Agonal Sequences in 14 Filmed Hangings With Comments - PHI ...
Agonal Sequences in 14 Filmed Hangings With Comments - PHI ...
Agonal Sequences in 14 Filmed Hangings With Comments - PHI ...
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE<br />
<strong>Agonal</strong> <strong>Sequences</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>14</strong> <strong>Filmed</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>With</strong> <strong>Comments</strong> on the<br />
Role of the Type of Suspension, Ischemic Habituation, and<br />
Ethanol Intoxication on the Tim<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>Agonal</strong> Responses<br />
Anny Sauvageau, MD, MSc,* Romano LaHarpe, MD,† David K<strong>in</strong>g, MD,‡ Graeme Dowl<strong>in</strong>g, MD,*<br />
Sam Andrews, MD,§ Sean Kelly, MD, Cor<strong>in</strong>ne Ambrosi, MD, Jean-Pierre Guay, PhD,<br />
and Vernon J. Geberth, MS, MPS for the Work<strong>in</strong>g Group on Human Asphyxia<br />
Abstract: The Work<strong>in</strong>g Group on Human Asphyxia has analyzed <strong>14</strong> filmed<br />
hang<strong>in</strong>gs: 9 autoerotic accidents, 4 suicides, and 1 homicide. The follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
sequence of agonal responses was observed: rapid loss of consciousness <strong>in</strong><br />
10 3 seconds, mild generalized convulsions <strong>in</strong> <strong>14</strong> 3 seconds, decerebrate<br />
rigidity <strong>in</strong> 19 5 seconds, beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of deep rhythmic abdom<strong>in</strong>al respiratory<br />
movements <strong>in</strong> 19 5 seconds, decorticate rigidity <strong>in</strong> 38 15 seconds,<br />
loss of muscle tone <strong>in</strong> 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 17 seconds 25 seconds, end of deep<br />
abdom<strong>in</strong>al respiratory movements <strong>in</strong> 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 51 seconds 30 seconds, and<br />
last muscle movement <strong>in</strong> 4 m<strong>in</strong>utes 12 seconds 2 m<strong>in</strong>utes 29 seconds. The<br />
type of suspension and ethanol <strong>in</strong>toxication does not seem to <strong>in</strong>fluence the<br />
tim<strong>in</strong>g of the agonal responses, whereas ischemic habituation <strong>in</strong> autoerotic<br />
practitioner might decelerate the late responses to hang<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Key Words: hang<strong>in</strong>g, asphyxia, video record<strong>in</strong>g, pathophysiology, human,<br />
ethanol<br />
(Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2010;XX: 000–000)<br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g is a form of asphyxia characterized by a constriction of the<br />
neck by a ligature tightened by the gravitational weight of the body<br />
or part of the body. 1 Death has traditionally been attributed to 3 possible<br />
mechanisms: closure of the blood vessels of the neck, compression of<br />
the air passages, and vagal stimulation by pressure on the baroreceptors<br />
<strong>in</strong> the carotid s<strong>in</strong>uses and the carotid body. 2–4 This explanation of the<br />
mechanism of death is largely based on old writ<strong>in</strong>gs and experimentation<br />
from the end of the 19th century and beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the 20th. 5 Apart<br />
from a few animal studies that gave very limited <strong>in</strong>formation on the<br />
pathophysiology of hang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> human, 6 there was slight new development<br />
on this issue until the recent studies on filmed hang<strong>in</strong>gs by the<br />
Work<strong>in</strong>g Group on Human Asphyxia. 7,8<br />
In a series of 8 filmed hang<strong>in</strong>g, it was demonstrated that all<br />
