reportedoncorn.InKalshovenp406.Syn.<br />
Fab.<br />
Chilomenessexmaculatus.Acommon<br />
predatorofaphidsandwhiteflies.Itisred<br />
withblackspotsarrangedinzigzagrows.<br />
Itis5-6mmlong.Thelarvaeareblack<br />
brownwithwhiteandyellowmarkings.<br />
Developmenttakes18-24days,Theyare<br />
attractedtolight.<br />
Meredolussp. Curculionidae(COL) Reportedonbetelnutpalm.<br />
MeredoluscocotisMarshall Curculionidae(COL) Frommaleflowerscoconut.<br />
Meroleptuscinctor<br />
Marshall<br />
Curculionidae(COL) Fromstrawberryplants.<br />
Metraniapapuana Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Metrionasp Chrysomelidae(COL) Adultsfeedingonfoliageofsweetpotato.<br />
SeeCassida<br />
Microtermesbiroi Rhinotermitidae(ISOP) Buildingrunwaysontrunkcoconuts.See<br />
Desneaux<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo47<br />
MulciberlinnaeiThoms Cerambycidae(COL) Adultsverycommoninsugarcane<br />
gardens.Larvaeboreintocanestemsand<br />
cancausemoderatedamage.<br />
MycalesisasophisHew Satyridae(LEP) OtherspeciesinKalshovenp370<br />
MythimnaunipunctaHaw Noctuidae(LEP) AsCirphusunipunctaHaw.Cutworm<br />
damagingsugarcane<br />
MyzusornatusLaing Aphididae(HEM) Commoninhighlandsonpotato<br />
NagiaepiscopalisHampson Noctuidae(LEP) ReportedfromTerminaliatree(Okarinut<br />
family).<br />
Neotermessp Colotermitidae<br />
(ISOPTERA)<br />
Kalshovenp73.<br />
Nephotettixapicalis Cicadellidae[Jassidae] Adultsfeedonleafsheathofrice.Now<br />
(Motsch.) (HEM)Greenrice Nephotettixnigropictus.Kalshovenp137.<br />
leafhopper.Bestcalled Adults406mmlong.Occursonmany<br />
Greenjassid. plantsinthegrassfamily.Thedamageis<br />
direct(hopperburn)andindirectby<br />
spreadingviruses.Thereareoftenalarge<br />
numberofnymphalskinsontheleaf.<br />
Muchhoneydewisproducedwhichresults<br />
insootymoulds.Whilefeedingthe<br />
nymphsandadultsremainparalleltothe<br />
veins.Theadultsareveryactiveduring<br />
nightandareattractedtolights.Theeggs<br />
arelaidinsoftpartsoftheleafsheathin<br />
rowsofabout25.Afemalelaysabout100-<br />
200eggs.Theyhatchafteraweek.<br />
Nymphsarewhitethenbecomegreen.<br />
Theyarefullygrownin3weeks.Adults<br />
liveabout4weeks.Theyhaveblackspots<br />
onthecentreandtipsofthewings.The<br />
abdomenisbrown.Removingweedshelps
Nipaecoccusvastator<br />
(Mask)<br />
191<br />
Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Pinkmealybug<br />
control.<br />
Mealybugoncitrus.Kalshovenp185.Syn.<br />
PseudococcusdefluiteriBetr.Thebody<br />
contentsaredarkorange.Itisapestof<br />
coffee. Awaspcangivegoodcontrol.<br />
Nisiasp. Meenoplidae(HEM) Reportedontaro<br />
NisotrabasselaeBry Chrysomelidae(COL) Adultsonaibikaandamaranthus<br />
NisotraobliterataJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL) Causingsevereshotholedamagetoaibika.<br />
Oncoastandto1600m.<br />
Nisotraspp Chrysomelidae(COL) Reportedfeedingonokraandhibiscus.<br />
Nyctemerabaulus<br />
Boisduval<br />
OtherspeciesinKalshovenp444<br />
Arctiidae(LEP) Larvaedamagingleavesofcabbage.<br />
Larvaefeedingonleavestaroinhighlands.<br />
Alsodamagingwingedbeanleaves.<br />
NysiusepiensisChina Lygaeidae(HEM) Reporteddamagingbeans. Adultscause<br />
yellowspottingoffoliage.Alsoon<br />
NysiusfemoratusVan<br />
Duzee<br />
Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
peanuts.<br />
Onleaftaro.<br />
NysiusvillicusVanDuzee Lygaeidae(HEM) Reportedsuckingtheseedofsunflower<br />
andlettuce.Alsoonpotatoandsweet<br />
potato.Theyareinconspicuousgreyish<br />
brownbugs3-4mmlong.Thedamageis<br />
normallyunimportant.Theynormallylive<br />
onweeds.<br />
Odontomyiasp Stratiomyiidae(DIPT) Larvaeincabbage.<br />
Olethreutes(Argyroploce) Tortricidae(LEP) Heavysheddingoffruitofpaonuttree.<br />
sp.<br />
NowCryptophlebia.Actually<br />
OlethreutidaerelatedtoTortricidaewith<br />
similarlifecycle.Mothshaverowsof<br />
slantingstripesalongtheedgesofthefore<br />
wings.Cryptophlebiaombrodelta(Low)<br />
occursinAsiaandPacificandattacks<br />
fruit.Kalshovenp225. Picturep226.<br />
Larvaearepinkandupto15mmlong.The<br />
headisbrown.Lifecycleabout26-32<br />
days.Earlyharvestingoffruitis<br />
recommendedascontrol.<br />
Onchyroticaconcursa Pterophoridae Larvaeonsweetpotato.Larvaefoldand<br />
Walker<br />
webleaves. SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin<br />
36p6<br />
Onthophaguslatinasutus Scarabaeidae(COL) Reporteddamagingradish. SeeNG<br />
Arrow<br />
Beetlesp31/32.<br />
Onthophagusspnr<br />
papuensisHarold<br />
Scarabaeidae(COL) Oncabbage.<br />
Opogonafumiceps Hieroxestidae(LEP)<br />
Opogonasaccharella Hieroxestidae(LEP) Reporteddamagingsugarcane. See<br />
CSIROp807.AgZoolp198,<br />
Orchamoplatus Aleyrodidae Onbeans. SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin<br />
mammaeferus<br />
(Quanitance&Baker)<br />
36p45<br />
Orinaemesp. Cerambycidae(COL) Reporteddamagingsugarcane.<br />
OrosiusargentatusEvans Cicadellidae(HEM) FeedingonleaftaroKalshovenp142.<br />
Picturep141. Alsoattackspeanuts. A<br />
hopperabout3mmlong. Itlayseggsin<br />
thepetiolesandstems.About200per<br />
female.Developmenttakesabouta
192<br />
OrthacacincticornisWalk. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
month.Bothnymphsandadultsactively<br />
feedonleaves.Itcantransmitvirus<br />
diseaseofpeanuts.Itcanalsotransmit<br />
diseaseoftomatoandlegumes.<br />
Densepopulationsonmaizeleavesand<br />
flowers.<br />
OryctescentaurusSternb Scarabaeidae(COL) Reporteddamagingcoconuts.<br />
Oxidusgacilis Reportedfeedingonstrawberryfruitand<br />
peanutseedlingsatWauEcology<br />
Institute.<br />
Oxyagavisa(Walk.) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Oxyajaponica(Thnb.) Acrididae(ORTH) [SynO.j.vitticollis(Blanchard)and<br />
O.j.japonica(Thnb.)]OnsugarcaneSee<br />
ThistletonsurveyBulletin36p27On<br />
maize,p53.SeeCIEDistributionmapsNo<br />
295.Alsooccuronrice,maize,coconuts,<br />
cacao,coffeeandcotton.<br />
Oxyavittigera(Blanch) Acrididae(ORTH) Reportedcausingslightdamageto<br />
sugarcanefoliage.Alsodamagingriceand<br />
maize.<br />
OxyderescyrtusJordan[ex Anthribidae(COL) Reporteddamagingpawpaw. Onrotting<br />
Araecerus]<br />
fruitanddyingpetiolescars.<br />
Pachybrachiusnervosus Lygaeidae(HEM) Reportedcausingyellowspottingon<br />
Horv.<br />
beans.Alsofeedsondevelopingrice<br />
grains.Adultscaninfestleafsheathof<br />
rice.Verycommononsugarcaneinsome<br />
areasonyoungleavesandinleafrolls.<br />
PamaraamaliaSemper Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
Papuanellasp. Flatidae(HEM) Onmandarin.<br />
ParaBactroceraperplexus Trypetidae(DIPT) ReportedasimportantespeciallyinNew<br />
Britaindamagingpumpkinfruit. Few<br />
fruitscanbeharvested.<br />
Parastasiaguttulata Scarabaeidae(COL) Larvaereportedfromamongrootsof<br />
Fairmaire<br />
coastalpitpitAdultalsoreportedboring<br />
tunnelsintojackfruitfruit.<br />
Paratellasp. Flatidae(HEM)<br />
ParatellaminiataMcl. Flatidae(HEM) Reportedsuckingsapofavocado.Also<br />
cacao.<br />
ParomiusgracilisRambur Lygaeidae(HEM) Onsorghum<br />
Patangasp. Acrididae(0RTH) Reporteddamagingsugarcane.Bandsof<br />
hoppers.OtherspeciesinKalshovenp55<br />
PossiblyPatangasuccincta(L.)<br />
Pelopidasagnadingo Hesperiidae(LEP) Feedonriceandobviousbutprobablynot<br />
Evans<br />
serious.OtherspeciesinKalshovenp383.<br />
Phaciocephalussp. Derbidae(HEM) Reporteddamagingsugarcane. Adultsfed<br />
onleafsheaths.<br />
Phaenacanthaspp. Colobathristidae/Pyrroco ProbablyP.australiae. Reported<br />
ridae(HEM)sugarcane damagingsugarcane.Suckssap.Other<br />
bug. speciesinAsia Onpotato.SeeThistleton<br />
surveyBulletin36p32Phaecantha<br />
saccharicidainKalshovenp110<br />
PharotestorvusMarshall Curculionidae(COL) Reportedseverelychewingpetiolesof<br />
snoutweevil taro.SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin36p40<br />
PhiliafemorataWalk. Pentatomidae(HEM) Reportedonpeanut.<br />
Phodoryctiscaerulea Gracillariidae(LEP) AsAcrocercopscaeruleaMeyrickLeaf<br />
Meyrick<br />
minercausingslightdamagetocowpea.<br />
Phormesasp. Colydiidae(COL.) Oncabbage.<br />
Phyllophoraboshmaide Tettigoniidae(ORTH) Adultsandnymphsonleavesofkaruka.
193<br />
Jong SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin36p54<br />
Piezodorusrubrofasciatus Pentatomidae(HEM) Suckingpodsofmungbean.Otherspecies<br />
Fab.<br />
inKalshovenp93<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani<br />
(Cooley)<br />
Diaspididae(HEM) Armouredscaleonpersimmon.<br />
Platystomuswallacei<br />
Pascoe<br />
Anthribidae(COL) Reporteddamagingpigeonpea.<br />
Plautiasp. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
stinkbugs<br />
Plautiabrunneipennis Pentatomidae(HEM)- Reporteddamagingcapsicum,snake<br />
stinkbugs bean,sunflowerandsugarcane.<br />
Polyomonatusboeticus(L) Lycaenidae(LEP) Larvaereportedinsidepodsofpigeon<br />
pea.<br />
Prodromopsisoculatus Miridae(HEM) Reportedsapsuckeronbanana.<br />
Prosoplusgrisescens<br />
Breuning<br />
Cerambycidae(COL) Reportedoncorn/maizeflowers<br />
Prosoplusobliqueplagiatus Cerambycidae(COL) Reportedonpodsofwingedbean.<br />
Breuning<br />
ProtaetiafuscaHerbst Scarabaeidae(COL) Reportedonflowersofcornplants.<br />
Mangoflowerbeetle Knowntodamagesugarcane.Kalshoven<br />
p484<br />
ProtaetiapapuanaMoser Scarabaeidae(COL) Reportedoncassava.<br />
Psammoecussp. Silvanidae(COL) Inoldcoconutleafmine.<br />
Pseudodoniellatypica Miridae(HEM) Adultsandnymphsonyoungleavesand<br />
China&Carvalho fruitofavocadocausingconsiderable<br />
diebackandfruitshedding.<br />
Pseudoligotasp Staphylinidae(COL) Onmaleflowerofbetelnutpalm. On<br />
maleflowercoconut.<br />
Pternistriasp. Coreidae(HEM) Reporteddamaginggranadilla.<br />
Pterolophiagrisescens Cerambycidae(COL) SynPterreaPascoe.Reporteddamaging<br />
Pascoe<br />
pigeonpea.<br />
Pyroderes?amphisaris<br />
Meyrick<br />
Cosmopterigidae(LEP) Fromgrainsofsorghum.<br />
RagwellelusfestivusMiller Miridae(HEM) Reporteddamagingguava.Causingsevere<br />
damageanddistortionofyoungleaves.<br />
Adultscausescabbingoffruit. Eggsin<br />
midribsofyoungleaves.<br />
Rhinoscaphacobaltinata<br />
Heller<br />
Curculionidae(COL) Reporteddamaginghighlandsbreadfruit.<br />
Rhinoscaphafunebris<br />
Chev.<br />
Curculionidae(COL) Reportedonsoybean.<br />
Rhinoscaphamaclayi<br />
MacLeay<br />
Curculionidae(COL) Reporteddamagingpawpaw.<br />
Rhinoscaphathomsoni Curculionidae(COL) Reportedfeedingonlemontrees.Larvae<br />
Wterh. Citrusleafeating andpupaeinsoiltodepthof1m.Roots<br />
weevil showedfeedingscars.<br />
Rhynchortaliawallacii<br />
Crotch<br />
Coccinellidae(COL) ReportedoncitrusinKarimui<br />
RhyparidacacaonaGressitt Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidaclypeataJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL) Largenumbersskeletonisingleavesof<br />
mango.<br />
RhyparidacoriaceaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL) Reportedcausingslightdamageto<br />
mulberry.Alsookraandhibiscus.<br />
Feedingonleavesofmungbean. Also<br />
feedingonsugarcaneleaveswithslight<br />
damage.<br />
Rhyparida?fasciataBaly Chrysomelidae(COL) Causingseveredamagetoeggplant<br />
leaves.
RhyparidamorosaJac.<br />
194<br />
Chrysomelidae(COL) Reporteddamagingsugarcaneand<br />
grasses.<br />
Rhyparidellacasuarinae Chrysomelidae(COL) ReportedeatingleavesofeggplantatWau.<br />
Rhyparidellasobrina Chrysomelidae(COL) Causingshotholedamagetoaibikain<br />
Bryant.<br />
highlands.<br />
Rhyparidellawauensis Chrysomelidae(COL) Reportedadultseatingleavesofsoybean,<br />
mungbean,pumpkin,sunflower,radish,<br />
broadbeanatWauecologyinstitute.<br />
Ricanulapuncticosta Ricaniidae(HEM) Reportedsapsuckerofsunflower,<br />
asparagusatWauEcologyInstitute<br />
RopicahonestaPascoe Cerambycidae(COL) Reporteddamagingdrywingedbeanpods.<br />
RosenbergiaweiskeiHeller Cerambycidae(COL) Reporteddamaginghighlandsbreadfruit.<br />
Saccolaemuslongiceps<br />
Pascoe<br />
Curculionidae(COL) Ontrunkokarinuttree.<br />
Sciophyrusdiminutus<br />
Horvath<br />
Coreidae(HEM) Undersweetpotatovinesonsoil.<br />
Scoliophthalmussp Chloropidae(DIPT) Larvaeboringintostemsofsugarcane.<br />
Scirpophagaexcerptalis Pyralidae(LEP)White ReportedinPNGinFAOTechnical<br />
(Walker) tipborer document135<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofEconSigin<br />
AsiaandPacific.p36.AndBulletinNo38.<br />
Boringtopsofmaturesugarcane.Other<br />
speciesinKalshovenp240,244.<br />
Scirpophaganivella<br />
Fabricius<br />
Pyralidae(LEP) Boringtopsofsugarcane.<br />
SesamiagrisescensWalker Noctuidae(LEP)stem Reporteddamagingsugarcane.Heavy<br />
borer. damage.Larvaewerefoundincanesofall<br />
ages.SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin36<br />
p24.Kalshovenp349.<br />
Silbasp. Lonchaeidae(DIPT) Larvaeboringintostemsofsugarcane.<br />
Alsofromcapsicumfruit.Otherspeciesin<br />
Kalshovenp547.<br />
Simodactylussp. Elateridae(COL) Fromcarrotfoliage.<br />
Simpliciacaeneusalis Noctuidae(LEP) Larvaereportedboringintopotatotubers.<br />
Walker<br />
Kalshovenp351Occursinlargenumbers<br />
incoffeepruningsandsagoleaf.<br />
Solephymapapuana Galerucidae(COL) Reporteddamagingsweetpotato<br />
Spilosomaowgarra Arctiidae(LEP) Larvaefeedingoncabbage.Otherspecies<br />
Bethune-Baker<br />
inKalshovenp321.Reddishbrown“bear<br />
caterpillars”.Eatvariousvegetables.<br />
Spirocariabissellata<br />
Mulsant<br />
Coccinellidae(COL) Reportedoncorn.<br />
Stenocatantops Acrididae(ORTH) Reportedtocauseslightdamageto<br />
augustifrons(Walker) sugarcanefoliage.Alsoreporteddamage<br />
torice.<br />
Stephanitistypica(Distant) Tingidae(HEM) Reportedassapsuckerofbananaleaves.<br />
Strumetabarringtoniae<br />
(Tryon.)<br />
Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
StrumetarecurrensHer. Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Symphilitessp. Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Syncrotus(Syncrotellus)<br />
similisGhauri<br />
Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)<br />
SyntheratajanettaWhite Saturniidae(LEP) Larvaeseverelydefoliatingleavesof<br />
guava.<br />
TabidiainsuralisSnell Pyralidae(LEP) Reportedcausingextensivewindowingof<br />
sweetpotatoleavesinlowlands.Theytie<br />
leavestogetherandchewtheleaves.Other<br />
speciesinKalshovenp264.<br />
TaenarisbutleriOberth. Amathusiidae(LEP) ReporteddamagingCycascicatricalis
TaenarisdimonaHew<br />
195<br />
Amathusiidae(LEP) Reporteddamagingbananaleaves.<br />
Tagiadesobscurustindali<br />
Rbb<br />
Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
TagiadestregelliusHopf. Hesperiidae(LEP) LarvaeofTobsc.reportedtofeedon<br />
yamleavesthroughouttheyear.PNGAg<br />
J21(7).Onlyslightdamage. AlsoT.<br />
treg.larvaerollingleaves.<br />
Tagiadestregellius Hesperiidae(LEP) EatingleavesofyamatWauEcology<br />
canonicus<br />
Institute.<br />
TauchirideaadustaBolivar Acrididae(ORTH) Reporteddamagingsugarcane.<br />
Teleclitastrigata Notodontidae(LEP) LarvaefeedingonJavaalmondnearPort<br />
cinnamomeaRothsch. Moresby.<br />
Teleogrylluscommodus Gryllidae-fieldcricket Insweetpotato.SeeThistletonsurvey<br />
Wlk.<br />
Bulletin36p22Otherspeciesin<br />
Kalshovenp64<br />
Telostylinussp. Neriidae(DIPT) Onbreadfruit.Alsooncucumber.<br />
Terentiusnubifasciatus Membracidae(HOM) Reportedassapsuckerofsoursop,<br />
Walker<br />
avocado,andeggplantatWauEcology<br />
Institute<br />
TettigellapasiphaeKirk Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Tettigellasp. Cicadellidae(HEM) Reporteddamagingsugarcane.Alsosweet<br />
potato<br />
Tetraneura Aphididae(HEM)Rice Adultsandnymphsfedonrootsofrice.<br />
nigriabdominalis(Sas.) rootaphid. Kalshovenp159.SynTetraneurella.and<br />
ByrsocryptahirsutaBak.Ovalstrongly<br />
archedandlightyellow.Blacklegsanda<br />
fewlongbristles.2x1.5mm.Alsooccurs<br />
onsugarcane.Developmenttakes13-18<br />
daysand25-70youngareproduced.<br />
Infestationoccurson10dayoldseedlings<br />
andreachesapeakwhenriceis40days.<br />
Ricevarietiesvaryinsusceptibility.<br />
TheretraoldenlandiaeFab. Sphingidae(LEP)Vine<br />
hawkmoth<br />
Larvaecausingminordamagetotaro.<br />
Thressapunctiferade Chloropidae(DIPT) Onginger.SeeThistletonsurveyBulletin<br />
Meijere<br />
36p35<br />
Thysanoplusiaorichalcea Noctuidae(LEP) AsDiachrysiaorichalcaeaFabReported<br />
Fabricius<br />
doingdamagetocabbage. (CheckPlusia<br />
andPhytometra)<br />
Tiracolarufimargo Noctuidae(LEP) Reportedonapple.<br />
Trachycentra Tineidae(LEP) Casemothcausingmoderatedamageto<br />
chlorogrammaMeyrick karukaandmaritaleaves.SeeThistleton<br />
surveyBulletin36p55.<br />
Trachylepidia<br />
fructicassiellaRagonot<br />
Pyralidae(LEP) Greenborerinsproutingsugarcane.<br />
Trichogomphusexcavatus<br />
Mohinke<br />
Scarabaeidae(COL) Moderatedamagetococonutfronds.<br />
Trichogomphussemmelinki Scarabaeidae(COL) Reporteddamagingcoconuts.<br />
Rits rhinocerosbeetle<br />
Trochorhopalus Curculionidae(COL) Reporteddamagingsugarcane.Adultsbore<br />
strangulatusGyllenhal intostemsnearground.Lightdamage.<br />
Reportedfromdeadsagopalm. Adults<br />
andlarvaeboringintolower40cmoffalse<br />
stemofbananascausingheavydamage<br />
overlimitedareaincentralprovince.<br />
Trypopsilopachinensis<br />
Wiedimann<br />
Ephydridae(DIPT) Larvaeinseedlingrice.<br />
Valangairregularis Acrididae(ORTH)Giant
196<br />
(Walker) grasshopper<br />
Valanganigricornis Acrididae(ORTH) CIEDistributionmapsNo310.Damages<br />
(Burm.) Javanesegrasshopper palms,rice,Kalshovenp51<br />
Valangasp. Acrididae(ORTH) Giantgrasshoppersreportedcausing<br />
damagetosugarcane,rice,pepper,Chinese<br />
cabbageandaibika.SeeThistletonsurvey<br />
Bulletin36p28<br />
Xanthodestransversa Noctuidae(LEP) Reportedonokra.Kalshovenp351Syn<br />
Guenee<br />
Acontia.FeedonleavesofMalvaceaehibiscus,aibika,androselle.Theyoung<br />
larvaearegreenwithshortdiagonallateral<br />
stripesoneachsegment.Maturelarvaeare<br />
darkpurpleand38mmlong.Theypupate<br />
inacocooninthesoil.<br />
ZeuzeracoffeaeNietner Cossidae(LEP)Redtwig Alsocalledredcoffeeborer. Reported<br />
borerorredbranch damagingchilliplantbyboringintostems.<br />
borer. Alsodamagecoffee,tea,teak,mahogany,<br />
sandalwood. SeeCIEdistributionmaps<br />
No313.Kalshovenp199Larvaeareredto<br />
violetbrownoftenwithyellowrings.They<br />
boreintowoodystems.Acirculartunnelis<br />
formedunderthebark.Theendofthe<br />
branchdies.Themothsflyatnight.Upto<br />
1000eggsperfemale.Developmenttakes<br />
4-5.5months.Controlisseldomnecessary.<br />
ZophiumalobulataGhauri Lophopidae(HEM) Thisinsectinjectsatoxinandcancause<br />
Lophopidtreehopper seriousnutfallofcoconutsinthe<br />
FinschhafenandPopondettaareas. Ithas<br />
eggparasitesthathelpcontrolthepest.<br />
Alsocalledcoconutleafhopper. Adults<br />
andnymphspresentonpalms. Reported<br />
ongranadilla.<br />
Zyginasp. Cicadellidae(HEM) Reportedonwingedbeanleaves.<br />
Zyginamedioborealis Cicadellidae(HEM) Commononsweetpotatoinhighlands.See<br />
Ghauri<br />
ThistletonsurveyBulletin36p13
197<br />
INSECT PESTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF ORDER<br />
MITES<br />
TetranychusmarianaeMcGregor Tetranychidae(ACAR)Redspidermite<br />
BEETLES AND WEEVILS<br />
Araecerussp.(SeeOxyderes) Anthribidae(COL)<br />
Araeocorynussp. Anthribidae(COL)<br />
OxyderescyrtusJordan Anthribidae(COL)<br />
AgrilusoccipitalisEsch Buprestidae(COL)<br />
ChauliognathuswaroensisWittmer Cantharidae(COL)<br />
AspidomorphaadhearensWeber Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
AspidomorphaaustralasiaeJacoby Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
Aspidomorphamiliaris(F.) Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
Aspidomorpha?punctum Cassididae(COL)<br />
AspidomorphaquadriradiataBoh. Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
AspidomorphasociaMontr. Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
AspidomorphatestudinariaMontr. Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
AcaloleptaholotephraBoisd Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
BothricharapalliataMacleay Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Ceresiumpachymerum(Pascoe) Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
DemonaxcollarisPascoe Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
MulciberlinnaeiThoms Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Orinaemesp. Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
ProsoplusgrisescensBreuning Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
ProsoplusobliqueplagiatusBreuning Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
RopicahonestaPascoe Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
RosenbergiaweiskeiHeller Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Symphilitessp. Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
IschiopsophabifasciataQuoy&Gaimvar.<br />
hylaHeller<br />
Cetoniinae(COL)<br />
Alticussp. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
ArsipodatenimberensisJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)Blackfleabeetle<br />
Aulacophoraabdominalus(Fabricius) Chrysomelidae(COL)pumpkinbeetles<br />
AulacophoracoffeaeHornstedt Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophoraculcullataBlackburn Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Aulacophorafemoralis(Mots.) Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophoramelanopusBlanchard Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorapallidifasciataJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorapapuanaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorapygidialisBaly Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorarigoensisJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorasimilisOliv. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorawallaciiBaly Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Brontispalateralis Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
BrontispalongissimaGestro Chrysomelidae(COL)Coconuthispid<br />
BrontispapalmivoraGres Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
CassidadiommaBois. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
ChaetocnemabasalisBaly Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Lagriasp. Chrysomelidae(COL)
198<br />
LemapapuanaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
LemavariatorGres. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
LemawauensisGres. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
LicyllusalbicollisFab. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Metrionasp. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
MonoleptanigroapicataBry. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
MonoleptasemiviolaceaFab. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
NisotrabasselaeBry Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Nisotraspp Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
PsylliodesloriaeJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidacacaonaGressitt Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidacoriaceaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidamorosaJac Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Cicindeladecem-guttataurvilleiDejean Cicindellidae(COL)<br />
CoelophorainaequalisF. Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
EpilachnacucurbitaeRichards Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
EpilachnasignatipennisBoisduval Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingbeetle<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Coccinellidae(COL)leafeatingladybird<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd Coccinellidae(COL)leafeatingladybird<br />
LeptotheaciskiiWeise Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
Menochilussex-masculatusFab. Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
RhynchortaliawallaciiCrotch Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
SpirocariabissellataMulsant Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
Cletussp Colobathristidae(COL)<br />
OnthophaguslatenasutusArrow Copridae(COL)<br />
Criocerussp. Crioceridae(COL)<br />
CriocerusclarkiiBaly Crioceridae(COL)<br />
LiliacerusbakewelliBaly Crioceridae(COL)<br />
Lileaceruspapuana(Jac.) Crioceridae(COL)<br />
Apirocaluscornutus(Pascoe) Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
ApirocalusebriusFaust Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
ApirocalusterrestrisThompson Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
AlcidodesaustralisBoisduval Curculionidae(COL)<br />
AulacophrysfascialisMarsh. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Cosmopolitessordidus(Germar) Curculionidae(COL)Bananaweevilborer<br />
Cylasformicariuselegantulus(Summers) Curculionidae(COL)Sweetpotatoweevil<br />
Diocalandrataitense(Guer.) Curculionidae(COL)Lessercoconutborer<br />
EupholusnickerliHllr. Curculionidae(COL)Eupholusweevils<br />
EupholusschonherriGuer Curculionidae(COL)<br />
GanaepulchellaPascoe Curculionidae(COL)<br />
GlyptoporopterussharpiFaust. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
GymnopholusinterpresHllr. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
GymnopholusmarquardtiHllr. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
GymnopholusweiskeiHllr. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
HypolixusmastersiPascoe Curculionidae(COL)<br />
HypolixusritsemaePasc. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
HypotactusruralisFst. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
IdopsiscaeruleaFaust. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
IdopsisexcellensFaust. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
IdopsisgriseaFaust. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
MeroleptuscinctorMarshall Curculionidae(COL)<br />
OribiuscinereusMshl. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils
199<br />
OribiuscruciatusFst. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
OribiusdestructorMarshall Curculionidae(COL)<br />
OribiusimprovidusMarshall Curculionidae(COL)<br />
OribiusinimicusMarshall Curculionidae(COL)<br />
PharotestorvusMarshall Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Rhabdoscelusobscurus(Boisduval) Curculionidae(COL)Caneweevilborer<br />
RhinoscaphacobaltinataHeller Curculionidae(COL)<br />
RhinoscaphafunebrisChev. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
RhinoscaphamaclayiMacleay Curculionidae(COL)<br />
RhinoscaphathomsoniWterh. Curculionidae(COL)Citrusleafeatingweevil<br />
Rhynchophorusbilineatus(Montr.) Curculionidae(COL)Palmweevil<br />
SparganobasissubcruciatusMarsh. Curculionidae(COL)Coconutboleweevil<br />
TrochorhopalusstrangulatusGyllenhal Curculionidae(COL)<br />
ScapanesaustralisaustralisBoisd. Dynastidae(COL)<br />
ScapanesaustralisgrossepunctatusStern Dynastidae(COL)NGrhinocerosbeetle<br />
CompsolacongracilisCandeze Elateridae(COL)<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Galerucidae(COL)<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Galerucidae(COL)<br />
Solephymapapuana Galerucidae(COL)<br />
PromecothecapapuanaCsiki Hispidae(COL)Coconutleafminer<br />
AnomalaanoguttataBurm. Rutelidae(COL)<br />
AphodiuslividusOlivier Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
AtaeniusspinatorHarold Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Dermolepidanigrum(Nonf.) Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
DermolepidanoxiumBritton Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
LepidiotareuleauxiBrenske Scarabaeidae(COL)Ramucanegrub<br />
MelanhyphusclypealisArrow Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
OryctescentaurusSternb Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Oryctesrhinoceros(L.) Scarabaeidae(COL)Asiaticrhinocerosbeetle<br />
PapuanabiroiEnd. Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanahuebneriFairm. Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanajapenensisArrow Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
Papuanalaevipennis Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
Papuanasemistriata Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanatrinodosaPrell. Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
Papuanawoodlarkiana(Montr.) Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
ParastasiaguttulataFairm. Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
ProtaetiafuscaHerbst. Scarabaeidae(COL)Mangoflowerbeetle<br />
ProtaetiapapuanaMoser Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
TrichogomphussemmelinkiRits Scarabaeidae(COL)Rhinocerosbeetle<br />
Xylotrupesgideon(L.) Scarabaeidae(COL)Elephantbeetle<br />
Xylotrupesspp. Scarabaeidae(COL)Elephantbeetle<br />
XyleborusexiguusWalk. Scolytidae(COL)<br />
Xyleborusperforans(Wollastan) Scolytidae(COL)Coconutshot-holeborer<br />
XyleboruspotensSchedl. Scolytidae(COL)<br />
ActinusimperialisFauvel Staphylinidae(COL)<br />
CaediusdemeijereiGeb. Tenebrionidae(COL)<br />
GonocephalumochthebioidesFul. Tenebrionidae(COL)Falsewireworm
200<br />
FLIES<br />
Agromyzapapuensis Agromyzidae(DIPT)<br />
Lyriomyzabrassicae(Riley) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Cabbageleafminer<br />
Ophiomyiaphaseoli(Tryon.) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Beanfly<br />
Contariniasorghicola(Coq) Cecidomyiidae(DIPT)Sorghummidge<br />
Scoliophthalmussp. Chloropidae(DIPT)<br />
DrosophilapararubidaMather Drosophilidae(DIPT)<br />
DrosophilarubidaMather Drosophilidae(DIPT)<br />
DrosophilasetifemurMalloch Drosophilidae(DIPT)<br />
Silbasp. Lonchaeidae(DIPT)<br />
AtherigonaorientalisSchiner Muscidae(DIPT)Stemfly<br />
AtherigonaoryzaeMall. Muscidae(DIPT)Paddystemfly<br />
ElassogasterlineatadeMeij Platystomatidae(DIPT)<br />
ElassogastersepsoidesWalk. Platystomididae(DIPT)<br />
Fruit flies<br />
BactroceraatrisetosusPerkins Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
BactrocerabryoniaeTryon Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
BactroceracucurbitaeCoq Tephritidae(DIPT)Melonfruitfly<br />
BactroceracurviferaWalker Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
BactroceradecipiensDrew Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
BactroceradorsalisHendel Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
BactrocerafrauenfeldiSchiner Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Bactrocerafrenchi Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
BactroceraindecorusDrew Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Bactroceramusae(Try.) Tephritidae(DIPT)Bananafruitfly<br />
BactroceraneohumeralisHardy Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Bactroceraobliquus Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Bactrocerapapuanensis Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Bactrocerapeculiaris Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
BactrocerasequviHering Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
BactrocerastrigifinisatritusMay Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
BactroceratrivialisDrew Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
BactroceratryoniFrogg Tephritidae(DIPT)Queenslandfruitfly<br />
BactroceraumbrosusFabricius Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Strumetabarringtoniae(Tryon.) Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
StrumetarecurrensHer. Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
ParaBactroceraperplexus Trypetidae(DIPT)<br />
BUGS<br />
Whiteflies (Aleurodidae)<br />
Aleurodescomata Aleurodidae(HEM)<br />
AleurodicusdestructorMackie Aleurodidae(HEM)Coconutwhitefly<br />
AleurodicusdispersusRussel Aleurodidae(HEM)Spirallingwhitefly<br />
Bemisiatabaci(Genn.) Aleyrodidae(HEM)Tobaccowhitefly<br />
Neomaskelliabergii(Signoret) Aleyrodidae(HEM)Sugarcanewhitefly
201<br />
Leptocorisaacuta(Thunberg) Alydidae(HEM)paddybugs<br />
Leptocorisadiscoidalis Alydidae(HEM)paddybugs<br />
Leptocorisaoratorius(Fab.) Alydidae(HEM)paddybugs<br />
Leptocorisapalawanensis Alydidae(HEM)paddybugs<br />
LeptocorisasolomonensisAhmad Alydidae(HEM)paddybugs<br />
Melacanthusargineguttatus Alydidae(HEM)<br />
Aphids (Aphididae)<br />
AphiscraccivoraKoch Aphididae(HEM)Cowpeaaphid<br />
AphisgossypiiGlover Aphididae(HEM)Cottonaphid<br />
AphissacchariZehntner Aphididae(HEM)Sugarcaneaphid<br />
CeratovacunalanigeraZehntner Aphididae(HEM)Sugarcanewoollyaphid<br />
Macrosiphumeuphorbiae(Thomson) Aphididae(HEM)Potatoaphid<br />
MyzusornatusLaing Aphididae(HEM)<br />
MyzuspersicaeSulzer Aphididae(HEM)Greenpeachaphid<br />
NeotoxopteraformosanaTakahashi Aphididae(HEM)Onionaphid<br />
PentalonianigronervosaCoq Aphididae(HEM)Bananaaphid<br />
Rhopalosiphummaidis(Fitch) Aphididae(HEM)Cornleafaphid<br />
Tetraneuranigriabdominalis(Sas.) Aphididae(HEM)<br />
ToxopteraaurantiiB.deFonsc. Aphididae(HEM)Blackcitrusaphid<br />
Toxopteracitricidus(Kirk) Aphididae(HEM)Browncitrusaphid<br />
Leafhoppers<br />
Batrachamorphussp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Bothrogoniasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
CicadellaspectraDist. Cicadellidae(HEM)Whitejassid<br />
CofanaspectraDistant[Cicadella] Cicadellidae(HEM)Whiteleafhopper<br />
Idioscopusclypealis(Leth.) Cicadellidae(HEM)Mangohopper<br />
Idioscopusniveosparsus(Leth.) Cicadellidae(HEM)Mangohopper<br />
Kollasp. Cicadellidae(HEM.)<br />
NephotettixapicalisMotsch.) Cicadellidae(HEM)Greenriceleafhopper<br />
TettigellapasiphaeKirk Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Tettigellasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Euryphlepsiasp. Cixiidae(HEM)<br />
Soft Scales (Coccidae and others)* indicates more serious pest<br />
*IceryapurchasiMaskell Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
*Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
PromargarodesaustralisJakubski Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
SteatococcussamaraiusMorrison Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Sangicoccustruncatispinus(Reyne) Eriococcidae(HEM)<br />
AnthococcuskerevataeWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Ceroplastesceriferus(F.) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
*CeroplastesdestructorNewstead Coccidae(HEM)<br />
CeroplastesmurrayiFroggatt Coccidae(HEM)<br />
*CeroplastesrubensMaskell Coccidae(HEM)Pinkwaxscale<br />
*CoccuscelatusDeLotto Coccidae(HEM)<br />
*CoccushesperidiumLinnaeus Coccidae(HEM)Softbrownscale<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
*Coccusviridus(Green) Coccidae(HEM)Greenscale<br />
Drepanococcuschiton(Green) Coccidae(HEM)
202<br />
Eucalymnatustessellatus(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
*Kilifiaacuminata(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
MelanesicoccuskleinhoviaeWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
MilviscutulusciliatusWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
*Milviscutulusmangiferae(Green) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
MilviscutuluspilosusWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
MilviscutulusspiculatusWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Neoplatyolecaniumsp. Coccidae(HEM)<br />
NeosaissetiakeravataeWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
*Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
PlatylecaniumcocotisLaing Coccidae(HEM)<br />
PulvinariacacaoWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
PulvinariaelongataNewstead Coccidae(HEM)<br />
