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CONTENTS<br />
Abbreviations ....................... 2<br />
Organization ....................... 3<br />
Research and Development<br />
Solar Energy ........................................................................................................ 4<br />
Bio-Conversion ................................................................................................... 6<br />
Page<br />
Thermo-Chemical Conversion ........................................................................... 16<br />
Regional Test Centre ...................... 22<br />
Training and Awareness Creation ...................... 23<br />
Demonstrations and Technology Evaluation ...................... 25<br />
Consultancy ...................... 31<br />
Transfer of Technology ...................... 31<br />
Human Resource Development ...................... 32<br />
Important Visitors ...................... 32<br />
Participation in Important Meetings / Seminars / Conferences ...................... 33<br />
Publications ...................... 36<br />
Research Projects Undertaken ...................... 37<br />
SPRERI Team ...................... 39<br />
Audited Balance Sheet ...................... 40<br />
Board of Management Inside back cover<br />
SPRERI Technologies Back cover<br />
1
2<br />
ABBREVIATIONS<br />
2DG - 2 Deoxy-D-Glucose<br />
AC/DC - Alternating current/direct current<br />
Al - Aluminium<br />
AICRP - All India Coordinated Research Project<br />
BIS - Bureau of Indian standards<br />
C & C - Cooling and cleaning<br />
C / N - Carbon–nitrogen ratio<br />
CFL - Compact fluorescent lamp<br />
CIAE - Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering<br />
CO/CO2 - Carbon monoxide / carbon dioxide<br />
COD - Chemical oxygen demand<br />
CR/CRs - Crop residue/crop residues<br />
CV - Calorific value<br />
DBT - Department of Biotechnology<br />
DST - Department of Science and Technology<br />
ETC - Evacuated tube collectors<br />
ETP - Effluent treatment plant<br />
FP - Filter paper<br />
FVU - Fruit and vegetable unit<br />
GEDA - Gujarat Energy Development Agency<br />
GoI - Government of India<br />
HE - Heat exchanger<br />
HPLC - High performance liquid chromatography<br />
ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research<br />
IDBG - Inverted downdraft biomass gasification<br />
kWp - kilo watt peak<br />
LED - Light emitting diode<br />
LPD - Litres per day<br />
LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas<br />
MNRE - Ministry of New and Renewable Energy<br />
NABL - National Accreditation Board of Testing and Calibration Laboratories<br />
NAIP - National Agricultural Innovation Project<br />
OD - Outer diameter<br />
OLR - Organic loading rate<br />
PP - Polypropylene<br />
PVC - Polyvinyl chloride<br />
R & D - Research and development<br />
RE - Renewable energy<br />
RES - Renewable sources of energy for agricultural and agro based industries<br />
rpm - Revolutions per minute<br />
RRECL - Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited<br />
RT / HRT - Retention time / hydraulic retention time<br />
SBC - Solar box type cooker<br />
SPM - Suspended particulate matter<br />
SPRERI - Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute<br />
SPV / PV - Solar photovoltaic/photovoltaic<br />
TDS - Total dissolved solids<br />
TERI - The Energy and Resource Institute<br />
TIDE - Technology Information Design Endeavour<br />
TNAU - Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
TS / TSC - Total solids / total solids concentration<br />
TSS - Total suspended solids<br />
UV - Ultraviolet<br />
VS - Volatile solids
Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research<br />
Institute (SPRERI) was established in 1979<br />
at Vallabh Vidyanagar (Gujarat). It is an<br />
autonomous and non-profit organization<br />
managed by a Board <strong>com</strong>prising of leading<br />
technologists, scientists, industrialists<br />
and representatives of Central and State<br />
Governments. Its mission is to develop<br />
viable renewable energy technologies and<br />
to promote their applications. SPRERI has<br />
developed many RE devices and systems<br />
which are now manufactured by selected<br />
industries and supplied to the end users. The<br />
major part of SPRERI’s operating funds is<br />
received through projects sponsored by<br />
central and state government organizations<br />
and non-government organizations in<br />
the Country. Solar thermal and solar<br />
photovoltaics; bio-conversion of biomass<br />
and thermo-chemical conversion of biomass<br />
are the three major fields of specialization<br />
in SPRERI. Besides, promotion of RE<br />
technologies is pursued through field<br />
evaluation and demonstrations, training and<br />
entrepreneurship development, awareness<br />
programmes and integrated development of<br />
selected tribal villages. English, Gujarati<br />
and Hindi are the official languages. The<br />
objectives of SPRERI are:<br />
To function as a centre of excellence in<br />
design and development of RE devices<br />
and systems.<br />
To promote wide-spread use of RE<br />
systems for decentralized and grid<br />
connected energy and power generation<br />
and for environmental protection.<br />
To design and develop RE systems<br />
with a view to bring out marketable<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
products, in the shortest possible time,<br />
which meet customers requirements<br />
in terms of quality, price, operational<br />
ease, maintainability, etc.<br />
To provide <strong>com</strong>prehensive and costeffective<br />
RE solutions through projects<br />
and consultancy services.<br />
To provide specialized training in RE<br />
technologies to engineers and scientists<br />
and guidance and facilities to research<br />
students.<br />
To provide extension support to RE<br />
programmes.<br />
To organize seminars, conferences and<br />
business meets on different aspects of<br />
RE programmes and technologies.<br />
To closely interact with other R&D<br />
organizations, Institutes of Technology,<br />
industrial organizations, etc. – both<br />
national and international in the field<br />
of renewable energy.<br />
3
Solar Energy<br />
Solar refrigerator with ice bank<br />
4<br />
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT<br />
The refrigerator body, capable of storing<br />
10 kg ice in annular space around the<br />
evaporator <strong>com</strong>partment was fabricated<br />
and tested under no-load condition.<br />
However, the ice <strong>com</strong>partment was<br />
found to have ac<strong>com</strong>modated 26 l water<br />
when filled to capacity. The temperature<br />
of the water dropped <strong>from</strong> initial 31.1°C<br />
to final –5.2°C in 64 h of <strong>com</strong>pressor<br />
operation. The ambient temperature<br />
during the period varied <strong>from</strong> 23.2 to 38.7<br />
°C. Besides, another refrigerator of 80 l<br />
capacity was modified to use one of its<br />
two storage <strong>com</strong>partments as ice chamber<br />
by providing evaporation coil, which was<br />
