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© 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / International Development Association or The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org 1 2 3 4 15 14 13 12 This volume is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to the work is given. For permission to reproduce any part of this work for commercial purposes, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN (paper): 978-0-8213-8684-2 ISBN (electronic): 978-0-8213-8944-7 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8684-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Agricultural innovation systems : an investment sourcebook. p. cm. — (Agriculture and rural development) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8213-8684-2 — ISBN 978-0-8213-8944-7 (electronic) 1. Agricultural innovations—Economic aspects. 2. Agriculture—Economic aspects. 3. Rural development. I. World Bank. II. Series: Agriculture and rural development series. S494.5.I5A32213 2012 338.1'6—dc23 2011052338 Cover photograph: Anne Wamalwa/CIMMYT Cover design: Critical Stages
C O N T E N T S Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations xvii Sourcebook Overview and User Guide 1 Module 1: Coordination and Collective Action for Agricultural Innovation 15 Overview 15 Thematic Note 1 National Coordination and Governance of Agricultural Innovation 34 Thematic Note 2 How to Build Innovation Networks 44 Thematic Note 3 Facilitating Smallholders’ Access to Modern Marketing Chains 52 Thematic Note 4 Building Innovation Capabilities in Farmer Organizations 59 Innovative Activity Profile 1 No-Till Networks in Developing Countries 70 Innovative Activity Profile 2 Learning Organizations That Support Innovation: Mexico’s Produce Foundations 75 Innovative Activity Profile 3 Chile’s Foundation for Agricultural Innovation 80 Innovative Activity Profile 4 A Rural Institutional Platform Mobilizes Communities to Become Effective Partners in Agricultural Innovation in Andhra Pradesh 84 Innovative Activity Profile 5 In the Networking Age, Cassava Development Relies on Public-Private Research Partnerships 90 Innovative Activity Profile 6 Rural Productive Alliances: A Model for Overcoming Market Barriers 95 Module 2: Agricultural Education and Training to Support Agricultural Innovation Systems 107 Overview 107 Thematic Note 1 Reforming Public Agricultural Education at the Tertiary Level 122 Thematic Note 2 Curriculum Change in Higher Agricultural Education 131 Thematic Note 3 Education and Training for Technician Development 136 Thematic Note 4 Reforming the Management of In-Service Training/Learning 141 Innovative Activity Profile 1 Reforming India’s State Agricultural Universities 145 Innovative Activity Profile 2 Transforming Wageningen Agricultural University 149 Innovative Activity Profile 3 Curriculum Change in Agricultural Universities Strengthens Links in the Arab Republic of Egypt’s Innovation System 151 Innovative Activity Profile 4 Innovative Training Program for Midcareer Agricultural Extension Staff: The Sasakawa Africa Fund Education Program 154 Innovative Activity Profile 5 Chiang Mai University Links with Rural Communities to Focus Research on Farming Problems and Foster Curriculum Change 157 Innovative Activity Profile 6 EARTH University, Costa Rica: A New Kind of Agricultural University 160 Innovative Activity Profile 7 Technical Skills for Export Crop Industries in Uganda and Ethiopia 163 Innovative Activity Profile 8 Agribusiness Training for Secondary School Graduates in Timor-Leste 165 v
Page 1: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT A
Page 4 and 5: A G R I C U LT U R E A N D R U R A
Page 8 and 9: Innovative Activity Profile 9 Vocat
Page 10 and 11: 1.20 ICTs Improve the Effectiveness
Page 12 and 13: 4.22 Strengthening Capacity in Tanz
Page 14 and 15: 7.3 The Local Economic and Employme
Page 16 and 17: 5.9 The Gap in Access to Enterprise
Page 18 and 19: (BASIX), Morven McLean (ILSI), Mohi