*PulvinariapsidiiMaskell Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Pulvinariaubicola(Cockerell) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
*Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Coccidae(HEM)Coffeescale<br />
Saissetiamiranda(Cockerell&Parrott) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
SaissetianeglectaDeLotto Coccidae(HEM)<br />
*Vinsoniastellifera(Westwood) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Asterolecaniumsp Asterolecaniidae(HEM)<br />
*Bambusaspisbambusae(Boisduval) Asterolecaniidae(HEM)<br />
CoelophoraripponiCrotch Coccinellidae(HEM)<br />
Phaenacanthaspp. Colobathristidae(HEM)<br />
AmorbusrhombeusWestw. Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AmblypeltacocophagaChina Coreidae(HEM)Greencoconutbug<br />
AmblypeltacostalisszentivanyiBrown Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AmblypeltagallegonisLever Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AmblypeltalutescenspapuensisBr. Coreidae(HEM)Papuantipwiltbug<br />
AmblypeltatheobromaeBrown Coreidae(HEM)Tipwiltbug<br />
Helopeltisclavifer(Walker) Coreidae(HEM)Cacaomirid<br />
Leptoglossusaustralis(Fab.) Coreidae(HEM)Blackleaffootedbug<br />
MictisprofanaF. Coreidae(HEM)Crusaderbug<br />
Pternistriasp. Coreidae(HEM)<br />
RiptortusannulicornisBoisd. Coreidae(HEM)Podsuckingbug<br />
RiptortusimperialisKirk Coreidae(HEM)Beanbug<br />
RiptortusobscuricornisDallas Coreidae(HEM)<br />
Riptortusspp. Coreidae(HEM)<br />
CoronacellakirkaldyiMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
EumetopinaflavipesMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
Megamelussp. Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
NilaparvatalugensHaseg Delphacidae(HEM)Brownbackedriceplanthopper<br />
Perkinsiellabicaloris Delphacidae(HEM)Sugarcaneleafhoppers<br />
PerkinsiellaboreonFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellabulliFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsielladiagorasFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellafalcipennisFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellalalokensisMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellamacrinusFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellamyconFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellapapuensisMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellarattleiMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellasaccharicidaKirkaldy Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellasinensisKirkaldy Delphacidae(HEM)
203<br />
PerkinsiellathompsoniMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
Perkinsiellavastatrix(Breddin) Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
SogatellafurciferaHorvath Delphacidae(HEM)Whitebackedriceplanthopper<br />
Tarophaguscolocasiae Delphacidae(HEM)Taroleafhopper<br />
Tarophaguspersephone Delphacidae(HEM)Taroleafhopper<br />
Tarophagusproserpina(Kirk) Delphacidae(HEM)Taroleafhopper<br />
Phaciocephalussp. Derbidae(HEM)<br />
Armoured scales (Diaspididae)<br />
Abgrallaspiscyanophylli(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AndaspisnumerataBrimblecombe Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Andaspissinosa Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Aonidiellaaurantii(Maskell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AonidiellacompereiMcKenzie Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AonidiellaeremocitriMcKenzie Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AonidiellainornataMcKenzie Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Aonidiellaorientalis(Newstead) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Aspidiellahartii(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Aspidiellasacchari(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSignoret Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AspidiotusexcisusGreen Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Aspidiotusmusae Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Aulacaspistegalensis(Zehntner) Diaspididae(HEM)Sugarcanescale<br />
Aulacaspisvitis(Green) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(Linnaeus) Diaspididae(HEM)Floridaredscale.<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Chrysomphaluspinnulifer(Maskell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Duplaspidiotusclaviger(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Fioriniacoronata Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Fioriniafioriniae(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Howardiabiclavis(Comstock) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Ischnaspislongirostris(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Lepidosaphesbeckii(Newman) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Lepidosaphesgloverii(Packard) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Lepidosapheskarkarica Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
LepidosaphesrubrovittataCockerell Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Lepidosaphestokionis(Kuwana) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Lopholeucaspisbaluanensis Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Morganellalongispina(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
OdonaspisruthaeKotinsky Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Odonaspissaccharicaulis(Zehntner) Diaspididae(HEM)Scalesugarcane<br />
ParlatoriacrotonisDouglas Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Parlatoriaproteus(Curtis) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisaspidistrae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisbuxi(Bouche) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pseudaulacaspiscockerelli(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitescale<br />
Schizentaspidussilvicola Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Unaspiscitri(Comstock) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitelousescale<br />
Megymenumsp Dinidoridae(HEM)<br />
ColgartricolorDist. Flatidae(HOM)<br />
Paratellasp. Flatidae(HOM)
204<br />
Paratellaminiata Flatidae(HOM)<br />
Hemisphaerinussp. Issidae(HEM)<br />
LophopssaccharicidaKirk. Lophopidae(HEM)<br />
ZophiumalobulataGhauri Lophopidae(HEM)Lophopidtreehopper<br />
AstacopsdorycusBoisd. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
AstacopsflavicollisWalk. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Astacopsvillicollis(Stal.) Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Blissussp. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
DieuchesfinitimusVanDuzee Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Lygaeussp. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
LygaeushospesFabr. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
NysiusepiensisChina Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Nysiusvillicus Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
OrthacacincticornisWalk. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
PachybrachiusnervosusHorv. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Machaerotahumboldti Machaerotidae(HEM)<br />
TerentiusnubifasciatusWalker Membracidae(HOM)<br />
Cyrtopeltismodestus Miridae(HEM)<br />
HalticusinsularisUsinger Miridae(HEM)<br />
HalticusminutusReuter Miridae(HEM)Fleahopper<br />
HalticustibialisReut. Miridae(HEM)Grassbug<br />
HarpedonaplanaPoppius Miridae(HEM)<br />
PlatypeltocorissimilisPopp Miridae(HEM)Yammiridsapsucker<br />
Prodromopsisoculatus Miridae(HEM)<br />
RagwellelusfestivusMiller Miridae(HEM)<br />
RagwelellushorvathiPoppius Miridae(HEM)Cardamommirid<br />
AgapophytabipunctataBoisd. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
AgapophytasimilisBlote Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
AgapophytaviridulaBlote Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Agonoscelisrutila Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Antestiopsissemiviridis(Walk.) Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
AxiagastuscambelliDist. Pentatomidae(HEM)Coconutspathebug<br />
BrachyplatispapuusGuer. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
BrysicaexiguaDist. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
CoptosomapygmaeumMont. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
EysarcorisventralisWest. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus) Pentatomidae(HEM)Greenvegetablebug<br />
PhiliafemorataWalk. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
PiezodorusrubrofasciatusFab. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Plautiasp. Pentatomidae(HEM)Stinkbugs<br />
Plautiabrunneipennis Pentatomidae(HEM)Stinkbugs<br />
Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae)<br />
Antoninagraminis(Maskell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Rhodesgrassmealybug<br />
Brevenniarehi(Lindinger) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Mealybugofrice<br />
CannococcusikshuWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Cannococcuspalauensis(Beardsley) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Chaeococcusbambusae(Maskell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
ChorizococcustalipikanusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
CriniticoccustheobromaeWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)
205<br />
CrisicoccustheobromaeWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Dysmicoccusboninsis(Kuwana) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Graysugarcanemealybug<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
DysmicoccusnesophilusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
DysmicoccuspapuanicusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
FerrisiaconsobrinaWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
GeococcuscoffeaeGreen Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Laingiococcuspainei(Laing) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
LeptococcusmetroxyliReyne Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Maconellicoccushirsutus(Green) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Hibiscusmealybug<br />
Maculicoccusmalaitensis(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Mutabilicoccussimmondsi(Laing) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Mutabilicoccusvanheurni(Reyne) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Nipaecoccusviridus(Newstead) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Palmicultorbrowni(Williams) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Paraputoleveri(Green) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Planococcuscitri(Risso) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Citrusmealybug<br />
PlanococcusdioscoreaeWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)Yammealybug<br />
Planococcuslilacinus(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PseudococcuselisaeBorchsenius Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Pseudococcuslongispinus(Targioni) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Longtailedmealybug<br />
PseudococcussacharicolaTakahashi Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PseudococcussolomonensisWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
RastrococcusneoguineensisWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
RastrococcusvicorumWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Saccharicoccussacchari(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pinksugarcanemealybug<br />
DindymuspyrochrousBoisd. Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)<br />
Dysdercuscingulatus(F.) Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)Redcottonbugs<br />
DysdercussidaeMont. Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)<br />
Euricaniadiscigutta(Walk.) Ricaniidae(HEM)<br />
EuricaniatristiculaStal Ricaniidae(HEM)<br />
Euricaniavillica Ricaniidae(HEM)<br />
Ricanulapuncticosta Ricaniidae(HEM)<br />
Stephanitistypica(Dist.) Tingidae(HEM)Bananalace-bug<br />
WASPS<br />
Eudecatomasp. Eurytomidae(HYMEN)<br />
Senoclidiapurpurata(F.Sm.) Tenthredinidae(HYMEN)Yamsawfly<br />
MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES<br />
TaenarisdimonaHew Amathusiidae(LEP)<br />
TaenarismyopskirschiStgr. Amathusiidae(LEP)Myopsowlbutterfly<br />
Arginacribraria (Clerck) Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
AsuracrocotaHampson Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
Creatonotusgangis(L.) Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
Diacrisianiceta(Stal.) Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
DiacrisiapapuanaRoth. Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
EupneustasolenaBradley Elachistidae(LEP)Leafminersugarcane
206<br />
IdiophantischirodaetaMeyr. Gelechiidae(LEP)<br />
Phthorimaeaoperculella(Zell.) Gelechiidae(LEP)Potatotubermoth<br />
EctropisbhurmitraWalker Geometridae(LEP)Cacaolooper<br />
Hyposidratalaca Geometridae(LEP)<br />
AcrocercopshomalactaMeyr. Gracillariidae(LEP)Leafminer<br />
ArrhenesdschilusPlotz Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
BorbocinnaraWallace Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
BorboimpartetragraphusMab. Hesperiidae(LEP)Borbobutterfly<br />
Cephrenesmosleyi(Butl.) Hesperiidae(LEP)Coconutskipper<br />
ErionotathraxL. Hesperiidae(LEP)Bananaskipper<br />
PamaraamaliaSemper Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
PelopidasagnadingoEvans Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
TagiadesobscurustindaliRbb Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
Tagiadestrebelliuscanonicus Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
TagiadestregelliusHopf. Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
Opogonafumiceps Hieroxestidae(LEP)<br />
Opogonasaccharella Hieroxestidae(LEP)<br />
ScopelodesnitensB.Bak. Limacodidae(LEP)Cupmoth<br />
Thoseasinensis(Walk.) Limacodidae(LEP)Coconutcupmoth<br />
LampidesboeticusL. Lycaenidae(LEP)Peabluebutterfly<br />
Polyommatusboeticus(L) Lycaenidae(LEP)<br />
Zizinaotis(F.) Lycaenidae(LEP)Commongrassbluebutterfly<br />
CallitearahorsfieldiSaunders Lymantriidae(LEP)<br />
DasychiramendosaHubn. Lymantriidae(LEP)Leafeatingcaterpillar<br />
Euproctissp Lymantriidae(LEP)<br />
LymantriarosinaPag. Lymantriidae(LEP)<br />
Bedelliasomnulentella(Zeller) Lyonetiidae(LEP)Sweetpotatoleafminer<br />
LeucopterapsophocarpellaBrad&Cart Lyonetiidae(LEP)Wingedbeanblotchminer<br />
Achaeajanata(Linnaeus) Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaofalselooper<br />
AgrotisinterjectionisGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Agrotisipsilon(Hufn.) Noctuidae(LEP)Blackcutworm<br />
AitetairidiasMyr. Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
AnomisflavaFabricius Noctuidae(LEP)Cottonsemi-looper<br />
Anticarsiairrorata Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
BathytrichatruncataWalker Noctuidae(LEP)Cane-mothborer;Largesugarcane<br />
mothborer<br />
ChlumetiatransversaWalker Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Noctuidae(LEP)Greenlooper<br />
EariasfabiaStoll[nowEvittella] Noctuidae(LEP)Spottedbollworm<br />
Eariasvittella(F.)[SynEfabiaStoll] Noctuidae(LEP)Aibikashootboringgrub<br />
Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
HelicoverpaassultaassultaGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)Capegooseberrybudworm<br />
HelicoverpapunctigeraWallengren Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Metraniapapuana Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Mythimnaloreyi (Dup.) Noctuidae(LEP)Ricearmyworms<br />
Mythimnaseparata(Walk.) Noctuidae(LEP)Ricearmyworms<br />
MythimnaunipunctaHaworth Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
NagiaepiscopalisHampson Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Penicillariajocosatrix(Guen.) Noctuidae(LEP)Largemangotipborer
207<br />
Phytometraorichalcaea(F.) Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
SesamiaarfakiBethune-Baker Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
SesamiagrisescensWalk. Noctuidae(LEP)Stemborer<br />
Sesamiainferens(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Violetricestemborer<br />
SimpliciacaeneusalisWalker Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Spodopteraexempta(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Africanarmyworm<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fabricius) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
Spodopteramauritia(Boisduval) Noctuidae(LEP)Ricemoth<br />
ThysanoplusiaorichalceaFab Noctuidae(LEP)Flaxcaterpillar<br />
Tiracolaplagiata(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Tiracolarufimargo Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
XanthodestransversaGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
ClosterarubidaDruce Notodontidae(LEP)<br />
TeleclitastrigatacinnamomeaRothsch. Notodontidae(LEP)<br />
MelanitisconstantiaCramer Nymphalidae(LEP)<br />
MelanitisledabankiaF. Nymphalidae(LEP)Eveningbrownbutterfly<br />
MycalesisasophisHew Nymphalidae(LEP)<br />
GraphiumagamemnonL. Papilionidae(LEP)Greenspottedtriangle<br />
PapilioaeacusDonovan Papilionidae(LEP)Citrusbutterfly<br />
PapilioaegeusormenusGuerin Papilionidae(LEP)Citrusbutterfly<br />
PhyllocnistiscitrellaStaint Phyllocnistidae(LEP)Citrusleafminer<br />
CaunaceaseraMeyrick Plutellidae(LEP)<br />
Plutellaxylostella(L.) Plutellidae(LEP)Diamondbackmoth<br />
Chiloauricilius(Dudg.) Pyralidae(LEP)Gold-fringedriceborer<br />
Chilosuppressalis(Walker) Pyralidae(LEP)Purplelinedricestemborer<br />
ChiloterrenellusPag. Pyralidae(LEP)Sugarcaneborer<br />
Cnaphalocrocismedinalis(Gn.) Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafroller<br />
CnaphalocrocispoeyalisBoisduval Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafroller<br />
CrocidolomiabinotalisZeller Pyralidae(LEP)Cabbageclustercaterpillar<br />
Dichocrosissp.nrpunctiferalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
LamprosemaindicaF.(Hedylepta) Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafroller<br />
MaliarphaseparatellaRag. Pyralidae(LEP)Whitericestemborer<br />
MampavabipunctellaRag. Pyralidae(LEP)Sorghumheadcaterpillar<br />
Marasmiabilineatis Pyralidae(LEP)riceleafroller<br />
Marasmiahexagona Pyralidae(LEP)riceleafroller<br />
Marasmiusvenilalis Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
MarucavitrataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanpodborer<br />
Nacoleiaoctasema(Meyrick) Pyralidae(LEP)Bananascabmoth<br />
DeanolisalbizonalisHampson Pyralidae(LEP)Redbandedmangoborer<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafroller<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafroller<br />
Ostriniafurnacalis(Guen) Pyralidae(LEP)Maizestemborer<br />
Scirpophagaexcerptalis(Walker) Pyralidae(LEP)Whitetipborer<br />
Scirpophagainnotata(Walker) Pyralidae(LEP)Whitericeborer<br />
ScirpophaganivellaFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
SpoladearecurvalisFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beetwebworm<br />
SylleptederogataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Cottonleafroller<br />
TabidiainsuralisSnell Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
TirathabaignevenaHmps. Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
TirathabarufivenaWalk. Pyralidae(LEP)Coconutspathemoth<br />
SyntheratajanettaWhite Saturniidae(LEP)
208<br />
Hawkmoths<br />
Agriusconvolvuli(L.) Sphingidae(LEP)Sweetpotatohawkmoth<br />
HippotionboerhaviaeFab. Sphingidae(LEP)<br />
Hippotioncelerio(L.) Sphingidae(LEP)Grapevinehawkmoth<br />
TheretranessusDry Sphingidae(LEP)Yamhawkmoth<br />
TheretraoldenlandiaeFab. Sphingidae(LEP)Vinehawkmoth<br />
Aclerissp. Tortricidae(LEP)<br />
Adoxyphyesmelichron Tortricidae(LEP)Leafroller<br />
HomonacoffeariaNiet Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
CryptophasasetiotrichaMeyr Xyloryctidae(LEP)<br />
Cryptophasasp.nrarithmologiaMeyrick Xyloryctidae(LEP)<br />
GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS<br />
AtractomorphacrenaticepsBlanch Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Atractomorphasimilis Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Austracrisguttulosa(Walk.) Acrididae(ORTH)Spurthroatedlocust<br />
GesonulamundatasanguinolentaKraus Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Heteropternisobscurella(Blanch) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Locustamigratoria(Linn.) Acrididae(ORTH)Migratorylocust<br />
Oxyagavisa(Walk.) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Oxyajaponica(Thnb.) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Oxyavittigera(Blanch) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Oxyasp. Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Patangasp. Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Stenocatantopsaugustifrons(Walker) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
TauchirideaadustaBolivar Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Valangairregularis(Walker) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Valanganigricornis(Burm.) Acrididae(ORTH)Javanesegrasshopper<br />
Valangasp. Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Ananipasp. Gryllidae(ORTH)<br />
Euscyrtushemelytrus(deHaan) Gryllidae(ORTH)<br />
Homeoxiphafuscipennis Gryllidae(0RTH)<br />
GryllotalpaafricanaBeauv Gryllotalpidae(ORTH)Molecricket<br />
Desmopterellasp Pyrgomorphidae(ORTH)<br />
Acauloplacellaimmunis Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
Euconocephalussp Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
EumossulagracilisWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehopper<br />
HexacentrusmundarWalker Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
PhaneropterabrevisServ. Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestesdecoratusRedt. Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideadefoliatriadefoliatriaUlvavov Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehopper<br />
SegestideagracilisWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideahanoveranaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehoppers<br />
SegestideainsulanaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
Segestidealeefmansi(Willemse) Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideamontanaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideanovaehuineaeBrancsik Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehopper<br />
Segestideauniformis(Willemse) Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegetescorneliiWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)
209<br />
Segetesgracilis Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
THRIPS<br />
ChaetanaphothripsorchidiiF. Thripidae(THYS)Bananarustthrips<br />
ChaetanaphothripssignipennisBagn. Thripidae(THYS)<br />
DendrothripoidesipomoeaeBagn. Thripidae(THYS)<br />
MegalurothripsusitatusBagnall Thripidae(THYS)<br />
ThripstabaciLind. Thripidae(THYS)Onionthrips<br />
Selenothripsrubrocinctus(Giard) Thripidae(THYS)Redbandedthrips<br />
Armoured scales (Diaspididae)<br />
ThespecieslistedareinPapuaNewGuineaandintheSouthPacificregionareknowntodamagethe<br />
plantslisted. ThepagereferencesarefromWilliams,D.J.&Watson,G.N.,Scale<strong>Insect</strong>sofTropS<br />
PacificPart1Armouredscales.CAB.<br />
Abgrallaspiscyanophylli(Signoret) Onbanana,coconut,avocado,guava,loquat,<br />
breadfruit,paonut,tea,cardamom,laulau’s,figs,<br />
soursop,greateryam,cassava,macadamia,p22<br />
AndaspisnumerataBrimblecombe Ontea.<br />
Andaspissinosa Onfig.<br />
Aonidiellaaurantii(Maskell) Ongrapefruit,sourorange,sweetorange,lime,<br />
mandarin,lemon,pomelo,breadfruit,marrow,paper<br />
mulberry,chilli,coconut,p37.<br />
AonidiellacompereiMcKenzie OnIndianmulberry,banana,fig,velvetapple,p40.<br />
AonidiellaeremocitriMcKenzie Onpaotrees,coconut,andcitrus.p40.<br />
AonidiellainornataMcKenzie Onpao,banana,grapevine,pandanus,kava. p42.<br />
Aonidiellaorientalis(Newstead) Onpawpaw. p43.<br />
Aspidiellahartii(Cockerell) Onyam,ginger,sweetpotato.Itparticularlyoccurson<br />
yamsinstorage.Itcanbeongreaterorlesseryam. p<br />
45-47.<br />
Aspidiellasacchari(Cockerell) Ongianttaro,sugarcane,andgrasses. Itismainlya<br />
pestofsugarcane. p47<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSignoret Onbreadfruit,coconut,bullock’sheart,pawpaw,oil<br />
palm,laulaus,banana,avocado,guava,cacao,cowpea,<br />
chinesetaro,kava,pomeloandcycads. Italsooccurs<br />
onmanyotherplantsincludingyams,taro,mangoes,<br />
sugarcane. p53<br />
AspidiotusexcisusGreen Onpawpaw,citrus. p57&58<br />
Aspidiotusmusae Onbanana. p64<br />
Aulacaspistegalensis(Zehntner) Onsugarcaneandpitpit. p76<br />
Aulacaspisvitis(Green) Ondurian. p77-79<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(Linnaeus) Floridaredscale.Oncitrus,breadfruit,coconut,Indian<br />
mulberry,banana,pandanus,cycads. Alsocanoccur<br />
oncandlenut,soursop,sweetsop,bullock’sheart,<br />
tamarind. p93.<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi(Morgan) Onjackfruit,asparagus,citrus,coconut,apple,mango,<br />
avocado,paonut,tea,macadamia,guava,golden<br />
apple,laulau,pawpaw,Javaalmond,vanilla,dyefig,<br />
Chinesetaro,betelnut,cycad,cassava,oilpalm,<br />
eggplant,p94.<br />
Chrysomphaluspinnulifer(Maskell) Oncitrus. p97.<br />
Duplaspidiotusclaviger(Cockerell) Oncitrusandfigs. p107.<br />
Fioriniacoronata Onnipa,coconutandpandanus. p116.<br />
Fioriniafioriniae(Targioni) Onavocado,coconut,citrus,teaandcycads. p118<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae(Signoret) Onjackfruit,citrus,coconut,loquat,laulau,apple,<br />
cassava,swamptaro,avocado,madrasthorn,guava,<br />
grapes,Indianmulberry,passionfruit,coffee,candle
210<br />
nut,fivecorner,cherryguava,cycads,yams. p132,<br />
134.<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Onsoursop,sweetsop,bullock’sheart,breadfruit,<br />
jackfruit,paonut,tea,citrus,coconut,turmeric,<br />
macadamianut,mango,banana,avocado,cherry<br />
guava,guava,goldenapple,cacao,chinesetaro,<br />
pandanus,cardamom,vanilla,candlenut,cycads,<br />
yams,taro,laulau,Indianmulberry,passionfruit,<br />
p133-135<br />
Howardiabiclavis(Comstock) Ontea,pawpaw,citrus,litchi,tomato,soursop,sweet<br />
sop,mulberry,pomegranate,rambutan,macadamia<br />
nut,Javaalmond,kava,sapodilla,p137,138,140.<br />
Ischnaspislongirostris(Signoret) Blackthreadscale. Oncoffee,oilpalm,Tahitian<br />
chestnut,coconut,persimmon,banana,mango,litchi,<br />
citrus. p142.<br />
Lepidosaphesbeckii(Newman) Oncitrus. p146.<br />
Lepidosaphesgloverii(Packard) Ongianttaro,citrus,kumquat,coconut.p154,155.<br />
Lepidosapheskarkarica Oncoconut. p155-157.<br />
LepidosaphesrubrovittataCockerell Onfig,Tahitianchestnut,Malayapple. p161,162.<br />
Lepidosaphestokionis(Kuwana) Oncitrus. p170.<br />
Lopholeucaspisbaluanensis Oncitrus. p177,178.<br />
Morganellalongispina(Morgan) Oncitrus,pawpaw,laulau,avocado. p181,182.<br />
OdonaspisruthaeKotinsky Onhibiscusandnypa. p198,199.<br />
Odonaspissaccharicaulis(Zehntner) Onsugarcane. p201.<br />
ParlatoriacrotonisDouglas OnPandanus,coconut,Tahitianchestnut. p206,207.<br />
Parlatoriaproteus(Curtis) OnMacadamianut,cacao,citrus,coffee, p210,211.<br />
Pinnaspisaspidistrae(Signoret) Oncoconut,oilpalm,Tahitianchestnut,banana,<br />
pandanus,tomato,tanget,eggplant,Javaalmond,<br />
p212-215.<br />
Pinnaspisbuxi(Bouche) Ontanget,tomato,ceriman(monsteria),betelnut,<br />
coconut,taro,bittercucumber,jackfruit,citrus,<br />
banana,paonut,Tahitianchestnut,Indianmulberry,<br />
galipnut,pandanus. p214,215.<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Oncandlenut,avocado,soursop,bullock’sheart,<br />
breadfruit,capsicum,citrus,coconut,taro,tanget,<br />
pumpkin,yams,persimmon,oilpalm,aibika,Tahitian<br />
chestnut,tomato,cassava,Indianmulberry,banana,<br />
pandanus, eggplant,Javaalmond,grapes,ginger,<br />
litchi,Feibanana, p216-218.<br />
Pseudaulacaspiscockerelli(Cooley) Oncoconut,pawpaw,mango, p221,222.<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targioni) Onokra,aibika,cassava,citrus,pawpaw,capsicum,<br />
soybean,tomato,commonbean,Indianmulberry,<br />
passionfruit,granadilla,coconut. p232,233.<br />
Schizentaspidussilvicola Oncultivatedpandanus. p238,239,241.<br />
Unaspiscitri(Comstock) Oncitrus,banana,guava,soursop,jackfruit,coconut,<br />
aibika.Itiscommononandpreferscitrus. p247,248.<br />
Soft Scales (Coccidae and others)* indicates more serious pest<br />
ThespecieslistedareinPapuaNewGuineaandintheSouthPacificregionareknowntodamagethe<br />
plantslisted. ThepagereferencesarefromWilliams,D.J.&Watson,G.N.,Scale<strong>Insect</strong>sofTropS<br />
PacificPart3Softscales.CAB.<br />
Margarodidae<br />
*IceryapurchasiMaskell Oncitrus,pigeonpea. p22,23,25.<br />
*Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Onbullock’sheart,sweetsop,soursop,breadfruit,<br />
jackfruit,citrus,Tahitianchestnut,apple,banana,<br />
guava,fivecorner,mangosteen,avocado,
211<br />
pomegranate,grapes,wildginger,gianttaro,paper<br />
mulberry,chilli,yam,mango,chinesetaro,pigeonpea,<br />
lablabbean,commonbean,coconut,Surinamcherry,<br />
Malayapple,feijoa,strawberry,redraspberry,sweet<br />
potato,lettuce,litchi,macadamianut,monsteria,<br />
mulberry,pandanus,radish,goldenapple,blackberried<br />
nightshade,tomato,pepper,Polynesianarrowroot,<br />
betelnut,sapodilla,oilpalm,dyefig,cinnamon,<br />
eggplant,pawpaw. p24-28<br />
PromargarodesaustralisJakubski Onsugarcane. p29,31.<br />
SteatococcussamaraiusMorrison Oncitrus,mango,pawpaw,soursop,pigeonpea,<br />
coconut,taro,cardamom,Finschia,coconut,banana,<br />
guava,cacao. p30-34.<br />
Eriococcidae<br />
Sangicoccustruncatispinus(Reyne) Oncoconut,nipa. p53,54.<br />
Coccidae<br />
AnthococcuskerevataeWilliams OnMalayapple,soursop,jackfruit,citrus,cacao.p62-<br />
64.<br />
Ceroplastesceriferus(F.) Ontea,Malayapple. p66,67,69.<br />
*CeroplastesdestructorNewstead Ontea,citrus,coffee,avocado,guavaandmanyother<br />
plants. p68,69,71.<br />
CeroplastesmurrayiFroggatt Onwildmango. p74,75.<br />
*CeroplastesrubensMaskell Onbreadfruit,citrus,coconut,roseapple,Tahitian<br />
chestnut,mango,banana,guava,jackfruit,avocado,<br />
cashew,feijoa,monsteria,rambutan,nutmeg,pigeon<br />
pea,cherryguava,apple. p76-78.<br />
*CoccuscelatusDeLotto Oncoffee,soursop. p87-89.<br />
*CoccushesperidiumLinnaeus Onbamboo,pawpaw,citrus,coconut,loquat,banana,<br />
tea,chilli,turmeric,yam,mango,avocado,cacao,<br />
breadfruit,aibika,horseradishtree,rosella,galip. p<br />
89-91.Amajorpestofcitrusbutonmanyotherplants<br />
exceptgrasses.<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Onbreadfruit,jackfruit,guava,lemon,Tahitian<br />
chestnut,avocado,pawpaw,swamptaro,Dyefig,<br />
soursop,bullock’sheart,sweetsop,taro,peanut,five<br />
corner,laulau,snakebean,candlenut. p92-94.<br />
*Coccusviridus(Green) Oncitrus,coffee,pandanus,Tahitianchestnut,guava,<br />
Indianmulberry,pineapple,marrow. p96-99.<br />
Drepanococcuschiton(Green) Onsoursop,pawpaw,citrus,cacao,eggplant. p102-<br />
105.<br />
Eucalymnatustessellatus(Signoret) Ongrapefruit,coconut,oilpalm,mango,Indian<br />
mulberry,banana,pandanus,guava,tu-lip,cacao,<br />
Malayapple,candlenut,gianttaro. p106-109.<br />
*Kilifiaacuminata(Signoret) Oncitrus,Malayapple,mango,breadfruit,cinnamom,<br />
pineapple. p109-111.<br />
MelanesicoccuskleinhoviaeWilliams OnKleinhoviahospita. p114,116.<br />
MilviscutulusciliatusWilliams Onguava. p120-12.<br />
*Milviscutulusmangiferae(Green) Onbreadfruit,sweetorange,jackfruit,coconut,Ton,<br />
Javaalmond,tu-lip,Malayapple,Dyefig,mango,<br />
monsteria,Indianmulberry,avocado. p122-126,128.<br />
MilviscutuluspilosusWilliams Oncoconut. p127,128.<br />
MilviscutulusspiculatusWilliams OnIndianmulberry,mango,avocado, p129,130.<br />
Neoplatyolecaniumsp. OnTahitianchestnut. p131.<br />
NeosaissetiakeravataeWilliams Onpepper. p132,133.<br />
*Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Onchilli,citrus,cassava,banana,guava,feijoa,<br />
eggplant,soursop,bullock’sheart,sunflower,
212<br />
amaranth,breadfruit,jackfruit,taro,aibika,okra,<br />
rosella,mulberry,Indianmulberry,Javaalmond,kava,<br />
dyefig,oilpalm.p135-140.<br />
PlatylecaniumcocotisLaing Oncoconut,betelnut. p141-143.<br />
PulvinariacacaoWilliams Oncacao. p147-149.<br />
PulvinariaelongataNewstead Onsugarcane. p149-151.<br />
*PulvinariapsidiiMaskell Onchilli,citrus,coffee,Indianmulberry,pandanus,<br />
guava,cherryguava,tea,kava,pomegranate,taro,<br />
Malayapple,monstera,ton,Ipomoeatuba. p153-156.<br />
Pulvinariaubicola(Cockerell) Onchilli,gianttaro,monstera,capegooseberry,<br />
tomato,litchi,parsley,pineapple,capsicum,eggplant,<br />
blackberriednightshade. p157-159.<br />
*Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Onchilli,lemon,pomelo,coffee,kava,guava,cherry<br />
guava,eggplant,coconut,breadfruit,soursop,tea,<br />
snakebean,cycads,Indianmulberry,eggplant,<br />
blackberriednightshade,banana,pawpaw,Java<br />
almond,angledloofah,smoothloofah,avocado,yams,<br />
citrus. p161-163. Numbersgetworseinthedry<br />
season. Shademayreduceattack.<br />
Saissetiamiranda(Cockerell&Parrott) Ongrapefruit,Indianmulberry,guava,pigeonpea,<br />
coconut. p164,165.<br />
SaissetianeglectaDeLotto Onmandarin,citrus,coffee,guava,cowpea. p<br />
166,167.<br />
*Vinsoniastellifera(Westwood) Onpomelo,mango,coconut,Malayapple. p172,173.<br />
Asterolecaniidae<br />
Asterolecaniumsp. Oncoffee,raspberry,pepper,Malayapple. p192.<br />
*Bambusaspisbambusae(Boisduval) Onbamboo. p200,201.<br />
Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae)<br />
ThemealybugslistedoccurinPapuaNewGuineaandhavebeenrecordedonfoodplantsinthe<br />
SouthPacificandAsia. TheyhavenotnecessarilybeenrecordedonallofthesefoodplantsinPapua<br />
NewGuinea,buttheypresumablycouldbe.ThenumbersrefertopagesinWilliams,D.J.&Watson,<br />
G.W.,ThescaleinsectsoftheSouthPacific.Part2Mealybugs.CAB<br />
*Antoninagraminis(Maskell) Rhodesgrassmealybug.Onsugarcane,sorghum,rice<br />
andothergrasses. p20-22.<br />
*Brevenniarehi(Lindinger) Onriceandsorghum. p8,23,24,26.Kalshovenp191<br />
CannococcusikshuWilliams Onsugarcaneandcoastalpitpit.p25,26,28.<br />
Cannococcuspalauensis(Beardsley) Onsugarcane,andrice. p27-29.<br />
Chaeococcusbambusae(Maskell) Onbamboo. p29-31. Itislarge-upto6mmlong.<br />
ChorizococcustalipikanusWilliams Onsugarcane. p31-33. Itisassociatedwithants.<br />
CriniticoccustheobromaeWilliams Oncacao. p39-41<br />
CrisicoccustheobromaeWilliams Oncacao. p43-45<br />
*Dysmicoccusboninsis(Kuwana) GraySugarcanemealybug. Onsugarcane,coconut,<br />
pandanus. p8,49-51.<br />
*Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM.)Pineapplemealybug. On<br />
sugarcane,pineapple,soursop,celery,taro,coffee,<br />
apple,banana,pandanus,guava,lemon,coconut,<br />
pumpkin,oilpalm,Tahitianchestnut,amaranth,<br />
peanut,pigeonpea,Pandanusantaresensis,sweetsop,<br />
chinesecabbage,sweetpotato,soybean,Javaalmond,<br />
breadfruit,kava,rice.p8,51-53,55. Oneofthemost<br />
widespreadmealybugs. Itproduceshoneydew<br />
resultinginsootymouldfungi.<br />
DysmicoccusnesophilusWilliams Ongrapefruit,sweetorange,cacao,breadfruit,Indian<br />
mulberry,candlenut,gianttaro,lemon,mango,<br />
avocado,guava,pawpaw,dyefig. p68-70,72.<br />
DysmicoccuspapuanicusWilliams Onkaruka,coconut. p71-73.