kept submerged in 10 l water filled in the<br />
chamber. The water was converted into<br />
ice in 40 h of the <strong>com</strong>pressor operation.<br />
Thereafter, the <strong>com</strong>pressor operation<br />
was switched off and temperature upto<br />
5°C was maintained in the refrigerator<br />
for three successive days.<br />
It was found that a special electronic<br />
controller, which works in a voltage<br />
range of 10 to 45 V DC and is equipped<br />
with soft start function to significantly<br />
reduce the starting current, is available.<br />
The controller will be able to operate the<br />
Danfoss BD <strong>com</strong>pressor (fitted with our<br />
refrigerator) without requiring storage<br />
battery(s). The controller was procured<br />
and fitted with the modified refrigerator.<br />
The refrigerator was tested with direct<br />
PV panels of 150 Wp capacity without<br />
storage battery(s). During 9:00 a.m. to<br />
5:00 p.m., the <strong>com</strong>pressor run time was<br />
found varying between 2 to 3 hours only.<br />
The temperature of the water dropped<br />
to 0°C, but there was no ice formation.<br />
The matter was taken up with M/s<br />
Danfoss, Germany and they provided<br />
a new controller unit. The refrigerator<br />
fitted with the new controller unit was<br />
tested with direct PV panels of 180<br />
Wp capacity. Besides, the refrigerator<br />
was equipped with an aluminium tray<br />
containing the evaporator coil, which<br />
was submerged in 4 l water filled in the<br />
tray. Temperatures of the water and the<br />
storage space and ambient temperatures<br />
were measured at every 15 min interval.<br />
The <strong>com</strong>pressor operation started around<br />
9:30 a.m. and continued uninterrupted upto<br />
4:15 p.m. Around 3.25 kg of ice was found<br />
formed in the tray by 4:15 p.m. Overnight<br />
(upto 9:00 a.m. next morning), around 2.20<br />
kg of ice melted and temperature inside the<br />
storage <strong>com</strong>partment varied between 5 °C<br />
to 8 °C. The next day by 4:15 p.m., all the<br />
4 kg of water in the Al tray was converted<br />
into ice. Further testing of the refrigerator<br />
without battery is under progress.<br />
Solar PV panel<br />
180 Wp<br />
Electronic controller<br />
10 and 45 V DC<br />
Circuit diagram to connect the PV module<br />
to Electronic controller
T- type thermocouple<br />
Ice container with<br />
the evaporator coil<br />
Top opening refrigerator having ice<br />
container<br />
Dual axis sun tracker<br />
Performance evaluation of the imported<br />
dual axis sun tracker equipped with<br />
2.7 kWp SPV panels was continued to<br />
cover both Winter and Summer season.<br />
Systematic scrutiny of the work carried<br />
out last year revealed an experimental<br />
error in the measurement of power<br />
output <strong>from</strong> SPV panels. The same was<br />
rectified. Average results have been<br />
summarized in following table. The<br />
Month<br />
undertaken to study effect of dust<br />
deposition over the PV panels on<br />
energy generation. Dust deposited over<br />
sampling petty discs, each of 3.06 cm 2<br />
area, for known time duration is being<br />
collected <strong>from</strong> four corners of the panel.<br />
Average dust intensity was found varying<br />
between 0.17–0.25 g/m 2 /d. Testing of the<br />
tracker is being carried out by installing<br />
a new solar charge controller along<br />
with automatic data logging software to<br />
measure the power output as function of<br />
time duration. The average temperatures<br />
of the solar panel surface that received<br />
sun light and the surface underneath<br />
and average wind speed for March 2012<br />
were 54.57 °C, 53.08 °C and 11.32<br />
m/s, respectively. Experiment is under<br />
progress.<br />
Testing of natural turbine roof<br />
ventilator<br />
Energy output per day, (kWh) Increase due to<br />
Tracking mode Fixed mode tracking, %<br />
“The Technotech – 21” natural turbine<br />
powerless roof ventilation system, a<br />
device meant to maintain air circulation<br />
Duration of full<br />
exposures of the PV<br />
panels, h<br />
April 13.46 11.10 21.25 8.0<br />
May 16.27 11.64 28.45 10.0<br />
November 9.10 7.70 18.18 4.0<br />
December 8.70 7.30 19.17 4.0<br />
increase in power due to tracking was<br />
<strong>com</strong>puted as 28.5%, which is as per the<br />
expectation.<br />
Effect of dust deposition on<br />
performance of PV panels<br />
A systematic investigation has been<br />
inside the building with the help of natural<br />
breeze, received <strong>from</strong> an industry, was<br />
tested to estimate its air displacement<br />
capacity for wind velocities ranging<br />
<strong>from</strong> 4 km/h to 22 km/h. Its exhaust<br />
capacity was found varying <strong>from</strong> 250 to<br />
1100 m 3 /h. The testing was <strong>com</strong>pleted<br />
5
and the test report has been provided to<br />
the concerned party.<br />
Testing of solar concentrating cooker<br />
Domestic concentrating type solar<br />
cooker received <strong>from</strong> M/s Taylormade<br />
Solar Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad<br />
was tested as per the MNRE test<br />
Concentrating type solar cooker tested at<br />
SPRERI<br />
procedure. The stagnation temperature<br />
at bottom of the hot plate, which<br />
had been placed at focal point of the<br />
concentrator, reached upto 295 °C.<br />
Average heat loss coefficient and<br />
average optical efficiency were worked<br />
out as 11.17 W/m² °C and 44.1%,<br />
respectively. However, it was felt<br />
that the vessel holding and locking<br />
mechanism of the cooker requires<br />
improvement.<br />
6<br />
Month<br />
Waste<br />
input<br />
(t/d)<br />
Leachate<br />
extracted<br />
(l/d)<br />
Bio-Conversion<br />
Performance monitoring of 10 t/d<br />
biphasic system at FVU-Mother Dairy,<br />
New Delhi<br />
A biomethanation system was designed<br />
and installed at Fruit and Vegetable<br />
Unit of Mother Dairy at New Delhi<br />
for treatment of the waste fruits and<br />
vegetables. During the year, the system<br />
was <strong>com</strong>missioned and initially 2 t of<br />
waste was fed everyday. The leachate<br />
was mixed with treated ETP water in<br />
the ratio of 1:8 and fed into the methane<br />
reactor. Gradually, the feeding was<br />
increased to 3 t/d. The mixture was<br />
concentrated by maintaining the ratio<br />
of leachate to water as 1:4. Accordingly,<br />
the biogas production increased and an<br />
average 85-90 cum gas was recorded<br />
per day. Average performance data<br />
of the anaerobic reactor are given in<br />
the following table. The FVU is in<br />
the process of putting-up the system<br />
required for use of the biogas in their<br />
canteen as replacement of LPG. The<br />
solid residues after extraction of the<br />
leachate could be briquetted and used<br />
as fuel in their boiler.<br />
Influent Effluent COD<br />
pH<br />
COD<br />
(mg/l)<br />
pH<br />
reduction<br />
(%)<br />
COD<br />
(mg/l)<br />
Biogas<br />
yield,<br />
(m 3 /d)<br />
August 2.8 1842 * 5.71 3808 7.10 943 70 48<br />