cases demonstrated deep rhythmic abdom<strong>in</strong>al respiratory movements.<br />
8 These respiratory movements were not only visualized but<br />
were also clearly audible. This fact strongly challenges the theory of<br />
the obstruction of the air passage as a mechanism of death <strong>in</strong><br />
hang<strong>in</strong>g. It could be argued, however, that hear<strong>in</strong>g breath sounds<br />
Manuscript received June 7, 2010; accepted June 22, 2010.<br />
From the *Office of the Chief Medical Exam<strong>in</strong>er, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,<br />
†Centre Universitaire Romand de Médec<strong>in</strong>e Légale—Site Genève, Unité de<br />
Médec<strong>in</strong>e Forensique, Geneva, Switzerland; ‡Regional Forensic Pathology<br />
Unit, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; §Office of the<br />
Chief Medical Exam<strong>in</strong>er, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Office of the Chief<br />
Medical Exam<strong>in</strong>er, Jamaica, NY; School of Crim<strong>in</strong>ology, Faculty of Arts and<br />
Sciences, University of Montréal and Montreal Philippe-P<strong>in</strong>el Institute, Montreal,<br />
Quebec, Canada; and **P.H.I. Investigative Consultant Inc, Garnerville,<br />
NY.<br />
Correspondence: Anny Sauvageau, MD, MSc, Office of the Chief Medical<br />
Exam<strong>in</strong>er, 7007, 116 St, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5R8, Canada. E-mail:<br />
anny.sauvageau@gmail.com.<br />
Copyright © 2010 by Lipp<strong>in</strong>cott Williams & Wilk<strong>in</strong>s<br />
ISSN: 0195-7910/10/0000-0001<br />
DOI: 10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181efba3a<br />
does not elim<strong>in</strong>ate the possibility of a partial airway obstruction.<br />
Although it is now clear that tracheal occlusion is not complete <strong>in</strong><br />
some hang<strong>in</strong>gs, it would be premature to totally exclude some<br />
implication of partial airways obstruction <strong>in</strong> the mechanism of death<br />
<strong>in</strong> all hang<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
Besides the presence of clear audible respiration <strong>in</strong> some<br />
cases, the study of filmed hang<strong>in</strong>gs has also documented the sequence<br />
of agonal responses <strong>in</strong> these deaths 8 : a rapid loss of consciousness<br />
after 8 to 18 seconds, closely followed by convulsions at<br />
10 to 19 seconds, then a complex pattern of decerebrate rigidity and<br />
decorticate rigidity, a loss of muscle tone after 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 38 seconds<br />
to 2 m<strong>in</strong>ute 15 seconds, and isolated body movements until the last<br />
movements between 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 2 seconds and 7 m<strong>in</strong>ute 31 seconds.<br />
The description of this agonal sequence constitutes a major advance<br />
<strong>in</strong> the understand<strong>in</strong>g of the pathophysiology of human hang<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Nevertheless, additional cases are needed before we can pretend to<br />
fully grasp the agonic sequence <strong>in</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>g deaths and appreciate its<br />
variability. This fact was recently emphasized by the report of an<br />
unusual case of hang<strong>in</strong>g without decerebrate or decorticate rigidity. 9<br />
In this film of a hang<strong>in</strong>g with complete suspension of the body, a<br />
52-year-old man stepped off a stool and the movement of the body<br />
stepp<strong>in</strong>g off the stool created a rotary movement around the ceil<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
r<strong>in</strong>g. Apart from the roll<strong>in</strong>g around the ceil<strong>in</strong>g’s r<strong>in</strong>g, the body<br />