213<br />
FerrisiaconsobrinaWilliams Ontomato,cassavapotato. p76,77,79.<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Onsoursop,pumpkin,banana,guava,bullock’sheart,<br />
breadfruit,cashew,tomato,lemon,swamptaro,ginger,<br />
sourorange,coconut,snakebean,cassava,cowpea,<br />
taro,pawpaw. p78-81<br />
GeococcuscoffeaeGreen Onsoil,leaflitterandtaro. p84,85,87.<br />
Laingiococcuspainei(Laing) Oncitrus,soursop,coconut,fig,cacao,Maesasp.p<br />
88-89.<br />
LeptococcusmetroxyliReyne Onsago,pineapple,coconut. p99,100.<br />
Maconellicoccushirsutus(Green) Onpineapple,hibiscus,cacao,aibika,breadfruit.<br />
p101,102.<br />
*Maculicoccusmalaitensis(Cockerell) OnTahitianchestnut,coconut,cacao,citrus.p103-<br />
105.<br />
Mutabilicoccussimmondsi(Laing) Oncoconut,betelnut,oilpalm. p112-113,115.<br />
Associatedwithants.<br />
Mutabilicoccusvanheurni(Reyne) Oncacaoandbreadfruit. p115-117.<br />
*Nipaecoccusviridus(Newstead) Onasparagus,citrus,aibika,mango,pomegranate.<br />
p123-125.<br />
Palmicultorbrowni(Williams) Oncoconut,oilpalm. p128-130.<br />
*Paraputoleveri(Green) Oncoffee,taro,coconutroots.p153-155.<br />
*Planococcuscitri(Risso) Ongrapefruit,sweetorange,lemon,pomelo,pumpkin,<br />
swamptaro,sweetpotato,basil,avocado,guava,<br />
cacao,cabbage. p162,163,165.<br />
*PlanococcusdioscoreaeWilliams OnyamsandChinesetaroinstorage. p164,165.<br />
*Planococcuslilacinus(Cockerell) Onsweetsop,soursop,fivecorner,lemon,mango,<br />
cacao,citrus. p166,167.<br />
*PlanococcuspacificusCox Oncandlenut,gianttaro,amaranth,cashew,<br />
pineapple,soursop,sweetsop,bullock’sheart,celery,<br />
peanut,breadfruit,jackfruit,asparagus,betelnut,<br />
chinesecabbage,cabbage,papermulberry,pigeonpea,<br />
galip,capsicum,watermelon,citrus,taro,coconut,<br />
coffee,taro,pumpkin,yam,laulau,soybean,Tahitian<br />
chestnut,aibika,sweetpotato,tomato,passionfruit,<br />
macadamia,mango,Indianmulberry,mulberry,<br />
banana,basil,Pandanus,beans,ton,guava,winged<br />
bean,radish,sugarcane,eggplant,potato,golden<br />
apple,Javaalmond,cacao,cowpea,Chinesetaro,corn,<br />
ginger. p167-170.<br />
*PseudococcuselisaeBorchsenius Oncabbage,tomato,banana,lime,cassava. p181-183.<br />
Pseudococcuslongispinus(Targioni) Onpineapple,sweetorange,breadfruit,pomelo,<br />
coffee,banana,cacao,cashew,taro,gianttaro,potato,<br />
grapes,mango,elephantfootyam,Chinesetaro.<br />
p190-192,194<br />
*PseudococcussaccharicolaTakahashi Onrice,sugarcane,Saccharumrobustum. p201,203.<br />
PseudococcussolomonensisWilliams Oncoffee,galip,banana,cacao. p202-204<br />
RastrococcusneoguineensisWilliams Oncoconut,mangrove.p209-211<br />
RastrococcusvicorumWilliams Oncitrus,guava,coffee. p211-213<br />
*Saccharicoccussacchari(Cockerell) Pinksugarcanemealybug.Oncoastalpitpit,<br />
sugarcane,p219-221. CommononcoastinPapua<br />
NewGuineaandimportantonsugarcane.
214<br />
Aibika pests<br />
Acrocercopssp. Gracillariidae(LEP)Aibikaleafminer<br />
AmblypeltacocophagaChina Coreidae(HEM)Greencoconutbug<br />
AmblypeltalutescenspapuensisBr. Coreidae(HEM)Papuatipwiltbug<br />
AmblypeltatheobromaeBrown Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AnomisflavaF.(Syn.Cosmophilaflava) CottonlooperorCottonsemilooper<br />
AphisgossypiiGlover Aphididae(HEM)Melonaphid<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Galerucidae(COL)<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Galerucidae(COL)<br />
ColgartricolorDist. Flatidae(HOM.)<br />
Dysdercuscingulatus(F.) Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)Redcottonbug<br />
Eariasvittella(F.) Noctuidae(LEP)Aibikashootboringgrub<br />
Euricaniadiscigutta(Walk.) Riconiidae<br />
Nisotrasp.<br />
Parasaisettianigra<br />
PhaneropterabrevisServ Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Taeg) Coccidae(HEM)Whitescale<br />
Saissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
Spodopteralitura(F) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
SylleptederogataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Cottonleafroller<br />
Valangairregularis(Walker) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Valangasp. Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Amaranthus insect pests<br />
Cletussp. Colobathristidae(COL)suckingseeds<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
LeptocorisasolomonensisAhmad Alydidae(HEM)Paddybugs<br />
NisotrabasselaeBry Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Oribiusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybug<br />
SpoladearecurvalisFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beetwebworm<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Avocado insect pests<br />
Abgrallaspiscyanophylli(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscales<br />
Adoxophyessp. Tortricidae(LEP)leafroller<br />
Amblypeltaspp. Coreidae(HEM)Amblypeltabugs<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSignoret Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
CeroplastesdestructorNewstead Coccidae(HEM)Softscale<br />
CeroplastesrubensMaskell Coccidae(HEM)Pinkwaxscale<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscale<br />
CoccushesperidiumLinnaeus Coccidae(HEM)Softbrownscale<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Coccidae(HEM)Softscale<br />
ColgartricolorDist. Flatidae(HOM)<br />
DysmicoccusnesophilusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybug<br />
Eupholusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Eupholusweevils<br />
Euricaniavillica Ricaniidae(HEM)planthopper<br />
FerrisiavirgataCockerell Pseudococcidae(HEM)Stripedmealybug<br />
Fioriniafioriniae(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscale<br />
GascardiadestructorDeLotto Coccidae(HEM)Softwaxscale<br />
GraphiumagamemnonL. Papilionidae(LEP)Greenspottedtriangle<br />
Helopeltisclavifer(Walker) Miridae(HEM)Cacaomirid<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscale<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Coccidae(HEM)Softscale
215<br />
Homeoxiphafuscipennis Gryllidae(0RTH)<br />
Hyposidratalaca(Wlk.) Geometridae(LEP)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae<br />
IdopsisgriseaFaust. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Milviscutulusmangiferae(Green) Coccidae(HEM)Softscale<br />
MilviscutulusspiculatusWilliams Coccidae(HEM)Softscale<br />
Morganellalongispina(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscale<br />
Oribiusspp Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
ParatellaminiataMcl. Flatidae(HEM.)<br />
Perissopneumon mealybug<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscale<br />
Planococcuscitri(Risso) Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybug<br />
PseudodoniellatypicaChina&Carvalho Miridae(HEM.)<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Coccidae(HEM)Coffeescale<br />
Selenothripsrubrocinctus(Giard) Thripidae(THYS)Cacaothrips<br />
TerentiusnubifasciatusWalker Membracidae(HOM)<br />
Xyleborusperforans(Wollastan) Scolytidae(COL)Islandpinholeborer<br />
Banana insect pests<br />
Apiraculuscornutus(Pascoe) Curculionidae(COL)hornedweevil<br />
Cosmopolitessordidus(Germar) Curculionidae(COL)Bananaweevil<br />
Bactrocerabryoniae(Try) Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Bactroceramusae(Try) Tephritidae(DIPT)Bananafruitfly<br />
Dermolepidanigrum(Nonf) Scarabaeidae(C0L)Chaferbeetle<br />
DiacrisiapapuanaRoths Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
Eumossulagracilis Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehopper<br />
HeliothisarmigerHubner Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
LemapapuanaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Locustamigratoria(Linnaeus) Acrididae(ORTH)Migratorylocust<br />
MyospilaargentataWalker Muscidae(DIPT.)<br />
Nacoleiaoctasema(Meyrick) Pyralidae(LEP)Bananascabmoth<br />
Opagonasp. Hieroxestidae(LEP)<br />
OribiuscruciatusFst. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevil<br />
OribiusinimicusMshl Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Oryctesrhinoceros(L) Scarabaeidae(COL)Rhinocerosbeetle<br />
Othreisfullonica(Cl) Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
PapuanahuebneriFairm. Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetle<br />
PapuanalaevipennisArrow Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetle<br />
PapuanajapenensisArrow Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetle<br />
Papuanasemistriata Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetle<br />
Papuanawoodlarkiana(Montr.) Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetle<br />
PentalonianigronervosaCoq Aphididae(HOM)Bananaaphid<br />
ScapanesaustralisaustralisBoisd. Scarabaeidae(COL)AustralianRhinocerosbeetle<br />
Scapanesaustralisgrossepunctatus Scarabaeidae(COL)NewGuinearhinocerosbeetle<br />
ScopelodesnitensB.Bak Limocodidae(LEP)<br />
SegestideadefoliataUvarov Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideanovaeguineaeF.Willemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
TaenarisdimonaHew Amathusiidae(LEP)<br />
TaenarismyopskirschiStgr. Amathusiidae(LEP)Bananabutterfly<br />
Bean family plants insect pests<br />
Acanthoscelidesobtectus(Say.) Bruchidae(COL)Beanweevil<br />
Acrocercopssp. Gracillariidae(LEP)Aibikaleafminer<br />
AdoxophyestetraphractaMeyrick Tortricidae(LEP)<br />
Adoxophyessp. Tortricidae(LEP)leafroller<br />
AlticustibialisReut Miridae(HEM)Grassbug
Amblypeltaspp.<br />
216<br />
Coreidae(HEM)Amblypeltabugs<br />
AnomisflavaF. Noctuidae(LEP)Cottonsemi-looper<br />
AnticarsiairrorataF. Noctuidae(LEP.)<br />
AphiscraccivoraKoch Aphididae.(HEM)Cowpeaaphid<br />
AphisgossypiiGlover Aphididae(HEM)Melonaphid<br />
AphissacchariZehntner Aphididae(HEM)Sugarcaneaphid<br />
Apirocalusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
AraecerusfasciculatusDegeer Anthribidae(COL)Coffeeweevil<br />
AraeocorynuscumingiJekel Anthribidae(COL)<br />
ArsipodatenimberensisJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)Blackfleabeetle<br />
AtherigonaorientalisSchiner Muscidae(DIPT)Shootfly<br />
Aulacophoraspp. Chrysomelidae(COL)Pumpkinbeetles<br />
AulacorthumsolaniKaltenbach Aphididae(HEM)Foxgloveaphid<br />
Bothrogoniasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
BrachyplatispapuusGuer. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Brachyplatyssp. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
CaediusdemeijereiGeb. Tenebrionidae(COL)<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)<br />
ChauliognathuswaroensisWittmer Cantharidae(COL)<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Noctuidae(LEP)Greenlooper<br />
CoelophorainaequalisF. Coccinellidae(HEM)<br />
ColposcelisvignaphilaBryant Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
DemonaxcollarisPascoe Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
EpilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)leafeatingbeetle<br />
Erythroneurasp. Cicadellidae[Jassidae](HEM)<br />
Euproctissp. Lymantriidae(LEP)<br />
Euricaniadiscigutta(Walk) Ricaniidae(HEM)planthopper<br />
Euricaniavillica Ricaniidae(HEM)planthopper<br />
HalticusminutusReuter Miridae(HEM)fleahopper.<br />
Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
Helopeltisclavifer(Walker) Miridae(HEM)Cacaomirid<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
Homeoxiphafuscipennis Gryllidae(0RTH)<br />
HomonacoffeariaNietn. Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
Hyposidratalaca(Wlk.) Geometridae(LEP)<br />
LampidesboeticusL. Lycaenidae(LEP)PeaBluebutterfly<br />
Leptocorisaspp. Alydidae(HEM)Paddybugs<br />
LeucopterapsophocarpellaBradley& Lyonetiidae(LEP)Wingedbeanblotchminer<br />
Carter<br />
MarucavitrataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanpodborer<br />
MegalurothripsusitatusBagnall Thripidae(THYS)<br />
Melacanthusargineguttatus Alydidae(HEM)<br />
Monoleptaspp. Chrysomelidae(COL)Monoleptabeetles<br />
Mythimnaloreyi(Dup.) Noctuidae(COL)Ricearmyworms<br />
Mythimnaseparata(Walk.) Noctuidae(COL)Ricearmyworms<br />
MyzuspersicaeSulzer Aphididae(HEM)Greenpeachaphid<br />
Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus) Pentatomidae(HEM)GreenVegetablebug<br />
NyctemerabaulusBoisduval Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
NysiusepiensisChina Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
Ophiomyiaphaseoli(Tryon.) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Beanfly<br />
Orchamoplatusmammaeferus(Quanitance Aleyrodidae<br />
&Baker)<br />
Oribiusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
PachybrachiusnervosusHorv. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
PhaneropterabrevisAud.-Serv Tettigoniidae(ORTH)
217<br />
Phyllocnistissp.<br />
PiezodorusrubrofasciatusFab. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Plautiabrunneipennis Pentatomidae(HEM)stinkbugs<br />
ProsoplusobliqueplagiatusBreuning Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
PsylliodesspnrfulvipesJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
RhinoscaphafunebrisChev. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidacoriaceaJac.<br />
Rhyparidellawauensis<br />
Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Riptortusspp. Coreidae(HEM)Podsuckingbug<br />
RopicahonestaPascoe Cerambycidae(COL.)<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fab) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
TetranychusmarianaeMcGregor TetranychidaeACARINARedspidermite<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
TirathabaignevenaHmps. Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
TirathabarufivenaWalker. Pyralidae(LEP)Coconutspathemoth<br />
Zizinaotis(F.) Lycaenidae(LEP)Commongrassbluebutterfly<br />
Zyginasp. Cicadellidae(HEM.)<br />
Blackberried nightshade insect pests<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae<br />
Phthorimaeaoperculella(Zell.) Gelechiidae(LEP)Potatotubermoth<br />
Pulvinariaubicola(Cockerell) Coccidae<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker)<br />
Breadfruit insect pests<br />
Abgrallaspiscyanophylli(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Aonidiellaaurantii(Maskell) Diaspididae(HEM)Yellowscale<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSign. Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
CeroplastesrubensMaskell Coccidae(HEM)Pinkwaxscale<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(Linnaeus) Diaspididae(HEM)Floridaredscale<br />
CoccushesperidiumLinnaeus Coccidae(HEM)Softbrownscale<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Bactroceraumbrosus(F.) Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
DysmicoccusnesophilusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Kilifiaacuminata(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Maconellicoccushirsutus(Green) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Hibiscusmealybug<br />
Milviscutulusmangiferae(Green) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Mutabilicoccusvanheurni(Reyne) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PseudococcuslongispinusTargioni Pseudococcidae(HEM)Longtailedmealybug<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targ.) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitescale<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Coccidae(HEM)Coffeescale<br />
Telostylinussp. Neriidae(DIPT)<br />
Xyleborusspp. Scolytidae(COL)Islandpinholeborer<br />
Cabbage family insect pests<br />
Adoxophyessp. Tortricidae(LEP)leafroller<br />
Agrotisipsilon(Hufnagel) Noctuidae(LEP)Blackcutworm<br />
AlticustibialisReut Miridae(HEM)Grassbug<br />
Apirocalusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil
218<br />
Araecerussp.(SeeOxyderes) Anthribidae(COL)<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Noctuidae(LEP)Greenlooper<br />
ColgartricolorDist. Flatidae(HOM)<br />
Coproporussp. Staphylinidae(COL.)<br />
CrocidolomiabinotalisZeller Pyralidae(LEP)Cabbageclustercaterpillar<br />
Euricaniadiscigutta(Walk.) Ricaniidae(HEM)planthopper<br />
HalticusminutusReuter Miridae(HEM)fleahopper<br />
Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
Lyriomyzabrassicae(Riley) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Cabbageleafminer<br />
MyzuspersicaeSulzer Aphididae(HEM)Greenpeachaphid<br />
NyctemerabaulusBoisduval Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
Odontomyiasp. Stratiomyiidae(DIPT)<br />
OnthophagusspnrpapuensisHarold Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Phaneropterabrevis Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
Phormesasp. Colydiidae(COL)<br />
Phytometraorichalcaea(F.) Noctuidae(LEP)Asemilooper,<br />
Plutellaxylostella(L.) Plutellidae(LEP)Diamondbackmoth<br />
SpilosomaowgarraBethune-Baker Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fab) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
SpoladearecurvalisFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beetwebworm<br />
ThysanoplusiaorichalcaeaFab Noctuidae(LEP)Flaxcaterpillar<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Valangasp. Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Candle nut insect pests<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(Linnaeus) Diaspididae(HEM)Floridaredscale<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Eucalymnatustessellatus(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
DysmicoccusnesophilusWilliam Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Capsicum insect pests<br />
AtherigonaorientalisSchiner Muscidae(DIPTERA)Shootfly<br />
CarpophilusmaculatusMurray Nitidulidae(COL)Damagingfruit<br />
Bactrocerabryoniae(Tryon.) Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Bactroceramusae(Try.) Tephritidae(DIPT)Bananafruitfly<br />
BactroceratrivialisDrew Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitflylarvaerecordeddestroying<br />
fruit<br />
Euproctissp. Lymantriidae(LEP)Reportedeatingleaves<br />
Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
Homeoxiphafuscipennis Gryllidae(0RTH)Reportedchewingleaves<br />
Macrosiphumeuphorbiae(Thomas) Aphididae(HEM)Potatoaphid<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)armouredscale<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybug<br />
Plautiabrunneipennis Pentatomidae(HEM)stinkbugs<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitescale<br />
Pulvinariaubicola(Cockerell) Coccidae(HEM)Softscale<br />
ThripstabaciLind. Thripidae(THYS)Onionthrips<br />
Silbasp. Lonchaeidae(DIPT)Larvaeboringintofruit<br />
Cassava insect pests<br />
Abgrallaspiscyanophylli(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AcaloleptaholotephraBoisd Cerambycidae(COL)
219<br />
Agrotisipsilon(Hufnagel) Noctuidae(LEP)Blackcutworm<br />
Amblypeltaspp. Coreidae(HEM)Amblypeltabugs<br />
Apirocalusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
Aulacophoraspp. Chrysomelidae(COL)Pumpkinbeetles<br />
Bemisiatabaci(Guen.) Aleyrodidae(HEM)Tobaccowhitefly<br />
BrysicaexiguaDist. Pentatomidae(HEM.)<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi(Morgan) Diaspidiae(HEM)<br />
DasychiramendosaHubn. Lymantriidae(LEP)leafeatingcaterpillar<br />
EctropisbhurmitraWalker Geometridae(LEP)Cacaolooper<br />
Eupholusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Eupholusweevils<br />
FerrisiaconsobrinaWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
FerrisiavirgataCockerell Pseudococcidae(HEM)Stripedmealybug<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
HypotactusruralisFst. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Leptoglossusaustralis(Fab.) Coreidae(HEM)Blackleaffootedbug<br />
Monoleptaspp. Chrysomelidae(COL)Monoleptabeetles<br />
Oribiusspp. Curculioniodae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
ProtaetiapapuanaMoser Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Taeg) Diaspididae(HEM)Cassavascale<br />
PseudococcuselisaeBorchsenius Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fab) Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
TetranychusmarianaeMcGregor TetranychidaeACARINARedspidermite<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Chilli insect pests<br />
Agrotisspp. Cutworms<br />
Aonidiellaaurantii(Maskell) Diaspididae(HEM)Redscale<br />
Apirocalusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
CoccushesperidiumLinnaeus Coccidae(HEM)Softbrownscale<br />
Bactrocerabryoniae(Try.) Tephritidae(DIPT)Fruitfly<br />
Bactroceramusae(Try.) Tephritidae(DIPT)Bananafruitfly<br />
IdopsiscoeruleaFaust. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
MyzuspersicaeSulzer Aphididae(HEM)Greenpeachaphid<br />
Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
PulvinariapsidiiMaskell Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Pulvinariaubicola(Cockerell) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Coccidae(HEM)Coffeescale<br />
SolenopsisgeminatavrufaJend Formicidae(HYM)Fireant<br />
ZeuzeracoffeaeNietner Cossidae(LEP)Redtwigborer<br />
Chinese taro insect pests<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSignoret Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscale<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)armouredscale<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)Softscales<br />
Papuanaspp. Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
PlanococcusdioscoreaeWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)Yammealybug<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybug<br />
Pseudococcuslongispinus(Targioni) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Longtailedmealybug<br />
Citrus insect pests.<br />
AonidiellaaurantiiMask. Coccidae(HEM)Redscale<br />
Coccusviridis(Green) Coccidae(HEM)Greenscale
220<br />
BactroceracucurbitaeCoq. Tephritidae(DIPT)Melonfruitfly<br />
BactroceratryoniFrogg Tephritidae(DIPT)-Queenslandfruitfly<br />
HomonacoffeariaNietn. Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
MictisprofanaF. Coreidae(HEM)Crusaderbug<br />
OribiuscinereusMshl. Curculionidae(COL)shotholeweevils<br />
OribiuscruciatusFst. Curculionidae(COL)shotholeweevils<br />
OribiusdestructorMshl. Curculionidae(COL)shotholeweevils<br />
OribiusinimicusMshl Curculionidae(COL)shotholeweevils<br />
PapilioaegeusormenusGuerin Papilionidae(LEP)Citrusbutterfly<br />
PhyllocnistiscitrellaStaint Phyllocnistidae(LEP)Citrusleafminer<br />
Planococcuscitri(Risso) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Citrusmealybug<br />
RhinoscaphathomsoniWterh. Curculionidae(COL)Citrusleafeatingweevil<br />
Rhopalosiphummaidis(Fitch.) Aphididae(HEM)Cornleafaphid<br />
SaisettiacoffeaeWalker Coccidae(HEM)Browncoffeescale<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fab) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
ToxopteraaurantiiB.deFonsc. Aphididae(HEM)Blackcitrusaphid<br />
Toxopteracitricidus(Kirk) Aphididae(HEM)Browncitrusaphid<br />
Coconut insect pests<br />
AgapophytabipunctataBoisd. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Aleurodicusdestructor(Mackie) Aleyrodidae(HEM)Coconutwhitefly<br />
AmblypeltacocophagaChina Coreidae(HEM)Greencoconutbug<br />
AmblypeltacostalisszentivanyiBrown Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AmblypeltagallegonisLever Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AmblypeltalutescenspapuensisBr. Coreidae(HEM)Papuantipwiltbug<br />
AmblypeltatheobromaeBrown Coreidae(HEM)Tipwiltbug<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSign. Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
AstacopsdorycusBoisd. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
AxiagastuscambelliDist. Pentatomidae(HEM)Coconutspathebug<br />
BrontispalongissimaGestro Chrysomelidae(COL)Coconuthispid<br />
BrontispapalmivoraGres Chrysomelidae(COL)Coconuthispid<br />
BrontispasimmondsiMlk. Chrysomelidae(COL)Coconuthispid<br />
Cephrenesmosleyi(Butl.) Hesperiidae(LEP)Coconutskipper<br />
CeroplastesrubensMask. Coccidae(HEM)Pinkwaxscale<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(L.) Diaspididae(HEM)Floridaredscale<br />
CoccushesperidiumL. Coccidae(HEM)Softbrownscale<br />
DaralarubeolaFeld. Lasiocampidae(LEP)<br />
Diocalandrafrumenti(F.) Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Diocalandrataitense(Guer.) Curculionidae(COL)Lessercoconutborer<br />
Dynastesgideon(L.) Scarabaeidae(COL)Elephantbeetle<br />
Dysmicoccusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
Erionotathrax(L.) Hesperiidae(LEP)Bananaskipper<br />
EumossulagracilisWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehopper<br />
IschiosophaignatipennisBoisd. Cetoniidae(COL)<br />
Lophotectespenicilliger(Heller) Curculionidae(COL)<br />
MeredoluscocotisMarshall Curculionidae(COL)<br />
MicrotermesbiroiDesneaux Rhinotermitidae(ISOP)<br />
OryctescentaurusSternb Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Oryctesrhinoceros(L.) Scarabaeidae(COL)Asiaticrhinocerosbeetle<br />
Oxyajaponica(Thnb.) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Papuanaspp. Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
PromecothecapapuanaCsiki Hispidae(COL)Coconutleafminer<br />
Psammoecussp. Silvanidae(COL)<br />
Pseudoligotasp. Staphylinidae(COL)<br />
RhabdoscelusobscurusBoisduval Curculionidae(COL)Caneweevilborer<br />
Rhynchophorusbilineatus(Montr.) Curculionidae(COL)Blackpalmweevil<br />
Rhynchophorusferrugineous(Oliv.) Curculionidae(COL)Redpalmweevil
221<br />
ScapanesaustralisgrossepunctatusSternb. Dynastidae(COL)NGrhinocerosbeetle<br />
Scapanesaustralisaustralis(Boisd.) Dynastidae(COL)<br />
SegetescorneliiWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehoppers<br />
SegestideadefoliatriadefoliatriaUlvavov Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehoppers<br />
Segestideagracilis(Willemse) Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehoppers<br />
SegestideahanoveranaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehoppers<br />
SegestideainsulanaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehoppers<br />
SegestideamontanaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehoppers<br />
SegestideanovaeguineaeBrancsik Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehoppers<br />
SparganobasissubcruciatusMarsh Curculionidae(COL)Coconutboleweevil<br />
Thoseasinensis(Walker) Limacodidae(LEP)Coconutcupmoth<br />
TirathabaignevenaHmps. Pyralidae(LEP)Coconutspathemoth<br />
TirathabarufivenaWalker Pyralidae(LEP)Coconutspathemoth<br />
TrichogomphusexcavatusMohinke Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
TrichogomphussemmelinkiRits Scarabaeidae(COL)rhinocerosbeetle<br />
XyleborusexiguusWalk. Scolytidae(COL)Islandpinholeborer<br />
Xyleborusperforans(Wollastan) Scolytidae(COL)Coconutshot-holeborer<br />
XyleboruspotensSchedl. Scolytidae(COL)<br />
ZophiumalobulataGhauri Lophopidae(HEM)Lophopidtreehopper<br />
Common bean insect pests<br />
ArsipodatenimberensisJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)Blackfleabeetle<br />
AtherigonaorientalisSchiner Muscidae(DIPT)Shootfly<br />
AulacophorasppOlivier Chrysomelidae(COL)Pumpkinbeetles<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)leafbeetles<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)leafbeetles<br />
ColposcelisvignaphilaBryant Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
EpilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)leafeatingbeetle<br />
Euricaniavillica Ricaniidae(HEM)planthopper<br />
HalticusminutusReuter Miridae(HEM)fleahopper<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
Hyposidratalaca(Wlk.) Geometridae(LEP)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Ophiomyiaphaseoli(Tryon.) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Beanfly<br />
Riptortusspp. Coreidae(HEM)Podsuckingbug<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitescale<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Corn insect pests<br />
AphissacchariZehntner Aphididae(HEM)Sugarcaneaphid<br />
ArsipodatenimberensisJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)Blackfleabeetle<br />
AtherigonaorientalisSchiner Muscidae(DIPT)Shootfly<br />
Aulacophoraspp. Chrysomelidae(COL)Pumpkinbeetles<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)Leafbeetles<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Chrysomelidae(COL)Leafbeetles<br />
Chaetocnemabasalis(Baly) Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Cicadellaspectra(Dist.) Cicadellidae(HEM)Whitejassid<br />
Cnaphalocrocismedinalis(Gn.) Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafroller<br />
CoelophoraripponiCrotch Coccinellidae(HEM)<br />
CompsolacongracilisCandeze Elateridae(COL)Predatorsleafhoppers<br />
BactroceracucurbitaeCoq Tephritidae(DIPT)Melonfruitfly<br />
BactrocerapapuaensisMalloch Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Dysdercuscingulatus(F.) Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)Redcottonbug<br />
DysdercussidaeMontr. Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)Redcottonbug<br />
Euricaniadiscigutta(Walk.) Ricaniidae(HEM)planthopper<br />
GonocephalumochthebioidesFul. Tenebrionidae(COL)Falsewireworm
222<br />
Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
HelicoverpaassultaassultaGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)Capegooseberrybudworm<br />
HypolixusmastersiPascoe Curculionidae(COL)<br />
MenochilussexmaculatusFab. Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
Monoleptaspp Chrysomelidae(COL)Monoleptabeetles<br />
Mythimnaloreyi(Dup.) Noctuidae(COL)Ricearmyworms<br />
Mythimnaseparata(Walk.) Noctuidae(COL)Ricearmyworms<br />
Oribiusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
Ostriniafurnacalis(Guen.) Pyralidae(LEP)Maizestemborer<br />
Peregrinusmaidis(Ashmead) Delphacidae(HEM)Cornlaternfly<br />
ProsoplusgrisescensBreuning Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
ProtaetiafuscaHerbst. Scarabaeidae(COL)Mangoflowerbeetle<br />
Rhopalosiphummaidis(Fitch.) Aphididae(HEM)Cornleafaphid<br />
Sesamiainferens(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Violetricestemborer<br />
SpirocariabissellataMulsant Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
Spodopteraexempta(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Africanarmyworm<br />
Spodopteramauritia(Boisduval) Noctuidae(LEP)Paddyarmyworm<br />
Cowpea insect pests<br />
AphiscraccivoraKoch Aphididae(HEM)Cowpeaaphid<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSignoret Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
Dysdercuscingulatus(F.) Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)Redcottonbug<br />
DysdercussidaeMontr. Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)Redcottonbug<br />
EpilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)leafeatingbeetle<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
LampidesboeticusL. Lycaenidae(LEP)PeaBluebutterfly<br />
MarucavitrataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanpodborer<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
PhodoryctiscaeruleaMeyrick Gracillariidae(LEP)leafminer<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
SaissetianeglectaDeLotto Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Cucumber pests (See also pumpkin pests)<br />
BactroceraatrisetosusPerkins Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
HomonacoffeariaNietn. Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
Telostylinussp. Neriidae(DIPT)<br />
Custard apple family insect pests<br />
Abgrallaspiscyanophylli(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Adoxophyessp. Tortricidae(LEP)leafroller<br />
Aleurodicusdestructor(Mackie) Aleurodidae(HEM)Coconutwhitefly<br />
Amblypeltaspp. Coreidae(HEM)Amblypeltabugs<br />
AnthococcuskerevataeWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Apirocalusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSign. Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(Linnaeus) Diaspididae(HEM)Floridaredscale<br />
CoccuscelatusDeLotto Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
DasychiramendosaHubn. Lymantriidae(LEP)leafeatingcaterpillar<br />
Drepanococcuschiton(Green) Coccidae(HEM)waxscales<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
Euricaniavillica Ricaniidae(HEM)planthopper<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
GraphiumagamemnonL. Papilionidae(LEP)Greenspottedtriangle
223<br />
Hemisphaerinussp Issidae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
HomonacoffeariaNietn. Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
Howardiabiclavis(Comstock) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Hyposidratalaca(Wlk.) Geometridae(LEP)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Laingiococcuspainei(Laing) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
OribiuscinereusMshl. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
Parasaissetianigra (Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Planococcuslilacinus(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PseudococcuslongispinusTargioni Pseudococcidae(HEM)Longtailedmealybug<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Coccidae(HEM)Coffeescale<br />
SteatococcussamaraiusMorrison Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
TerentiusnubifasciatusWalker Membracidae(HOM)<br />
Unaspiscitri(Comstock) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitelousescale<br />
Elephant foot yam insects<br />
Pseudococcuslongispinus(Targioni) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Longtailedmealybug<br />
Giant taro insect pests<br />
Aspidiellasacchari(Cockerell) Diaspididae,Armouredscale<br />
ChaetanaphothripsorchidiiF. Bananarustthrips<br />
DysmicoccusnesophilusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Eucalymnatustessellatus(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Lepidosaphesgloverii(Packard) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Papuanaspp. Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Pseudococcuslongispinus(Targioni) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Longtailedmealybug<br />
Pulvinariaubicola(Cockerell) Coccidae(HEM)Softscale<br />
Ginger insect pests<br />
Aspidiellahartii(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Dichocrosissp.nrpunctiferalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Peachyellowmoth<br />
DindymuspyrochrousBoisd. Pyrrhocoridae(HEM.)<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
LemawauensisGres. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
MeijerellainaequalisBecker Chloropidae(DIPT)<br />
PentalonianigronervosaCoq Aphididae(HEM)Bananaaphid<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
RagwelellushorvathiPoppius Miridae(HEM)Cardamommirid<br />
ThressapunctiferadeMeijere Chloropidae(DIPT)<br />
Guava insect pests<br />
Abgrallaspiscyanophylli Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscales<br />
Aleurodicusdispersus Aleurodidae(HEM)Spirallingwhitefly<br />
Amblypeltaspp. Coreidae(HET)Amblypeltabugs<br />
Apirocaluscornutus Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
Aspidiotusdestructor Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale
224<br />
Bactrocerabryoniae Tephtritidae(DIP)fruitfly<br />
Bactrocerafrauenfeldi Tephtritidae(DIP)<br />
Bactroceramusae Tephtritidae(DIP)Bananafruitfly<br />
Bactroceratrivialis Tephtritidae(DIP)Fruitflies<br />
Ceroplastesdestructor Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi Diaspididae(HEM)armouredscale<br />
Coccuslongulus Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Dysmicoccusbrevipes Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Dysmicoccusnesophilus Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Eucalymnatustessellatus Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Ferrisiavirgata Pseudococcidae(HEM)Stripedmealybug<br />
Helopeltisclavifer Cacaomirid<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae Diaspididae(HEM)armouredscale<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae Diaspididae(HEM)armouredscale<br />
Iceryapurchasi Margarodidae(HEM)Softscales<br />
Lymantriarosina Lymantriidae(LEP)<br />
Parasaisettianigra Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
Perissopneumonsp. Mealybug<br />
Planococcuscitri Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Planococcuspacificus Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Pulvinariapsidii Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Ragwellelusfestivus Miridae(HEM)<br />
Rastrococcusvicorum Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Saisettianeglecta Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Saissettiacoffeae Coccidae(HEM)Browncoffeescale<br />
Steatococcussamaraius Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Syntheratajanetta (LEP)Moth<br />
Unaspiscitri Diaspididae(HEM)Whitelousescale<br />
Indian mulberry insect pests<br />
AonidiellacompereiMcKenzie Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(Linnaeus) Diaspididae(HEM)Floridaredscale<br />
Coccusviridus(Green) Coccidae(HEM)Greenscale<br />
DysmicoccusnesophilusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Eucalymnatustessellatus(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Milviscutulusmangiferae(Green) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
MilviscutulusspiculatusWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
Pinnaspisbuxi(Bouche) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitescale<br />
PulvinariapsidiiMaskell Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Coccidae(HEM)Coffeescale<br />
Saissetiamiranda(Cockerell&Parrott) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Jackfruit insect pests<br />
AnthococcuskerevataeWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
CeroplastesrubensMaskell Coccidae(HEM)Pinkwaxscale<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale
225<br />
ParastasiaguttulataFairmaire Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Pinnaspisbuxi(Bouche) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Unaspiscitri(Comstock) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitelousescale<br />
Milviscutulusmangiferae(Green) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Lesser yam insect pests (See also yam insects)<br />
Aspidiellahartii(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscales<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Noctuidae(LEP)Greenlooper<br />
Mango insect pests<br />
AleurodicusdispersusRussel Aleyrodidae(HEM)Spirallingwhitefly<br />
Amblypeltaspp Coreidae(HEM)Tipwiltbugs<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSign. Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
CeroplastesrubensMask. Coccidae(HEM)Pinkwaxscale<br />
ChlumetiatransversaWalker Noctuidae(LEP)Mangoshootcaterpillar<br />
Coccusviridis(Green) Coccidae(HEM)Greenscale<br />
Bactrocerabryoniae(Tryon.) Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
BactrocerafrauenfeldiSchiner Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
DeanolisalbizonalisHampson Pyralidae(LEP)Redbandedmangoborer<br />
Dysmicoccusbrevipes (Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
Helopeltisclavifer(Walker) Miridae(HEM)Cacaomirid<br />
Idioscopusclypealis(Leth.) Cicadellidae(HEM)Mangohopper<br />
Idioscopusniveosparsus(Leth.) Cicadellidae(HEM)Mangohopper<br />
Ischnaspislongirostris(Sign.) Diaspididae(HEM.)armouredscale<br />
Penicillariajocosatrix(Guen.) Noctuidae(LEP)Largemangotipborer<br />
ProtaetiafuscaHerbst. Scarabaeidae(COL)Mangoflowerbeetle<br />
RhyparidaclypeataJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