September 2.8 11286 5.09 8502 7.38 645 89 69<br />
October 2.2 8652 4.99 7579 7.54 959 87 73<br />
November 2.0 7858 5.00 5833 7.60 1109 80 42<br />
December 1.6 7358 5.00 5670 8.00 931 83 35<br />
* undiluted leachate
Development of high capacity digestedslurry<br />
dewatering machine<br />
Based on the experience of the<br />
preliminary trials conducted during<br />
last year on the screw press, a couple<br />
of changes were incorporated in the<br />
machine and second set of test run was<br />
performed. As mentioned earlier, a part<br />
of the screw length was kept without<br />
pitch in order to develop more pressure<br />
at the discharge end. This was essential<br />
to maintain the plug in-tact at the end<br />
of a day’s operation, thus eliminating<br />
Description of the setting<br />
Bar screen, back pressure<br />
fitting tightly<br />
Perforated screen, part of the<br />
screw without flight, back<br />
pressure fitting tightly<br />
Perforated screen, part of the<br />
screw without flight, reduced<br />
screw-screen distance, back<br />
pressure fitting tightly<br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
Blind screw press at end and perforated screen<br />
Initial<br />
slurry<br />
Total solids, % Observations<br />
Solid<br />
fraction<br />
Liquid<br />
fraction<br />
2.88 33.09 2.87<br />
High TS in solid<br />
fraction<br />
5.89 32.11 4.17 TS of liquid fraction increased<br />
3.22 44.02 2.88<br />
3.01 42.51 2.77<br />
5.46 36.94 3.86<br />
the requirement for the plug formation<br />
during the next cycle. Accordingly,<br />
following two modifications were made:<br />
i) Part of the screw at discharge end was<br />
kept blind (Fig. a) and<br />
ii) Perforated screen was used in place<br />
of bar screen (Fig. b).<br />
After incorporation of the changes, TSC<br />
of the dewatered solids was found 44%<br />
but throughput of the machine reduced<br />
to 0.5 t/h. It was observed that during<br />
forward motion of the screw, cattle<br />
Complete choking of<br />
screen, hence no<br />
filtration<br />
Continuous filtering,<br />
screen found clean after<br />
<strong>com</strong>pletion of the trials<br />
Higher TS of inlet slurry,<br />
the TS in all fractions found<br />
satisfactory<br />
7
dung slurry kept escaping towards the<br />
feeding end through the gap between<br />
the screw and the screen. This decreased<br />
the performance and the throughput<br />
of the machine. The gap between the<br />
screw and the screen was reduced by<br />
fixing a rubber gasket all along the<br />
screw profile and test run was taken.<br />
Incorporation of this modification<br />
resulted in production of dewatered<br />
solids with 42% TSC (initial slurry TSC<br />
of 3%) and the throughput increased to<br />
0.8 t/h. Each modification resulted in<br />
change the overall performance of the<br />
machine. Effect of each modification in<br />
the machine on performance has been<br />
summarised in the following table.<br />
8<br />
Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 6<br />
Description<br />
of the media<br />
Effective<br />
volume (l)<br />
Size (mm)<br />
Bulk density<br />
(kg/m3 )<br />
Surfacevolume<br />
ratio<br />
Void space<br />
(%)<br />
Poly<br />
propylene<br />
bio tower<br />
packing<br />
PVC<br />
structured<br />
Poly<br />
propylene<br />
saddles<br />
Ceramic<br />
saddles<br />
Poly<br />
propylene<br />
bioring<br />
Brickbats<br />
3230 3460 2135 1990 2945 2725<br />
diameter<br />
184,<br />
height 50<br />
modules of<br />
1200 x 600<br />
x 600<br />
Study on use of different packing<br />
media in SPRERI anaerobic filter<br />
system<br />
Some critical characteristics of the media<br />
used are given in following table.<br />
Two brick masonry anaerobic filter<br />
reactors had been constructed and<br />
<strong>com</strong>missioned using one packing<br />
media each. After <strong>com</strong>pleting one<br />
set of experiments, the reactors were<br />
re<strong>com</strong>missioned with the other two filter<br />
media. All the packing media showed<br />
very good buffering capacities. The pH<br />
of the influent was acidic owing to the<br />
inherent characteristic of cheese whey,<br />
but the outlet pH was near neutral in<br />
each case. No operational problems were<br />
25 25 25 x 25 30-40<br />
30 50 100 660 90 850<br />
100 105 210 255 210 NA<br />
NA > 97 90 73 89 55<br />
Throughout the experiments, the power<br />
consumption of the machine was found<br />
within 5 kW including high starting<br />
torque.<br />
encountered with any of the synthetic<br />
media. Both types of saddles gave very<br />
good performance as far as COD removal<br />
efficiency and biogas yield were concerned.
Media<br />
Effluent<br />
per day<br />
(l)<br />
OLR<br />
(kg/<br />
m 3 /d)<br />
Avg. COD<br />
(mg/l) COD<br />
removed<br />
In Out (%)<br />
Avg.<br />
per day<br />
Biogas production<br />
m 3 /kg<br />
COD<br />
fed<br />
m 3 /kg<br />
COD<br />
removed<br />
Bio<br />
tower<br />
646 1.00 5010 1403 71.98 0.95 0.29 0.41<br />
Structured 692 1.00 5002 1363 72.74 1.24 0.36 0.49<br />
PP saddles 427 1.67 8374 1121 86.61 1.93 0.54 0.62<br />
Ceramic saddles 398 1.67 8373 1054 87.41 1.74 0.52 0.60<br />
PVC<br />
bio rings<br />
590 2.57 12833 2833 77.92 4.61 0.61 0.78<br />
Brickbats 545 2.57 12833 5100 60.26 3.05 0.44 0.72<br />
Packing<br />
media<br />
Density<br />
(kg/m 3 )<br />
Cost<br />
(Rs/m 3 )<br />
COD<br />
removal<br />
(%)<br />
However, among the two, PP saddles were<br />
found slightly better. Financial appraisal<br />
for various options was worked out.<br />
Keeping the performance as well as the<br />
cost in view, structured media seems<br />
to be a better option. A summary of<br />
performance of all the six packing media<br />
Biogas yield<br />
(m3 /kg<br />
COD<br />
removed)<br />
Cost of treatment<br />
Rs/kg<br />
COD<br />
removed<br />
Rs/m 3<br />
biogas yield<br />
Bio tower 30 4500 77.92 0.33 857 8675<br />
Structured 50 3500 78.62 0.42 945 8100<br />
Ceramic<br />
660 15000 87.41 0.60 3275 15963<br />
saddles<br />
PP Saddles 100 16000 86.61 0.62 3286 16416<br />
Bio ring 90 12600 77.92 0.78 1358 10274<br />
Brickbats 850 3900 60.26 0.72 590 3445<br />
Location of the system Biogas plant<br />
capacity<br />
(m3 /d)<br />
Gau Sewa Sangh,<br />
Durgapura, Jaipur<br />
P.P.Madhav Govigyan<br />
Anusandhan Sansthaan,<br />
Bhilwara<br />
Gau Samvardhan and<br />
Gopalan Trust, Bakrol,<br />
Vadodara<br />
evaluated for 5 day retention time and<br />
their cost economics is given below :<br />
Techno-economic analysis of field<br />
scale, water scrubbing based biogasbottling<br />
plants<br />
A questionnaire was prepared to collect<br />
technical and financial data for a few<br />
Capacity<br />
utilization<br />
(%)<br />
Application<br />
of upgraded<br />
gas<br />
Methane content<br />
of the gas (%)<br />
raw cleaned<br />
170 15 Auto-rickshaw 61 75<br />
110 60 Auto-rickshaw 60 81<br />
420 100 Kitchen 63 93<br />
9
selected water scrubbing based biogas<br />
bottling systems set-up in the country. Four<br />
locations were identified where such<br />