stayed motionless for the duration of the movie, without any evidence<br />
of decerebrate or decorticate rigidity. A possible elucidation<br />
of this s<strong>in</strong>gularity was proposed: the particular revolv<strong>in</strong>g movement<br />
of the body around the ceil<strong>in</strong>g’s r<strong>in</strong>g created a vestibular stimulation<br />
that <strong>in</strong>terfered with the development of the decerebrate rigidity. 9<br />
Here we present 5 additional filmed hang<strong>in</strong>gs, rais<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
number of filmed hang<strong>in</strong>gs studied to <strong>14</strong>.<br />
MATERIALS AND METHODS<br />
For each video, we evaluated the time frame of the follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
body responses: loss of consciousness, convulsions, decorticate<br />
rigidity, decerebrate rigidity, loss of muscle tone, last muscle movement,<br />
and respiratory responses. All record<strong>in</strong>g were evaluated<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>tly by at least 2 judges, one of the judges hav<strong>in</strong>g seen all the<br />
videos.<br />
RESULTS<br />
The Work<strong>in</strong>g Group on Human Asphyxia has compiled and<br />
analyzed <strong>14</strong> filmed hang<strong>in</strong>gs: 9 autoerotic accidents, 4 suicides, and<br />
1 homicide. All victims were adults. Most were white males, with<br />
the exception of an Asiatic male (case 9) and a white female (case<br />
11). A brief description of each case and the observed agonal<br />
sequence are presented <strong>in</strong> Table 1. The time to the various responses<br />
is assessed consider<strong>in</strong>g time zero to represent the onset of the f<strong>in</strong>al<br />
hang<strong>in</strong>g. In case <strong>14</strong>, however, the victim tied the ligature very tightly<br />
2 seconds before the hang<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong> this case, the time estimates<br />
were done consider<strong>in</strong>g time 0 to be the tighten<strong>in</strong>g of the ligature.<br />
Am J Forensic Med Pathol Volume XX, Number X, XXX 2010 www.amjforensicmedic<strong>in</strong>e.com | 1
Sauvageau et al Am J Forensic Med Pathol Volume XX, Number X, XXX 2010<br />
TABLE 1. <strong>Agonal</strong> Responses <strong>in</strong> <strong>14</strong> <strong>Filmed</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Respiratory<br />
Movement Responses<br />
Responses (Very<br />
Deep Respiratory<br />
Decorticate Loss of Last Attempt)<br />
Loss of<br />
Decerebrate Decorticate Rigidity 2 Muscle Muscle<br />
No Circumstances Type of Suspension Toxicology Consciousness Convulsions Rigidity Rigidity 1 (and 3) Tone Movement Start End<br />
1 Suicide Incomplete; Feet on the No <strong>in</strong>toxication 13 s 15 s 19 s 21 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 11 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 38 s 4 m<strong>in</strong> 10 s 20 s 2 m<strong>in</strong> 00 s<br />
ground<br />
2 Autoerotic Incomplete; feet on the No <strong>in</strong>toxication Nd <strong>14</strong> s 19 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 08 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 32 s 2 m<strong>in</strong> 15 s 2 m<strong>in</strong> 47 s 21 s 2 m<strong>in</strong> 03 s<br />
ground<br />
3 Autoerotic Complete No <strong>in</strong>toxication 18 s 19 s 21 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 00 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 04 s 2 m<strong>in</strong> 04 s 3 m<strong>in</strong> 01 s 22 s 2 m<strong>in</strong> 04 s<br />
4* Suicide Incomplete; kneel<strong>in</strong>g on No <strong>in</strong>toxication Nd 18 s Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd 24 s Nd<br />