SaisettiacoffeaeWalker Coccidae(HEM)Browncoffeescale<br />
ScopelodesdinawaB.Bak Limacocidae(LEP)Cupmoth<br />
ScopelodesnitensB.Bak Limacocidae(LEP)Cupmoth<br />
Selenothripsrubrocinctus(Giard) Thripidae(THYS)Cacaothrips<br />
Mulberry insect pests<br />
Howardiabiclavis(Comstock) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Lagriasp. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Maconellicoccushirsutus(Green) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Hibiscusmealybug<br />
Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
RhyparidacoriaceaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL.)<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Mung bean insect pests<br />
AlticustibialisReut Miridae(HEM)Grassbug<br />
Amblypeltaspp. Coreidae(HEM)Tipwiltbug<br />
AnticarsiairrorataF. Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
AphiscraccivoraKoch Aphididae(HEM)Cowpeaaphid<br />
Apirocalusspp Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
AulacophorasimilisOlivier Chrysomelidae(COL)Pumpkinbeetles<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)Leafbeetles<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)Leafbeetles<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybirds<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybirds
226<br />
HomonacoffeariaNietn. Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
LampidesboeticusL. Lycaenidae(LEP)Peabluebutterfly<br />
MarucavitrataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanpodborer<br />
MegalurothripsusitatusBagnall Thripidae(THYS)<br />
Melacanthusargineguttatus Alydidae(HEM)<br />
MonoleptasemiviolaceaFauvel Chrysomelidae(COL)Beetles<br />
Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus) Pentatomidae(HEM)Greenvegetablebug<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafroller<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafroller<br />
Ophiomyiaphaseoli(Tryon.) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Beanfly<br />
Oribiusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
PiezodorusrubrofasciatusFab. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
RhyparidacoriaceaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Rhyparidellawauensis Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Riptortusspp. Coreidae(HEM)Podsuckingbug<br />
Onion family insect pests<br />
Agrotisipsilon(Hufnagel) Noctuidae (LEP)Blackcutworm<br />
HelicoverpaassultaassultaGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)Capegooseberrybudworm<br />
Neotoxopteraformosana(Takahashi) Aphididae(HEM)Onionaphid<br />
ThripstabaciLind. Thripidae(THYS)Onionthrips<br />
Pandanus insect pests<br />
AonidiellainornataMcKenzie Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSign. Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(Linnaeus) Diaspididae(HEM)Floridaredscale<br />
Coccusviridus(Green) Coccidae(HEM)Greenscale<br />
Dysmicoccusboninsis(Kuwana) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Graysugarcanemealybug<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
DysmicoccuspapuanicusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Eucalymnatustessellatus(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Fioriniacoronata Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Nacoleiaoctasema(Meyrick) Pyralidae(LEP)Bananascabmoth<br />
Oryctesrhinoceros(L.) Scarabaeidae(COL)Asiaticrhinocerosbeetle<br />
ParlatoriacrotonisDouglas Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
PhyllophoraboshmaideJong Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
Pinnaspisaspidistrae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisbuxi(Bouche) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PulvinariapsidiiMaskell Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Schizentaspidussilvicola Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
SegestideadefoliatriadefoliatriaUlvavov Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehoppers<br />
Segestideagracilis(Willemse) Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideahanoveranaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideainsulanaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideamontanaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideanovaeguineaeBrancsik Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegetescorneliiWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
TrachycentrachlorogrammaMeyrick Tineidae(LEP)Casemothcausingmoderatedamage<br />
tokarukaandmaritaleaves.<br />
Passionfruit family insect pests<br />
Helopeltisclavifer(Walker) Coreidae(HEM)Cacaomirid<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)
227<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
IdopsisgriseaFaust. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Leptoglossusaustralis(Fab.) Coreidae(HEM)Blackleaf-footedbug<br />
OribiuscinereusMshl. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
Planococcuscitri(Risso) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Citrusmealybug<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Pawpaw insect pests<br />
Adoxophyesmelichron Tortricidae(LEP)leafroller<br />
Amblypeltaspp. Coreidae(HEM)Amblypeltabugs<br />
Aonidiellaorientalis(Newstead) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Araecerussp.(SeeOxyderes) Anthribidae(COL)<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSign. Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
AspidiotusexcisusGreen Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
CoccushesperidiumLinnaeus Coccidae(HEM)Softbrownscale<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Bactroceramusae(Try.) Tephritidae(DIPT)Bananafruitfly<br />
Bactrocerabryoniae(Try.) Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
BactroceraneohumeralisHardy Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Drepanococcuschiton(Green) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
DysmicoccusnesophilusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Howardiabiclavis(Comstock) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Macrosiphumeuphorbiae(Thomas) Aphididae(HEM)Potatoaphid<br />
Morganellalongispina(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
OxyderescyrtusJordan[exAraecerus] Anthribidae(COL)<br />
Pseudaulacaspiscockerelli(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targ.) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitescale<br />
IschiopsophabifasciataQuoy&Gaim Cetoniinae(COL)<br />
var.hylaHeller<br />
RhabdoscelusobscurusBoisduval Curculionidae(COL)Caneweevilborer<br />
RhinoscaphamaclayiMacLeay Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Coccidae(HEM)Coffeescale<br />
SteatococcussamaraiusMorrison Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Pea insect pests<br />
Adoxophyesmelichron Tortricidae(LEP)leafroller<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)Leafbeetles<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)Leafbeetles<br />
Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
HomonacoffeariaNietn. Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
LampidesboeticusL. Lycaenidae(LEP)Peabluebutterfly<br />
Lyriomyzabrassicae(Riley) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Cabbageleafminer<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
PhaneropterabrevisAud.-Serv Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
Riptortusspp. Coreidae(HEM)Podsuckingbug<br />
Spodopteraexempta(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Africanarmyworm<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fab) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
TetranychusmarianaeMcGregor TetranychidaeACARINARedspidermite
228<br />
Peanut insect pests<br />
Achaeajanata(Linnaeus) Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaofalselooper<br />
Adoxophyesmelichron Tortricidae(LEP)-leafroller<br />
AlticusminutusReut Miridae(HEM)Grassbug<br />
AlticustibialisReut Miridae(HEM)Grassbug<br />
AphiscraccivoraKoch Aphididae(HEM)Cowpeaaphid<br />
Apirocalusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
Aulacophoraspp. Chrysomelidae(COL)Pumpkinbeetles<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Dysmicoccusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
EctropisbhurmitraWalker Geometridae(LEP)Cacaolooper<br />
EuborelliaannulipesLucas Labiduridae(DERM)<br />
GryllotalpaafricanaPal. Gryllotalpidae(ORTH)Molecrickets<br />
HomonacoffeariaNietn. Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
MegalurothripsusitatusBagnall Thripidae(THYS)<br />
NysiusepiensisChina Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
OrosiusargentatusEvans<br />
Oxidusgacilis<br />
Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Papuanaspp. Scarabaeidae (COL)Tarobeetles<br />
PhiliafemorataWalk. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fab) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
Pigeon pea insect pests<br />
AgapophytaviridulaBlote Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
CeroplastesrubensMaskell Coccidae(HEM)Pinkwaxscale<br />
ClavigralloidesacantharisFabricius Coreidae(HEM)<br />
CoptosomapygmaeumMont. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
DepsagesgranulosaGuerin-Meneville Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
IceryapurchasiMaskell Margarodidae(HOM)Cushionscale<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HOM)Seychellesscale<br />
LampidesboeticusL. Lycaenidae(LEP)PeaBluebutterfly<br />
MarucavitrataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Commongrassbluebutterfly<br />
MictisprofanaF. Coreidae(HEM)Crusaderbug<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
PhaneropterabrevisAud.-Serv Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybug<br />
PlatystomuswallaceiPascoe Anthribidae(COL)<br />
Polyomonatusboeticus(L) Lycaenidae(LEP)<br />
PterolophiagrisescensPascoe Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Saissetiamiranda(Cockerell&Parrott) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
SteatococcussamaraiusMorrison Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Zizinaotis(F.) Lycaenidae(LEP)Commongrassbluebutterfly<br />
Pineapple insect pests<br />
Coccusviridus(Green) Coccidae(HEM)Softscale<br />
Dysmicoccusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
Kilifiaacuminata(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)Softscale<br />
LeptococcusmetroxyliReyne Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybug<br />
Locustamigratoria(Linnaeus) Acrididae(ORTH)Migratorylocust<br />
Maconellicoccushirsutus(Green) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Hibiscusmealybug
229<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybug<br />
Pseudococcuslongispinus(Targioni) Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybug<br />
Pulvinariaubicola(Cockerell) Coccidae(HEM)Softscale<br />
ScapanesaustralisgrossepunctatusSternb Dynastidae(COL)NGRhinocerosbeetle<br />
Scapanesaustralisaustralis(Boisd.) Dynastidae(COL)NewGuineaRhinocerosbeetle<br />
Polynesian arrowroot insect pests<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)softscale<br />
Potato insect pests<br />
AcyrthosiphonsolaniKaltenbach Aphididae(HEM)<br />
Agrotisipsilon(Hufnagel) Noctuidae (LEP)Blackcutworm<br />
ApachynusbeccariiDubrony Apachyidae(DERM)<br />
AphisgossypiiGlover Melonaphid<br />
Araecerussp.(SeeOxyderes) Anthribidae(COL)<br />
AulacorthumsolaniKaltenbach Foxgloveaphid<br />
Brachylybasdimorphus Smallbrownbug<br />
CassidadiommaBoisduval Chrysomelidae(COL)Smalltortoisebeetle<br />
CassidapapuanaSpaeth Chrysomelidae(COL)Smalltortoisebeetle<br />
CassidasexguttataBoisduval Chrysomelidae(COL)Smalltortoisebeetle<br />
Cicadellasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
ConoderusmucronatusCandeze Elateridae(COL)<br />
Criontiadessp. Miridae(HEM)<br />
DasychiramendosaHubn. Lymantriidae(LEP)Leafeatingcaterpillar<br />
ElaunonbipatitusKirby Forficulidae(DERM)<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Coccinelidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinelidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
Homeoxiphafuscipennis Gryllidae(0RTH)<br />
IdopsiscoeruleaFaust. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Macrosiphumeuphorbiae(Thomson) Aphididae(HEM)Potatoaphid<br />
MonoleptasemiviolaceaFauvel Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
MyzusornatusLaing Aphididae(HEM)<br />
MyzuspersicaeSulzer Aphididae(HEM)Greenpeachaphid<br />
NysiusvillicusVanDuzee Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
PapuanaaninodalisPrell Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
Phaenacanthaspp. Colobathristidae/Pyrrocoridae(HEM)Sugarcanebug<br />
Phthorimaeaoperculella(Zell.) Gelechiidae(LEP)Potatotubermoth<br />
SimpliciacaeneusalisWalker Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Pumpkin family insect pests<br />
Achaeajanata(Linnaeus) Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaofalselooper<br />
Alticasp Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AlticustibialisReut Chrysomelidae(COL)Grassbug<br />
AphisgossypiiGlover Aphididae(HEM)Melonaphid<br />
AphthonabicolorataJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AphthonaspnrscutellataBaly Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AtherigonaorientalisSchiner Muscidae(DIPT)Shootfly<br />
Aulacophoraspp. Chrysomelidae(COL)Pumpkinbeetles<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Noctuidae(LEP)Greenlooper<br />
CriocerusclarkiiBaly Crioceridae(COL)<br />
BactroceracucurbitaeCoq Tephritidae(DIPT)Melonfruitfly<br />
BactroceradecipiensDrew Tephritidae(DIPT)Fruitfly<br />
BactrocerastrigifinisatritusMay Tephritidae(DIPT)Fruitfly<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
EpilachnacucurbitaeRichards Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Henosepilachnaspp. Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird
230<br />
Leptoglossusaustralis(Fab.) Coreidae(HEM)Blackleaf-footedbug<br />
LeptotheaciskiiWeise Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
Macrosiphumeuphorbiae(Thomas) Aphididae(HEM)Potatoaphid<br />
MictisprofanaF. Coreidae(HEM)Crusaderbug<br />
Monoleptaspp. Chrysomelidae(COL)Monoleptabeetles<br />
Oribiusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
ParaBactroceraperplexus Trypetidae(DIPT)<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Planococcuscitri(Risso) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PsylliodesspnrfulvipesJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Rhyparidellawauensis Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Rice insect pests<br />
AmorbusrhombeusWestw. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
ArsipodatenimberensisJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)Blackfleabeetle<br />
AtherigonaoryzaeMalloch Muscidae(DIPT)Paddystemfly<br />
Blissussp Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
BorbocinnaraWallace Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
BorboimpartetragraphusMab. Hesperiidae(LEP)Borbobutterfly<br />
BothricharapalliataMacleay Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Brevenniarehi(Lindinger) Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybugofrice<br />
Caenoblissuspilosus(Barber) Lugaeidae(HEM)Chinchbugs<br />
Chaetocnemabasalis(Baly) Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Chiloauricilius(Dudg.) Pyralidae(LEP)Gold-fringedriceborer<br />
ChiloinfuscatellusSnellin Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
Chilosuppressalis(Walker) Pyralidae(LEP)Purplelinedricestemborer<br />
Cicadellaspectra(Dist.) Cicadellidae(HEM)Whitejassid<br />
Cicindeladecem-guttataurvilleiDejean Cicindellidae(COL)<br />
Cnaphalocrocismedinalis(Gn.) Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafroller<br />
CnaphalocrocispoeyalisBoisduval Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafrollers<br />
CoronacellakirkaldyiMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
CyrtorhinuslividipennisReuter Miridae(HEM)PredatorNilaparvatalugens<br />
DimorphopteruscornutusSlater Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Dimorphopterussp. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
EysarcorisventralisWest. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
GonocephalumochthebioidesFul. Tenebrionidae(COL)Falsewireworm<br />
GryllotalpaafricanaPal. Gryllotalpidae(ORTH)Molecrickets<br />
Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
Leptocorisaacuta(Thunberg) Alydidae(HEM)Paddybugs<br />
Leptocorisadiscoidalis Alydidae(HEM)Paddybugs<br />
Leptocorisaoratorius(Fab.) Alydidae(HEM)Paddybugs<br />
Leptocorisapalawanensis Alydidae(HEM)Paddybugs<br />
LeptocorisasolomonensisAhmad Alydidae(HEM)Paddybugs<br />
Locustamigratoria(Linnaeus) Acrididae(ORTH)Migratorylocust<br />
Lophopssp. Lophopidae(HEM)<br />
MaliarphaseparatellaRag. Pyralidae(LEP)Whitestemborer<br />
Marasmiaspp. Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafrollers<br />
Marasmiabilineatis Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafrollers<br />
Marasmiahexagona Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafrollers<br />
MeijerellainaequalisBecker Chloropidae(DIPT)<br />
MelanitisledabankiaF. Nymphalidae(LEP)Eveningbrownbutterfly<br />
MenindabisignataWalker Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Mythimnaloreyi(Dup.) Noctuidae(COL)Ricearmyworms<br />
Mythimnaseparata(Walk.) Noctuidae(COL)Ricearmyworms<br />
Nephotettixapicalis(Motsch.) Jassidae(HEM)Greenriceleafhopper.
231<br />
Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus) Pentatomidae(HEM)Greenvegetablebug<br />
NilaparvatalugensHaseg Delphacidae(HEM)Brownbackedriceplanthopper<br />
Ostriniafurnacalis(Guen.) Pyralidae(LEP)Maizestemborer<br />
Oxyajaponica(Thnb.) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Oxyavittigera(Blanch) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
PachybrachiusnervosusHorv. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
PelopidasagnadingoEvans Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
Rhopalosiphummaidis(Fitch.) Aphididae(HEM)Cornleafaphid<br />
Saccharicoccussacchari(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Sugarcanemealybug<br />
Scirpophagainnotata(Walker) Pyralidae(LEP)Whitericeborer<br />
Sesamiainferens(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Violetricestemborer<br />
SogatellafurciferaHorvath Delphacidae(HEM)Whitebackedriceplanthopper<br />
Spodopteraexempta(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Africanarmyworm<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fab) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
Spodopteramauritia(Boisduval) Noctuidae(LEP)Paddyarmyworm<br />
Stenocatantopsaugustifrons(Walker) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Tetraneuranigriabdominalis(Sas.) Aphididae(HEM)Ricerootaphid<br />
TrypopsilopachinensisWiedimann Ephydridae(DIPT)<br />
Valangairregularis(Walker) Acrididae(ORTH)Giantgrasshopper<br />
Valanganigricornis(Burm.) Acrididae(ORTH)Javanesegrasshopper<br />
Valangasp. Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Rorippa insect pests<br />
Agrotisipsilon(Hufnagel) Noctuidae(LEP)Blackcutworm<br />
CrocidolomiabinotalisZeller Pyralidae(LEP)Cabbageclustercaterpillar<br />
Plutellaxylostella(L.) Plutellidae(LEP)Diamondbackmoth<br />
Sago insect pests<br />
AgapophytabipunctataBoisd. Pentatomidae(HEM.)abug<br />
Oryctesrhinoceros(L.) Scarabaeidae(COL)Asiaticrhinocerosbeetle<br />
Papuanaspp. Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
PromecothecapapuanaCsiki Hispidae(COL)Coconutleafminer<br />
RhabdoscelusobscurusBoisduval Curculionidae(COL)Caneweevilborer<br />
Rhynchophorusbilineatus(Montr.) Curculionidae(COL)Palmweevils<br />
Rhynchophorusferrugineous(Oliv.) Curculionidae(COL)Palmweevils<br />
RhynchophoruspapuanusKirsch Curculionidae(COL)Palmweevils<br />
TrochorhopalusstrangulatusGyllenhal Curculionidae(COL)aweevil<br />
LeptococcusmetroxyliReyne Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Snake bean insect pests<br />
AnticarsiairrorataF. Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
AphiscraccivoraKoch Aphididae(HEM)Cowpeaaphid<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)Leafbeetles<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)Leafbeetles<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Noctuidae(LEP)Greenlooper<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Coccidae<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Helopeltisclavifer(Walker) Miridae(HEM)Cacaomirid<br />
HomonacoffeariaNietn. Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
LampidesboeticusL. Lycaenidae(LEP)PeaBluebutterfly<br />
MarucavitrataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanpodborer<br />
Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus) Pentatomidae(HEM)GreenVegetablebug<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
Ophiomyiaphaseoli(Tryon.) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Beanfly<br />
Oribiusspp. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils
232<br />
Plautiabrunneipennis Pentatomidae(HEM)Stinkbug<br />
Riptortusspp. Coreidae(HEM)Podsuckingbug<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Coccidae(HOM)<br />
Zizinaotis(F.) Lycaenidae(LEP)Commongrassbluebutterfly<br />
Soybean insect pests<br />
Acrocercopssp. Gracillariidae(LEP)Aibikaleafminer<br />
Adoxophyessp. Tortricidae(LEP)-leafroller<br />
AlticustibialisReut Miridae(HEM)Grassbug<br />
ArsipodatenimberensisJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)Blackfleabeetle<br />
Aulacophoraspp. Chrysomelidae(COL)Pumpkinbeetles<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae(COL)<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Noctuidae(LEP)Greenlooper<br />
CoelophorainaequalisF. Coccinellidae(HEM)<br />
DemonaxcollarisPascoe Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
HalticusminutusReuter Miridae(HEM)fleahopper<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
HomonacoffeariaNietn. Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
MarucavitrataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanpodborer<br />
MegalurothripsusitatusBagnall Thripidae(THYS)<br />
Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus) Pentatomidae(HEM)GreenVegetablebug<br />
Ophiomyiaphaseoli(Tryon.) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Beanfly<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
RhinoscaphafunebrisChev. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Rhyparidellawauensis Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Riptortusspp. Coreidae(HEM)Podsuckingbug<br />
Sugarcane insect pests<br />
Aleurodescomata Aleurodidae(HEM.)<br />
AmblypeltacocophagaChina Coreidae(HEM)Greencoconutbug<br />
AmblypeltacostalisszentivanyiBrown Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AmblypeltagallegonisLever Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AmblypeltalutescenspapuensisBr. Coreidae(HEM)Papuantipwiltbug<br />
AmblypeltatheobromaeBrown Coreidae(HEM)Tipwiltbug<br />
AnomalaanoguttataBurm. Rutelidae(COL)<br />
AphisgossypiiGlover Aphididae(HEM)Melonaphid<br />
AphissacchariZehntner Aphididae(HEM)Sugarcaneaphid<br />
Araecerussp.(SeeOxyderes) Anthribidae(COL)<br />
Araeocorynussp. Anthribidae(COL)<br />
ArrhenesdschilusPlotz. Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSign. Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
AtractomorphacrenaticepsBlanch Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
AustracrisguttulosaWalk Acrididae(ORTH)Spurthroatedlocust<br />
BathytrichatruncataWalker Noctuidae(LEP)Cane-mothborer;Largesugarcane<br />
mothborer<br />
Brontispalateralis Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
CallitearahorsfieldiSaunders Lymantriidae(LEP)<br />
CeratovacunalanigeraZehntner Aphididae(HEM)Sugarcanewoollyaphid<br />
ChiloterrenellusPag. Pyralidae(LEP)Sugarcaneborer<br />
Cicadellasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Diaspisrutherfordi Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Dysmicoccusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
ElassogastersepsoidesWalk. Platystomididae(DIPT)
233<br />
Enoplopteron?hieroglyphicumdeMiej Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
GesonulamundatasanguinolentaKraus Acridiidae(ORTH.)<br />
GryllotalpaafricanaPal. Gryllotalpidae(ORTH)Africanmolecricket<br />
Heteropternisobscurella(Blanch) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
HypolixusritsemaePasc. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
LepidiotareuleauxiBrenske(Arrow?) Scarabaeidae(COL)Ramucanegrub<br />
Leptocorisaacuta(Thunberg) Alydidae(HEM)Paddybugs<br />
Leptocorisaoratorius(Fab.) Alydidae(HEM)<br />
LeptocorisasolomonensisAhmad Alydidae(HEM)<br />
Locustamigratoria(Linnaeus) Acrididae(ORTH)Migratorylocust<br />
LophopssaccharicidaKirk. Lophopidae(HEM)<br />
Machaerotahumboldti Machaerotidae(HEM)<br />
MaliarphaseparatellaRag. Pyralidae(LEP)Whitestemborer<br />
MelanitisconstantiaCramer Satyridae/Nymphalidae(LEP)<br />
MulciberlinnaeiThoms Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Mythimnaloreyi(Dup.) Noctuidae(LEP)Ricearmyworms<br />
Mythimnaseparata(Walk.) Noctuidae(LEP)Ricearmyworms<br />
MythimnaunipunctaHaw Noctuidae(LEP.)<br />
MyzuspersicaeSulzer Aphididae(HEM)Greenpeachaphid<br />
Neomaskelliabergii(Signoret) Aleyrodidae(HEM.)Sugarcanewhitefly<br />
Opogonasaccharella Hieroxestidae(LEP)<br />
Orinaemesp. Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Oryctesrhinoceros(L.) Scarabaeidae(COL)Asiaticrhinocerosbeetle<br />
Oxyavittigera(Blanch) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
PachybrachiusnervosusHorv. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
PapuanaaninodalisPrell Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanabiroiEnd Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanahuebneriFairm Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanajapenensisArrow Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanalaevipennisArrow Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
Papuanasemistriata Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanaszentivanyiEndrodi Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanatrinodosaPrell. Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanauninodesPrell Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
Papuanawoodlarkiana(Montr.) Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
Patangasp. Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Perkinsiellabicaloris Delphacidae(HEM)Sugarcaneleafhoppers<br />
Perkinsiellalalokensis Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
Perkinsiellapapuensis Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
Perkinsiellarattlei Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
Perkinsiellavastatrix(Breddin) Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
Phaciocephalussp. Derbidae(HEM)<br />
Phaenacanthaspp. Colobathristidae/Pyrrocoridae(HEM)Sugarcane<br />
bug<br />
Plautiabrunneipennis Pentatomidae(HEM)stinkbugs<br />
ProtaetiafuscaHerbst. Scarabaeidae(COL)Mangoflowerbeetle<br />
Rhabdoscelisobscurus(Boisduval) Curculionidae(COL)NGsugarcaneweevil<br />
Rhopalosiphummaidis(Fitch.) Aphididae(HEM)Cornleafaphid<br />
RhyparidacoriaceaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidamorosaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Saccharicoccussacchari(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Sugarcanemealybug<br />
Scoliophthalmussp. Chloropidae(DIPT)<br />
SesamiagrisescensWalker Noctuidae(LEP)stemborer<br />
Sesamiainferens(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Violetricestemborer<br />
Silbasp. Lonchaeidae(DIPT)<br />
Spodopteraexempta(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Africanarmyworm<br />
Spodopteramauritia(Boisduval) Noctuidae(LEP)Paddyarmyworm<br />
Stenocatantopsaugustifrons(Walker) Acrididae(ORTH)
234<br />
TauchirideaadustaBolivar Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
TettigellapasiphaeKirk Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Tettigellasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Trochorhopalusstrangulatus GyllenhalCurculionidae(COL)<br />
Valangairregularis(Walker) Acrididae(ORTH)Giantgrasshopper<br />
Valangasp. Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Xyleborusperforans(Wollastan) Scolytidae(COL)<br />
Sweet potato insect pests<br />
Achaeajanata(Linnaeus) Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaofalselooper<br />
Agriusconvolvuli(L.) Sphingidae(LEP)Sweetpotatohornworm<br />
AphissacchariZehntner Aphididae(HEM)Sugarcaneaphid<br />
Apirocaluscornutus(Pascoe) Curculionidae(COL)Hornedweevil<br />
Arginacribraria(Clerck) Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
AtractomorphacrenaticepsBlanch Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Aulacophoraspp. Chrysomelidae(COL)Pumpkinbeetles<br />
Bedelliasomnulentella(Zeller) Lyonetiidae(LEP)Sweetpotatoleafminer<br />
Bemisiatabaci(Guen.) Aleyrodidae(HEM)Tobaccowhitefly<br />
Cylasformicariuselegantulus(Summers) Curculionidae(COL)Sweetpotatoweevil<br />
EctropisbhurmitraWalker Geometridae(LEP)Cacaolooper<br />
EpilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)leafeatingbeetle<br />
HalticustibialisReut Miridae(HEM)Grassbug<br />
Helopeltisclavifer(Walker) Coreidae(HEM)Cacaomirid<br />
Hippotioncelerio(L.) Sphingidae(LEP)Tarohawkmoth<br />
Omphisaspp. Pyralidae(COL)Sweetpotatostemborer<br />
PhaneropterabrevisServ Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
Solephymapapuana Galerucidae(COL.)<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Taro insect pests<br />
Acrocercopssp. Gracillariidae(LEP)Aibikaleafminer<br />
AgriusconvolvuliL. Sphingidae(LEP)Sweetpotatohawkmoth<br />
AphisgossypiiGlover Aphididae(HEM)Melonaphid<br />
AstacopsflavicollisWalk. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Astacopsvillicollis(Stal.) Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Bemisiatabaci(Guen.) Aleyrodidae(HEM)Tobaccowhitefly<br />
Dermolepidanigrum(Nonf.) Scarabaeidae(COL)Dermolepidabeetles<br />
DermolepidanoxiumBritton Scarabaeidae(COL)Dermolepidabeetles<br />
EctropisbhurmitraWalker Geometridae(LEP)Cacaolooper<br />
GesonulamundatasanguinolentaKraus Acridiidae(ORTH)<br />
HeliothisarmigerHuebner Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
Hippotioncelerio(L.) Sphingidae(LEP)Tarohawkmoth<br />
OribiuscinereusMshl. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
OribiuscruciatusFst. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
OribiusdestructorMshl. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
OribiusinimicusMshl Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
PapuanabiroiEnd. Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
PapuanahuebneriFairm. Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
PapuanajapenensisArrow Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
Papuanalaevipennis Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
Papuanasemistriata Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
PapuanatrinodosaPrell. Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
Papuanawoodlarkiana(Montr.) Scarabaeidae(COL)Tarobeetles<br />
PentalonianigronervosaCoq Aphididae(HEM)Bananaaphid<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fab) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
Tarophaguscolocasiae Delphacidae(HEM)Taroleafhopper
235<br />
Tarophaguspersephone Delphacidae(HEM)Taroleafhopper<br />
Tarophagusproserpina(Kirk) Delphacidae(HEM)Taroleafhopper<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Terminalia insect pests - Okari, Java almond, Talis<br />
Acrocercopsspnr.phaedetaMeyr Gracillariidae(LEP)<br />
Agrilusspp. Buprestidae(COL)Agrilusbeetles<br />
AitetairidiasMyr. Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
BadamiaexclamationisFabricius Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
Howardiabiclavis(Comstock) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Milviscutulusmangiferae(Green) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
NagiaepiscopalisHampson Noctuidae(LEP.)<br />
Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Perissopneumon mealybug<br />
Pinnaspisaspidistrae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
SaccolaemuslongicepsPascoe Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Coccidae(HEM)Coffeescale<br />
TeleclitastrigatacinnamomeaRothsch. Notodontidae(LEP)<br />
Tomato insect pests<br />
AgrotisinterjectionisGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Agrotisipsilon(Hufnagel) Noctuidae(LEP)Blackcutworm<br />
AphissacchariZehntner Aphididae(HEM)Sugarcaneaphid<br />
AtherigonaorientalisSchiner Muscidae(DIPT)Shootfly<br />
AulacorthumsolaniKaltenbach Aphididae(HEM)Foxgloveaphid<br />
Bemisiatabaci(Guen.) Aleyrodidae(HEM)Tobaccowhitefly<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Noctuidae(LEP)Greenlooper<br />
Cyrtopeltismodestus Miridae(HEM.)<br />
BactroceratryoniFrogg Tephritidae(DIPT)Queenslandfruitfly<br />
FerrisiaconsobrinaWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) Noctuidae(LEP)Tomatogrub<br />
HelicoverpaassultaassultaGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)Capegooseberrybudworm<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
Howardiabiclavis(Comstock) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Leptoglossusaustralis(Fab.) Coreidae(HEM)Blackleaf-footedbug<br />
Macrosiphumeuphorbiae(Thomas) Aphididae(HEM)Potatoaphid<br />
MyzuspersicaeSulzer Aphididae(HEM)Greenpeachaphid<br />
Phthorimaeaoperculella(Zell.) Gelechiidae(LEP)Potatotubermoth<br />
Phytometraorichalcaea(F.) Noctuidae(LEP)semilooper<br />
Pinnaspisaspidistrae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisbuxi(Bouche) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
PseudococcuselisaeBorchsenius Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Psylliodessp Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Pulvinariaubicola(Cockerell) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fab) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
ThripstabaciLind. Thripidae(THYS)Onionthrips<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm
236<br />
Tree tomato insect pests<br />
BactroceratryoniFrogg Tephritidae(DIPT)Queenslandfruitfly<br />
Tu-lip insect pests<br />
Eucalymnatustessellatus(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)softscale<br />
Milviscutulusmangiferae(Green) Coccidae(HEM)softscale<br />
Watermelon insect pests<br />
BactroceracucurbitaeCoq Tephritidae(DIPT)Melonfruitfly<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Winged bean insect pests<br />
Amblypeltaspp Coreidae(HEM)Amblypeltabugs<br />
AphiscraccivoraKoch Aphididae(HEM)Cowpeaaphid<br />
AphisgossypiiGlover Aphididae(HEM)Melonaphid<br />
AraecerusfasciculatusDegeer Anthribidae(COL)<br />
AraeocorynuscumingiJekel Anthribidae(COL)<br />
Erythroneurasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Euproctissp. Lymantriidae(LEP)<br />
Homeoxiphafuscipennis Gryllidae(ORTH)<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)Leafeatingladybird<br />
LampidesboeticusL. Lycaenidae(LEP)PeaBluebutterfly<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
LeucopterapsophocarpellaBrad.&Cart. Lyonetiidae(LEP)Wingedbeanblotchminer<br />
MarucavitrataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanpodborer<br />
Mythimnaloreyi(Dup.) Noctuidae(LEP)Ricearmyworms<br />
Mythimnaseparata(Walk.) Noctuidae(LEP)Ricearmyworms<br />
Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus) Pentatomidae(HEM)GreenVegetablebug<br />
NyctemerabaulusBoisduval Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafrollers<br />
PhaneropterabrevisAud.-Serv Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Grasshopper<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
ProsoplusobliqueplagiatusBreuning Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
RopicahonestaPascoe Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
TiracolaplagiataWalk Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm<br />
Zizinaotis(F.) Lycaenidae(LEP)Commongrassbluebutterfly<br />
Zyginasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Yam insect pests<br />
Abgrallaspiscyanophylli(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscales<br />
AlcidodesaustralisBoisduval Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Aspidiellahartii(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscales<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSignoret Diaspididae(HEM)Armouredscales<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Noctuidae(LEP.)Greenlooper<br />
CoccushesperidiumLinnaeus Coccidae(HEM)softscales<br />
GymnopholusweiskeiHllr. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
HarpedonaplanaPoppius Miridae(HEM)<br />
HypolixusmastersiPascoe Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Hyposidratalaca Geometridae(LEP)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)softscales
237<br />
Liliocerusspnr.bakewelliBaly Crioceridae(COL)<br />
Lilioceruspapuana(Jac.) Crioceridae(COL)<br />
PlanococcusdioscoreaeWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)Yammealybug<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)Mealybug<br />
PlatypeltocorissimilisPopp Miridae(HEM)Yammiridsapsucker<br />
Senoclidiapurpurata(F.Sm.) Tenthredinide(HYM)Yamsawfly<br />
TagiadesobscurustindaliRbb Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
TagiadestregelliusHopf. Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
Tagiadestregelliuscanonicus Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
TheretranessusDry. Sphingidae(LEP)Yamhawkmoth<br />
Sweet potato insect pests Common name first<br />
Sweetpotatohornworm Agriusconvolvuli(L.)<br />
Sweetpotatohawkmoth Agriusconvolvuli(L.)<br />
Sweetpotatoleafminer Bedelliasomnulentella(Zeller)<br />
Sweetpotatoweevil Cylasformicariuselegantulus(Summers)<br />
AtractomorphacrenaticepsBlanch<br />
Cacaoarmyworm TiracolaplagiataWalk<br />
Cacaofalselooper Achaeajanata(Linnaeus)<br />
Cacaolooper EctropisbhurmitraWalker<br />
Cacaomirid Helopeltisclavifer(Walker)<br />
Grassbug HalticustibialisReut<br />
Hornedweevil Apirocaluscornutus(Pascoe)<br />
PhaneropterabrevisServ<br />
Pumpkinbeetles Aulacophoraspp.<br />
Sugarcaneaphid AphissacchariZehntner<br />
Tarohawkmoth Hippotioncelerio(L.)<br />
Tobaccowhitefly Bemisiatabaci(Guen.)<br />
Arginacribraria(Clerck)<br />
EpilachnasignatipennisBoisd.<br />
Omphisaspp.<br />
Solephymapapuana<br />
Taro insect pests Common name first<br />
Tarobeetles PapuanabiroiEnd.<br />
PapuanahuebneriFairm.<br />
PapuanajapenensisArrow<br />
Papuanalaevipennis<br />
Papuanasemistriata<br />
PapuanatrinodosaPrell.<br />
Papuanawoodlarkiana(Montr.)<br />
Tarohornworm Hippotioncelerio(L.)<br />
Tarohawkmoth Hippotioncelerio(L.)<br />
Taroleafhopper Tarophaguscolocasiae<br />
Tarophaguspersephone<br />
Tarophagusproserpina(Kirk)<br />
Aibikaleafminer Acrocercopssp.<br />
Bananaaphid PentalonianigronervosaCoq<br />
Cacaoarmyworm TiracolaplagiataWalk<br />
Cacaolooper EctropisbhurmitraWalker<br />
Clustercaterpillar Spodopteralitura(Fab)<br />
Cornearworm Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner)<br />
Dermolepidabeetles(Orchaferbeetles) Dermolepidanigrum(Nonf.)<br />
DermolepidanoxiumBritton<br />
Melonaphid AphisgossypiiGlover<br />
Shotholeweevils OribiuscinereusMshl.<br />
OribiuscruciatusFst.