systems were reported to be in operation<br />
– one each installed at Jaipur, Bhilwara,<br />
Vadodara and Ghaziabad. All the water<br />
scrubbing based biogas bottling plants<br />
were visited and data on operation of the<br />
systems were collected and are shown in<br />
the table below. Samples of raw biogas<br />
and cleaned biogas were also collected<br />
and analyzed at the Institute. Information<br />
for total energy consumption in operating<br />
the system was also collected. The system<br />
installed at Shri Krishna Gaushala,<br />
Ghaziabad was, however, reported to be<br />
non-operational for the last few months.<br />
Developing an integrated process<br />
technology for conversion of crop<br />
residues into ethanol and methane for<br />
use as transport fuel<br />
Work was carried out on pre-treatment<br />
of CR, isolation and optimization of<br />
cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic fungi,<br />
fungal strain improvement for maximum<br />
enzyme production, fermentation studies<br />
using hexose and pentose utilizing yeast<br />
strains and conversion of the solids left<br />
behind after hydrolysis into methane rich<br />
biogas and manure.<br />
For pre-treatment, various parameters<br />
like physical (size optimization), alkali<br />
and acid were optimized keeping in<br />
mind the efficiency of the method in<br />
terms of recovery of the material after<br />
treatment and sugars released. Cellulases<br />
concentrated by Ultra-filtration/<br />
Rota evaporation are being used for<br />
10<br />
optimization of saccharification at higher<br />
solid loads (upto 25%). Routinely<br />
concentrated sugar syrups in the range<br />
of 150-200 mg/ml were obtained using<br />
25% (0.5 % NaOH treated rice straw)<br />
substrate. The sugar syrup obtained<br />
as a result of saccharification was a<br />
mixture of both pentose and hexose<br />
sugars, thus making their fermentation<br />
a challenging task. The hydrolysate<br />
was sterilized by autoclaving and was<br />
inoculated with 10% v/v seed culture of<br />
S.cerevisiae 3570 for 12 h. Incubation<br />
was carried out in a stoppered flask at<br />
28±2 o C without agitation. Samples<br />
(1 ml) were withdrawn at regular<br />
intervals and centrifuged for 10 min at<br />
4 o C and 15,000 rpm. The supernatant<br />
was filtered using 0.45 µ filters and<br />
analyzed using high performance liquid<br />
chromatography (Shimadzu Kyoto,<br />
Japan) for carbohydrates and ethanol.<br />
Fermentation of cellulosic hydrolysate<br />
(100 g/l) using S.cerevisae gave<br />
maximum ethanol (22.04 g/l) after 36 h.<br />
Work is being carried out on feasibility of<br />
using pentose fermenting yeast to utilize<br />
the xylose fraction of the hydrolysate.<br />
Fermentation trials were also conducted<br />
using both acid and enzymatic<br />
hydrolysates of rice straw using P.<br />
stipits, C. shehatae and S.cerevisiae,<br />
separately. The hemicellulosic<br />
hydrolysate containing 14.65 g/l sugars<br />
was fermented with P. stipitis and C.<br />
shehatae and the ethanol produced were<br />
5.0 g/l and 4.2 g/l after 36 h, respectively.<br />
The cellulosic hydrolysate was fermented
with S.cerevisae and a maximum ethanol<br />
yield of 27.09 g/l was obtained after 36 h.<br />
Biomethanation studies on liquid waste<br />
generated during pretreatment process<br />
To harness full potential of the CR, it<br />
was decided to study biomethanation<br />
Schematic and photograph of the anaerobic reactors<br />
Parameter Reactor A Reactor B<br />
Type of media polypropylene saddles ceramic saddles<br />
Total volume of reactor (l) 27.1 25.9<br />
Effective volume of reactor (l) 26.5 24.1<br />
Voidage (%) 93 71<br />
Surface volume ratio 210 255<br />
potential of the solid and liquid wastes generated during the process of ethanol<br />
production. Two laboratory scale hybrid anaerobic reactors, each <strong>com</strong>bination of<br />
Parameters Values<br />
Initial pH 7.2<br />
COD (mg/l) 5276<br />
Total solids (%) 1.46<br />
Total volatile solids (%) 40<br />
Total dissolved solids (%) 0.9<br />
Total suspended solids (%) 0.7<br />
Phenols (mg/l) 790<br />
Packing<br />
media<br />
PP<br />
saddles<br />
Ceramic<br />
saddles<br />
up flow anaerobic sludge blanket and<br />
stationary fixed film reactor, were<br />
fabricated and <strong>com</strong>missioned to study<br />
biomethanation potential of the effluent<br />
produced during delignification of<br />
the substrate. Schematic diagram and<br />
pictorial view of these reactors with<br />
necessary pipe & fittings, pump and gas<br />
flow meters are given below:<br />
The effluent generated in NaOH<br />
pretreatment process was analyzed<br />
for various physical and chemical<br />
parameters and these values are given in<br />
the following table:<br />
HRT<br />
(d)<br />
Effluent<br />
fed<br />
( l/d)<br />
Avg. COD<br />
(mg/l)<br />
In Out<br />
COD<br />
removed<br />
(%)<br />
Avg. biogas yield in l per<br />
day g COD g COD fed removed<br />
15 1.6 5380 2056 61.78 4.21 0.49 0.79<br />
10 2.5 5172 2305 55.43 5.46 0.42 0.76<br />
15 1.6 5380 2172 59.62 4.10 0.48 0.79<br />
10 2.5 5172 2280 55.91 5.58 0.43 0.77<br />
11
COD of the effluent was found favorable<br />
for anaerobic digestion. However, low<br />
VS associated with phenols presented<br />
potential threat to the biogas generation.<br />
After culture development and<br />
acclimatization, both the reactors were<br />
<strong>com</strong>missioned at 15 d retention time.<br />
Influent and effluent <strong>from</strong> the reactors<br />
were analyzed regularly for pH and COD<br />
and the biogas production was monitored<br />
daily. The retention time was changed to<br />
the next lower value after steady state<br />
operation was achieved. Data have been<br />
collected for two HRTs and are presented.<br />
Further optimization is under progress.<br />
Traditional mutagenesis for strain<br />
improvement<br />
Owing to higher enzymatic activity, the<br />
strain that grows at 45 °C was used for<br />
strain improvement using both UV and<br />
chemical mutagenesis. A screening plate<br />
for mutant selection was developed inhouse<br />
which is now routinely used in<br />
the laboratory. The screening plate was<br />
modified to incorporate end product<br />
inhibition based selection. Betaglucosidase<br />
activity was targeted first since<br />
our culture has good Beta-concentration<br />
and accumulation of cellobiose has been<br />
shown to be one of the rate limiting steps<br />
in the saccharification process. Various<br />
<strong>com</strong>binations of screening plates have<br />
been listed below:<br />
- 20% Walseth + Sorbose + Glucose (1%)<br />
- 20% Walseth + Sorbose + Glucose (2%)<br />
- 20% Walseth + Sorbose+ Glycerol (2%)<br />
- 20% Walseth + Sorbose +Glycerol (3%)<br />
- 30% Walseth + Sorbose + Glucose (2%)<br />
12<br />
- 40% Walseth + Sorbose + Glucose (2%)<br />
-30% Walseth + Sorbose + Glycerol (3%)<br />
- 40% Walseth + Sorbose +Glycerol (3%)<br />
A mutational scheme was worked out<br />
based on the growth rate and UV response<br />