the ground<br />
5 Autoerotic Incomplete; almost<br />
Nd 10 s 13 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 19 s 59 s — 1 m<strong>in</strong> 52 s 7 m<strong>in</strong> 31 s 13 s 2 m<strong>in</strong> 05 s<br />
completely ly<strong>in</strong>g down<br />
<strong>in</strong> a prone position<br />
6 Autoerotic Incomplete; feet on the<br />
Nd 8 s 11 s 31 s 33 s — — 1 m<strong>in</strong> 02 s 19 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 02 s<br />
ground<br />
7 Autoerotic Incomplete, feet on the<br />
Nd 10 s 10 s 11 s 26 s 34 s Nd<br />
ground<br />
†<br />
Nd †<br />
13 s Nd †<br />
8 Autoerotic Incomplete; feet on the No <strong>in</strong>toxication 12 s <strong>14</strong> s 20 s 31 s — Nd<br />
ground<br />
†<br />
Nd †<br />
16 s Nd †<br />
9 ‡<br />
Suicide Complete Ethanol 10 mg/100 mL Nd Nd — — — — — Nd Nd<br />
<strong>in</strong> the femoral blood<br />
10 Autoerotic Seems <strong>in</strong>complete; feet No <strong>in</strong>toxication 8 s 12 s 20 s 24 s 39 s (and 1 2 m<strong>in</strong> 45 s 7 m<strong>in</strong> 35 s 16 s 2 m<strong>in</strong> 37 s<br />
probably on the<br />
m<strong>in</strong> 55 s)<br />
ground<br />
11 Suicide Incomplete; feet on the No <strong>in</strong>toxication 8 s 11 s Nd<br />
ground<br />
§<br />
43 s 57 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 25 s 3 m<strong>in</strong> 15 s 32 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 15 s<br />
12 <br />
Homicide <br />
Incomplete, feet on the Ethanol 156 mg/100 mL 9 s Nd 16 s Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd<br />
ground<br />
<strong>in</strong> the femoral<br />
blood**; THC 6.5 ng/<br />
mL <strong>in</strong> the femoral<br />
blood<br />
13 Autoerotic Complete Nd 10 s 15 s 22 s 39 s 50 s (and 1 m<strong>in</strong> 53 s Nd 17 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 43 s<br />
57 s)<br />
<strong>14</strong> Autoerotic Incomplete, feet on the<br />
Nd 8 s 11 s <strong>14</strong> s 35 s 45 s (and 1 m<strong>in</strong> 42 s Nd<br />
ground<br />
53 s)<br />
†<br />
Nd ††<br />
Nd ††<br />
*The film obta<strong>in</strong>ed from a surveillance camera was not of optimal quality and several responses are difficult to assess.<br />
† A few copies of films have been cut to early to allow evaluation of the late responses.<br />
‡ 9 There was no decerebrate or decorticate rigidities <strong>in</strong> this case (the case was published as a case report, ).<br />
§ At the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the hang<strong>in</strong>g, both arms are bent with the f<strong>in</strong>gers slide between the ligature and the neck. The decerebrate rigidity is not seen probably because of this restriction limb movement. Later, the right f<strong>in</strong>gers<br />
slip from the ligature and decorticate rigidity is seen.<br />
Several body responses are difficult to assess because the victim is <strong>in</strong> the shadow.<br />
An erotic asphyxia practitioner asked for the help of his spouse <strong>in</strong> his practice. He was hang<strong>in</strong>g himself and <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g her when to stop the process. On a filmed hang<strong>in</strong>g, she was seen to ignore his sign to stop the hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
2 | www.amjforensicmedic<strong>in</strong>e.com © 2010 Lipp<strong>in</strong>cott Williams & Wilk<strong>in</strong>s<br />
and let him die.<br />
**The victim is seen consum<strong>in</strong>g several beers at the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the film, before the hang<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
†† The respiratory attempt are seen but the tim<strong>in</strong>g was difficult to assess because of the angle of the camera.<br />
Nd <strong>in</strong>dicates no data; —, not observed.