Page 20 and 21: COFUPRO Coordinadora Nacional de la
Page 22 and 23: SNIC Sistema Nacional de Innovació
Page 24 and 25: Box O.1 Innovation and Innovation S
Page 26 and 27: and entrepreneurs and to get them t
Page 28 and 29: Much effort has focused on increasi
Page 30 and 31: Box O.6 The Role of Information and
Page 32 and 33: ear by actors from the wide range o
Page 34 and 35: NOTE Box O.7 Cross-Cutting Themes A
Page 37 and 38: MODULE 1 Coordination and Collectiv
Page 39 and 40: Box 1.2 Role of Learning Alliances
Page 41 and 42: Box 1.3 Factors Essential to Intera
Page 43 and 44: AIS have emerged in almost every co
Page 45 and 46: Box 1.4 Thailand’s National Innov
Page 47 and 48: Box 1.6 Indian National Dairy Devel
Page 49 and 50: Box 1.7 A Traditional Company in a
Page 51 and 52: have been defined, the resources ne
Page 53 and 54: support from governments or donors
Page 55 and 56: Table 1.2 Indicators of Organizatio
Page 57 and 58:
Despite their presence, national in
Page 59 and 60:
Box 1.10 The Rural Research and Dev
Page 61 and 62:
Many councils consist of representa
Page 63 and 64:
Box 1.13 Effects of Competitive Sci
Page 65 and 66:
Box 1.14 Bioconnect: A Networked Re
Page 67 and 68:
Box 1.15 The Creation and Consolida
Page 69 and 70:
■ Innovation programs become more
Page 71 and 72:
Box 1.17 The Roles of Individuals a
Page 73 and 74:
the creation of social capital amon
Page 75 and 76:
technologies are generated mostly i
Page 77 and 78:
uilding for the farmers willing to
Page 79 and 80:
farmers has depended more on suppor
Page 81 and 82:
THEMATIC NOTE 4 Building Innovation
Page 83 and 84:
the organizational and innovation c
Page 85 and 86:
Box 1.21 Successful Financing of Fa
Page 87 and 88:
■ Stronger two-way information fl
Page 89 and 90:
Development Agency developed their
Page 91 and 92:
ecause these capabilities can be de
Page 93 and 94:
farmers, agrochemical firms, equipm
Page 95 and 96:
No-till had several important impac
Page 97 and 98:
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 2 Learn
Page 99 and 100:
they started to contract research a
Page 101 and 102:
Box 1.25 Mexico’s Produce Foundat
Page 103 and 104:
Enterprise Innovation is supported
Page 105 and 106:
universities, the private sector, a
Page 107 and 108:
Box 1.28 Rising Input Use and Agric
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 1.2 The Same Institutional P
Page 111 and 112:
assume this role, as they are bette
Page 113 and 114:
Aside from the collaborative agreem
Page 115 and 116:
facilitated when they already have
Page 117 and 118:
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 6 Rural
Page 119 and 120:
individual, small-scale producers i
Page 121 and 122:
producer organizations represent, b
Page 123 and 124:
institutional arrangements that inc
Page 125 and 126:
Vuylsteke, A., and G. Van Huylenbro
Page 127 and 128:
Vermeulen, S., J. Woodhill, F. J. P
Page 129 and 130:
M O D U L E 2 Agricultural Educatio
Page 131 and 132:
Box 2.1 Gender-Inclusive AET: The E
Page 133 and 134:
delivering education and training i
Page 135 and 136:
universities and faculties of agric
Page 137 and 138:
development planning and implementa
Page 139 and 140:
Box 2.5 The Potential of ICT for AE
Page 141 and 142:
TN 3: Education and Training for Te
Page 143 and 144:
Table 2.2 Measuring th e Progress o
Page 145 and 146:
system and in the agricultural sect
Page 147 and 148:
Box 2.6 Reforming Higher Agricultur
Page 149 and 150:
strive for excellence. These progra
Page 151 and 152:
curtails institutional agility in r
Page 153 and 154:
T H E M AT I C N O T E 2 Curriculum
Page 155 and 156:
prime source for human resources fo
Page 157 and 158:
content for specific subject matter
Page 159 and 160:
are investing heavily in technical
Page 161 and 162:
employers and students share the co
Page 163 and 164:
T H E M AT I C N O T E 4 Reforming
Page 165 and 166:
are usually managed by a unit subsi
Page 167 and 168:
I N N O VAT I V E A C T I V I T Y P
Page 169 and 170:
The capacity of participating state