of the culture. Given that the stability<br />
of any mutant, which is generated, has<br />
always been an issue in the field of fungal<br />
mutagenesis, we have placed strong<br />
emphasis on this aspect. After every step<br />
of mutagenesis the selected strains were<br />
tested on plate for the same colony to zone<br />
ratio by repeated sub-culturing. Once the<br />
stability of the strain was established it was<br />
taken for the next round of mutagenesis.<br />
The pictorial representation of the method<br />
is shown in Figure.<br />
A B<br />
C D<br />
A representative schematic of the steps<br />
followed for screening of stable mutants<br />
(A) Colonies after initial enrichment on<br />
2DG (B) Sectored colonies on plate for<br />
stability screening (C) single colony of<br />
mutant on walseth cellulose containing plate<br />
(D) Mutants on slants along with control on<br />
extreme left
Strain<br />
Endo-glucanase Beta-glucosidase FP- activity<br />
U/mg Fold increase U/mg Fold increase U/mg Fold increase<br />
Control 3.56 NA 0.89 NA 0.19 NA<br />
1.8 4.03 0.13 1.44 0.61 0.31 0.63<br />
9 7.30 2.05 1.02 0.14 0.29 0.52<br />
5.14.2 3.96 0.11 3.25 2.65 0.28 0.47<br />
5.15.4 3.46 - 4.96 4.57 0.42 2.21<br />
5.15.8 3.92 0.11 2.82 2.16 0.31 0.63<br />
The mutants were tested for their activity by<br />
studying their enzyme production on rice<br />
straw as <strong>com</strong>pared to control. Given that<br />
the media for enzyme production has been<br />
optimized for control, the specific activity<br />
of cellulases was considered to check for<br />
positive mutagenesis. This step was carried<br />
out continuously with sequential passage of<br />
mutants to make sure their ability to produce<br />
the enzymes at the same concentration.<br />
Few of the selected mutants which are<br />
under media optimization are listed in the<br />
following table.<br />
Development of an anaerobic culture by<br />
in vivo and in vitro supplementation of<br />
micronutrients for enhancing solid-state<br />
biomethanation of lignocellulosic wastes<br />
The laboratory models for assessment<br />
of the biogas production <strong>from</strong> the<br />
rice straw were set-up at mesophillic<br />
and thermophilic temperatures by<br />
incorporating micronutrients viz. Fe,<br />
Co, Ni, Mo and Zn for enhancing biogas<br />
production. Rice straw and culture<br />
were analyzed for physico-chemical<br />
characteristics using standard methods.<br />
One liter BOROSIL glass containers,<br />
each sealed with a rubber stopper, were<br />
used as fermenter. Castor cake was<br />
used to supplement organic nitrogen<br />
source for maintaining the C/N ratio.<br />
All treatments were set-up in duplicate<br />
and average values have been reported.<br />
A fermenter with culture alone (control)<br />
was also set-up and gas produced <strong>from</strong><br />
the culture was deducted <strong>from</strong> the gas<br />
Parameters Cobalt FeCl 3 Nickel Zinc Molybdenum Cupric<br />
nitrate<br />
Thermophilic temperature, RT 25 d<br />
Concentration (mg/ml) 20 30 30 4 0.04 4<br />
Biogas production (l)<br />
kg material<br />
310 270 261 252 260 213<br />
kgTS<br />
333 290 280 270 279 229<br />
Methane in biogas (%) 65±2 64±2 64±2 62±2 64±2 64±2<br />
Mesophilic temperature, RT 40 d<br />
Concentration (mg/ml)<br />
Biogas production (l)<br />
20 30 10 8 0.1 8<br />
kg material<br />
130 145 184 134 156 128<br />
kgTS<br />
140 156 198 144 168 137<br />
Methane in biogas (%) 63±2 63±2 62±2 60±2 62±2 60±2<br />
13
generated <strong>from</strong> each treatment to arrive<br />
at the net gas production.<br />
Results for thermophilic and<br />
mesophilic conditions are given in the<br />
following tables. For thermophillic<br />
temperature, cobalt (20 mg/l) enhanced<br />
biomethanation process followed by<br />
FeCl 3 (30 mg/l), nickel (30 mg/l) and<br />
molybdenum (0.04 mg/l). Control<br />
with out micronutrients produced<br />
210 l/kg TS of biogas after 25 days of<br />
incubation period. Under mesophilic<br />
temperature, nickel (10 mg/l) enhanced<br />
biomethanation process followed by<br />
molybdenum (0.10 mg/l) and FeCl 3 (30<br />
mg/l). The yield was found to be lower<br />
with other micronutrients <strong>com</strong>pared to<br />
the control. Control produced around<br />
143 l/kg TS of biogas after 40 days of<br />
incubation period. Verification of the<br />
optimized nutritional parameters in<br />
bench scale reactors is being taken up.<br />
Development of technology for detoxification<br />
of Jatropha de-oiled cake<br />
and production of fuel gas<br />
Jatropha seed cake was produced by<br />
mechanical expulsion and the same was<br />
used for developing extraction protocols for<br />
Curcin, phorbol esters, saponins, tannins and<br />
phytates. The levels of these toxic <strong>com</strong>pounds<br />
in the seed and seed cake are now being<br />
worked out. Optimization for purification<br />
of Curcin is being pursued currently.<br />
HPLC method for phorbol esters have been<br />
tested and are now being attempted for test<br />
samples. Simultaneously, protocols for<br />
solvent extraction of oil <strong>from</strong> the seed cake<br />
are being developed. Preliminary analysis<br />
indicated that the mechanically expelled<br />
14<br />
oilcake was found to contain 94% TS and<br />
92.5% VS. Based on the data obtained,<br />
bench scale studies have been initiated at<br />
10% and 15% TSC to determine potential of<br />
biogas <strong>from</strong> Jatropha oilcake. Two daily fed<br />
type bench reactors <strong>com</strong>prised of a digester<br />
(effective volume 30 l each), gasholder<br />
and inlet and outlet assembly were used.<br />
The inlet has been provided near bottom<br />
of the digester and slurry outlet near top of<br />
the digester. The gasholder moved up and<br />
down on a central guide pipe in the digester.<br />
The accumulated gas flowed through a gas<br />
outlet pipe provided on top of the gas holder.<br />
Quantity of gas produced was recorded<br />
every day using a gas flow meter. For initial<br />
culture development, fresh cow dung slurry<br />
was charged in both the reactors. When<br />
gas production <strong>from</strong> culture reached steady<br />
state, feeding of Jatropha oilcake slurry was<br />
initiated and reactors were operated for 10%<br />
and 15% TSC. Results of biogas generation<br />
for both the reactors for retention time of 40<br />
days at mesophilic temperature during the<br />
month of December 2011 to April 2012 are<br />
given in the following table. The biogas<br />
Parameter<br />
Total solid<br />
concentration<br />
(%)<br />
10 15<br />
Daily Jatropha oilcake<br />
fed (g)<br />
72 102<br />
Daily water fed (ml) 590 560<br />
Biogas production<br />
• l/day<br />
• l/kg TS<br />
• l/l reactor volume<br />
24.6<br />
362<br />
0.82<br />
29.1<br />
287<br />
0.90<br />
Methane in biogas (%) 62±2 64±2<br />
yield for 10% TSC was found higher than gas<br />
yield for 15% TSC. However, biogas yield<br />
per unit digester volume was more for 15%<br />
TSC than of biogas produced for 10% TSC.<br />
Performance monitoring is in progress.