Am J Forensic Med Pathol Volume XX, Number X, XXX 2010 <strong>Agonal</strong> <strong>Sequences</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>14</strong> <strong>Filmed</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Loss of consciousness was largely assessed by a close exam<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
of the victim’s face, voluntary movements, and body tonus.<br />
In 3 cases (cases 2, 4, and 9), loss of consciousness was not possible<br />
to evaluate: <strong>in</strong> case 2, the victim’s face was masked with underwear;<br />
<strong>in</strong> case 4, image quality from the surveillance camera was not<br />
optimal enough to estimate this issue adequately; <strong>in</strong> case 9, the onset<br />
of the loss of consciousness and of convulsions was not clearly<br />
identifiable. In all the other cases, a rapid loss of consciousness was<br />
observed <strong>in</strong> 8 to 18 seconds (average, 10 3 seconds). The loss of<br />
consciousness was closely followed by mild generalized, tonicclonic<br />
convulsions <strong>in</strong> 10 to 19 seconds (average, <strong>14</strong> 3 seconds).<br />
Decerebrate rigidity then followed. This postural attitude of<br />
marked extensor rigidity is characterized by a full extension of the<br />
upper and lower limbs, with extension of the hips and knees,<br />
adduction of the legs, <strong>in</strong>ternal rotation of the shoulders, extension of<br />
the elbows, hyperpronation of the distal parts of the upper limbs with<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ger extension at the metacarpophalangeal jo<strong>in</strong>ts, and flexion at the<br />
<strong>in</strong>terphalangeal jo<strong>in</strong>ts. This extensor postur<strong>in</strong>g was observed <strong>in</strong> 11<br />
seconds to 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 19 seconds (average, 25 19 seconds). If we<br />
exclude the only case <strong>in</strong> which decorticate rigidity preceded<br />
decerebrate rigidity (case 5), the postur<strong>in</strong>g occurred <strong>in</strong> an average of<br />
19 5 seconds.<br />
After the decerebrate rigidity, a decorticate rigidity occurred:<br />
this postural attitude is characterized by marked extensor rigidity of<br />
the legs, identical to the one observed <strong>in</strong> decerebrate rigidity, but<br />
comb<strong>in</strong>ed with rigidity of the flexors of the arms: the arms are flexed<br />
and bent on the chest, with the hands clenched <strong>in</strong>to fists. A first<br />
phase of decorticate rigidity was relatively sudden and quick. It was<br />
generally followed by a second and sometimes a third phases of<br />
decorticate rigidity, these subsequent ones develop<strong>in</strong>g more slowly<br />
and be<strong>in</strong>g more susta<strong>in</strong>ed. The first decorticate rigidity appeared <strong>in</strong><br />
21 seconds to 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 8 seconds (average, 40 16 seconds). If we<br />
exclude case 5, the postur<strong>in</strong>g first beg<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> an average of 38 15<br />
seconds.<br />
Between 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 38 seconds and 2 m<strong>in</strong>utes 45 seconds<br />
(average, 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 17 seconds 25 seconds), the body lost its<br />
muscle tone and became progressively flaccid. Subsequently, isolated<br />
body movements were observed from time to time, the last one<br />
occurr<strong>in</strong>g between 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 2 seconds and 7 m<strong>in</strong>utes 35 seconds<br />
(average, 4 m<strong>in</strong>utes 12 seconds 2 m<strong>in</strong>utes 29 seconds).<br />
As for the respiratory responses, deep rhythmic abdom<strong>in</strong>al<br />
respiratory movements were seen These respiratory movements,<br />
with rhythmic rock<strong>in</strong>g of the body by the contraction of the diaphragm,<br />
started between 13 and 32 seconds (average, 19 5<br />
seconds) and stopped between 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 2 seconds and 2 m<strong>in</strong>utes 37<br />
seconds (average, 1 m<strong>in</strong>ute 51 seconds 30 seconds). It is worth<br />
emphasiz<strong>in</strong>g that these respiratory movements were not only seen<br />
but also heard when sound was available, confirm<strong>in</strong>g the passage of<br />