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
outstanding teachers from partner u
Page 177 and 178:
and responsibilities and to become
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
various student clubs. Through this
Page 183 and 184:
abundant employment in Ministries o
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
IMPLEMENTATION HIGHLIGHTS: BENEFITS
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Box 2.14 Views on the Impact of the
Page 195 and 196:
and Mozambique.” IFPRI Discussion
Page 197 and 198:
McCalla, A.F. 1998. “Agricultural
Page 199:
Land O’Lakes Inc. 2009. Cooperati
Page 202 and 203:
Box 3.1 Extension and Advisory Serv
Page 204 and 205:
continue providing blanket recommen
Page 206 and 207:
Box 3.4 Agricultural Technology Man
Page 208 and 209:
Table 3.1 Approaches for Developing
Page 210 and 211:
Box 3.9 Fee-for-Service Extension:
Page 212 and 213:
Table 3.2 Options for Providing and
Page 214 and 215:
■ IAP 1: Agrodealer Development i
Page 216 and 217:
194 THEMATIC NOTE 1 Pluralistic Ext
Page 218 and 219:
196 AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS
Page 220 and 221:
an integrated district development
Page 222 and 223:
must be established. Management for
Page 224 and 225:
LESSONS LEARNED The lessons summari
Page 226 and 227:
204 THEMATIC NOTE 2 Farming as a Bu
Page 228 and 229:
Box 3.14 Farmer Agribusiness Promot
Page 230 and 231:
number of services (technological,
Page 232 and 233:
public and private sector roles in
Page 234 and 235:
Mozambique cost US$300 to move a lo
Page 236 and 237:
Table 3.5 Shifting Extension to Ext
Page 238 and 239:
Box 3.20 Extension-Plus: Examples f
Page 240 and 241:
is reinforced by an extension polic
Page 242 and 243:
Table 3.8 Activities to Ensure Succ
Page 244 and 245:
In the agricultural sector, innovat
Page 246 and 247:
Box 3.25 Agricultural Innovation Br
Page 248 and 249:
in agricultural development see thi
Page 250 and 251:
new linkages. Brokers should not be
Page 252 and 253:
in this regard (see Spielman, Ekboi
Page 254 and 255:
yield-improving technologies and to
Page 256 and 257:
Box 3.28 Business Linkage Developme
Page 258 and 259:
236 INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 2 F
Page 260 and 261:
Box 3.32 A Kenyan Federation of Fie
Page 262 and 263:
240 INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 3 I
Page 264 and 265:
Box 3.34 An Ally Broadens Farmers
Page 266 and 267:
GRO offices are located at stations
Page 268 and 269:
246 INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 4 C
Page 270 and 271:
Box 3.36 BASIX Services for Groundn
Page 272 and 273:
■ In designing services, focus on
Page 274 and 275:
Innovative Activity Profile 3 1. In
Page 276 and 277:
Spielman, D.J., K. Davis, M. Negash
Page 278 and 279:
NAADS (National Agricultural Adviso
Page 280 and 281:
Howells, J. 2006. “Intermediation
Page 283 and 284:
MODULE 14 Coordination Agricultural
Page 285 and 286:
now controlled the funding decision
Page 287 and 288:
for agriculture. The World Developm
Page 289 and 290:
asymmetric information, and high tr
Page 291 and 292:
Sulaiman V. 2010). In Africa, innov
Page 293 and 294:
Box 4.1 Financing Agricultural Rese
Page 295 and 296:
specific to the needs of each subse
Page 297 and 298:
until rural wages start to increase
Page 299 and 300:
THEMATIC NOTE 1 Designing Agricultu
Page 301 and 302:
The public sector often leads and m
Page 303 and 304:
(box 4.7), research councils (modul
Page 305 and 306:
implemented in Bolivia, Ecuador, an
Page 307 and 308:
markets and market infrastructure,
Page 309 and 310:
fully and successfully in the AIS a
Page 311 and 312:
THEMATIC NOTE 2 Building and Streng
Page 313 and 314:
found that partnering in research i
Page 315 and 316:
ship support unit) may be useful. T
Page 317 and 318:
■ Competency-led partnerships, in
Page 319 and 320:
THEMATIC NOTE 3 Regional Research i
Page 321 and 322:
Box 4.16 Creating Sustainable Scien
Page 323 and 324:
Box 4.17 RUFORUM’s Choice: Region
Page 325 and 326:
to demand, and quality of science.