238<br />
OribiusdestructorMshl.<br />
OribiusinimicusMshl<br />
Sweetpotatohawkmoth AgriusconvolvuliL.<br />
Tobaccowhitefly Bemisiatabaci(Guen.)<br />
AstacopsflavicollisWalk.<br />
Astacopsvillicollis(Stal.)<br />
GesonulamundatasanguinolentaKraus
239<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>s list Scientific names in alphabetical order<br />
Abgrallaspiscyanophylli(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AcaloleptaholotephraBoisd Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Acanthoscelidesobtectus Bruchidae(COL)Beanweevil<br />
Acauloplacellaimmunis Tettigonidae(ORTH)<br />
Achaeajanata(Linnaeus) Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaofalselooper<br />
Aclerissp. Tortricidae(LEP)<br />
Acrocercopscramerella(Snellen)See Gracillariidae(LEP)Cocoapodborer<br />
Conomorphacramerella<br />
AcrocercopshomalactaMeyr. Gracillariidae(LEP)leafminer<br />
Acrocercopssp. Gracillariidae(LEP)leafminer<br />
ActinusimperialisFauvel Staphylinidae(COL)<br />
AcyrthosiphonsolaniKaltenbach Aphididae(HEM)<br />
Adoxyphyesmelichron Tortricidae(LEP)leafroller<br />
AdoxyphestetraphractaMeyrick Tortricidae(LEP)leafroller<br />
AediasericeaButler Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
AgapophytabipunctataBoisd. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
AgapophytasimilisBlote Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
AgapophytaviridulaBlote Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Agonoscelisrutila Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
AgrilusoccipitalisEsch Buprestidae(COL)<br />
Agriusconvolvuli(L.) Sphingidae(LEP)Sweetpotatohawkmoth<br />
Agromyzapapuensis Agromyzidae(DIPT)<br />
AgrotisinterjectionisGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Agrotisipsilon(Hufn.) Noctuidae(LEP)Blackcutworm<br />
Agrypnussp. Elateridae(COL)<br />
AitetairidiasMyr. Noctuidae(LEP.)<br />
AlcidodesaustralisBoisduval Curculionidae(COL)<br />
AlcidodeselegansGuerin-Meneville Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Aleurodescomata Aleurodidae(HEM)<br />
AleurodicusdestructorMackie Aleurodidae(HEM)Coconutwhitefly<br />
AleurodicusdispersusRussel Aleurodidae(HEM)Spirallingwhitefly<br />
Alticasp Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Alticussp. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AmblypeltacocophagaChina Coreidae(HEM)Greencoconutbug<br />
AmblypeltacostalisszentivanyiBrown Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AmblypeltagallegonisLever Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AmblypeltalutescenspapuensisBr. Coreidae(HEM)Papuantipwiltbug<br />
AmblypeltatheobromaeBrown Coreidae(HEM)Tipwiltbug<br />
AmorbusrhombeusWestw. Coreidae(HEM)<br />
AmrascadevastansDistant Cicadellidae(HEM)Indiancottonjassid<br />
AnadastusalbertisiHarold Languridae(COL)<br />
Ananipasp. Gryllidae(ORTH)<br />
AndaspisnumerataBrimblecombe Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Andaspissinosa Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AnomalaanoguttataBurm. Rutelidae(COL)<br />
AnomisflavaFabricius Noctuidae(LEP)Cottonsemi-looper<br />
AntestiopsischamberetiLeGuillon Pentatomidae(HEM.)<br />
Antestiopsissemiviridis(Walk.) Pentatomidae(HEM)coffeebugs<br />
AnthococcuskerevataeWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
AnticarsiairrorataFabricius Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Antoninagraminis(Maskell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Rhodesgrassmealybug<br />
AonidiellaaurantiiMask. Diaspididae(HEM)Redscale<br />
Aonidiellacitrina(Coq.) Diaspididae(HEM)Yellowscale<br />
AonidiellacompereiMcKenzie Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AonidiellaeremocitriMcKenzie Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AonidiellainornataMcKenzie Diaspididae(HEM)
240<br />
Aonidiellaorientalis(Newstead) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
ApachynusbeccariiDubrony Apachyidae(DERM)<br />
AphiscraccivoraKoch Aphididae(HEM)Cowpeaaphid<br />
AphisgossypiiGlover Aphididae(HEM)Cottonaphid<br />
AphissacchariZehntner Aphididae(HEM)Sugarcaneaphid<br />
AphodiuslividusOlivier Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Apirocaluscornutus(Pascoe) Curculionidae(COL)hornedweevil<br />
ApirocalusebriusFaust Curculionidae(COL)hornedweevil<br />
ApirocalusterrestrisThompson Curculionidae(COL)hornedweevil<br />
AphthonabicolorataJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Araecerussp.(SeeOxyderes) Anthribidae(COL)<br />
AraecerusfasciculatisDegeer Anthribidae(COL)<br />
AraeocorynuscumingiJekel Anthribidae(COL)<br />
Araeocorynussp. Anthribidae(COL)<br />
ArginaastreaDrury Arctiidae(LEP)Orangesannmoth<br />
Arginacribraria(Clerck) Arctiidae(LEP)Orangesannmoth<br />
SeeArginaastreaDrury<br />
Armaciasp. Ricaniidae(HEM)<br />
ArrhenesdschilusPlotz Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
ArsipodatenimberensisJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)Blackfleabeetle<br />
ArtonacatoxanthaHampson Zygaeinidae(LEP.)Coconutleafmoth<br />
Aspidiellahartii(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Aspidiellasacchari(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AspidomorphaadhearensWeber Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
AspidomorphaaustralasiaeJacoby Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
Aspidomorphamiliaris(F.) Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
Aspidomorpha?punctum(Fabricius) Cassididae(COL.)<br />
AspidomorphaquadriradiataBoh. Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
AspidomorphasociaMontr. Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
AspidomorphatestudinariaMontr. Cassididae(COL)tortoisebeetles<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSignoret Diaspididae(HEM)Coconutscale<br />
AspidiotusexcisusGreen Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Aspidiotusmusae Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AstacopsdorycusBoisd. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
AstacopsflavicollisWalk. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Astacopsvillicollis(Stal.) Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Asterolecaniumsp Asterolecaniidae(HEM)<br />
AsuracrocotaHampson Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
AtaeniusspinatorHarold Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
AtherigonaorientalisSchiner Muscidae(DIPT)Stemfly<br />
AtherigonaoryzaeMall. Muscidae(DIPT)Paddystemfly<br />
AtractomorphacrenaticepsBlanch Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Atractomorphasimilis Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Atysasp. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Aulacaspistegalensis(Zehntner) Diaspididae(HEM)Sugarcanescale<br />
Aulacaspisvitis(Green) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
AulacorthumsolaniKaltenbach Aphididae(HEM)<br />
Aulacophoraabdominalus(Fabricius) Chrysomelidae(COL)pumpkinbeetles<br />
AulacophoracoffeaeHornstedt Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophoraculcullataBlackburn Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Aulacophorafemoralis(Mots.) Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophoramelanopusBlanchard Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorapallidifasciataJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorapapuanaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorapygidialisBaly Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorarigoensisJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorasimilisOliv. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
AulacophorawallaciiBaly Chrysomelidae(COL)
241<br />
AulacophrysfascialisMarsh. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Austracrisguttulosa(Walk.) Acrididae(ORTH)Spurthroatedlocust<br />
AxiagastuscambelliDist. Pentatomidae(HEM)Coconutspathebug<br />
BadamiaexclamationisFabricius Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
Bambusaspisbambusae(Boisduval) Asterolecaniidae(HEM)<br />
BathytrichatruncataWalker Noctuidae(LEP)Cane-mothborer;Largesugarcane<br />
mothborer<br />
Batrachamorphussp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
BatrachedraarenosellaWalker Cosmopterigiidae(LEP)Lessercoconutspikemoth<br />
BactroceraatrisetosusPerkins Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Bactrocerabryoniae(Tryon.) Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
BactroceracucurbitaeCoq Tephritidae(DIPT)Melonfruitfly<br />
BactroceradecipiensDrew Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
BactroceradorsalisHendel Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
BactrocerafrauenfeldiSchiner Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Bactrocerafrenchi Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Bactroceramusae(Try.) Tephritidae(DIPT)Bananafruitfly<br />
BactroceraneohumeralisHardy Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Bactroceraobliquus Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Bactrocerapeculiaris Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
BactrocerastrigifinisatritusMay Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
BactroceratrivialisDrew Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
BatroceratryoniFrogg Tephritidae(DIPT)fruitfly<br />
Bedelliasomnulentella(Zeller) Lyonetiidae(LEP)Sweetpotatoleafminer<br />
Bemisiatabaci(Genn.) Aleyrodidae(HEM)Tobaccowhitefly<br />
Blastophagasp. Agaonidae(HYM)<br />
Blissussp Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
BorbocinnaraWallace Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
BorboimpartetragraphusMab. Hesperiidae(LEP)Borbobutterfly<br />
BothricharapalliataMacleay Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Bothrogoniasp Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
BrachyplatispapuusGuer. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
BrachyplatistranslineatusWalker Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Brevenniarehi(Lindinger) Pseudococcidae(HEM)mealybugofrice<br />
Brontispalateralis Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
BrontispalongissimaGestro Chrysomelidae(COL)Coconuthispid<br />
BrontispapalmivoraGres Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
BrysicaexiguaDist. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
CaediusdemeijereiGeb. Tenebrionidae(COL)<br />
Caenoblissuspilosus(Barber) Lugaeidae(HEM)chinchbugs<br />
CallitearahorsfieldiSaunders Lymantriidae(LEP)Largeyellowtussockcaterpillar<br />
CannococcusikshuWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Cannococcuspalauensis(Beardsley) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Carpophilusspnr.tenuisMurray Nitulidae(COL)<br />
CarpophilusmaculatusMurray Nitulidae(COL)<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Galerucidae(COL)<br />
CassidadiommaBois. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
CassidapapuanaSpaeth Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
CassidasexguttataBoisduval Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
CaunaceaseraMeyrick Plutellidae(LEP)<br />
Cephrenesmosleyi(Butl.) Hesperiidae(LEP)Coconutskipper<br />
CephrenesoceaniaMabille Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
CeratovacunalanigeraZehntner Aphididae(HEM)Sugarcanewoollyaphid<br />
Ceresiumpachymerum(Pascoe) Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Ceroplastesceriferus(F.) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
CeroplastesdestructorNewstead Coccidae(HEM)<br />
CeroplastesmurrayiFroggatt Coccidae(HEM)
242<br />
CeroplastesrubensMaskell Coccidae(HEM)Pinkwaxscale<br />
Chaeococcusbambusae(Maskell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
ChaetanaphothripsorchidiiF. Thripidae(THYS)Bananarustthrips<br />
ChaetanaphothripssignipennisBagn. Thripidae(THYS)Bananathrips<br />
ChaetocnemabasalisBaly Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
ChauliognathuswaroensisWittmer Cantharidae(COL)<br />
ChelisochesmorioFabricius Chelisocidae(DERM)<br />
Chiloauricilius(Dudg.) Pyralidae(LEP)Gold-fringedriceborer<br />
ChiloinfuscatellusSnellen Pyralidae(LEP)Earlyshoot-borer<br />
Chilosuppressalis(Walker) Pyralidae(LEP)Purplelinedricestemborer<br />
ChiloterrenellusPag. Pyralidae(LEP)Sugarcaneborer<br />
ChlumetiatransversaWalker Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
ChorizococcustalipikanusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
ChrysodeixischalcitesEsp. Noctuidae(LEP)Greenlooper<br />
SeeChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Noctuidae(LEP)Greenlooper<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(Linnaeus) Diaspididae(HEM)Floridaredscale<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Chrysomphaluspinnulifer(Maskell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Cicadellasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
CicadellaspectraDist. Cicadellidae(HEM)Whitejassid<br />
CicadellawallaceiDistant Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Cicindeladecem-guttataurvilleiDejean Cicindellidae(COL)<br />
Circopessp Nitidulidae(COL)<br />
ClavigralloidesacantharisFabricius Coreidae(HEM)<br />
Cletussp. Colobathristidae(COL)<br />
ClosterarubidaDruce Notodontidae(LEP)<br />
ClysteriusangustusArrow Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Cnaphalocrocismedinalis(Gn.) Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafroller<br />
CnaphalocrocispoeyalisBoisduval Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
CoccuscelatusDeLotto Coccidae(HEM)<br />
CoccushesperidiumLinnaeus Coccidae(HEM)Softbrownscale<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Coccusviridus(Green) Coccidae(HEM)Greenscale<br />
CoelophorainaequalisF. Coccinellidae(HEM)<br />
CoelophoraripponiCrotch Coccinellidae(HEM)<br />
CofanaspectraDistant[Cicadella] Cicadellidae(HEM)Whiteleafhopper<br />
ColasposomaregulareJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
ColgartricolorDist. Flatidae(HOM)<br />
ColposcelisvignaphilaBryant Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
CompsolacongracilisCandeze Elateridae(COL)<br />
ConoderusmucronatusCandeze Elateridae(COL)<br />
Conogoniasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
ConomorphacramerellaSnellen Gracillariidae(LEP)<br />
Contariniasorghicola(Coq) Cecidomyiidae(DIPT)Sorghummidge<br />
Coproporussp. Staphylinidae(COL)<br />
CoptosomapygmaeumMont. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
CoptosomavariegataHerrich-Schaffer Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
CoptotermeshyaloapexHolmg. Rhinotermitidae(ISOP)<br />
CoronacellakirkaldyiMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
Cosmopolitessordidus(Germar) Curculionidae(COL)Bananaweevilborer<br />
Creatonotusgangis(L.) Arctidae(LEP)<br />
CriniticoccustheobromaeWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Criocerussp. Crioceridae(COL)<br />
CriocerisclarkiiBaly Crioceridae(COL)<br />
Criontiadessp. Miridae(HEM)<br />
CrisicoccustheobromaeWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
CrocidolomiabinotalisZeller Pyralidae(LEP)Cabbageclustercaterpillar
243<br />
CryptophasasetiotrichaMeyr Xyloryctidae(LEP)<br />
Cryptophasasp.nrarithmologiaMeyrick Xyloryctidae(LEP)<br />
Cylasformicariuselegantulus(Summers) Curculionidae(COL)Sweetpotatoweevil<br />
Cyrtopeltismodestus Miridae(HEM)<br />
CyrtorhinuslividipennisReuter Miridae(HEM)<br />
DaralarubeolaFeld Lasiocampidae(LEP)<br />
DasychirahorsfieldiSaunders Lymantriidae(LEP)<br />
SeeCallitearahorsfieldi<br />
DasychiramendosaHubn. Lymantriidae(LEP)leafeatingcaterpillar;Teatussock<br />
moth<br />
DeanolisalbizonalisHampson Pyralidae(LEP)Redbandedmangoborer<br />
DemonaxcollarisPascoe Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
DendrothripoidesipomoeaeBagn. Thripidae(THYS)<br />
DentiblissusvenosusBreddin Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
DepsagesgranulosaGuerin-Meneville Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Deraecorissp Miridae(HEM)<br />
Dermolepidanigrum(Nonf.) Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
DermolepidanoxiumBritton Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Desmopterellasp Pyrgomorphidae(ORTH)<br />
Diacrisianiceta(Stal.) Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
DiacrisiapapuanaRoth. Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
DiaphaniaindicaSaunders Pyralidae(LEP)Pumpkincaterpillar;Melonmoth<br />
Diaspisrutherfordi Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Dichocrosissp.nrpunctiferalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
DieuchesfinitimusVanDuzee Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
DimorphopteruscornutuisSlater Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
DindymuspyrochrousBoisd. Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)<br />
Diocalandrataitense(Guer.) Curculionidae(COL)Lessercoconutborer<br />
Drepanococcuschiton(Green) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Duplaspidiotusclaviger(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Dysdercuscingulatus(F.) Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)Redcottonbugs<br />
DysdercussidaeMont. Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)<br />
Dysmicoccusboninsis(Kuwana) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Graysugarcanemealybug<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pineapplemealybug<br />
DysmicoccusnesophilusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
DysmicoccuspapuanicusWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM.)<br />
EariasfabiaStoll[NowEvittella] Noctuidae(LEP)Spottedbollworm<br />
Eariasvittella(F.)[SynEfabia] Noctuidae(LEP)Aibikashootboringgrub<br />
EctatorhinusmagicusGerstaecker Curculionidae(COL)<br />
EctropisbhurmitraWalker Geometridae(LEP)Cacaolooper<br />
ElassogasterlineatadeMeij Platystomatidae(DIPT)<br />
ElassogastersepsoidesWalk. Platystomididae(DIPT)<br />
ElaunonbipatitusKirby Forficulidae(DERM)<br />
Enoplopteron?heiroglyphicum deMeij Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
EpilachnacucurbitaeRichards Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
EpilachnaguttatopustulataFabricius Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
EpilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Coccinellidae(COL)leafeatingbeetle<br />
EpilachnavigintisexpunctatadorycaBoisd Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
ErionotathraxL. Hesperiidae(LEP)Bananaskipper<br />
Erythroneurasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
EuborelliaannulipesLucas Labiduridae(DERM)<br />
Eucalymnatustessellatus(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Euconocephalussp Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
Eudecatomasp. Eurytomidae(HYMEN)<br />
EumetopinaflavipesMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
EumossulagracilisWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehopper<br />
EupneustasolenaBradley Elachistidae(LEP)leafminersugarcane<br />
EupholusnickerliHllr. Curculionidae(COL)eupholusweevils
244<br />
EupholusschonherriGuer Curculionidae(COL.)<br />
Euproctissp Lymantriidae(LEP.)<br />
Euricaniadiscigutta(Walk.) Ricaniidae(HEM)planthopper<br />
EuricaniatristiculaStal Ricaniidae(HEM)<br />
Euricaniavillica Ricaniidae(HEM)planthopper<br />
Euronotobrachyssp. Eurybrachidae(HEM)<br />
Euryphlepsiasp. Cixiidae(HEM)<br />
Euscyrtushemelytrus(deHaan) Gryllidae(ORTH)<br />
EysarcorisventralisWest. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
FerrisiaconsobrinaWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Fioriniacoronata Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Fioriniafioriniae(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
GanaepulchellaPascoe Curculionidae(COL)<br />
GeococcuscoffeaeGreen Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
GesonulamundatasanguinolentaKraus Acridiidae(ORTH)<br />
GleneaaluensisGahan Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
GlyptoporopterussharpiFaust. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
GonocephalumochthebioidesFul. Tenebrionidae(COL)Falsewireworm<br />
GraphiumagamemnonL. Papilionidae(LEP)Greenspottedtriangle<br />
GryllotalpaafricanaBeauv Gryllotalpidae(ORTH)Molecricket<br />
GymnopholusinterpresHllr. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
GymnopholusmarquardtiHllr. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
GymnopholusweiskeiHllr. Curculionidae(COL.)<br />
HalticusinsularisUsinger Miridae(HEM)<br />
HalticusminutusReuter Miridae(HEM)fleahopper<br />
HalticustibialisReut. Miridae(HEM)Grassbug<br />
HapatesustropicusNeboiss Elateridae(COL)<br />
Haptoncusspnrconcolor Nitidulidae(COL)<br />
HarpedonaplanaPoppius Miridae(HEM)<br />
Hedyleptaindica(F)[Lamprosema] Pyralidae(LEP)Beanleafroller<br />
SeeDiaphaniaindica<br />
HelicoverpaarmigeraHubner Noctuidae(LEP)Cornearworm<br />
HelicoverpaassultaassultaGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)Capegooseberrybudworm<br />
HelicoverpapunctigeraWallengren Noctuidae(LEP)Nativebudworm<br />
Helopeltisclavifer(Walker) Coreidae(HEM.)Cacaomirid<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Hemisphaerinussp Issidae(HEM)<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Coccinellidae(COL)leafeatingladybird<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd Coccinellidae(COL)leafeatingladybird<br />
Heteropternisobscurella(Blanch) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
HexacentrusmundarWalker Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
HippotionboerhaviaeFab. Sphingidae(LEP)<br />
Hippotioncelerio(L.) Sphingidae(LEP)Grapevinehawkmoth;Silver-striped<br />
hawkmoth<br />
Homeoxiphafuscipennis Gryllidae(ORTH.)<br />
HomonacoffeariaNiet Tortricidae(LEP)Coffeeleafroller<br />
Howardiabiclavis(Comstock) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
HypolixusmastersiPascoe Curculionidae(COL)<br />
HypolixusritsemaePasc. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Hyposidratalaca Geometridae(LEP)<br />
HypotactusruralisFst. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
IceryapurchasiMaskell Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
IdiophantischirodaetaMeyr. Gelechiidae(LEP)<br />
IdiophantiseugeniaeBradley Gelechiidae(LEP)<br />
IdopsiscaeruleaFaust. Curculionidae(COL)
IdopsisexcellensFaust.<br />
245<br />
Curculionidae(COL)<br />
IdopsisgriseaFaust. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Idioscopusclypealis(Leth.) Cicadellidae(HEM)Mangohopper<br />
Idioscopusniveosparsus(Leth.) Cicadellidae(HEM)Mangohopper<br />
IschiopsophabifasciataQuoy&Gaimvar. Cetoniinae(COL)<br />
hylaHeller<br />
IschiosophaignatipennisBoisd Cetoniidae(COL)<br />
Ischnaspislongirostris(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)Blackthreadscale<br />
Kilifiaacuminata(Signoret) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Kollasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
LaccopteraimpressaBlanchard<br />
Lagriasp. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Laingiococcuspainei(Laing) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
LampidesboeticusL. Lycaenidae(LEP)Peabluebutterfly<br />
LamprosemacharesalisWalker Pyralidae(LEP)Bananascabmoth<br />
LasiodactylumnotabilisOliff Nitidulidae(COL)<br />
LemapapuanaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
LemavariatorGres. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
LemawauensisGres. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
LepidiotareuleauxiBrenske Scarabaeidae(COL)Ramucanegrub<br />
Lepidosaphesbeckii(Newman) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Lepidosaphesgloverii(Packard) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Lepidosapheskarkarica Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
LepidosaphesrubrovittataCockerell Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Lepidosaphestokionis(Kuwana) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
LeptococcusmetroxyliReyne Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Leptocorisaacuta(Thunberg) Alydidae(HEM)paddybugs<br />
Leptocorisadiscoidalis Alydidae(HEM)<br />
Leptocorisaoratorius(Fab.) Alydidae(HEM)paddybugs<br />
Leptocorisapalawanensis Alydidae(HEM)<br />
LeptocorisasolomonensisAhmad Alydidae(HEM)paddybugs<br />
Leptoglossusaustralis(Fab.) Coreidae(HEM)Blackleaffootedbug<br />
LeptotheaciskiiWeise Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
LeucopterapsophocarpellaBrad&Cart Lyonetiidae(LEP)Wingedbeanblotchminer<br />
LicyllusalbicollisFab. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
LiliocerusspnrbakewelliBaly Crioceridae(COL)<br />
Lilioceruspapuana(Jac.) Crioceridae(COL)<br />
Locustamigratoria(Linn.) Acrididae(ORTH)Migratorylocust<br />
Lopholeucaspisbaluanensis Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
LophopssaccharicidaKirk. Lophopidae(HEM)<br />
Lophotectespenicilliger(Heller) Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Lygaeussp Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
LygaeushospesFabr. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
LymantriarosinaPag. Lymantriidae(LEP)<br />
Lyriomyzabrassicae(Riley) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Cabbageleafminer<br />
Machaerotahumboldti Machaerotidae(HEM)<br />
Maconellicocoushirsutus(Green) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Hibiscusmealybug<br />
Macrosiphumeuphorbiae(Thomson) Aphididae(HEM)Potatoaphid<br />
Maculicoccusmalaitensis(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
MaliarphaseparatellaRag. Pyralidae(LEP)Whitericestemborer<br />
MampavabipunctellaRag Pyralidae(LEP)Sorghumheadcaterpillar<br />
MarasmiabilinealisHampson Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafroller<br />
Marasmiahexagona Pyralidae(LEP)Riceleafroller<br />
MarasmiusvenilalisWalker Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
MarucavitrataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beanpodborer<br />
MegalurothripsusitatusBagnall Thripidae(THYS)<br />
Megamelussp. Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
Megymenumsp. Dinidoridae(HEM)
246<br />
Meijerellainaequalisbecker Chloropidae(DIPT)<br />
Melacanthusargineguttatus Alydidae(HEM)<br />
MelanesicoccuskleinhoviaeWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
MelanhyphusclypealisArrow Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
MelanitisconstantiaCramer Nymphalidae(LEP)<br />
MelanitisledabankiaF. Nymphalidae(LEP)Eveningbrownbutterfly<br />
MenindabisignataWalker Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Menochilussex-masculatusFab. Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
Meredolussp. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
MeredoluscocotisMarshall Curculionidae(COL)<br />
MeroleptuscinctorMarshall Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Metraniapapuana Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Metrionasp Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
MictisprofanaF. Coreidae(HEM)Crusaderbug<br />
MicrotermesbiroiDesneaux Rhinotermitidae(ISOP)<br />
MilviscutulusciliatusWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Milviscutulusmangiferae(Green) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
MilviscutuluspilosusWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
MilviscutulusspiculatusWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
MonoleptanigroapicataBry. Chrysomelidae(COL)Monoleptabeetle<br />
MonoleptasemiviolaceaFab. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
MonoleptaspnrbifasciataHornstedt Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Morganellalongispina(Morgan) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
MulciberlinnaeiThoms Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Mutabilicoccussimmondsi(Laing) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Mutabilicoccusvanheurni(Reyne) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
MycalesisasophisHew Nymphalidae(LEP)<br />
Mythimnaloreyi(Dup.) Noctuidae(LEP)Ricearmyworms<br />
Mythimnaseparata(Walk.) Noctuidae(LEP)Ricearmyworms<br />
MythimnaunipunctaHaworth Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
MyzusornatusLaing Aphididae(HEM)<br />
MyzuspersicaeSulzer Aphididae(HEM)Greenpeachaphid<br />
Nacoleiaoctasema(Meyrick) Pyralidae(LEP)Bananascabmoth<br />
NagiaepiscopalisHampson Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
Neomaskelliabergii(Signoret) Aleyrodidae(HEM)Sugarcanewhitefly<br />
Neoplatyolecaniumsp. Coccidae(HEM)<br />
NeosaissetiakeravataeWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Neotermessp Colotermitidae(ISOPTERA)<br />
NeotoxopteraformosanaTakahashi Aphididae(HEM)Onionaphid<br />
Nephotettixapicalis(Motsch.) Cicadellidae(HEM)Greenriceleafhopper<br />
Nesocypselaspiperica (HEM)Pepperbug<br />
Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus) Pentatomidae(HEM)Greenvegetablebug<br />
NilaparvatalugensHaseg Delphacidae(HEM)Brownbackedriceplanthopper<br />
Nipaecoccusvastator(Mask.) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Nipaecoccusviridus(Newstead) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Nisiasp. Meenoplidae(HEM)<br />
NisotrabasselaeBry Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
NisotraobliterataJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Nisotraspp Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
NyctemerabaulusBoisduval Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
NysiusepiensisChina Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
NysiusfemoratusVanDuzee Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
NysiusvillicusVanDuzee Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
OdonaspisruthaeKotinsky Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Odonaspissaccharicaulis(Zehntner) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Odontomyiasp. Stratiomyiidae(DIPT)<br />
Olethreutes(Argyroplace)sp. Tortricidae(LEP)<br />
OmiodesblackburniiButler Pyralidae(LEP)Coconutleafroller
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee<br />
247<br />
Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
OmphisaanastomosalisGuenee Pyralidae(LEP)Sweetpotatostemborer<br />
Omphisaspp. (COL)Sweetpotatostemborer<br />
OnchyroticaconcursaWalker Pterophoridae<br />
OnthophaguslatinasutusArrow Copridae(COL)<br />
OnthophagusspnrpapuensisHarold Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Opogonafumiceps Hieroxestidae(LEP)<br />
Opogonasaccharella Hieroxestidae(LEP)<br />
Ophiomyiaphaseoli(Tryon.) Agromyzidae(DIPT)Beanfly<br />
Orchamoplatusmammaeferus(Quan.& Aleyrodidae<br />
Bak)<br />
OribiuscinereusMshl. Curculionidae(COL)Shotholeweevils<br />
OribiuscruciatusFst. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
OribiusdestructorMshl. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
OribiusimprovidusMarshall Curculionidae(COL)<br />
OribiusinimicusMshl. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
Orinaemesp. Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
OrosiusargentatusEvans Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
OrthacacincticornisWalk. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
OryctescentaurusSternb Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Oryctesrhinoceros(L.) Scarabaeidae(COL)Asiaticrhinocerosbeetle<br />
Ostriniafurnacalis(Guen) Pyralidae(LEP)Maizestemborer;Asiancornborer<br />
Oxidusgacilis<br />
Oxyagavisa(Walk.) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Oxyajaponica(Thnb.) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Oxyavittigera(Blanch) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Oxyasp. Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
OxyderescyrtusJordan Anthribidae(COL)<br />
PachybrachiusnervosusHorv. Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Palmicultorbrowni(Williams) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PamaraamaliaSemper Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
PapilioaegeusDonovan Papilionidae(LEP)Citrusbutterfly;Orangebutterfly<br />
PapilioaegeusormenusGuerin Papilionidae(LEP)Citrusbutterfly<br />
PapuanabiroiEnd. Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanahuebneriFairm. Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanajapenensisArrow Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
Papuanalaevipennis Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
Papuanasemistriata Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
PapuanatrinodosaPrell. Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
Papuanawoodlarkiana(Montr.) Scarabaeidae(COL)tarobeetles<br />
Papuanellasp Flatidae(HEM)<br />
ParaBactroceraperplexus Trypetidae(DIPT)<br />
Paraputoleveri(Green) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Coccidae(HEM)Nigrascale<br />
ParastasiaguttulataFairm. Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Paratellasp. Flatidae(HEM)<br />
ParatellaminiataMcl. Flatidae(HEM)<br />
ParlatoriacrotonisDouglas Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Parlatoriaproteus(Curtis) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
ParomiusgracilisRambur Lygaeidae(HEM)<br />
Patangasp. Acrididae(0RTH)<br />
PelopidasagnadingoEvans Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
PenicillariajocosatrixGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)Largemangotipborer<br />
PentalonianigronervosaCoq Aphididae(HEM)Bananaaphid<br />
PeregrinusmaidisAshm. Delphacidae(HEM)Cornlaternfly<br />
Perissopneumon mealybug<br />
Perkinsiellabicaloris Delphacidae(HEM)sugarcaneleafhoppers
248<br />
PerkinsiellaboreonFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellabulliFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsielladiagorasFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellafalcipennisFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellalalokensisMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellamacrinusFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellamyconFennah Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellapapuensisMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellarattleiMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellasaccharicidaKirkaldy Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellasinensisKirkaldy Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
PerkinsiellathompsoniMuir Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
Perkinsiellavastatrix(Breddin) Delphacidae(HEM)<br />
Phaciocephalussp. Derbidae(HEM)<br />
Phaenacanthaspp. Colobathristidae(HEM)<br />
PhaneropterabrevisServ. Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
PharotestorvusMshl. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
PhiliafemorataWalk. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
PhodoryctiscaeruleaMeyrick Gracillariidae(LEP)<br />
Phomesasp. Colydiidae(COL)<br />
Phthorimaeaoperculella(Zell.) Gelechiidae(LEP)Potatotubermoth<br />
PhyllocnistiscitrellaStaint Phyllocnistidae(LEP)Citrusleafminer<br />
Phyllocnistissp. Phyllocnistidae(LEP)Wingedbeanminer<br />
PhyllophoraboshmaideJong Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
PiezodorusrubrofasciatusFab. Pentatomidae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisaspidistrae(Signoret) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisbuxi(Bouche) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Planococcuscitri(Risso) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Citrusmealybug<br />
PlanococcusdioscoreaeWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)Yammealybug<br />
Planococcuslilacinus(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PlatylecaniumcocotisLaing Coccidae(HEM)<br />
PlatypeltocorissimilisPopp Miridae(HEM)Yammiridsapsucker<br />
Platystomuswallaceipascoe Anthribidae(COL)<br />
Plautiasp. Pentatomidae(HEM)Stinkbugs<br />
Plautiabrunneipennis Pentatomidae(HEM)Stinkbugs<br />
Plutellaxylostella(L.) Plutellidae(LEP)Diamondbackmoth<br />
Polyomonatusboeticus(L) Lycaenidae(LEP)<br />
Prodromopsisoculatus Miridae(HEM)<br />
PromargarodesaustralisJakubski Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
PromecothecapapuanaCsiki Hispidae(COL)Coconutleafminer<br />
ProsoplusgrisescensBreuning Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
ProsoplusobliqueplagiatusBreuning Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
ProtaetiafuscaHerbst. Scarabaeidae(COL)Mangoflowerbeetle<br />
ProtaetiapapuanaMoser Scarabaeidae(COL)<br />
Psammoecussp. Silvanidae(COL)<br />
Pseudaulacaspiscockerelli(Cooley) Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targioni) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitescale<br />
PseudococcuselisaeBorchsenius Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Pseudococcuslongispinus(Targioni) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Longtailedmealybug<br />
PseudococcussaccharicolaTakahashi Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PseudococcussolomonensisWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
PseudodoniellatypicaChina&Carvalho Miridae(HEM)<br />
Pseudoligotasp. Staphylinidae(COL)<br />
PsylliodesloriaeJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Psylliodessp. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
PsylliodesspnrfulvipesJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)
249<br />
Pternistriasp. Coreidae(HEM)<br />
PterolophiagrisescensPascoe Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
PulvinariacacaoWilliams Coccidae(HEM)<br />
PulvinariaelongataNewstead Coccidae(HEM)<br />
PulvinariapsidiiMaskell Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Pulvinariaubicola(Cockerell) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
PyrodercesamphisarisMeyrick Cosmopterigidae(LEP)Vinebudmoth<br />
RagwellelusfestivusMiller Miridae(HEM)<br />
RagwelellushorvathiPoppius Miridae(HEM)Cardamommirid<br />
RastrococcusneoguineensisWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
RastrococcusvicorumWilliams Pseudococcidae(HEM)<br />
Rhabdoscelusobscurus(Boisduval) Curculionidae(COL)Caneweevilborer<br />
RhinoscaphacobaltinataHeller Curculionidae(COL)<br />
RhinoscaphafunebrisChev. Curculionidae(COL)<br />
RhinoscaphamaclayiMacleay Curculionidae(COL)<br />
RhinoscaphathomsoniWterh. Curculionidae(COL)Citrusleafeatingweevil<br />
Rhopalosiphummaidis(Fitch) Aphididae(HEM)Cornleafaphid<br />
Rhynchophorusbilineatus(Montr.) Curculionidae(COL)Palmweevil<br />
Rhynchophorusferrugineous(Oliv.) Curculionidae(COL)<br />
RhynchophoruspapuanusKirsch Curculionidae(COL.)<br />
RhynchortaliawallaciiCrotch Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidacacaonaGressitt Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidaclypeataJacoby Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidacoriaceaJac. Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Rhyparida?fasciataBaly Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidamorosaJac Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Rhyparidellacasuarinae Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
RhyparidellasobrinaBryant Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Rhyparidellawauensis Chrysomelidae(COL)<br />
Ricanulapuncticosta Ricaniidae(HEM)<br />
RiptortusannulicornisBoisd. Coreidae(HEM)Podsuckingbug<br />
RiptortusimperialisKirk Coreidae(HEM)Beanbug<br />
RiptortusobscuricornisDallas Coreidae(HEM)<br />
Riptortusspp. Coreidae(HEM)<br />
RopicahonestaPascoe Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
RosenbergiaweiskeiHeller Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Saccharicoccussacchari(Cockerell) Pseudococcidae(HEM)Pinksugarcanemealybug<br />
SaccolaemuslongicepsPascoe Curculionidae(COL.)<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Coccidae(HEM)Coffeescale<br />
Saissetiamiranda(Cockerell&Parrott) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
SaissetianeglectaDeLotto Coccidae(HEM)<br />
Sangicoccustruncatispinus(Reyne) Eriococcidae(HEM)<br />
ScapanesaustralisaustralisBoisd. Dynastidae(COL)<br />
ScapanesaustralisgrossepunctatusStern Dynastidae(COL)NGrhinocerosbeetle<br />
Schizentaspidussilvicola Diaspididae(HEM)<br />
SciophyrusdiminutusHorvath Coreidae(HEM)<br />
Scirpophagaexcerptalis(Walker) Pyralidae(LEP)Whitetipborer<br />
Scirpophagainnotata(Walker) Pyralidae(LEP)Whitericeborer<br />
ScirpophaganivellaFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
Scoliophthalmussp Chloropidae(DIPT)<br />
ScopelodesdinawaB.Bak Limacocidae(LEP)<br />
ScopelodesnitensB.Bak. Limacocidae(LEP)Cupmoth<br />
SegestideadefoliatriadefoliatriaUlvavov Tettigoniidae(ORTH)Coconuttreehopper<br />
SegestideahanoveranaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)coconuttreehoppers<br />
SegestideainsulanaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideamontanaWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
SegestideanovaehuineaeBrancsik Tettigoniidae(ORTH)coconuttreehopper<br />
SegetescorneliiWillemse Tettigoniidae(ORTH)
250<br />
Segetesgracilis Tettigoniidae(ORTH)<br />
Selenothripsrubrocinctus(Giard) Thripidae-CacaothripsorRedbandedthrips<br />
Senoclidiapurpurata(F.Sm.) Tenthredinidae(HYM)Yamsawfly<br />
SesamiaarfakiBethune-Baker Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
SesamiagrisescensWarren Noctuidae(LEP)stemborer<br />
Sesamiainferens(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Violetricestemborer<br />
Silbasp. Lonchaeidae(DIPT)<br />
Simodactylussp Elateridae(COL)<br />
SimpliciacaeneusalisWalker Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
SogatellafurciferaHorvath Delphacidae(HEM)Whitebackedriceplanthopper<br />
Solephymapapuana Galerucidae(COL)<br />
SparganobasissubcruciatusMarsh. Curculionidae(COL)Coconutboleweevil<br />
SpilosomaowgarraBethune-Baker Arctiidae(LEP)<br />
SpirocariabissellataMulsant Coccinellidae(COL)<br />
Spodopteraexempta(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Africanarmyworm<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fabricius) Noctuidae(LEP)Clustercaterpillar<br />
Spodopteramauritia(Boisduval) Noctuidae(LEP)Ricemoth<br />
SpoladearecurvalisFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Beetwebworm<br />
SteatococcussamaraiusMorrison Margarodidae(HEM)<br />
Stenocatantopsaugustifrons(Walker) Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Stephanitistypica(Distant) Tingidae(HEM)Bananalace-bug<br />
Strumetabarringtoniae(Tryon.) Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Strumetabryoniae(Tryon.) Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Strumetafrauenfeldii(Schiner) Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Strumetamusae(Tryon.) Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
StrumetarecurrensHer. Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
Strumetatryoni(Frogg) Tephritidae(DIPT)<br />
SylleptederogataFabricius Pyralidae(LEP)Cottonleafroller<br />
Symphilitessp. Cerambycidae(COL)<br />
Syncrotus(Syncrotellus)similisGhauri Pyrrhocoridae(HEM)<br />
SyntheratajanettaWhite Saturniidae(LEP)<br />
TabidiainsuralisSnell Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
TaenarisbutleriOberth Amathusiidae(LEP)<br />
TaenarisdimonaHew Amathusiidae(LEP)<br />
TaenarismyopskirschiStgr. Amathusiidae(LEP)Myopsowlbutterfly<br />
TagiadesobscurustindaliRbb Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
Tagiadestrebelliuscanonicus Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
TagiadestregelliusHopf. Hesperiidae(LEP)<br />
Tarophaguscolocasiae Delphacidae(HEM)Taroleafhopper<br />
Tarophaguspersephone Delphacidae(HEM)Taroleafhopper<br />
Tarophagusproserpina(Kirk) Delphacidae(HEM)Taroleafhopper<br />
TauchirideaadustaBolivar Acrididae(ORTH.)<br />
TeleclitastrigatacinnamomeaRothsch. Notodontidae(LEP.)<br />
TeleogrylluscommodusWlk. Gryllidae<br />
Telostylinussp. Neriidae(DIPT)<br />
TerentiusnubifasciatusWalker Membracidae(HOM)<br />
Tetraneuranigriabdominalis(Sas.) Aphididae(HEM)<br />
TetranychusmarianaeMcGregor Tetranychidae(ACAR)Redspidermite<br />
TettigellapasiphaeKirk Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Tettigellasp. Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
TheretranessusDry Sphingidae(LEP)Yamhawkmoth<br />
TheretraoldenlandiaeFab. Sphingidae(LEP)Vinehawkmoth<br />
Thoseasinensis(Walk.) Limacodidae(LEP)Coconutcupmoth;Slug<br />
caterpillar<br />
ThressapunctiferadeMeijere Chloropidae(DIPT)<br />
ThripstabaciLind. Thripidae(THYS)Onionthrips<br />
ThysanoplusiaorichalceaFabricius Noctuidae(LEP)Flaxcaterpillar<br />
Tiracolaplagiata(Walker) Noctuidae(LEP)Cacaoarmyworm
251<br />
Tiracolarufimargo Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
TirathabarufivenaWalk. Pyralidae(LEP)Coconutspathemoth;Greater<br />
coconutspikemoth<br />
ToxopteraaurantiiB.deFonsc. Aphididae(HEM)Blackcitrusaphid<br />
Toxopteracitricidus(Kirk) Aphididae(HEM)Browncitrusaphid<br />
TrachycentrachlorogrammaMeyrick Tineidae(LEP)<br />
TrachylepidiafructicassiellaRagonot Pyralidae(LEP)<br />
TrichogomphussemmelinkiRits Scarabaeidae(COL)Rhinocerosbeetle<br />
TrochorhopalusstrangulatusGyllenhal Curculionidae(COL)<br />
TrypopsilopachinensisWeidimann Ephydridae(DIPT)<br />
Unaspiscitri(Comst.) Diaspididae(HEM)Whitelousescale<br />
Valangairregularis(Walker) Acrididae(ORTH)Giantgrasshopper<br />
Valanganigricornis(Burm.) Acrididae(ORTH)Javanesegrasshopper<br />
Valangasp. Acrididae(ORTH)<br />
Vinsoniastellifera(Westwood) Coccidae(HEM)<br />
XanthodestransversaGuenee Noctuidae(LEP)<br />
XyleborusexiguusWalk. Scolytidae(COL)<br />
Xyleborusperforans(Wollastan) Scolytidae(COL)Coconutshot-holeborer<br />
XyleboruspotensSchedl. Scolytidae(COL)<br />
XyleutesceramicusWalker Cossidae(LEP)<br />
Xylotrupesgideon(L.) Dynastidae(COL)Elephantbeetle<br />
Xylotrupesspp. Dynastidae(COL)Elephantbeetle<br />
ZeuzeracoffeaeNietner Cossidae(LEP)Redtwigborer<br />
ZophiumalobulataGhauri Lophopidae(HEM)Lophopidtreehopper<br />
Ziginasp Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
ZiginamedioborealisGhauri Cicadellidae(HEM)<br />
Zizinaotis(F.) Lycaenidae(LEP)Commongrassbluebutterfly
252<br />
Alphabetical list of common English names.<br />
Africanarmyworm Spodopteraexempta(Walker) 10<br />
Agrilusbeetles Agrilusspp. 65<br />
Aibikaleafminer Acrocercopssp. 11<br />
Aibikashootboringgrub Eariasvittella(F.) 12<br />
Amblypeltabugs AmblypeltacocophagaChina 96<br />
AmblypeltacostalisszentivanyiBrown 96<br />
AmblypeltagallegonisLever 96<br />
AmblypeltalutescenspapuensisBr. 96<br />
AmblypeltatheobromaeBrown 96<br />
Asiancornborer Ostriniafurnacalis(Guen) 43<br />
Asiaticrhinocerosbeetle Oryctesrhinoceros(L.) 66<br />
Atractomorphacrenaticeps Atractomorphacrenaticeps 166<br />
Bananaaphid PentalonianigronervosaCoq 97<br />
Bananafruitfly Bactroceramusae(Try.) 157<br />
Bananalacebug Stephanitistypica(Dist.) 98<br />
Bananarustthrips ChaetanaphothripsorchidiiF. 175<br />
ChaetanaphothripssignipennisBagn. 175<br />
Bananascabmoth Nacoleiaoctasema(Meyrick) 13<br />
Bananaskipper Erionotathrax(L.) 14<br />
Bananaweevilborer Cosmopolitessordidus(Germar) 67<br />
Beanfly Ophiomyiaphaseoli(Tryon.) 159<br />
Beanleafroller LamprosemaindicaF. 15<br />
Beanpodborer MarucavitrataFabricius 16<br />
Beanweevil Acanthoscelidesobtectus 68<br />
Beetwebworm SpoladearecurvalisFabricius 17<br />
Blackcitrusaphid ToxopteraaurantiiB.deFonsc. 105<br />
Blackcutworm Agrotisipsilon (Hufn.) 17<br />
Blackfleabeetle Arsipodatenimberensis 69<br />
Blackleaffootedbug Leptoglossusaustralis(Fab.) 99<br />
Bluebutterflies<br />
Borbobutterfly BorboimpartetragraphusMab 18<br />
Brownbackedriceplanthopper NilaparvatalugensHaseg 100<br />
Browncoffeescale SaisettiacoffeaeWalker 101<br />
Cabbageclustercaterpillar CrocidolomiabinotalisZeller 19<br />
Cabbageleafminer Lyriomyzabrassicae(Riley) 161<br />
Cacaoarmyworm Tiracolaplagiata(Walker) 20<br />
Cacaofalselooper Achaeajanata(Linnaeus) 21<br />
Cacaolooper EctropisbhurmitraWalker 22<br />
Cacaomirid Helopeltisclavifer (Walker) 102<br />
Cacaomothorcacaopodborer Conomorphacramerella(Snellen)<br />
Cacaothrips Selenothripsrubrocinctus(Giard) 176<br />
Caneweevilborer Rhabdoscelusobscurus(Boisduval) 70<br />
Capegooseberrybudworm HelicoverpaassultaassultaGuenee 23<br />
Cardamommirid RagwelellushorvathiPoppius 103<br />
Cassavascale Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Taeg) 151<br />
Castoroillooper<br />
Chinchbug Caenoblissuspilosus(Barber) 104<br />
Citricolascale CoccushesperidumL. 135<br />
Citrusaphids Toxopteraaurantii(B.c.F.) 105<br />
Toxopteracitricidus(Kirk.) 105<br />
Citrusbutterfly PapilioaegeusormenusGuerin 24<br />
Citrusleafeatingweevil RhinoscaphathomsoniWterh. 71<br />
Citrusleafminer PhyllocnistiscitrellaStaint 25<br />
Citrusmealybug Planococcuscitri(Risso) 106<br />
Clustercaterpillar Spodopteralitura(Fabricius) 26<br />
Coconutboleweevil SparganobasissubcruciatusMarsh 72
253<br />
Coconutcupmoth Thoseasinensis(Walker) 27<br />
Coconuthispid BrontispalongissimaGestro 73<br />
Coconutleafminer PromecothecapapuanaCsiki 74<br />
Coconutscale AspidiotusdestructorSign. 108<br />
Coconutshot-holeborer Xyleborusperforans(Wollastan) 80<br />
Coconutspathebug AxiagastuscambelliDist. 107<br />
Coconutspathemoth TirathabarufivenaWalk. 28<br />
Coconuttreehopper EumossulagracilisWillemse 167<br />
Coconuttreehoppers SegestideahanoveranaWillemse 168<br />
SegestideainsulanaWillemse 168<br />
SegestideamontanaWillemse 168<br />
Coconutwhitefly Aleurodicusdestructor(Mackie) 109<br />
Coffeebugs Antestiopsissemiviridis(Walk.) 110<br />
Coffeeleafroller HomonacoffeariaNiet 29<br />
Coffeescale SaissetiacoffeaeWalker 101<br />
Commongrassbluebutterfly Zizinaotis(F.) 30<br />
Cornearworm Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) 31<br />
Cornlaternfly PeregrinismaidisAshm. 111<br />
Cornleafaphid Rhopalosiphummaidis(Fitch) 112<br />
Cottonaphid AphisgossypiiGlover 124<br />
Cottonleafroller SylleptederogataFabricius 32<br />
Cottonsemi-looper AnomisflavaFabricius 33<br />
Cowpeaaphid AphiscraccivoraKoch 113<br />
Crickets<br />
Crusaderbug MictisprofanaF. 114<br />
Cupmoth ScopelodesnitensB.Bak. 34<br />
Dermolepidabeetles Dermolepidaspp. 75<br />
Diamondbackmoth Plutellaxylostella(L.) 35<br />
Elephantbeetle Xylotrupesgideon(L.) 76<br />
Xylotrupesspp. 76<br />
Eupholusweevils EupholusnickerliHllr. 77<br />
EupholusschonherriGuer 77<br />
Eveningbrownbutterfly MelanitisledabankiaF. 36<br />
Falsewireworms GonocephalumochthebioidesFul. 78<br />
Floridaredscale Chrysomphalusaonidum(L.) 115<br />
Foxgloveaphid AulacorthumsolaniKaltenbach 116<br />
Fruitflies Bactroceraspp. 156<br />
Fruitpiercingmoth OthreisfullonicaClerk 37<br />
Giantgrasshopper Valangairregularis(Walk.) 169<br />
Goldfringedriceborer Chiloauricilius(Dudg.) 38<br />
Grapevinehawkmoth Hippotioncelerio(L.) 57<br />
Grassbug HalticustibialisReut. 117<br />
Greencoconutbug AmblypeltacocophagaChina 96<br />
Greenlooper ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday 39<br />
Greenpeachaphid MyzuspersicaeSulzer 118<br />
Greenscale Coccusviridis(Green) 119<br />
Greenspottedtriangle GraphiumagamemnonL. 40<br />
Greenvegetablebug Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus) 120<br />
Hawkmoths<br />
Hibiscusmealybug Maconellicoccushirsutus(Green) 121<br />
Hornedweevil Apirocaluscornutus(Pascoe) 79<br />
ApirocalusebriusFaust 79<br />
ApirocalusterrestrisThompson 79<br />
Indiancottonjassid Amrascadevastans(Dist.)<br />
Islandpinholeborer XyleborusexiguusWalk. 80<br />
XyleboruspotensSchedl 80<br />
Javanesegrasshopper Valanganigricornis(Burm.) 169<br />
Largemangotipborer Penicillariajocosatrix(Guen.) 41
254<br />
Lawnarmyworm<br />
Leafbeetles Cassenaspp.&Psylliodesspp. 81<br />
Leafeatingladybird Henosepilachnaspp. 80<br />
Leafminersweetpotato AcrocercopshomolactaMeyr. 42<br />
Lessercoconutborer Diocalandrataitense(Guer.) 83<br />
Lessercoconutspikemoth Batrachedraarenosella(Walker)<br />
Longtailedmealybug Pseudococcuslongispinus(Targioni) 122<br />
Maizestemborer Ostriniafurnacalis(Guen) 43<br />
Mangoflowerbeetle ProtaetiafuscaHerbst.<br />
Mangohopper Idioscopusniveosparsus(Leth.) 123<br />
Melonaphid AphisgossypiiGlover 124<br />
Melonfruitfly BactroceracucurbitaeCoq 158<br />
Migratorylocust Locustamigratoria(Linn.) 170<br />
Miridsapsucker PlatypeltocorissimilisPopp 153<br />
Molecrickets GryllotalpaafricanaBeauv 171<br />
Monoleptabeetles Monoleptaspp. 84<br />
Myopsowlbutterfly TaenarismyopskirschiStgr. 44<br />
NewGuinearhinocerosbeetles ScapanesaustralisgrossepunctatusStern 85<br />
NewGuineasugarcaneweevil Rhabdoscelisobscurus(Boisduval) 70<br />
Nigrascale Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) 125<br />
Onionaphid Neotoxopteraformosana(Takahashi) 126<br />
Onionthrips ThripstabaciLind. 177<br />
Paddyarmyworm Spodopteramauritia(Boisduval) 45<br />
Paddybugs Leptocorisaacuta(Thunberg) 127<br />
Leptocorisaoratorius(Fab.) 127<br />
LeptocorisasolomonensisAhmad 127<br />
Paddystemfly AtherigonaoryzaeMalloch 161<br />
Palmweevil Rhynchophorusbilineatus(Montr.) 86<br />
Papuantipwiltbug AmblypeltalutescenspapuensisBrown 96<br />
Peabluebutterfly LampidesboeticusL. 46<br />
Peachaphid MyzuspersicaeSulzer 118<br />
Pepperbug Nesocypselaspiperica 128<br />
Phaneropterabrevis Phaneropterabrevis 172<br />
Pineapplemealybug Dysmicoccusbrevipes(Cockerell) 129<br />
Pinkstemborer Sesamiainferens(Walker) 59<br />
Pinkwaxscale CeroplastesrubensMask. 130<br />
Podsuckingbug RiptortusannulicornisBoisd. 131<br />
Potatoaphid Macrosiphumeuphorbiae(Thomson) 132<br />
Potatotubermoth Phthorimaeaoperculella(Zell.) 47<br />
Pumpkinbeetles Aulacophoraabdominalus(Fabricius) 87<br />
AulacophoracoffeaeHornstedt 87<br />
AulacophoraculcullataBlackburn 87<br />
Aulacophorafemoralis(Mots.) 87<br />
AulacophoramelanopusBlanchard 87<br />
AulacophorapallidifasciataJacoby 87<br />
AulacophorapapuanaJac. 87<br />
AulacophorasimilisOliv. 87<br />
AulacophorawallaciiBaly 87<br />
Purplelinedricestemborer Chilosuppressalis(Walker) 48<br />
Queenslandfruitfly BactroceratryoniFrogg 159<br />
Ramucanegrub LepidiotareuleauxiBrenske 88<br />
Redcottonbugs Dysdercuscingulatus(F.) 133<br />
Redscale AonidiellaaurantiiMask. 134<br />
Redspidermite<br />