air <strong>in</strong> the airways despite the hang<strong>in</strong>g process.<br />
DISCUSSION<br />
Despite the great diversity of hang<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> this study,<br />
the similarity between most cases is strik<strong>in</strong>g. The agonic sequence<br />
observed <strong>in</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>g is summarized <strong>in</strong> Table 2. This study provides<br />
a comprehensive portrait of the pathophysiology of human hang<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
The Role of the Type of Suspension on the Tim<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of <strong>Agonal</strong> Responses<br />
A comparison of time delay for agonal responses <strong>in</strong> complete<br />
suspension (cases 3 and 13) and <strong>in</strong>complete suspension (cases 1–2,<br />
4–8, 10–12, <strong>14</strong>) do not reveal impressive differences. However, the<br />
small number of cases <strong>in</strong> the complete suspension group precludes<br />
statistical analyses. These prelim<strong>in</strong>ary results suggest that the type of<br />
suspension may not be an important factor <strong>in</strong> the tim<strong>in</strong>g of agonal<br />
TABLE 2. <strong>Agonal</strong> Sequence <strong>in</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Loss of consciousness<br />
Average Time<br />
10 3s<br />
Convulsions <strong>14</strong> 3s<br />
Decerebrate rigidity 19 5s<br />
Stat of deep rhythmic abdom<strong>in</strong>al respiratory<br />
movements<br />
19 5s<br />
Decorticate rigidity 38 15 s<br />
Loss of muscle tone 1 m<strong>in</strong> 17 s 25 s<br />
End of deep rhythmic abdom<strong>in</strong>al respiratory<br />
movements<br />
1 m<strong>in</strong> 51 s 30 s<br />
Last muscle movement 4 m<strong>in</strong> 12 s 2 m<strong>in</strong> 29 s<br />
TABLE 3. Tim<strong>in</strong>g of the <strong>Agonal</strong> Responses: Comparison of<br />
Autoerotic Hang<strong>in</strong>gs Versus Nonautoerotic Hang<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Autoerotic Hang<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Nonautoerotic<br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Loss of consciousness 11 3s 103s Convulsions 13 3s 154s Decerebrate rigidity 20 6s 182s Stat of deep rhythmic<br />
abdom<strong>in</strong>al respiratory<br />
movements<br />
17 3s* 256s* Decorticate rigidity 40 16 s 32 16 s<br />
Loss of muscle tone 2 m<strong>in</strong> 5 s 23 s* 1 m<strong>in</strong> 31 s 9s*<br />
End of deep rhythmic<br />
abdom<strong>in</strong>al respiratory<br />
movements<br />
1 m<strong>in</strong> 56 s 31 s 1 m<strong>in</strong> 38 s 32 s<br />
Last muscle movement 4 m<strong>in</strong> 23 s 2 m<strong>in</strong> 59 s 3 m<strong>in</strong> 42 s 39 s<br />
*Comparisons between both groups us<strong>in</strong>g Mann-Whitney U were significant at P <br />
0.05.<br />
responses and therefore <strong>in</strong> the time to irreversible damage and death.<br />
Further cases are needed to assess the validity of this observation.<br />
In the present study, most cases of <strong>in</strong>complete hang<strong>in</strong>gs were <strong>in</strong><br />
an upright position with feet on the ground, with only 1 case of<br />
<strong>in</strong>complete hang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a kneel<strong>in</strong>g position (case 4) and one case of<br />
<strong>in</strong>complete hang<strong>in</strong>g ly<strong>in</strong>g down (case 5). By compar<strong>in</strong>g the tim<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of responses <strong>in</strong> these cases, there is no evidence that the position of the<br />
<strong>in</strong>complete suspension <strong>in</strong>terferes with the time delay. Further cases<br />
are needed to assess the validity of this prelim<strong>in</strong>ary statement. It<br />
should be po<strong>in</strong>ted out, however that the only case with an <strong>in</strong>version<br />
of the sequence of decerebrate and decorticate rigidity is the case <strong>in</strong><br />
a ly<strong>in</strong>g down position (case 5). It is unknown at this time if this<br />
position plays a role <strong>in</strong> this <strong>in</strong>version of the sequence.<br />
The Role of Ischemic Habituation on the Tim<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
<strong>Agonal</strong> Responses<br />