Page 327 and 328:
Table 4.4 Six Criteria for Assessin
Page 329 and 330:
Box 4.18 Subregional Organizations
Page 331 and 332:
Table 4.5 Key Approaches or Brands
Page 333 and 334:
The perspective and perceptions of
Page 335 and 336:
Box 4.21 Features of Papa Andina’
Page 337 and 338:
toolbox that can be implemented “
Page 339 and 340:
Table 4.7 Priorities for Investment
Page 341 and 342:
Box 4.23 Principles of Accountabili
Page 343 and 344:
Box 4.24 Promoting Agricultural Inn
Page 345 and 346:
Box 4.25 Organizational and Institu
Page 347 and 348:
limitations on the local teams who
Page 349 and 350:
Box 4.26 Building Capacity in Lives
Page 351 and 352:
Box 4.27 Lessons and Operational Is
Page 353 and 354:
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 2 An In
Page 355 and 356:
646 consortiums’ partners. Table
Page 357 and 358:
Box 4.29 Achievements by the Bioeth
Page 359 and 360:
problems as well as progress, resul
Page 361 and 362:
and global business communities, th
Page 363 and 364:
■ The greater the number of emplo
Page 365 and 366:
Box 4.33 A Business-Technology Cons
Page 367 and 368:
Box 4.34 Advantages and Impacts of
Page 369 and 370:
makers, and the public in general i
Page 371 and 372:
many of the results, which makes ev
Page 373 and 374:
Thematic Note 5 1. The World Bank I
Page 375 and 376:
the Management of Agricultural Rese
Page 377 and 378:
Implications for Developing New Tec
Page 379 and 380:
Cavatassi, R., M. Gonzalez, P. Wint
Page 381 and 382:
Evenson, R.E., C.E. Pray, and M.W.
Page 383 and 384:
MODULE 15 Coordination Incentives a
Page 385 and 386:
advantages. Such direct cooperation
Page 387 and 388:
Table 5.2 Objectives, Instruments,
Page 389 and 390:
Box 5.2 Main Aspects of Developing
Page 391 and 392:
Box 5.3 Critical Choices for Public
Page 393 and 394:
long-term business concepts because
Page 395 and 396:
particular challenges relate to the
Page 397 and 398:
Box 5.7 A Public-Private Partnershi
Page 399 and 400:
Box 5.8 A Public-Private Partnershi
Page 401 and 402:
process. The intended outcome is al
Page 403 and 404:
THEMATIC NOTE 2 Innovation Funds Jo
Page 405 and 406:
INVESTMENT OR ACTION NEEDED A numbe
Page 407 and 408:
elated to the potential fragmentati
Page 409 and 410:
and provide continuous feedback on
Page 411 and 412:
Table 5.6 Business Incubator Typolo
Page 413 and 414:
Box 5.16 Typical Numbers of Incubat
Page 415 and 416:
Box 5.19 The Agri-Business Incubato
Page 417 and 418:
Box 5.21 Real Estate and Management
Page 419 and 420:
networks. Given that developing cou
Page 421 and 422:
important means of acquiring and di
Page 423 and 424:
Box 5.22 The Wine Cluster in South
Page 425 and 426:
egional clusters, in some cases aro
Page 427 and 428:
Box 5.25 A Joint Action Project in
Page 429 and 430:
partnership achieves its objectives
Page 431 and 432:
financial information to its govern
Page 433 and 434:
TTO at a large university with a la
Page 435 and 436:
Box 5.28 Key Issues to Be Addressed
Page 437 and 438:
(table 5.9) (the finance gap for sm
Page 439 and 440:
Table 5.10 Representative Agricultu
Page 441 and 442:
■ Mentoring and training entrepre