Rhinocerosbeetles<br />
TetranychusmarianaeMcGregor 178<br />
Rhyparidacoriacea Rhyparidacoriacea 89<br />
Ricearmyworms Mythimnaloreyi(Dup.) 49<br />
Mythimnaseparata(Walk.) 49
255<br />
Riceleafroller Cnaphalocrocismedinalis(Gn.) 50<br />
CnaphalocrocispoeyalisBoisduval 51<br />
Riceleafrollers MarasmiabilinealisHampson 51<br />
Marasmiahexagona 51<br />
Marasmiusvenilalis 51<br />
Ricemoth Spodopteramauritia(Boisduval) 45<br />
Ricestalkborer Chilosuppressalis(Walker) 48<br />
Sawfly Senoclidiapurpurata(F.Sm.) 180<br />
Shootfly AtherigonaorientalisSchiner 163<br />
Shotholeweevils OribiuscinereusMshl. 90<br />
OribiuscruciatusFst. 90<br />
OribiusdestructorMshl. 90<br />
OribiusinimicusMshl. 90<br />
Smalltortoisebeetles Cassidaspp. 91<br />
Softbrownscale CoccushesperidumL. 135<br />
Softwaxscale GascardiadestructorDeLotto 136<br />
Sorghumheadcaterpillar MampavabipunctellaRag. 52<br />
Sorghummidge Contariniasorghicola(Coq) 164<br />
Spinyweevil Apirocaluscornutus(Pascoe) 79<br />
ApirocalusebriusFaust 79<br />
ApirocalusterrestrisThompson 79<br />
Spirallingwhitefly AleurodicusdispersusRussel 137<br />
Spottedbollworm EariasfabiaStoll[SynEvittella] 11<br />
Spurthroatedlocust Austracrisguttulosa(Walk.) 173<br />
Stinkbugs Plautiasp. 138<br />
Plautiabrunneipennis 138<br />
Stripedmealybug Ferrisiavirgata 139<br />
Sugarcaneaphid AphissacchariZehntner 140<br />
Sugarcaneborer ChiloterrenellusPag. 53<br />
Sugarcaneleafhoppers Perkinsiellabicaloris 141<br />
Perkinsiellalalokensis 141<br />
Perkinsiellapapuensis 141<br />
Perkinsiellarattlei 141<br />
Perkinsiellavastatrix(Breddin) 141<br />
Sugarcanemealybug Saccharicoccussacchari(Cockerell) 142<br />
Sugarcanescale Aulacaspistegalensis(Zhnt.) 143<br />
Sugarcanewhitefly Neomaskelliabergii(Signoret) 145<br />
Sugarcanewoollyaphid CeratovacunalanigeraZehntner 145<br />
Sweetpotatohornworm Agriusconvolvuli(L.) 54<br />
Sweetpotatohawkmoth Agriusconvolvuli(L.) 54<br />
Sweetpotatoleafminer Bedelliasomnulentella(Zeller) 54<br />
Sweetpotatostemborer Omphisaspp. 54<br />
Sweetpotatoweevil Cylasformicariuselegantulus(Summers) 92<br />
Tarobeetles PapuanabiroiEnd. 93<br />
PapuanahuebneriFairm. 93<br />
PapuanajapenensisArrow 93<br />
Papuanalaevipennis 93<br />
Papuanasemistriata 93<br />
PapuanatrinodosaPrell. 93<br />
Papuanawoodlarkiana(Montr.) 93<br />
Tarohornworm Hippotioncelerio(L.) 57<br />
Tarohawkmoth Hippotioncelerio(L.) 57<br />
Taroleafhopper Tarophaguscolocasiae 146<br />
Tarophaguspersephone 146<br />
Tarophagusproserpina(Kirk) 146<br />
Termites 179<br />
Tobaccowhitefly Bemisiatabaci(Genn.) 147<br />
Tomatogrub Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) 31
256<br />
Tortoisebeetles AspidomorphaadhearensWeber 94<br />
AspidomorphaquadriradiataBoh. 94<br />
Vinehawkmoth TheretraoldenlandiaeFab. 58<br />
Violetricestemborer Sesamiainferens(Walker) 59<br />
Whiteants 179<br />
Whitebackedplanthopper SogatellafurciferaHorvath 148<br />
Whitejassid Cicadellaspectra(Dist.) 149<br />
Whitelousescale Unaspiscitri(Comst.) 150<br />
Whitericeborer Scirpophagainnotata(Walker) 60<br />
Whitericestemborer MaliarphaseparatellaRag. 61<br />
Whitescale Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Taeg) 151<br />
Whitefly<br />
Whitestemborer MaliarphaseparatellaRag. 61<br />
Wingedbeanblotchminer LeucopterapsophocarpellaBrad.&Cart. 62<br />
Yamhawkmoth TheretranessusDry 63<br />
Yammealybug PlanococcusdioscoreaeWilliams 152<br />
Yammiridsapsucker PlatypeltocorissimilisPopp 153<br />
Yamsawfly Senoclidiapurpurata(F.Sm.) 180<br />
Yamscale<br />
Yellowscale Aonidiellacitrina(Coq.) 154
257<br />
List of names for insects and plants on which they occur<br />
Abgrallaspiscyanophylli(Signoret) Banana,coconut,avocado,guava,loquat,<br />
breadfruit,paonut,tea,cardamom,laulau’s,figs,<br />
soursop,greateryam,cassava,macadamia,<br />
AcaloleptaholotephraBoisd Ficus,cassava,<br />
Acanthoscelidesobtectus Beans,<br />
Acauloplacellaimmunis Coastalpitpit,<br />
Achaeajanata(Linnaeus) Sweetpotato,peanuts,citrus,cacao,rubber,<br />
pumpkinsetc<br />
Aclerissp. Brusselssprouts,<br />
AcrocercopshomalactaMeyr. Sweetpotato,<br />
Acrocercopssp. Aibika,taro,okra,soybean,cacao,<br />
ActinusimperialisFauvel Cardamom,<br />
AcyrthosiphonsolaniKaltenbach Potato<br />
Adoxyphyesmelichron Peanuts,okra,sugarpea,cacao,pawpaw,<br />
AdoxyphestetraphractaMeyrick Velvetbean<br />
AediasericeaButler Sweetpotato<br />
AgapophytabipunctataBoisd. Coconut,sago,<br />
AgapophytasimilisBlote Pigeonpea<br />
AgapophytaviridulaBlote Pigeonpea,<br />
Agonoscelisrutila Basil<br />
AgrilusoccipitalisEsch Okari,Javaalmond,Talis,<br />
Agriusconvolvuli(L.) Sweetpotato,taro,sunflower,<br />
Agromyzapapuensis Coastalpitpit,<br />
AgrotisinterjectionisGuenee Lettuce,tomato,<br />
Agrotisipsilon(Hufn.) Cabbage,cauliflower,cassava,onion,potato,<br />
rorippa,tomato,corn,carrot,<br />
Agrypnussp. Sugarcane<br />
AitetairidiasMyr. Javaalmond,<br />
AlcidodesaustralisBoisduval Yam,<br />
AlcidodeselegansGuerin-Meneville Ficus<br />
Aleurodescomata Sugarcane<br />
AleurodicusdestructorMackie Coconut,bananas,soursop,<br />
AleurodicusdispersusRussel Guava,mango<br />
Alticasp Pumpkin<br />
Alticussp. Raspberry<br />
Alticusinsularis(Usinger) Taro,<br />
Alticusminutus(Reuter) Sweetpotato,peanuts<br />
Alticustibialis Sweetpotato,parsnip,chinesecabbage,okra,mung<br />
beanandsoybean,peanuts,pumpkin,cucumbers<br />
AmblypeltacocophagaChina Coconut,aibika,avocado,bean,cassava,custard<br />
apple,soursop,guava,mango,mungbean,<br />
pawpaw,sugarcane,wingedbean,cacao,cashew,<br />
lemon,sweetpotato,choko,rosella,banana,<br />
macadamia<br />
AmblypeltacostalisszentivanyiBrown Coconut,aibika,avocado,bean,cassava,custard<br />
apple,soursop,guava,mango,mungbean,<br />
pawpaw,sugarcane,wingedbean,cacao,cashew,<br />
lemon,sweetpotato,choko,rosella,banana,<br />
macadamia<br />
AmblypeltagallegonisLever Coconut,aibika,avocado,bean,cassava,custard<br />
apple,soursop,guava,mango,mungbean,<br />
pawpaw,sugarcane,wingedbean,cacao,cashew,<br />
lemon,sweetpotato,choko,rosella,banana,<br />
macadamia
258<br />
AmblypeltalutescenspapuensisBr. Coconut,aibika,avocado,bean,cassava,custard<br />
apple,soursop,guava,mango,mungbean,<br />
pawpaw,sugarcane,wingedbean,cacao,cashew,<br />
lemon,sweetpotato,choko,rosella,banana,<br />
macadamia<br />
AmblypeltatheobromaeBrown Coconut,aibika,avocado,bean,cassava,custard<br />
apple,soursop,guava,mango,mungbean,<br />
pawpaw,sugarcane,wingedbean,cacao,cashew,<br />
lemon,sweetpotato,choko,rosella,banana,<br />
macadamia<br />
AmorbusrhombeusWestw. Rice<br />
AmrascadevastansDistant Aibika<br />
AnadastusalbertisiHarold Aibika<br />
Ananipasp. Lettuce<br />
AndaspisnumerataBrimblecombe Tea<br />
Andaspissinosa Fig<br />
AnomalaanoguttataBurm. Sugarcane,coastalpitpit<br />
AnomisflavaFabricius Aibika,beans,okra,velvetbean,hibiscus<br />
AntestiopsischamberetiLeGuillon Sweetpotato<br />
Antestiopsissemiviridis(Walk.) Pepper,coffee<br />
AnthococcuskerevataeWilliams Malayapple,soursop,jackfruit,citrus,cacao,<br />
AnticarsiairrorataFabricius Bean,mungbean,snakebean<br />
Antoninagraminis(Maskell) Sugarcane,sorghum,rice<br />
AonidiellaaurantiiMask. Breadfruit,citrus,lemon,cycads,grapefruit,sour<br />
orange,sweetorange,lime,mandarin,pomelo,<br />
marrow,papermulberry,chilli,coconut,<br />
Aonidiellacitrina(Coq.) Lemon<br />
AonidiellacompereiMcKenzie Indianmulberry,banana,fig,velvetapple<br />
AonidiellaeremocitriMcKenzie Paotrees,coconut,citrus<br />
AonidiellainornataMcKenzie Pao,banana,grapevine,pandanus,kava<br />
Aonidiellaorientalis(Newstead) Pawpaw<br />
ApachynusbeccariiDubrony Potato<br />
AphiscraccivoraKoch Cowpea,yardlongbean,peanut,mungbean<br />
AphisgossypiiGlover Melon,aibika,bean,potato,pumpkin,sugarcane<br />
AphissacchariZehntner Sugarcane,corn,bean<br />
AphodiuslividusOlivier Cardamom<br />
Apirocaluscornutus(Pascoe) Bananas,cassava,taro,aibika,chilli,cabbage,<br />
choko,lettuce,beetroot,carrot,sweetpotato,<br />
coffee,bamboo,apple,citrus,soursop,guava,<br />
cashew,peanut,mungbean,strawberry,cacao,<br />
coffee,<br />
ApirocalusebriusFaust Bananas,cassava,taro,aibika,chilli,cabbage,<br />
choko,lettuce,beetroot,carrot,sweetpotato,<br />
coffee,bamboo,apple,citrus,soursop,guava,<br />
cashew,peanut,mungbean,strawberry,cacao,<br />
coffee,<br />
ApirocalusterrestrisThompson Bananas,cassava,taro,aibika,chilli,cabbage,<br />
choko,lettuce,beetroot,carrot,sweetpotato,<br />
coffee,bamboo,apple,citrus,soursop,guava,<br />
cashew,peanut,mungbean,strawberry,cacao,<br />
coffee,<br />
AphthonabicolorataJacoby Pumpkin,sorghum,cucumber,sweetpotato<br />
Araecerussp.(SeeOxyderes) Sugarcane,cabbage<br />
AraecerusfasciculatisDegeer Wingedbean<br />
AraeocorynuscumingiJekel Wingedbean<br />
Araeocorynussp. Sugarcane<br />
ArginaastreaDrury Sweetpotato<br />
Armaciasp. Ficus
259<br />
ArrhenesdschilusPlotz Sugarcane<br />
ArsipodatenimberensisJacoby Bean,corn,rice,soybean,sweetpotato<br />
ArtonacatoxanthaHampson Banana<br />
Aspidiellahartii(Cockerell) Sugarcane,sweetpotato,yam,ginger,lesseryam<br />
Aspidiellasacchari(Cockerell) Sugarcane,gianttaro<br />
AspidomorphaadhearensWeber Sweetpotato,aibika<br />
AspidomorphaaustralasiaeJacoby Sweetpotato,aibika<br />
Aspidomorphamiliaris(F.) Sweetpotato,aibika<br />
Aspidomorpha?punctum(Fabricius) Sweetpotato,aibika<br />
AspidomorphaquadriradiataBoh. Sweetpotato,aibika<br />
AspidomorphasociaMontr. Sweetpotato,aibika<br />
AspidomorphatestudinariaMontr. Sweetpotato,aibika<br />
AspidiotusdestructorSignoret Coconut,bananas,guava,mango,goldenapple,<br />
cherimolia,soursop,sweetsop,pawpaws,<br />
sugarcane,pandanus,Barringtoniasp.(Paonuts),<br />
breadfruit, betelnutpalm<br />
AspidiotusexcisusGreen Pawpaw,citrus<br />
Aspidiotusmusae Banana<br />
AstacopsdorycusBoisd. Coconut<br />
AstacopsflavicollisWalk. Taro<br />
Astacopsvillicollis(Stal.) Taro<br />
Asterolecaniumsp. Coffee,raspberry,pepper,malayapple<br />
AsuracrocotaHampson Sweetpotato<br />
AtaeniusspinatorHarold Coastalpitpit<br />
AtherigonaorientalisSchiner Rockmelon,capsicum,tomato,corn,common<br />
bean,marrow,pumpkin,bittercucumber,sorghum<br />
AtherigonaoryzaeMall. Rice,corn<br />
AtractomorphacrenaticepsBlanch Okra,aibika,brusselssprouts,sugarcane,sweet<br />
potato,<br />
Atractomorphasimilis<br />
Atysasp. Sweetpotato<br />
Aulacaspistegalensis(Zehntner) Sugarcane,coastalpitpit,<br />
Aulacaspisvitis(Green) Durian<br />
AulacorthumsolaniKaltenbach Potato,bean,tomato<br />
Aulacophoraabdominalus(Fabricius) Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,<br />
AulacophoracoffeaeHornstedt Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,<br />
AulacophoraculcullataBlackburn Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,<br />
Aulacophorafemoralis(Mots.) Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,<br />
AulacophoramelanopusBlanchard Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,<br />
AulacophorapallidifasciataJacoby Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,<br />
AulacophorapapuanaJac. Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,<br />
AulacophorapygidialisBaly Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,
260<br />
AulacophorarigoensisJacoby Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,<br />
AulacophorasimilisOliv. Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,<br />
AulacophorawallaciiBaly Commonbean,mungbean,soybeans,peanuts,<br />
broadbeans,cassava,pumpkin,spinach,sweet<br />
potato,rockmelon,zucchini,corn,<br />
AulacophrysfascialisMarsh. Strawberry<br />
Austracrisguttulosa(Walk.) Sugarcane,citrus<br />
AxiagastuscambelliDist. Coconuts,wildbetelnut<br />
BadamiaexclamationisFabricius Okari<br />
Bambusaspisbambusae(Boisduval) Bamboo<br />
BathytrichatruncataWalker Sugarcane<br />
Batrachamorphussp. Roselle,sunflower<br />
BatrachedraarenosellaWalker Coconut<br />
Bedelliasomnulentella(Zeller) Sweetpotato<br />
Bemisiatabaci(Genn.) Taro,sweetpotato,cassava,tomato,<br />
Blastophagasp. Millet<br />
Blissussp. Rice<br />
BorbocinnaraWallace Corn,rice<br />
BorboimpartetragraphusMab. Rice<br />
BothricharapalliataMacleay Rice<br />
Bothrogoniasp. Coastalpitpit,kidneybean<br />
BrachyplatispapuusGuer. Bean,<br />
BrachyplatistranslineatusWalker Passionflower,cacao<br />
Brevenniarehi(Lindinger) Rice,sorghum<br />
Brontispalateralis Coconut,betelnut<br />
BrontispalongissimaGestro Coconut,betelnut<br />
BrontispapalmivoraGres Coconut,betelnut<br />
BrontispasimmondsiMlk. Coconut,betelnut<br />
BrysicaexiguaDist. Cassava<br />
CaediusdemeijereiGeb. Bean,taro,radish<br />
Caenoblissuspilosus(Barber) Rice<br />
CallitearahorsfieldiSaunders Sugarcane<br />
CannococcusikshuWilliams Sugarcane,coastalpitpit<br />
Cannococcuspalauensis(Beardsley) Sugarcane,rice<br />
Carpophilussp.nr.tenuisMurray Betelnut<br />
CarpophilusmaculatusMurray Capsicum<br />
CassenaintermediaJac. Aibika,bean,mungbean,soybean,snakebean,<br />
broadbean,aibika,peas,corn,apple<br />
Cassenapapuana(Jac.) Aibika,bean,mungbean,soybean,snakebean,<br />
broadbean,aibika,peas,corn,apple<br />
CassidadiommaBois. Lettuce,sweetpotato,potato<br />
CassidapapuanaSpaeth Sweetpotato<br />
CassidasexguttataBoisduval Sweetpotato<br />
CaunaceaseraMeyrick<br />
Cephrenesmosleyi(Butl.) Coconut<br />
CephrenesoceaniaMabille<br />
CeratovacunalanigeraZehntner Sugarcane<br />
Ceresiumpachymerum(Pascoe)<br />
Ceroplastesceriferus(F.) Tea,Malayapple<br />
CeroplastesdestructorNewstead Tea,citrus,coffee,avocado,guava<br />
CeroplastesmurrayiFroggatt Wildmango<br />
CeroplastesrubensMaskell Citrus,coffee,tea,cycads,breadfruit,guava,<br />
breadfruit,citrus,coconut,roseapple,Tahitian<br />
chestnut,mango,banana,guava,jackfruit,
261<br />
avocado,cashew,feijoa,monsteria,rambutan,<br />
nutmeg,pigeonpea,cherryguava,apple.<br />
Chaeococcusbambusae(Maskell) Bamboo<br />
ChaetanaphothripsorchidiiF. Banana,citrus,gianttaro<br />
ChaetanaphothripssignipennisBagn. Banana<br />
ChaetocnemabasalisBaly Corn,rice,wheat,millet,mustard<br />
ChauliognathuswaroensisWittmer Sweetpotato,bean<br />
ChelisochesmorioFabricius Taro,banana<br />
Chiloauricilius(Dudg.) Rice,sugarcane,sorghum<br />
ChiloinfuscatellusSnellen Rice<br />
Chilosuppressalis(Walker) Rice<br />
ChiloterrenellusPag. Sugarcane<br />
ChlumetiatransversaWalker Mango<br />
ChorizococcustalipikanusWilliams Sugarcane,<br />
ChrysodeixiseriosomaDoubleday Cabbage,bean,pumpkin,cacao,tomato,kohlrabi,<br />
snakebean,aibika,lesseryam,soybean<br />
Chrysomphalusaonidum(Linnaeus) Citrus,breadfruit,coconut,Indianmulberry,<br />
banana,pandanus,cycads,candlenut,soursop,<br />
sweetsop,bullock’sheart,tamarind,<br />
Chrysomphalusdictyospermi(Morgan) Jackfruit,asparagus,citrus,coconut,apple,mango,<br />
avocado,pao,tea,macadamia,guava,golden<br />
apple,laulau,pawpaw,javaalmond,vanilla,dye<br />
fig,Chinesetaro,betelnut,cycad,cassava,oil<br />
palm,eggplant<br />
Chrysomphaluspinnulifer(Maskell) Citrus<br />
Cicadellasp. Lettuce,taro,sugarcane,potato<br />
CicadellaspectraDist. Rice,sugarcane,sweetpotato,corn<br />
CicadellawallaceiDistant Sweetpotato<br />
Cicindeladecem-guttataurvilleiDejean Rice<br />
Circopessp Betelnut,<br />
ClavigralloidesacantharisFabricius Pigeonpea<br />
Cletussp Amaranth<br />
ClosterarubidaDruce Flacourtia<br />
ClysteriusangustusArrow Sweetpotato<br />
Cnaphalocrocismedinalis(Gn.) Rice,corn,wheat,sorghum,sugarcane<br />
CnaphalocrocispoeyalisBoisduval Rice<br />
CoccuscelatusDeLotto Coffee,soursop<br />
CoccushesperidiumLinnaeus Citrus,coconuts,bamboo,pawpaw,loquat,banana,<br />
tea,chilli,turmeric,yam,mango,avocado,cacao,<br />
breadfruit,aibika,horseradishtree,rosella,galip,<br />
Coccuslongulus(Douglas) Breadfruit,jackfruit,guava,lemon,Tahitian<br />
chestnut,avocado,pawpaw,swamptaro,dyefig,<br />
soursop,bullock’sheart,sweetsop,taro,peanut,<br />
fivecorner,laulau,snakebean,candlenut,<br />
Coccusviridus(Green) Wateryroseapple,Malayapple,coffee,citrus,tea,<br />
mango,pandanus,Tahitianchestnut,guava,Indian<br />
mulberry,pineapple,marrow<br />
CoelophorainaequalisF. Lettuce,soybean,<br />
CoelophoraripponiCrotch Corn<br />
ColasposomaregulareJacoby Sweetpotato<br />
ColgartricolorDist. Aibika,chinesecabbage,sunflower,okra,avocado,<br />
cabbage,coffee,cacao,cashew,<br />
ColposcelisvignaphilaBryant Commonbean<br />
CompsolacongracilisCandeze Corn,sugarcane<br />
ConoderusmucronatusCandeze Potato<br />
Conogoniasp. Taro<br />
ConomorphacramerellaSnellen Cacao,rambutan<br />
Contariniasorghicola(Coq) Sorghum
262<br />
Coproporussp. Cabbage<br />
CoptosomapygmaeumMont. Pigeonpea<br />
CoptosomavariegataHerrich-Schaffer Corn<br />
CoptotermeshyaloapexHolmg. Ton<br />
CoronacellakirkaldyiMuir Rice<br />
Cosmopolitessordidus(Germar) Banana,yams<br />
Creatonotusgangis(L.) Corn<br />
CriniticoccustheobromaeWilliams Cacao<br />
Criocerussp. Yam<br />
CriocerisclarkiiBaly Pumpkin<br />
Criontiadessp. Potato,sweetpotato<br />
CrisicoccustheobromaeWilliams Cacao<br />
CrocidolomiabinotalisZeller Cabbage,Chinesecabbage,kohlrabi,broccoli,<br />
turnip,radish,Nasturtiumschlechteri<br />
CryptophasasetiotrichaMeyr Raintree<br />
Cryptophasasp.nrarithmologiaMeyrick Malayapple<br />
Cylasformicariuselegantulus(Summers) Sweetpotato<br />
Cyrtopeltismodestus Tomato<br />
BactroceraatrisetosusPerkins Zucchini,squash,marrow,cucumber,tomato<br />
Bactrocerabryoniae(Tryon.) Banana,chilli,capsicum,tomato,guava,pawpaw,<br />
nectarine<br />
BactroceracucurbitaeCoq Pumpkin,zucchini,cucumer,rockmelon,citrus,<br />
corn,sunflower<br />
BactroceradecipiensDrew Pumpkin<br />
BactroceradorsalisHendel<br />
BactrocerafrauenfeldiSchiner Laulau,guava,mango<br />
Bactrocerafrenchi<br />
Bactroceramusae(Try.) Banana,chilli,capsicum,tomato,guava,pawpaw<br />
BactroceraneohumeralisHardy Pawpaw,<br />
Bactroceraobliquus<br />
Bactrocerapapuanensis Corn<br />
Bactrocerapeculiaris<br />
BactrocerastrigifinisatritusMay Pumpkin<br />
BactroceratrivialisDrew Capsicum,grapefruit,peach,guava<br />
BactroceratryoniFrogg Fig,treetomato,passionflower,banana,laulau<br />
Bactroceraumbrosus(F) Citrus,breadfruit,<br />
DaralarubeolaFeld Coconut<br />
DasychiramendosaHubn. Hibiscus,potato,eggplant,cassava,soursop<br />
DeanolisalbizonalisHampson Mango<br />
DemonaxcollarisPascoe Soybean<br />
DendrothripoidesipomoeaeBagn. Sweetpotato<br />
DentiblissusvenosusBreddin Sugarcane<br />
DepsagesgranulosaGuerin-Meneville Pigeonpea<br />
Deraecorissp Taro<br />
Dermolepidanigrum(Nonf.) Banana<br />
DermolepidanoxiumBritton Taro<br />
Desmopterellasp. Sunflower<br />
Diacrisianiceta(Stal.) Portulaca<br />
DiacrisiapapuanaRoth. Banana<br />
DiaphaniaindicaSaunders Pumpkin<br />
Diaspisrutherfordi Sugarcane<br />
Dichocrosissp.nrpunctiferalisGuenee Wildginger<br />
DieuchesfinitimusVanDuzee Strawberry,(F.vesca),<br />
DimorphopteruscornutuisSlater Rice<br />
DindymuspyrochrousBoisd. Ginger<br />
Diocalandrataitense(Guer.) Coconut,nipa<br />
Drepanococcuschiton(Green) Cacao,soursop,pawpaw<br />
Duplaspidiotusclaviger(Cockerell) Citrus,fig
263<br />
Dysdercuscingulatus(F.) Okra,aibika,hisiscus,roselle,cowpea<br />
DysdercussidaeMont. Kapok,hibiscus<br />
Dysmicoccusboninsis(Kuwana) Sugarcane,coconut,pandanus<br />
Dysmiccocusbrevipes(Cockerell) Pineapple,banana,peanut,mango,sugarcane,oil<br />
palm,coconut,coffee,Pandanusantaresensis,<br />
Pandanus,soursop,celery,apple,guava,lemon,<br />
pumpkin,Tahitianchestnut,amaranth,pigeonpea,<br />
sweetsop,chinesecabbage,sweetpotato,soybean,<br />
javaalmond,breadfruit,kava,rice<br />
DysmicoccusnesophilusWilliams Grapefruit,sweetorange,cacao,breadfruit,Indian<br />
mulberry,candlenut,gianttaro,lemon,mango,<br />
avocado,guava,pawpaw,dyefig<br />
DysmicoccuspapuanicusWilliams Karuka,coconut<br />
Eariasvittella(F.) Aibika,hibiscus,okra<br />
EctatorhinusmagicusGerstaecker Galip<br />
EctropisbhurmitraWalker Cacao,cassava,sweetpotato,taro,peanuts,coffee<br />
ElassogasterlineatadeMeij Sugarcane<br />
ElassogastersepsoidesWalk. Sugarcane<br />
ElaunonbipatitusKirby Potato<br />
Enoplopteron?heiroglyphicumdeMeij Sugarcane,banana<br />
EpilachnacucurbitaeRichards Cucumber<br />
EpilachnaguttatopustulataFabricius Taro<br />
EpilachnasignatipennisBoisd. Sweetpotato,ricebean,commonbean,cowpea,<br />
limabean,cucumber,aibika<br />
EpilachnavigintisexpunctatadorycaBoisd Eggplant<br />
ErionotathraxL. Banana,coconut,oilpalm,nipapalm<br />
Erythroneurasp. Wingedbean<br />
EuborelliaannulipesLucas Peanut<br />
Eucalymnatustessellatus(Signoret) Grapefruit,coconut,oilpalm,mango,Indian<br />
mulberry,banana,pandanus,guava,tu-lip,cacao,<br />
Malayapple,candlenut,gianttaro,<br />
Euconocephalussp Corn,coastalpitpit<br />
Eudecatomasp. Lime<br />
EudocimafulloniaClerck Citrus<br />
EumetopinaflavipesMuir Sugarcane<br />
EumossulagracilisWillemse Coconut,banana<br />
EupneustasolenaBradley Sugarcane<br />
EupholuscinnamoneusPasc. Cassava,sweetpotatoyam,cashew,avocado,<br />
EupholusnickerliHllr. Cassava,sweetpotatoyam,cashew,avocado,<br />
EupholusschonherriGuer Cassava,sweetpotatoyam,cashew,avocado,<br />
Euproctissp Broccoli,okra,asparagus,apple,capsicum,winged<br />
bean<br />
Euricaniadiscigutta(Walk.) Coffee,cabbage,chinesecabbage,aibika,bean,<br />
corn<br />
EuricaniatristiculaStal Citrus<br />
Euricaniavillica Sunflower,avocado,commonbean,soursop,<br />
Euronotobrachyssp. Taro<br />
Euryphlepsiasp. Sugarcane<br />
Euscyrtushemelytrus(deHaan) Lettuce<br />
EysarcorisventralisWest. Rice<br />
FerrisiaconsobrinaWilliams Tomato,cassava,potato<br />
Ferrisiavirgata(Cockerell) Cassava,cacao,coffee,guava,citrus,avocado,<br />
hibiscus,leacaena,Erythrina,cashew,soursop,<br />
pumpkin,banana,bullock’sheart,breadfruit,<br />
tomato,lemon,swamptaro,ginger,sourorange,<br />
coconut,snakebean,cowpea,taropawpaw<br />
Fioriniacoronata Nipa,coconut,pandanus<br />
Fioriniafioriniae(Targioni) Avocado,coconut,citrus,tea,cycads
264<br />
GanaepulchellaPascoe Okra,hibiscus<br />
GeococcuscoffeaeGreen Taro<br />
GesonulamundatasanguinolentaKraus Taro,sugarcane,macadamia<br />
GleneaaluensisGahan Aibika,cacao<br />
GlyptoporopterussharpiFaust. Taro<br />
GonocephalumochthebioidesFul. Radish<br />
GraphiumagamemnonL. Custardapple,cherimoya,avocado,soursop,<br />
durian<br />
GryllotalpaafricanaBeauv Tomato,peanuts,sweetpotato,rice<br />
GymnopholusinterpresHllr. Raspberry<br />
GymnopholusmarquardtiHllr. Raspberry<br />
GymnopholusweiskeiHllr. Yam<br />
HapatesustropicusNeboiss Sweetpotato<br />
Haptoncusspnrconcolor Betelnut<br />
HarpedonaplanaPoppius Greateryam<br />
HelicoverpaarmigeraHubner Corn,tomato,capsicum,lettuce,rice,taro,pigeon<br />
pean,pea,bean,sweetpotato,cabbage,subflower,<br />
okra,cacao,coffee<br />
HelicoverpaassultaassultaGuenee Corn,capegooseberry,tomato,onion,sunflower,<br />
lettuce<br />
HelicoverpapunctigeraWallengren<br />
Helopeltisclavifer(Walker) Cacao,sweetpotato,eggplant,snakebean,cashew,<br />
custardapple,mango,guava,passionfruit,Ficus<br />
sp.,avocado,citrus,leucaena<br />
Hemiberlesialataniae(Signoret) Jackfruit,citrus,coconut,loquat,laulau,apple,<br />
cassava,swamptaro,avocado,madrasthorn,<br />
guava,grapes,Indianmulberry,passionfruit,<br />
coffee,candlenut,fivecorner,cherryguava,<br />
cycads,yams<br />
Hemiberlesiapalmae(Cockerell) Soursop,sweetsop,bullock’sheart,breadfruit,<br />
jackfruit,paonut,tea,citrus,coconut,turmeric,<br />
macadamianut,mango,banana,avocado,cherry<br />
guava,guava,goldenapple,cacao,chinesetaro,<br />
pandanus,cardamom,vanilla,candlenut,cycads,<br />
yams,taro,laulau,Indianmulberry,passionfruit<br />
Hemisphaerinussp Soursop<br />
Henosepilachnahaemorrhoea(Biel) Pumpkin,cucumber,beetroot,spinach,common<br />
bean,wingedbean,mungbean,soybean,eggplant,<br />
tomato,potato,ginger<br />
HenosepilachnasignatipennisBoisd Pumpkin,cucumber,beetroot,spinach,common<br />
bean,wingedbean,mungbean,soybean,eggplant,<br />
tomato,potato,ginger,<br />
Heteropternisobscurella(Blanch) Sugarcane,okra<br />
HexacentrusmundarWalker Taro<br />
HippotionboerhaviaeFab. Taro,<br />
Hippotioncelerio(L.) Taro,sweetpotato,grapevine<br />
Homeoxiphafuscipennis Potato,capsicum,sunflower,turnip,avocado,<br />
maize,okra,wingedbean.<br />
HomonacoffeariaNiet Soybean,pea,snakebean,velvetbean,peanut,<br />
mungbean,parsley,okra,eggplant,cucumber,<br />
sunflower,citrus,soursop<br />
Howardiabiclavis(Comstock) Tea,pawpaw,citrus,litchi,tomato,soursop,sweet<br />
sop,mulberry,pomegranate,rambutan,macadamia<br />
nut,Javaalmond,kava,sapodilla<br />
HypolixusmastersiPascoe Corn,yam<br />
HypolixusritsemaePasc. Sugarcane<br />
Hyposidratalaca Asparagus,commonbean,yam,custardapple,<br />
soursop,avocado,coffee,tea,Malayapple
265<br />
HypotactusruralisFst. Cassava<br />
IceryapurchasiMaskell Citrus,pigeonpea<br />
Iceryaseychellarum(Westwood) Bullock’sheart,sweetsop,soursop,breadfruit,<br />
jackfruit,citrus,Tahitianchestnut,apple,banana,<br />
guava,fivecorner,mangosteen,avocado,<br />
pomegranate,grapes,wildginger,gianttaro,paper<br />
mulberry,chilli,yam,mango,chinesetaro, pigeon<br />
pea,lablabbean,commonbean,coconut,Surinam<br />
cherry,Malayapple,feijoa,strawberry,red<br />
raspberry,sweetpotato,lettuce,litchi,macadamia<br />
nut,monsteria,mulberry,pandanus,radish,golden<br />
apple,blackberriednightshade,tomato,pepper,<br />
Polynesianarrowroot,betelnut,sapodilla,oilpalm,<br />
dyefig,cinnamon,eggplant,pawpaw.<br />
IdiophantischirodaetaMeyr.<br />
IdiophantiseugeniaeBradley Laulau<br />
IdopsiscaeruleaFaust. Potato,chilli<br />
IdopsisexcellensFaust. Sweetpotato<br />
IdopsisgriseaFaust. Passionfruit,citrus,sweetpotato,avocado<br />
Idioscopusclypealis(Leth.) Mango<br />
Idioscopusniveosparsus(Leth.) Mango<br />
IschiopsophabifasciataQuoy&Gaimvar. Pawpaw<br />
hylaHeller<br />
IschiosophaignatipennisBoisd Coconut<br />
Ischnaspislongirostris(Signoret) Persimmon,coffee,Guilielmagasipaes,mango,<br />
Kilifiaacuminata(Signoret) Citrus,Malayapple,mango,breadfruit,cinnamom,<br />
pineapple<br />
Kollasp. Lettuce,sweetpotato<br />
LaccopteraimpressaBlanchard<br />
Lagriasp. Apple,mulberry<br />
Laingiococcuspainei(Laing) Citrus,soursop,coconut,fig,cacao,Maesasp.;<br />
LampidesboeticusL. Snakebeans,pigeonpea,mungbean,cowpea,<br />
peas,wingedbean,<br />
LamprosemacharesalisWalker Banana<br />
LasiodactylumnotabilisOliff Malayapple<br />
LemapapuanaJac. Banana<br />
LemavariatorGres.<br />
LemawauensisGres. Ginger<br />
LepidiotareuleauxiBrenske Sugarcane<br />
Lepidosaphesbeckii(Newman) Citrus<br />
Lepidosaphesgloverii(Packard) Gianttaro,citrus,kumquat,coconut<br />
Lepidosapheskarkarica Coconut<br />
LepidosaphesrubrovittataCockerell Fig,Tahitianchestnut,Malayapple,<br />
Lepidosaphestokionis(Kuwana) Citrus<br />
LeptococcusmetroxyliReyne Sago,pineapple,coconut<br />
Leptocorisaacuta(Thunberg) Rice,betelnut,amaranth,sugarcane,beans<br />
Leptocorisadiscoidalis Rice,betelnut,amaranth,sugarcane,beans<br />
Leptocorisaoratorius(Fab.) Rice,betelnut,amaranth,sugarcane,beans<br />
Leptocorisapalawanensis Rice,betelnut,amaranth,sugarcane,beans<br />