Consider<strong>in</strong>g that autoerotic practitioners might develop over<br />
time a certa<strong>in</strong> ischemic habituation, it is theoretically possible that these<br />
cases present a deceleration of the sequence. In contrast, as they often<br />
play for a longer period with the hang<strong>in</strong>g process before the f<strong>in</strong>al<br />
hang<strong>in</strong>g, it could be argue that on the contrary, their hang<strong>in</strong>g sequence<br />
will be accelerated. A comparison of the tim<strong>in</strong>g of agonal responses <strong>in</strong><br />
autoerotic hang<strong>in</strong>gs versus nonautoerotic hang<strong>in</strong>gs is presented <strong>in</strong> Table<br />
3. Overall, the time delays for the early responses to hang<strong>in</strong>g seem to be<br />
relatively similar between both groups, with the exception of an accelerated<br />
start of deep abdom<strong>in</strong>al respiratory movements <strong>in</strong> the autoerotic<br />
practitioners. As for the late responses to hang<strong>in</strong>g, they seem to be<br />
© 2010 Lipp<strong>in</strong>cott Williams & Wilk<strong>in</strong>s www.amjforensicmedic<strong>in</strong>e.com | 3
Sauvageau et al Am J Forensic Med Pathol Volume XX, Number X, XXX 2010<br />
decelerated <strong>in</strong> autoerotic practitioners. Statistical analysis confirmed a<br />
significant difference between both groups for 2 variables: the start of<br />
the deep abdom<strong>in</strong>al respiratory abdom<strong>in</strong>al movement occurred significantly<br />
faster <strong>in</strong> autoerotic practitioner whereas the loss of muscle tone<br />
was significantly delayed. Further research is needed to determ<strong>in</strong>e<br />
whether and under which circumstances ischemic habituation plays a<br />
role on the agonal sequences.<br />
The Role of Ethanol Intoxication on the Tim<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
<strong>Agonal</strong> Responses<br />
An expert-witness recently stated that a victim <strong>in</strong>toxicated by<br />
ethanol will die more quickly from strangulation than a sober victim,<br />
alleg<strong>in</strong>g that ethanol is a respiratory depressant. We could not f<strong>in</strong>d<br />
any animal or human studies to support or refute this theory. In the<br />
present study, 1 victim was <strong>in</strong>toxicated with ethanol (case 12). This<br />
<strong>in</strong>toxication state does not seem to have accelerated the tim<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
agonal responses. It would be <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g to further evaluate the<br />
effect of ethanol on the tim<strong>in</strong>g of agonal responses to hang<strong>in</strong>g on the<br />
animal model of hang<strong>in</strong>g previously proposed by Boghossian et al. 6<br />
REFERENCES<br />
1. Sauvageau A, Boghossian E. Classification of asphyxia: the need for standardization.<br />
J Forensic Sci. In press.<br />
2. DiMaio VJ, DiMaio D. Asphyxia Forensic Pathology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL:<br />
CRC Press; 2001:229–277.<br />
3. Spitz WU. Asphyxia. In: Spitz WU, Spitz DJ, eds. Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal<br />
Investigation of Death: Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for the Application of Pathology to<br />
Crime Investigation. 4th ed. Spr<strong>in</strong>gfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher LTD;<br />
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6. Boghossian E, Clement R, Sauvageau A. Respiratory, circulatory and neurological<br />
responses to asphyxia by hang<strong>in</strong>g: a review of animal models.<br />
J Forensic Sci. In press.<br />
7. Sauvageau A. <strong>Agonal</strong> sequences <strong>in</strong> four filmed hang<strong>in</strong>gs: analysis of respiratory<br />
and movement responses to asphyxia by hang<strong>in</strong>g. J Forensic Sci. 2009;<br />
54:192–194.<br />
8. Sauvageau A, LaHarpe R, Geberth VJ; The Work<strong>in</strong>g Group on Human<br />
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and movement responses to asphyxia by hang<strong>in</strong>g. J Forensic Sci. In<br />
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9. Sauvageau A, Kelly S, Ambrosi C. A filmed hang<strong>in</strong>g without decerebrate and<br />
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