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these terms meantheoretically, we mayhave different viewpoints aboutthem(Miller & Whitehead 1996:23). Froma psychodynamic point ofviewthere are no questions dealing with the past life ofthe patient/client which may revealsomething aboutbislherpast struggles, pos SIble influences ofotherpersonslikethe motherand/or "significant other." No at temptis madeto findout ofthere is any socio-cultural and/orhistorical-political in fluences that mayplayarole in a patient's/client's decision to answer the PIL's questions in a specific way. Although the questions basicallyfocus on the patient's/client's purpose in life, it is doubtful ifthe purposeofa person's life can be separatedfrom the socio-economic, 'socio-cultural and historical-political environment in whichhe/she findshimself/her- self. However, the logotherapeutic beliefthat man can transcendhis environmental circumstances makesthis criticalremark, at least fromtheir perspective, not really relevant. The important role ofthe environment that constantly and dynamically influenced anypersonis absentin this test. Behaviorists certainly will criticizethe test. How ever, the emphasis on the importance ofthe person's will and his/her choices is something that is a pluspoint for those moving in cognitive personologist circles. The PIL at least tries to "sincerely"identify the "exact" state ofmindofthe patient/ clientin orderto assisthim/her via logotherapeutic intervention and/ortreatment. A remarkable thingto see is the constantuse ofthe word "I" (the "me-part ofthe client/patient) in the 20 questions ofpart A This is highly subjective and reflectsthe idea that the patient/client will and mustknow himself7herselfvery well in order to 88
answerthese questions. Thismay create a problem, especially when the person who is completing the questionnaire is neurotic, depressed, and/oralreadyin a situation wherehe/sheis seeking for help becausehe/she has already lost all hope and/or meaning in life. A personwho completes this questionnaire, for example, after lo sing a lovedone, very oftenwill be in a psychological state which will reflect"1have no purposein life." In otherwords, "when" and"how" the PIC-test is used is just as important as the "what" ofthe questions. 3.2 The Seeking ofNoetic Goals Test (the SONGtest) The Seeking ofNoetic Goals Test (SONG) is another attitude scale. Like the PIL it was invented and developed byJames Cnnnbanghin 1977 (Gutmann 1996:179-180). While the PIL-testmeasures the degree to whichone has foundmeaning)nd purpose in life, SONGis a complementary scale to the PIL, whichmeasures the strengthofa subject's motivation to findmeaningin life. According to Guttmann (1996:179) the combined use ofthe two scales has proved helpful in determining the probability ofsuccessful therapeutic intervention. Ifa subject, for example, scores a highPIL and a low SONG this means that he/she has a satisfactory level of life meaning and lacks motivation to findmore. Ifhe/she scores low on PIL and highin SONG it means that a person lacks life purpose, but has mo tivation to find it. There are 20 items in the SONG-test similarto the 20 items in the Pil-test, part A Administration is simple and the test can be used for most high schoolpopulations and adults. The respondentmust circle the numberofhis/her choice on the conti nuum for each statement Scoring, like the PIL, is merelythe arithmetic additionof 89
Page 1 and 2:
AN EVALUATION OF THE LOGOTHERAPEUTI
Page 3 and 4:
SUMMARY This study is an evaluation
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TABLEOF CONTENTS CHAPTERONE METIIOD
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2. The problem and reason for this
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A meaningful evaluation of the diff
Page 17 and 18:
(Frankl 1970:103). The generaluse o
Page 20 and 21:
Mental health is based on a certain
Page 22 and 23:
6.11 Collective neurosis ForFmnkl t
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6.17 The tragic triad Thisis a term
Page 28:
complishment ofwhat the patient des
Page 31 and 32:
eplacingit with a healthyattitude t
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something about hislher situation.
Page 37: ("'meta-motivation") will lead to a
Page 40 and 41: the essence is to substitute someth
Page 42 and 43: meone's spiritis tied down with a r
Page 44 and 45: negative symptoms and then move to
Page 46 and 47: It becomes clearthat the real probl
Page 49 and 50: Sadness, however, can be turned aro
Page 51 and 52: Takashima (1990) said that in diagn
Page 53 and 54: this knowledge. Widow's, for exampl
Page 55 and 56: It is clear that this logotherapeut
Page 57 and 58: The confrontational and too direct
Page 59 and 60: human beings can and mustexert in o
Page 61 and 62: 2.1.5 The Appealing technique This
Page 63 and 64: nobody supportedbimlherin hislher s
Page 65 and 66: conceptsused and how these terms ar
Page 68: technique is based on questions ask
Page 71: Lantz (1987) relies on the Socratic
Page 74 and 75: written on these charts. Patientsar
Page 76: fee1ingslsymptomslproblems as they
Page 80 and 81: therapistswould not ignorethe socia
Page 82: Fabry (1989:70-78) is ofthe opinion
Page 87: 10 to 15minutes. The administration
Page 91: Just like the PIL-test, the emphasi
Page 94: questions ratherwant to capturethe
Page 98: naire is easierto understand and to
Page 101 and 102: 3.5 TheMinnesota Multiphasic Person
Page 104 and 105: In terms ofKelly's "constructivealt
Page 106 and 107: cumstances (environmental factors/i
Page 108 and 109: This test is rather one-sided becau
Page 110 and 111: It is especiallyfor those without a
Page 112: principles were buildt into existen
Page 115 and 116: peutic thought (body, mind, and spi
Page 117 and 118: usedby them at times may plungepati
Page 119 and 120: Logotherapy can be used when you wo
Page 121 and 122: schedule, difficult workconditions,
Page 123 and 124: Frankl (1975:15) once wrote that if
Page 125 and 126: gotherapeutic distinction ofbody, s
Page 127 and 128: Electronically-speaking the world i
Page 129 and 130: Bulka, R P 1989. Jewish humor-a log
Page 131 and 132: Frankl, V E 1965. The Doctor andthe
Page 134 and 135: national Forum for Logotherapy: Jou
Page 137 and 138: Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan P
Page 139:
Positive Affectivity. The Journal o
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