Screening and improving biomass<br />
production and lipid accumulation<br />
of microalgae <strong>from</strong> estuary region<br />
(Khambhat, Gujarat)<br />
A state of the art growth room for<br />
algae cultivation has been developed<br />
and necessary modifications are being<br />
continuously incorporated to meet our<br />
requirements. Information on various<br />
forms of micro-algae available and their<br />
identification parameters was collected.<br />
Samples <strong>from</strong> various estuarine regions<br />
were collected on seasonal basis. These<br />
were then enriched, screened for various<br />
micro-algal forms and have been listed in<br />
following table. Protocols for extraction<br />
and quantification of lipids were<br />
Season of sampling Post monsoon<br />
developed keeping in mind the objective<br />
of identifying good lipid accumulating<br />
micro-algae with a capacity to generate<br />
good amount of biomass over short time<br />
span. Various <strong>com</strong>binations of media are<br />
being tested to enrich the samples for<br />
algae. The samples were then kept either<br />
in static conditions or under continuous<br />
shaking for enrichment. The enrichments<br />
were routinely screened by various<br />
methods like serial dilution, spread plate<br />
method and micro-manipulation. The<br />
separated colonies were transferred on<br />
to a slant and re-isolated. This process<br />
was repeated till a microscopically pure<br />
colony form was obtained, which was<br />
then transferred to an individual flask<br />
Sampling site Bhavnagar, Gujarat<br />
Soil samples Bhogavo river bank (greenish in color)<br />
500 meters away <strong>from</strong> bhogavo river bank (dark green in color)<br />
Beyond bhogavo river (brownish in color)<br />
Beyond bhogavo river (marshy land, green in color)<br />
Bhogavo puddle (greenish in color)<br />
Water samples Bhogavo puddle (greenish in color)<br />
Bhogavo river bank (green in color)<br />
Beyond bhogavo river (marshy land, green in color)<br />
Beyond bhogavo river (dark green in color)<br />
Season of sampling Pre winter<br />
Sampling site Narmada river estuary region (Bhadbhoot)<br />
Water sample (Green in color)<br />
Below the ship basement (green in color)<br />
Soil samples Ship surface (green in color)<br />
Narmada river bank (brown color soil sample)<br />
Narmada river bank (green in color)<br />
Sampling site Tapi river estuary region (Lavachha, Dahej)<br />
Water sample (Dark green in color)<br />
Tapi river (green in color)<br />
Soil sample<br />
Tapi river puddle (brown in color)<br />
Tapi river bank (dark green in color)<br />
Sampling site Purna river estuary region (Navsari)<br />
Water samples (All were green in color)<br />
Purna river bank (green in color)<br />
Soil samples Purna river bank (dark green in color)<br />
Purna river bank (mixed soil sample)<br />
15
and grown under shaking conditions for good biomass generation. The culture was<br />
repeatedly sub-cultured and checked for purity. Currently the cultures have been<br />
maintained in the growth room at cycle of 12 h light and 12 h dark with minimum<br />
or no shaking. A sample pictorial <strong>from</strong> few of the established enrichments has been<br />
shown in the figure. Isolation of individual algal strains <strong>from</strong> the enriched samples is<br />
under progress.<br />
16<br />
Microscopic view of various enrichments set-up for samples collected <strong>from</strong> different estuaries<br />
Thermo-Chemical Conversion<br />
Fast pyrolysis of selected biomass to<br />
obtain liquid fuel<br />
An automated fixed bed vacuum<br />
pyrolysis system of 1 kg biomass per<br />
hour capacity was designed and is under<br />
fabrication (see figure). The working<br />
system is likely to be ready by May<br />
2012. The system will have an interface<br />
with software for controlling the reactor<br />
temperature, biomass feeding, and char<br />
removal, and will also work as a data<br />
recorder. The designs of other assemblies<br />
like cyclone, condensers, filter, blower<br />
and burners were finalized and related<br />
procurement/fabrication is also under<br />
progress.<br />
Automated vacuum pyrolysis system of 1 kg/h<br />
capacity under fabrication
Technology for treatment of wastewater<br />
<strong>from</strong> biomass gasification system for<br />
power generation<br />
The project aims to reduce COD,<br />
ammonical and turbidity values of the<br />
effluent <strong>from</strong> producer gas wet scrubbing<br />
unit to meet CPCB norms for reuse<br />
and subsequent safe disposal. Selected<br />
physico-chemical properties of the raw<br />
wastewater were determined and average<br />
values are given in the following table.<br />
Sr.<br />
Parameter Mixed wastewater Upper tarry CPCB<br />
No.<br />
sample layer sample norms<br />
1 COD (mg/l) 1750 3200 < 250<br />
2<br />
3<br />
Ammonical content (NH ) (mg/l) 3<br />
Phenolic content (mg/l)<br />
130<br />
*BDL<br />
420<br />
*BDL<br />
< 50<br />
< 5<br />
4 pH 8.3 8.3 < 9.0<br />
5 TSS (mg/l) 169 210 < 50<br />
6 TDS (mg/l) 1510 - < 2100<br />
*Below detection limit of the available facility (i.e. less than 10 mg/l – photometric method)<br />
A new AC/DC supply panel has been<br />
purchased which gives refined quality<br />
of DC output and has the provision of<br />
regulating the ampere supply within<br />
narrow ranges for constant voltage. The<br />
trials were conducted using the new panel<br />
(see following figure) and highest COD<br />
Experimental set-up with new<br />
AC to DC supply panel<br />
was found for the iron electrode. Further<br />
experimental trials with iron electrode<br />
were performed on mixed wastewater for<br />
residence time of 10, 20 and 30 min with<br />
current supply of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 A.<br />
The COD reductions achieved are shown<br />
in the following figure. The amount of<br />
sludge generation was measured and<br />
found varying between 0.5 and 1% of the<br />
total volume. In order to further reduce<br />
the COD value, testing with addition of<br />
COD reduction at different ampere values<br />
oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide<br />
is under progress.<br />
Besides, a bench scale experiment has also<br />
been initiated to study anaerobic treatment of<br />
the waste-water and upper tarry layer sludge<br />