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Box 5.30 Aakruthi Agricultural Asso
Page 447 and 448:
Table 5.11 Challenges Faced by Agri
Page 449 and 450:
engaged in extending the government
Page 451 and 452:
The sections that follow explain so
Page 453 and 454:
of enterprises in the cluster, exis
Page 455 and 456:
Box 5.34 The Banana Cluster in Riva
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
ureaucracy is minimized, allowing t
Page 461 and 462:
purchasing inputs alone). They gene
Page 463 and 464:
official government agricultural su
Page 465 and 466:
Kauffman Foundation’s New Firm Lo
Page 467 and 468:
IFC (International Finance Corporat
Page 469 and 470:
Bennett, K. Satyanarayana, G.D. Gra
Page 471 and 472:
MODULE 16 Creating an Enabling Envi
Page 473 and 474:
(for example, by offering training
Page 475 and 476:
community supports them strongly, a
Page 477 and 478:
Box 6.2 Economic Impact of Rural Ro
Page 479 and 480:
government can stimulate innovative
Page 481 and 482:
Table 6.1 Enabling Environment Fact
Page 483 and 484:
Box 6.3 Chile’s Innovation Strate
Page 485 and 486:
Box 6.5 The Creation of Sectoral Sc
Page 487 and 488:
is something of a blind spot for go
Page 489 and 490:
Box 6.7 A Functional Analysis of a
Page 491 and 492:
THEMATIC NOTE 2 Governance of Innov
Page 493 and 494:
networking, both nationally and int
Page 495 and 496:
Box 6.10 Korea Responds to the Asia
Page 497 and 498:
tion is an essential element of goo
Page 499 and 500:
udgeting, enhance accountability an
Page 501 and 502:
Autonomy to implement An innovation
Page 503 and 504:
Box 6.15 Beyond TRIPS The Agreement
Page 505 and 506:
Box 6.17 BOTEC Harnesses Innovation
Page 507 and 508:
Box 6.19 Colombian Coffee: Trademar
Page 509 and 510:
demonstrating that IPR has been con
Page 511 and 512:
partnership agreements, and strateg
Page 513 and 514:
Yet the capacity for both strategic
Page 515 and 516:
INVESTMENT NEEDED Investments in su
Page 517 and 518:
■ Regional coordination and harmo
Page 519 and 520:
Box 6.25 Advancing Agricultural Bio
Page 521 and 522:
Biosafety regulatory systems should
Page 523 and 524:
THEMATIC NOTE 5 Technical Regulatio
Page 525 and 526:
Table 6.2 Examples of Standards and
Page 527 and 528:
Strengthening institutional arrange
Page 529 and 530:
Box 6.33 Actions and Investments fo
Page 531 and 532:
Box 6.34 Innovating to Quickly Resp
Page 533 and 534:
actors and identifying the most app
Page 535 and 536:
and development, product promotion,
Page 537 and 538:
agencies, more skilled human resour
Page 539 and 540:
Box 6.35 Tailoring Intellectual Pro
Page 541 and 542:
patent disputes. The uncertainty an
Page 543 and 544:
impartial, can provide in-depth ana
Page 545 and 546:
Technical assistance to INSAH for t
Page 547 and 548:
Collaboration with like projects sh
Page 549 and 550:
levels was designed intentionally t
Page 551 and 552:
command better prices for their pro
Page 553 and 554:
esidue; food additives provisions;
Page 555 and 556:
———. 2010. The OECD Innovatio
Page 557 and 558:
Lima: Inter-American Institute for
Page 559:
www.agrifoodstandards.net: Small Sc
Page 562 and 563:
Box 7.1 Main Terms Used in This Mod
Page 564 and 565:
Table 7.1 Conventional Agricultural
Page 566 and 567:
obtained from past inputs used to a
Page 568 and 569:
546 THEMATIC NOTE 1 Assessing Innov
Page 570 and 571:
An example of assessing the theory
Page 572 and 573:
enchmarks and indicators have to be
Page 574 and 575:
■ Continue to strengthen the inte
Page 576 and 577:
Figure 7.1 Conceptual Diagram of a
Page 578 and 579:
in a dialogue about the role and pe
Page 580 and 581:
Box 7.6 displays sample questions f
Page 582 and 583:
Box 7.8 Using Staff Surveys in Asse
Page 584 and 585:
562 THEMATIC NOTE 3 Foresighting In
Page 586 and 587:
Box 7.10 Foresighting for Jamaica
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
once external funding and/or pressu
Page 592 and 593:
these networks can work effectively
Page 594 and 595:
Box 7.12 Outcome Mapping Outcome Ma
Page 596 and 597:
Page 598 and 599:
Box 7.13 Most Significant Change: A
Page 600 and 601:
monitoring as a specialist domain s
Page 602 and 603:
580 THEMATIC NOTE 5 Evaluating Agri
Page 604 and 605:
Box 7.16 Limitations of Traditional
Page 606 and 607:
Box 7.19 Theory-Based Impact Evalua
Page 608 and 609:
Page 610 and 611:
■ Acting on evaluation lessons. I
Page 612 and 613:
The participants used innovation sy
Page 614 and 615:
Existing sector frameworks are stil
Page 616 and 617:
HOW NET-MAP WORKS Net-Map can be us
Page 618 and 619:
Box 7.20 Net-Mapping a Poultry Inno
Page 620 and 621:
598 INNOVATIVE NOTE X.X ACTIVITY PR
Page 622 and 623:
Page 624 and 625:
and strengthen the abilities of wom
Page 626 and 627:
co-leader was invited, and experien
Page 628 and 629:
Box 7.24 Key Issues Raised by “Re
Page 630 and 631:
markets and trade, rural policies a
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
The project also recognized that th
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
yet started). The second element wa
Page 640 and 641:
Box 7.29 Rationale and Approach for
Page 642 and 643:
NOTES Thematic Note 1 1. See, for e
Page 644 and 645:
———. 2007. World Development
Page 646 and 647:
Salomon, M., and P. Engel. 1997.
Page 648 and 649:
Innovative Activity Profile 2 Aberm
Page 650 and 651:
White, H. 2009b. “Theory-based Im
Page 652 and 653:
and extensionists to harness knowle
Page 654 and 655:
Innovation-led growth. Growth based
Page 656 and 657:
Risk capital. Money explicitly avai
Page 658 and 659:
Michelle Friedman, World Bank Josef
Page 661 and 662:
I N D E X Boxes, figures, and table
Page 663 and 664:
extension and advisory services in,
Page 665 and 666:
matching grant schemes in, 385b no-
Page 667 and 668:
defined, 540b investment context, 5
Page 669 and 670:
Hambly Odame, Helen, 539, 546 Hartw
Page 671 and 672:
International Crops Research Instit
Page 673 and 674:
capacity building and, 580 competit
Page 675 and 676:
Peking University (China), 409b Pep
Page 677 and 678:
ural areas business development and
Page 679 and 680:
transparency competitive research f
Page 681 and 682:
ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
Page 684:
Research, education, and extension
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