LeptocorisasolomonensisAhmad Rice,betelnut,amaranth,sugarcane,beans<br />
Leptoglossusaustralis(Fab.) Pumpkins,zucchini,cucumber,rockmelon,bitter<br />
cucumber,granadilla,cassava,sweetpotato,taro,<br />
yams,passionfruit,tomato,citrus<br />
LeptotheaciskiiWeise Pumpkin<br />
LeucopterapsophocarpellaBrad&Cart Wingedbean<br />
LicyllusalbicollisFab. Eggplant<br />
LiliocerusspnrbakewelliBaly Yam<br />
Lilioceruspapuana(Jac.) Yam
266<br />
Locustamigratoria(Linn.) Banana,sugarcane,corn,rice,pineapple,bamboo<br />
Lopholeucaspisbaluanensis Citrus<br />
LophopssaccharicidaKirk. Sugarcane<br />
Lophotectespenicilliger(Heller) Coconut<br />
Lygaeussp.<br />
LygaeushospesFabr. Silverbeet<br />
LymantriarosinaPag. Guava<br />
Lyriomyzabrassicae(Riley) Cabbage,Chinesecabbage,radish,broccoli,turnip<br />
Machaerotahumboldti Okra,turnip,sugarcane,sunflower<br />
Maconellicoccushirsutus(Green) Hibiscus,mulberry,grapes,pineapple,cacao,<br />
aibika,breadfruit<br />
Macrosiphumeuphorbiae(Thomson) Potato,tomato,capsicum,eggplant,sweetpotato,<br />
papaw,pumpkin,lettuce<br />
Maculicoccusmalaitensis(Cockerell) Tahitianchestnut,coconut,cacao,citrus<br />
MaliarphaseparatellaRag. Sugarcane,rice<br />
MampavabipunctellaRag Sorghum<br />
MarasmiabilinealisHampson Rice<br />
Marasmiahexagona Rice<br />
MarasmiusvenilalisWalker<br />
MarucavitrataFabricius Lima,snake,mung,adzuki,ricebean,snakebean,<br />
cowpea,wingedbean,soybean,velvetbean,pigeon<br />
pea<br />
MegalurothripsusitatusBagnall Mungbean,peanut,soybean,limabean<br />
Megamelussp.<br />
Megymenumpapuense Bittercucumber,marrow<br />
MeijerellainaequalisBecker Ginger,rice,<br />
Melacanthusargineguttatus Mungbean<br />
MelanesicoccuskleinhoviaeWilliams Kleinhoviahospita<br />
MelanhyphusclypealisArrow Taro<br />
MelanitisconstantiaCramer Sugarcane,corn<br />
MelanitisledabankiaF. Rice,sugarcane,corn,sorghum<br />
MenindabisignataWalker Rice<br />
Menochilussex-masculatusFab. Corn<br />
Meredolussp. Betelnut<br />
MeredoluscocotisMarshall Coconut<br />
MeroleptuscinctorMarshall Strawberry<br />
Metraniapapuana<br />
Metrionasp Sweetpotato<br />
MictisprofanaF. Pigeonpea,citrus,pumpkin<br />
MicrotermesbiroiDesneaux Coconut<br />
MilviscutulusciliatusWilliams Guava<br />
Milviscutulusmangiferae(Green) Breadfruit,sweetorange,jackfruit,coconut,Ton,<br />
Javaalmond,tu-lip,Malayapple,Dyefig,mango,<br />
monsteria,Indianmulberry,avocado.<br />
MilviscutuluspilosusWilliams Coconut<br />
MilviscutulusspiculatusWilliams Indianmulberry,mango,avocado<br />
MonoleptanigroapicataBry. Corn,mungbean,pumpkin,sweetpotato<br />
MonoleptasemiviolaceaFab. Cucumber,potato,pumpkin,sweetpotato<br />
MonoleptaspnrbifasciataHornstedt Cassava<br />
Morganellalongispina(Morgan) Citrus,pawpaw,laulau,avocado<br />
MulciberlinnaeiThoms Sugarcane<br />
Mutabilicoccussimmondsi(Laing) Coconut,betelnut,oilpalm<br />
Mutabilicoccusvanheurni(Reyne) Cacao,breadfruit<br />
MycalesisasophisHew<br />
Mythimnaloreyi(Dup.) Sugarcane,rice,corn,sorghum<br />
Mythimnaseparata(Walk.) Rice,corn,sugarcane<br />
MythimnaunipunctaHaworth Sugarcane<br />
MyzusornatusLaing Potato
267<br />
MyzuspersicaeSulzer Potato,cabbage,taro,chilli,sugarcane,bean,<br />
citrus,tomato<br />
Nacoleiaoctasema(Meyrick) Banana,nipa,pandanus<br />
NagiaepiscopalisHampson Okari<br />
Neomaskelliabergii(Signoret) Sugarcane<br />
Neoplatyolecaniumsp. Tahitianchestnut<br />
NeosaissetiakeravataeWilliams Pepper<br />
Neotermessp.<br />
NeotoxopteraformosanaTakahashi Onion,shallot,chives,leek<br />
Nephotettixapicalis(Motsch.) Rice<br />
Nesocypselaspiperica Pepper<br />
Nezaraviridula(Linnaeus) Wingedbean,ricebean,soybean,broadbean,<br />
mungbean,snakebean,okra,tomatoes,rice<br />
NilaparvatalugensHaseg Rice<br />
Nipaecoccusvastator(Mask.) Citrus,coffee<br />
Nipaecoccusviridus(Newstead) Asparagus,citrus,aibika,mango,pomegranate,<br />
Nisiasp. Taro<br />
NisotrabasselaeBry Amaranth,aibika<br />
NisotraobliterataJacoby Aibika<br />
Nisotraspp Okra,hibiscus<br />
NyctemerabaulusBoisduval Cabbage,taro,wingedbean<br />
NysiusepiensisChina Beans,peanuts<br />
NysiusfemoratusVanDuzee Taro<br />
NysiusvillicusVanDuzee Sunflower,lettuce,potato,sweetpotato<br />
OdonaspisruthaeKotinsky Hibiscus,nipa<br />
Odonaspissaccharicaulis(Zehntner) Sugarcane<br />
Odontomyiasp. Cabbage<br />
Olethreutes(Argyroplace)sp. Pao<br />
OmiodesblackburniiButler Coconut,banana<br />
OmiodesdiemenalisGuenee Bean,peanut,soybean,wingedbean,cowpea,<br />
snakebean,mungbean,velvetbean,pigeonpea<br />
OmiodesindicataFabricius Bean,peanut,soybean,wingedbean,cowpea,<br />
snakebean,mungbean,velvetbean,pigeonpea<br />
OmphisaanastomosalisGuenee Sweetpotato<br />
Omphisaspp.<br />
OnchyroticaconcursaWalker Sweetpotato<br />
OnthophaguslatinasutusArrow Radish<br />
OnthophagusspnrpapuensisHarold Cabbage<br />
Opogonafumiceps<br />
Opogonasaccharella Sugarcane<br />
Ophiomyiaphaseoli(Tryon.) Bean,snakebean,mungbean<br />
Orchamoplatusmammaeferus(Quan.&Bak) Beans<br />
OribiuscinereusMshl. Hibiscus,banana,cassava,taro,citrus,sunflower,<br />
avocado,cashew,macadamia,passionfruit,corn,<br />
pumpkin,asparagus,rhubarb,strawberry,silver<br />
beet,amaranth,Rungia,soursop,snakebean,mung<br />
bean,limabean<br />
OribiuscruciatusFst. Hibiscus,banana,cassava,taro,citrus,sunflower,<br />
avocado,cashew,macadamia,passionfruit,corn,<br />
pumpkin,asparagus,rhubarb,strawberry,silver<br />
beet,amaranth,Rungia,soursop,snakebean,mung<br />
bean,limabean<br />
OribiusdestructorMshl. Hibiscus,banana,cassava,taro,citrus,sunflower,<br />
avocado,cashew,macadamia,passionfruit,corn,<br />
pumpkin,asparagus,rhubarb,strawberry,silver<br />
beet,amaranth,Rungia,soursop,snakebean,mung<br />
bean,limabean<br />
OribiusimprovidusMarshall Hibiscus,banana,cassava,taro,citrus,sunflower,
268<br />
avocado,cashew,macadamia,passionfruit,corn,<br />
pumpkin,asparagus,rhubarb,strawberry,silver<br />
beet,amaranth,Rungia,soursop,snakebean,mung<br />
bean,limabean<br />
OribiusinimicusMshl. Hibiscus,banana,cassava,taro,citrus,sunflower,<br />
avocado,cashew,macadamia,passionfruit,corn,<br />
pumpkin,asparagus,rhubarb,strawberry,silver<br />
beet,amaranth,Rungia,soursop,snakebean,mung<br />
bean,limabean<br />
Orinaemesp. Sugarcane<br />
OrosiusargentatusEvans Taro,peanuts,tomato<br />
OrthacacincticornisWalk. Corn<br />
OryctescentaurusSternb Coconut<br />
Oryctesrhinoceros(L.) Coconut,pandanus,sago,nipa,oilpalm,<br />
sugarcane,taro,banana<br />
Ostriniafurnacalis(Guen) Corn,rice<br />
Oxidusgacilis Strawberry,peanut<br />
Oxyagavisa(Walk.) Sugarcane<br />
Oxyajaponica(Thnb.) Sugarcane,rice,corn,coconut,cacao,coffee<br />
Oxyavittigera(Blanch) Sugarcane,rice,corn<br />
OxyderescyrtusJordan Pawpaw<br />
PachybrachiusnervosusHorv. Beans,rice,sugarcane<br />
Palmicultorbrowni(Williams) Coconut,oilpalm<br />
PamaraamaliaSemper<br />
PapilioaeaceusDonovan<br />
PapilioaegeusormenusGuerin Citrus<br />
PapuanabiroiEnd. Taro,Chinesetaro,Gianttaro,bananas,sweet<br />
potato,pitpit,coconut,sago,sugarcane,potato,<br />
peanuts<br />
PapuanahuebneriFairm. Taro,Chinesetaro,Gianttaro,bananas,sweet<br />
potato,pitpit,coconut,sago,sugarcane,potato,<br />
betelnut,peanuts,<br />
PapuanajapenensisArrow Taro,Chinesetaro,Gianttaro,bananas,sweet<br />
potato,pitpit,coconut,sago,sugarcane,potato,<br />
betelnut,peanuts,<br />
Papuanalaevipennis Taro,Chinesetaro,Gianttaro,bananas,sweet<br />
potato,pitpit,coconut,sago,sugarcane,potato,<br />
betelnut,peanuts,<br />
Papuanasemistriata Taro,Chinesetaro,Gianttaro,bananas,sweet<br />
potato,pitpit,coconut,sago,sugarcane,potato,<br />
betelnut,peanuts,<br />
PapuanatrinodosaPrell. Taro,Chinesetaro,Gianttaro,bananas,sweet<br />
potato,pitpit,coconut,sago,sugarcane,potato,<br />
peanuts,<br />
Papuanawoodlarkiana(Montr.) Taro,Chinesetaro,Gianttaro,bananas,sweet<br />
potato,pitpit,coconut,sago,sugarcane,potato,<br />
peanuts<br />
Papuanellasp. Mandarin<br />
ParaBactroceraperplexus Pumpkin<br />
Paraputoleveri(Green) Tarocoffee,coconut<br />
Parasaissetianigra(Nietner) Cassava,aibika<br />
ParastasiaguttulataFairm. Coastalpitpit,jackfruit<br />
ParatellaminiataMcl. Avocado,cacao<br />
ParlatoriacrotonisDouglas Pandanus,coconut,Tahitianchestnut<br />
Parlatoriaproteus(Curtis) Macadamianut,cacao,citrus,coffee<br />
ParomiusgracilisRambur Sorghum<br />
Patangasp. Sugarcane<br />
PelopidasagnadingoEvans Rice
269<br />
PenicillariajocosatrixGuenee Mango<br />
PentalonianigronervosaCoq Banana,taro,ginger<br />
PeregrinusmaidisAshm. Corn,sugarcane,sorghum<br />
Perissopneumon Avocado,guava,Javaalmond<br />
Perkinsiellabicaloris Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellaboreonFennah Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellabulliFennah Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsielladiagorasFennah Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellafalcipennisFennah Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellalalokensisMuir Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellamacrinusFennah Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellamyconFennah Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellapapuensisMuir Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellarattleiMuir Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellasaccharicidaKirkaldy Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellasinensisKirkaldy Sugarcane<br />
PerkinsiellathompsoniMuir Sugarcane<br />
Perkinsiellavastatrix(Breddin) Sugarcane<br />
Phaciocephalussp. Sugarcane<br />
Phaenacanthaspp. Sugarcane<br />
PhaneropterabrevisServ. Aibika,beans,wingedbean,pigeonpea,peas,<br />
chinesecabbage,cabbage,radish,asparagus,basil,<br />
sunflower,okra,brusselssprouts,sweetpotato<br />
PharotestorvusMshl. Taro<br />
PhiliafemorataWalk. Peanut<br />
PhodoryctiscaeruleaMeyrick Cowpea<br />
Phomesasp. Cabbage<br />
Phthorimaeaoperculella(Zell.) Potato,tomato,capegooseberry,blackberried<br />
nightshade<br />
PhyllocnistiscitrellaStaint Citrus<br />
Phyllocnistissp. Wingedbean<br />
PhyllophoraboshmaideJong Karuka<br />
PiezodorusrubrofasciatusFab. Mungbean<br />
Pinnaspisaspidistrae(Signoret) Coconut,oilpalm,Tahitianchestnut,banana,<br />
pandanus,tomato,tanget,eggplant,Javaalmond<br />
Pinnaspisbuxi(Bouche) Tanget,tomato,ceriman(monsteria),betelnut,<br />
coconut,taro,bittercucumber,jackfruit,citrus,<br />
banana,paonut,Tahitianchestnut,Indian<br />
mulberry,galipnut,pandanus.<br />
Pinnaspisstrachani(Cooley) Candlenut,avocado,soursop,bullock’sheart,<br />
breadfruit,capsicum,citrus,coconut,taro,tanget,<br />
pumpkin,yams,persimmon,oilpalm,aibika,<br />
Tahitianchestnut,tomato,cassava,Indian<br />
mulberry,banana,pandanus,eggplant,Java<br />
almond,grapes,ginger,litchi,Feibanana<br />
Planococcuscitri(Risso) Grapefruit,sweetorange,lemon,pomelo,pumpkin,<br />
swamptaro,sweetpotato,basil,avocado,guava,<br />
yam,cacao,coffee,leucaena,passionfruit,fig,<br />
yam,<br />
PlanococcusdioscoreaeWilliams Yam,chinesetaro<br />
Planococcuslilacinus(Cockerell) Sweetsop,soursop,fivecorner,lemon,mango,<br />
cacao,citrus<br />
PlanococcuspacificusCox Candlenut,gianttaro,amaranth,cashew,<br />
pineapple,soursop,sweetsop,bullock’sheart,<br />
celery,peanut,breadfruit,jackfruit,asparagus,<br />
betelnut,chinesecabbage,cabbage,paper<br />
mulberry,pigeonpea,galip,capsicum,<br />
watermelon,citrus,taro,coconut,coffee,taro,
270<br />
pumpkin,yam,laulau,soybean,Tahitianchestnut,<br />
aibika,sweetpotato,tomato,passionfruit,<br />
macadamia,mango,Indianmulberry,mulberry,<br />
banana,basil,Pandanus,beans,ton,guava,winged<br />
bean,radish,sugarcane,eggplant,potato,golden<br />
apple,Javaalmond,cacao,cowpea,Chinesetaro,<br />
corn,ginger.<br />
PlatylecaniumcocotisLaing Coconut,betelnut<br />
PlatypeltocorissimilisPopp Yam<br />
PlatystomuswallaceiPascoe Pigeonpea<br />
Plautiabrunneipennis Capsicum,snakebean,sunflower,sugarcane<br />
Plutellaxylostella(L.) Cabbage,turnip,broccoli,kohlrabi,brussels<br />
sprouts,chinesecabbage,Nasturtiumschlechteri,<br />
Polyomonatusboeticus(L) Pigeonpea<br />
Prodromopsisoculatus Banana<br />
PromargarodesaustralisJakubski Sugarcane<br />
PromecothecapapuanaCsiki Coconut,nipa,sago,betelnut,oilpalm<br />
ProsoplusgrisescensBreuning Corn<br />
ProsoplusobliqueplagiatusBreuning Wingedbean<br />
ProtaetiafuscaHerbst. Mango,sugarcane,corn<br />
ProtaetiapapuanaMoser Cassava<br />
Psammoecussp. Coconut<br />
Pseudaulacaspiscockerelli(Cooley) Coconut,pawpaw,mango<br />
Pseudaulacaspispentagona(Targioni) Cassava,aibika,capsicum,breadfruit,pawpaw,<br />
okra,soybean,tomato,commonbean,Indian<br />
mulberry,passionfruit,granadilla,coconut<br />
PseudococcuselisaeBorchsenius Cabbage,tomato,banana,lime,cassava<br />
Pseudococcuslongispinus(Targioni) Lemon,orange,pomelo;soursop,breadfruit,<br />
banana,cacao,cashew,pineapple,coffee,taro,<br />
gianttaro,potato,grapes,mango,elephantfoot<br />
yam,Chinesetaro<br />
PseudococcussaccharicolaTakahashi Rice,sugarcane<br />
PseudococcussolomonensisWilliams Coffee,galip,banana,cacao<br />
PseudodoniellatypicaChina&Carvalho Avocado<br />
Pseudoligotasp. Betelnut,coconut<br />
PsylliodesloriaeJac. Spinach,eggplant<br />
Psylliodessp. Tomato<br />
PsylliodesspnrfulvipesJacoby Snakebean,sweetpotato,pumpkin<br />
Pternistriasp. Granadilla<br />
PterolophiagrisescensPascoe Pigeonpea<br />
PulvinariacacaoWilliams Cacao<br />
PulvinariaelongataNewstead Sugarcane<br />
PulvinariapsidiiMaskell Chilli,citrus,coffee,Indianmulberry,pandanus,<br />
guava,cherryguava,tea,kava,pomegranate,taro,<br />
Malayapple,monstera,ton,Ipomoeatuba,<br />
Pulvinariaubicola(Cockerell) Chilli,gianttaro,monstera,capegooseberry,<br />
tomato,litchi,parsley,pineapple,capsicum,<br />
eggplant,blackberriednightshade<br />
PyrodercesamphisarisMeyrick Grapes<br />
RagwellelusfestivusMiller Guava<br />
RagwelellushorvathiPoppius Cardamom<br />
RastrococcusneoguineensisWilliams Coconut,mangrove<br />
RastrococcusvicorumWilliams Citrus,guava,coffee<br />
Rhabdoscelusobscurus(Boisduval) Pawpaw,coconut,banana,sagopalm,oilpalm<br />
RhinoscaphacobaltinataHeller Highlandskapiak<br />
RhinoscaphafunebrisChev. Soybean<br />
RhinoscaphamaclayiMacleay Pawpaw<br />
RhinoscaphathomsoniWterh. Lemon
271<br />
Rhopalosiphummaidis(Fitch) Citrus,corn,rice,sugarcane,millet,<br />
Rhynchophorusbilineatus(Montr.) Coconuts,sago,oilpalm,fishtailpalm<br />
Rhynchophorusferrugineous(Oliv.) Coconuts,sago,oilpalm,fishtailpalm,<br />
RhynchortaliawallaciiCrotch Citrus<br />
RhyparidacacaonaGressitt<br />
RhyparidaclypeataJacoby Mango<br />
RhyparidacoriaceaJac. Okra,mulberry,hibiscus,mungbean,sugarcane<br />
Rhyparida?fasciataBaly Eggplant<br />
RhyparidamorosaJac Sugarcane<br />
Rhyparidellacasuarinae Eggplant<br />
RhyparidellasobrinaBryant Aibika<br />
Rhyparidellawauensis Soybean,mungbean,pumpkin,subflower,radish,<br />
broadbean<br />
Ricanulapuncticosta Sunflower,asparagus<br />
RiptortusannulicornisBoisd. Wingedbeans,snakebeans,mungbeans,soybeans,<br />
limabeans,peas,commonbean<br />
RiptortusimperialisKirk Wingedbeans,snakebeans,mungbeans,soybeans,<br />
limabeans,peas,commonbean<br />
RiptortusobscuricornisDallas Wingedbeans,snakebeans,mungbeans,soybeans,<br />
limabeans,peas,commonbean<br />
RiptortusrubronotatusBlote Wingedbeans,snakebeans,mungbeans,soybeans,<br />
limabeans,peas,commonbean<br />
RopicahonestaPascoe Wingedbean<br />
RosenbergiaweiskeiHeller Highlandskapiak<br />
Saccharicoccussacchari(Cockerell) Sugarcane,sorghum,rice<br />
SaccolaemuslongicepsPascoe Okari<br />
Saissetiacoffeae(Walker) Chilli,lemon,pomelo,coffee,kava,guava,cherry<br />
guava,eggplant,coconut,breadfruit,soursop,tea,<br />
snakebean,cycads,Indianmulberry,eggplant,<br />
blackberriednightshade,banana,pawpaw,Java<br />
almond,angledloofah,smoothloofah,avocado,<br />
yams,citrus.<br />
Saissetiamiranda(Cockerell&Parrott) Grapefruit,Indianmulberry,guava,pigeonpea,<br />
coconut,<br />
SaissetianeglectaDeLotto Mandarin,citrus,coffee,guava,cowpea<br />
Sangicoccustruncatispinus(Reyne) Coconut,nipa<br />
ScapanesaustralisaustralisBoisd. Coconut,oilpalm,pineapple,banana<br />
ScapanesaustralisgrossepunctatusStern Coconut,oilpalm,pineapple,banana<br />
Schizentaspidussilvicola Pandanus<br />
SciophyrusdiminutusHorvath Sweetpotato<br />
Scirpophagaexcerptalis(Walker) Sugarcane<br />
Scirpophagainnotata(Walker) Rice<br />
ScirpophaganivellaFabricius Sugarcane<br />
Scoliophthalmussp Sugarcane<br />
ScopelodesdinawaB.Bak Mango,cashew,banana<br />
ScopelodesnitensB.Bak. Mango,cashew,banana,<br />
SegestesdecoratusRedt. Coconuts<br />
SegestideadefoliatriadefoliatriaUlvavov Coconuts,karuka,banana,oilpalm<br />
Segestideagracilis(Willemse) Coconuts,karuka,banana,oilpalm,<br />
SegestideahanoveranaWillemse Coconuts,karuka,banana,oilpalm,<br />
Segestideauniformis(Willemse) Coconuts<br />
SegestideainsulanaWillemse Coconuts,karuka,banana,oilpalm,<br />
Segestidealeefmansi(Willemse) Coconuts<br />
SegestideamontanaWillemse Coconuts,karuka,banana,oilpalm,<br />
SegestideanovaehuineaeBrancsik Coconuts,karuka,banana,oilpalm,<br />
SegetescorneliiWillemse Coconuts,pandanus<br />
Segetesgracilis Coconut<br />
Selenothripsrubrocinctus(Giard) Cacao,cashew,mango,avocado,apple
272<br />
Senoclidiapurpurata(F.Sm.) Yam<br />
SesamiaarfakiBethune-Baker<br />
SesamiagrisescensWarren Sugarcane<br />
Sesamiainferens(Walker) Rice,sugarcane,corn<br />
Silbasp. Sugarcane,capsicum<br />
Simodactylussp Carrot<br />
SimpliciacaeneusalisWalker Potato,sago,coffee<br />
SogatellafurciferaHorvath Rice<br />
Solephymapapuana Sweetpotato<br />
SparganobasissubcruciatusMarsh. Coconut<br />
SpilosomaowgarraBethune-Baker Cabbage<br />
SpirocariabissellataMulsant Corn<br />
Spodopteraexempta(Walker) Rice,sugarcane,coastalpitpit,Job’stears,<br />
sorghum,peas,sunflower,kihlrabi<br />
Spodopteralitura(Fabricius) Lettuce,taro,cabbage,tomato,bean,wingedbean,<br />
maize,cassava,citrus,rice,sweetpotato,<br />
sunflower,peas,peanuts,brusselssprouts,kohl<br />
rabi,aibika,okra,kiwifruit,leek<br />
Spodopteramauritia(Boisduval) Rice,sugarcane,corn<br />
SpoladearecurvalisFabricius Beetroot,spinach,silverbeet,chinesecabbage,<br />
amaranth<br />
SteatococcussamaraiusMorrison Citrus,mango,pawpaw,soursop,pigeonpea,<br />
coconut,taro,cardamom,Finschia,coconut,<br />
banana,guava,cacao<br />
Stenocatantopsaugustifrons(Walker) Sugarcane,rice<br />
Stephanitistypica(Distant) Banana<br />
Strumetabarringtoniae(Tryon.)<br />
Strumetabryoniae(Tryon.)<br />
StrumetarecurrensHer.<br />
SylleptederogataFabricius Aibika,okra<br />
Symphilitessp.<br />
Syncrotus(Syncrotellus)similisGhauri<br />
SyntheratajanettaWhite Guava<br />
TabidiainsuralisSnell Sweetpotato<br />
TaenarisbutleriOberth Cycas<br />
TaenarisdimonaHew Banana<br />
TaenarismyopskirschiStgr. Banana<br />
TagiadesobscurustindaliRbb Yam<br />
Tagiadestrebelliuscanonicus Yam<br />
TagiadestregelliusHopf. Yam<br />
Tarophaguscolocasiae Taro<br />
Tarophaguspersephone Taro<br />
Tarophagusproserpina(Kirk) Taro<br />
TauchirideaadustaBolivar Sugarcane<br />
TeleclitastrigatacinnamomeaRothsch. Javaalmond<br />
TeleogrylluscommodusWlk. Sweetpotato<br />
Telostylinussp. Breadfruit,cucumber<br />
TerentiusnubifasciatusWalker Soursop,avocado,eggplant<br />
Tetraneuranigriabdominalis(Sas.)<br />
TetranychusmarianaeMcGregor<br />
TettigellapasiphaeKirk Sugarcane,sweetpotato<br />
Tettigellasp. Sugarcane,sweetpotato<br />
TheretranessusDry Yam<br />
TheretraoldenlandiaeFab. Grapevine,sweetpotato,taro<br />
Theretrapinastrinaintersecta Taro<br />
Thoseasinensis(Walk.) Coconut,citrus,pomegranate,coffee,tea<br />
ThressapunctiferadeMeijere Ginger<br />
ThripstabaciLind. Onions,capsicum,tomato
273<br />
ThysanoplusiaorichalceaFabricius Cabbage<br />
Tiracolaplagiata(Walker) Eggplant,tea,banana,limabeans,commonbeans,<br />
wingedbean,cassava,castoroil,cacao,maize,<br />
pumpkin,watermelon,cabbage,cauliflower,<br />
tomato,capegooseberry,passionfruit,beetroot,<br />
pawpaw,pigweed,amaranths,spinach,leucaena,<br />
bittercucumber,fig,taro,sweetpotato,mulberry.<br />
Tiracolarufimargo Apple<br />
TirathabarufivenaWalk. Coconut,nipa,oilpalm,betelnut,bananas,bean<br />
ToxopteraaurantiiB.deFonsc. Citrus,fig,persimmon,loquat<br />
Toxopteracitricidus(Kirk) Citrus,fig,persimmon,loquat<br />
TrachycentrachlorogrammaMeyrick Karuka,marita<br />
TrachylepidiafructicassiellaRagonot Sugarcane<br />
TrichogomphusexcavatusMohinke Coconut<br />
TrichogomphussemmelinkiRits Coconut<br />
TrochorhopalusstrangulatusGyllenhal Sugarcane,banana<br />
TrypopsilopachinensisWeidimann Rice<br />
Unaspiscitri(Comst.) Citrus,aibika<br />
Valangairregularis(Walker) Citrus<br />
Valanganigricornis(Burm.) Rice<br />
Valangasp. Sugarcane,rice,pepper,chinesecabbage,aibika<br />
Vinsoniastellifera(Westwood) Pomelo,mango,coconut,Malayapple<br />
XanthodestransversaGuenee Okra,hibiscus,aibika,roselle<br />
XyleborusexiguusWalk. Coconut<br />
Xyleborusperforans(Wollastan) Sugarcane,coconut,citrus,breadfruit<br />
XyleboruspotensSchedl. Avocado<br />
XyleutesceramicusWalker<br />
Xylotrupesspp.<br />
ZeuzeracoffeaeNietner Chilli,coffee,tea<br />
ZophiumalobulataGhauri Coconut,granadilla<br />
Ziginasp Wingedbean<br />
ZiginamedioborealisGhauri Sweetpotato<br />
Zizinaotis(F.) Pigeonpea,snakebean,soybean,wingedbean
References about insect pests<br />
Inthisbookforeachinsectpestdescribedreferencesaregiventoenablefurtherstudy. Thefirst<br />
author’ssurnameislistedalongwiththepagenumberinthereferenceonwhichthepestis<br />
discussed. Thefollowingisacompletelistofthereferencesused.<br />
274<br />
Burns,AustralianButterfliesinColour(Reed).p60<br />
Butcher,C.F.1981,Greenvegetablebug.PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.13SouthPacificCommission,<br />
Noumea,NewCaledonia.<br />
Child,ButterfliesofAustralia.<br />
CIEDistributionmapNo<br />
CitrusProductionintheSouthPacific.1976,SPCHandbookNo14p38.<br />
Cock,M.J.W.,etal,SlugandNettlecaterpillars. CIECAB<br />
Common,ButterfliesofAustraliap234.<br />
CSIRO<strong>Insect</strong>sofAustralia<br />
DALEntomologyBulletinNo.<br />
EncyclopaediaofPNG<br />
FAOTechnicaldocumentNo135.<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofEconomicSignificanceaffectingmajorcropsof<br />
thecountriesinAsiaandthePacificRegion. 1987.<br />
Frohlich,G.,andRodewald,W.,1970,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesofTropicalCropsandtheircontrol.<br />
Pergamon.<br />
Gressitt,J.L.1977,NewGuineaBeetles.WauEcologyInstituteHandbookNo2<br />
Grist,&Lever.1969,<strong>Pests</strong>ofRiceLongmans.<br />
Harvest Quarterly<br />
Hassan,E.,Major<strong>Insect</strong>andMite<strong>Pests</strong>ofAustralianCrops.<br />
Hick,S.,1980,<strong>Insect</strong>andNematode<strong>Pests</strong>ofCrops.RuralDevelopmentHandbookNo17DPI<br />
Hill,D.S.,1975,Agricultural<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>oftheTropics&theircontrol.CUP.<br />
Hill,D.S.andWalter,J.M.,1988,<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseasesofTropicalCropsVol.2FieldHandbook<br />
Longmans<br />
Holloway,J.D.etal,1984,LepidopteraCIEGuidesto<strong>Insect</strong>sofImportancetoMan.CABI<br />
<strong>Insect</strong><strong>Pests</strong>ofNewZealand<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>sofHawaiiVol8<br />
<strong>Insect</strong>sofMicronesiaVol17No1<br />
Ismay,J.W.andDori,F.M.,Crop<strong>Insect</strong>SurveyofPapuaNewGuineafromJanuary1 st 1979to<br />
December31 st 1981.DPIResearchBulletinNo38.<br />
Kalshoven,L.G.E.1981,<strong>Pests</strong>ofcropsinIndonesia.RevisedandtranslatedbyP.A.VanDerLaan.<br />
VanHoeve,Jakarta.<br />
Kranz,1977,Diseases,<strong>Pests</strong>andWeedsofTropicalcrops<br />
Lamb,1974,EconomicentomologyintheTropicsAcademicPress<br />
Macfarlane,R.1987 Papuanabeetles.PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.21.SouthPacificCommission,<br />
Noumea,NewCaledonia.<br />
Macfarlane,R.andJackson,G.V.H.1989.Sweetpotatoweevil.PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.22(ISSN<br />
1017-6276)SouthPacificCommission,Noumea,NewCaledonia.<br />
Maddison,P.A.,1982, Fruit-piercingmoth.PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.14SouthPacific<br />
Commission,Noumea,NewCaledonia.
275<br />
Maddison,P.A.,1983,Coconuthispinebeetle. PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.17SouthPacific<br />
Commission,Noumea,NewCaledonia.<br />
Maddison,P.A.,1983, Queenslandfruitfly.PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.18SouthPacific<br />
Commission,Noumea,NewCaledonia.<br />
Mayflower.IllustratedEncyclopaediaofMothsandButterflies<br />
O’Connor,B.A.,ExoticPlant<strong>Pests</strong>andDiseases. SPCSectiononcrops.<br />
PANSmanualNo.1.PestControlinBananas.London.<br />
PANSmanualNo.2.PestControlinGroundnuts.<br />
PANSManualNo4.Pestcontrolintropicalrootcrops.<br />
Perry,inEnyi(ed),AgintheTropics.UPNG<br />
Schreiner,I.H.1989. Serpentineleafminers.PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.23 SouthPacific<br />
Commission,Noumea,NewCaledonia.<br />
SPCTechnicalPaperNo145.TheBananaScabMoth.<br />
Stride,G.1977,Coconutpalmrhinocerosbeetle.PestAdvisoryLeafletNo.4.SouthPacific<br />
Commission,Noumea,NewCaledonia.<br />
Swain,G.,1971,AgZoolinFiji.HMSO<br />
Thistleton,B.M.andMasamdu,R.T.,1985,Surveysof<strong>Insect</strong>sassociatedwithfoodcropsinThree<br />
studyareasintheSouthernHighlandsProvince.DPIResearchBulletin36<br />
Waterhouse,D.F.&Norris,K.R.BiologicalControl-PacificProspects.InkataPress,Melbourne.<br />
1987.<br />
Waterhouse,D.F.&Norris,K.R.BiologicalControl-PacificProspects.Supplement1.ACIAR.<br />
1989.<br />
Waterhouse,D.F.,BiologicalControl-PacificProspects.Supplement2. ACIAR.1993.<br />
Williams,D.J.andWatson,G.W.,TheScale<strong>Insect</strong>softheTropicalSouthPacificRegion. Part1.<br />
TheArmouredScales.CABIIE<br />
Williams,D.J.&Watson,G.W.,ThescaleinsectsoftheSouthPacific.Part2Mealybugs.CAB<br />
Williams,D.J.&Watson,G.W.,1990,TheScale<strong>Insect</strong>softheTropicalSouthPacificRegion.Part3<br />
TheSoftScales.CAB.<br />
Wood,Cocoa.TropicalAgricultureSeries. Longmans.
276<br />
Food plant insect list Page Food Plant insect list Page<br />
Aibika 215 Mungbean 227<br />
Amaranth 216 Onion 228<br />
Avocado 216 Pandanus 228<br />
Banana 217 Passionfruit 228<br />
Beanfamily 217 Pawpaw 229<br />
Blackberriednightshade 219 Pea 230<br />
Breadfruit 219 Peanut 230<br />
Cabbagefamily 219 Pigeonpea 231<br />
Candlenut 220 Pineapple 231<br />
Capsicum 220 Polynesianarrowroot 231<br />
Cassava 220 Potato 231<br />
Chilli 221 Pumpkin 232<br />
Chinesetaro 221 Rice 232<br />
Citrusfamily 221 Rorippa 233<br />
Coconut 222 Sago 234<br />
Commonbean 223 Snakebean 234<br />
Corn 224 Soybean 234<br />
Cowpea 224 Sugarcane 235<br />
Cucumber 224 Sweetpotato 236<br />
Custardapple 224 Taro 237<br />
Elephantyam 225 Terminalia 237<br />
Gianttaro 225 Tomato 238<br />
Ginger 226 Treetomato 238<br />
Guava 226 Tu-lip 238<br />
Indianmulberry 226 Watermelon 239<br />
Jackfruit 227 Wingedbean 239<br />
Lesseryam 227 Yam 241<br />
Mango 227<br />
Mulberry 227
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