in 1 liter capacity batch type reactors. The<br />
waste-water and distilled water have been<br />
used, separately, to dilute cow dung in 1:5<br />
ratios. Gas yield and <strong>com</strong>position are being<br />
monitored.<br />
17
Comparative evaluation of improved<br />
biomass cook stoves for their suitability in<br />
tribal region of Gujarat<br />
Comparative evaluation of improved<br />
biomass cook stoves of six selected<br />
designs carried out last year revealed<br />
that SPRERI cook stoves for domestic<br />
and dhaba applications had much higher<br />
thermal efficiencies and lower CO/CO 2<br />
ratio. Further evaluation of IDBG<br />
domestic cook stove was carried out<br />
and it was found that the CO/CO 2 ratio<br />
initially increased upto 0.04 and then<br />
reduced to less than 0.02 (refer the<br />
graph). The outer surface temperature<br />
of the stove was, however, found<br />
very high, upto 120 o C as against the<br />
re<strong>com</strong>mended value of upto 60 °C.<br />
Therefore, a protective GI wire net was<br />
provided all along the outer surface of<br />
the stove and the surface temperature<br />
of the wire net was found below 60<br />
o C. Evaluation of that stove at selected<br />
user’s sites revealed that:<br />
• Women, cooking food, always kept<br />
her head stretched upward, putting<br />
undue strain on her neck. Its height<br />
need to be reduced suitably.<br />
• The insulate-7 was prone to abrasion<br />
and needed to be replaced by more<br />
stable insulation material.<br />
Keeping the above in view, a new model<br />
of the stove was developed. The height<br />
of the stove was reduced to 330 mm as<br />
against 480 mm in the original design<br />
and a ceramic lining was provided in<br />
place of insulate-7 for insulation. The<br />
SPRERI cook stove of the revised<br />
18<br />
CO/ CO 2 ratio for IDBG cook stove<br />
Low-height cook stove with protection net<br />
and ceramic lining (Model 2.2)<br />
design (see photograph) was provided<br />
to 200 tribal families in five villages of<br />
Dahod and Vadodara districts. Three<br />
different models of the SPRERI cook<br />
stoves i.e. IDBG domestic, IDBG<br />
dhaba (both provided with insulate-7)<br />
and low height SPRERI cook stove<br />
provided with ceramic lining have<br />
been submitted to Sardar Swaran<br />
Singh National Institute of Renewable<br />
Energy, Kapurthala for testing. As per<br />
the interim report, their heat utilization<br />
efficiency values are 32.8%, 33.4% and<br />
27.1%, respectively.
Modifications in open core down draft<br />
gasifier to reduce emissions <strong>from</strong> top<br />
of the reactor<br />
To over<strong>com</strong>e the chimney effect,<br />
preliminary experiments were carried<br />
out last year by putting-up a converging<br />
cone of 1/8 th , 1/12 th and 1/16 th area of the<br />
gasifier reactor. To maintain the desired<br />
gas flow rate for high pressure-drop<br />
conditions, a higher capacity blower (400<br />
m 3 /h, 800 mm WG pressure) was used<br />
and testing was carried out using good<br />
quality briquettes of 55 to 60 mm OD and<br />
30-60 mm length as fuel. The emissions<br />
were found reduced significantly with<br />
reducing top cover opening area. The<br />
temperatures in the oxidation zone and<br />
the gas at the outlet were found slightly<br />
increased. The opening of 1/16 th area was<br />
observed to be the best for operation of the<br />
gasifier with 55-60 mm OD briquettes.<br />
The gasifier equipped with a converging<br />
cone of 1/16 th area and high pressure<br />
drop blower was working satisfactorily.<br />
However, the converging cone was used<br />
only when gases were found emitting<br />
<strong>from</strong> top of the gasifier due to excessive<br />
bridging of the fuel (normally 45-60<br />
minutes after start of operation). Detailed<br />
investigation on long duration operation<br />
of around 8 h with converging cone and<br />
its effect on oxidation zone and gas outlet<br />
temperatures is under progress.<br />
Thermophoretic deposition of SPM<br />
and tar for cooling and cleaning of<br />
producer gas<br />
A detailed study of the literature available on<br />
thermophoresis was carried out. Most of the<br />
available theoretical models were developed<br />
for deposition of aerosol particles of<br />
measured sizes under controlled conditions<br />
in laboratory scale experimental set-up.<br />
Models developed by Francisco J. Romay<br />
(1997), Talbot et.al. (1980) and Batchelor<br />
& Shen (1985) were selected for prediction<br />
of thermophoretic deposition of particles<br />
present in the producer gas stream. The<br />
thermophoretic deposition efficiencies were<br />
calculated for the producer gas temperatures<br />
varying between 250 to 500 o C and maximum<br />
deposition efficiency was found for 500 o C<br />
gas temperature. All data for the gas and<br />
cooling water properties were obtained using<br />
the HTRI software available with Parul<br />
Institute of Technology, Vadodara. It has been<br />
reported that experimental thermophoretic<br />
deposition efficiency may be 1.5-2.5 times<br />
of the calculated efficiency due to presence<br />
of phenomena other than thermophoresis<br />
(i.e. turbulent eddy deposition etc.), which<br />
result in deposition of the particles. To<br />
validate the selected mathematical models<br />
for use with the producer gas, an available<br />
double pipe heat exchanger was used for<br />
experimentation. Cold water at 20 o C was<br />
circulated through the outer jacket and the<br />
hot producer gas was allowed to pass through<br />
the inner pipe and deposition of tar and SPM<br />
Over all predicted and actual thermophoretic<br />
deposition efficiencies at various inlet<br />
temperatures of the gas<br />
19
Effect of length of HE on predicted values<br />
was measured. The heat exchanger was<br />
installed just after the cyclone separator in<br />
SPRERI design 50 kg/h capacity open core<br />
down draft gasifier. The tar and SPM data for<br />
entire gas temperature range were measured<br />
for the gas flow rate of 125 Nm 3 /h using field<br />
type tar and SPM sampler of IIT Bombay<br />
design. The experimental values of particle<br />
deposition efficiency were <strong>com</strong>puted and<br />
found varying in the range of 12-30 % which<br />
matches with the values already reported for<br />
aerosol particle deposition.<br />
The calculated gas cleaning efficiency<br />
or thermophoretic deposition efficiency<br />
was found in the range of 6.75-15.9<br />
% for the gas inlet temperature<br />
varying between 250 to 500 o C. The<br />
experimentally <strong>com</strong>puted efficiency<br />
values were found 1.62-1.86 times<br />
of the calculated value. The overall<br />
values of deposition efficiencies by<br />
phenomena other than thermophoresis<br />
were estimated and were found varying<br />
in the range of 5.7-16.2 %. The present<br />
study was carried out with an open<br />
core downdraft gasifier. However, the<br />
same procedure may be adopted for<br />
estimation of producer gas cleaning<br />
potential by thermophoretic deposition<br />
for other gasifiers also. For the present<br />
20<br />
experimental set-up, length of the heat<br />
exchanger for optimum thermophoretic<br />
deposition efficiency was estimated<br />
to be 6 m (for gas temperature 350<br />
o C). No significant improvement was<br />
found in the thermophoretic deposition<br />
efficiency beyond 6 m length (for<br />
present case). The methodology may<br />
be useful to estimate the maximum<br />
possible cleaning of the gas by<br />
thermophoresis and to determine the<br />
length of particular heat exchanger for<br />
optimum thermophoretic deposition<br />
efficiency for any kind of raw producer<br />
gas at any temperature.<br />
Value chain on biomass based decentralized<br />
power generation for agro enterprises<br />
(NAIP-ICAR)<br />
All the <strong>com</strong>ponents of the gas cooling and<br />
cleaning (C&C) assembly of Unit-II (for<br />
CIAE centre) were tested by retrofitting<br />
with 100 kWe capacity biomass<br />
gasification based power generation<br />
system of the first Unit-I at SPRERI<br />
and a working demonstration with all<br />
<strong>com</strong>ponents installed was carried out<br />
in presence of Shri. Anil Kumar Dubey,<br />
Principal Investigator, on 13th Sep. 2011.<br />
The performance of the system was found<br />
satisfactory and all sub-assemblies of the<br />
unit-II were shifted to the project site of<br />
CIAE, Bhopal. The box type organic<br />
filter designed for permissible superficial<br />
velocity was tested extensively and found<br />
satisfactory in long duration trials. That<br />
box type organic filter was sent to CIAE,<br />
Bhopal. For the present, the gasification<br />
system at SPRERI has been equipped<br />
with two units of the original organic
Twin spray<br />
towers<br />
Cold<br />
cyclone<br />
Wood saving<br />
filter<br />
Char coal filter<br />
filters in parallel. This has brought down<br />
the gas velocity within the permissible<br />
superficial velocity value. Schematic of<br />
the modified C&C assembly is shown in<br />
figure below.<br />
During sixth Consortium advisory<br />
<strong>com</strong>mittee meeting of the project held<br />
in the month of January 2012, the<br />
Chairperson suggested carrying out<br />
testing of the gasifier using 55 mm<br />
Main burner<br />
Organic<br />
filter 1 Main<br />
blower<br />
Organic<br />
filter 2<br />
Schematic of the modified gas cooling and cleaning assembly<br />
Fabric filter<br />
100KWe producer<br />
gen.set<br />
diameter briquettes prepared with cotton<br />
stalk + pigeon pea stalk (1:1). The center<br />
had earlier reported better performance<br />
with briquettes of 40 mm diameter<br />
briquettes of cotton stalk and pigeon<br />
pea stalk. The required briquettes were<br />
prepared in adequate quantity. A few<br />
more refinements are being made in<br />
the gas C&C system and testing will be<br />
resumed shortly.<br />
21
Regional Test Centre for solar thermal<br />
devices is supported by MNRE, New<br />
Delhi, GoI and approved by the Bureau<br />
of Indian Standards (BIS). During the<br />
period, process of NABL accreditation<br />
was pursued vigorously. The quality<br />
manual was revised by incorporating<br />
<strong>com</strong>ments of the lead assessor. All<br />
the instruments used for testing were<br />
got calibrated <strong>from</strong> NABL accredited<br />
laboratories. Thereafter, Prof. R.L.<br />
Sawhney, Lead Assessor visited SPRERI<br />
and <strong>com</strong>pleted pre-assessment of our<br />
laboratory on 19 th November 2011.<br />
Three non-conformities, observed during<br />
pre-assessment, were closed by taking<br />
22<br />
Devices<br />
Solar flat plate collector<br />
• Through BIS<br />
• Direct <strong>from</strong> manufacturer<br />
Solar hot water systems<br />
• Flat plate collector based<br />
• ETC based<br />
Received for<br />
testing(Units)<br />
8<br />
7<br />
Testing <strong>com</strong>pleted<br />
(Units)*<br />
0<br />
0<br />
34<br />
24<br />
Solar concentrating cooker 1 1<br />
Solar box cooker<br />
• Through BIS<br />
2<br />
2<br />
• Direct <strong>from</strong> manufacturer<br />
1<br />
0<br />
Total 53 37<br />
* includes a few devices which had been received during the last year.<br />
necessary action and the final audit has<br />
been scheduled for June 9-10, 2012.<br />
In keeping with the instructions received<br />
<strong>from</strong> MNRE, a <strong>com</strong>mittee consisting<br />
of representatives of our test centre and<br />
GEDA/RRECL initiated inspection of<br />
manufacturers of ETC based solar hot<br />
water systems in Gujarat and Rajasthan<br />
States to verify the information provided<br />
REGIONAL TEST CENTRE<br />
by them and posted on MNRE website.<br />
Renewal audit under BIS Laboratory<br />
Recognition Scheme was carried out by<br />
Shri. K. Sudhakar Rao, Scientist-E &<br />
Head, (NROL), Mohali on 16 th and 17 th<br />
January 2012. Two non-conformities<br />
were observed during the renewal audit,<br />
and the same were closed by taking<br />
necessary action and submitting the<br />
required documents.<br />
Information on solar thermal devices<br />
received for testing and the devices for<br />
which testing was <strong>com</strong>pleted during<br />
the year 2011-12 is summarized in the<br />
following table :<br />
The Test Centre also provided technical<br />
back-up to industries in maintaining<br />
quality standards in manufacturing of solar<br />
thermal devices. Besides, four low carbon<br />
content plain glass samples were also<br />
received for testing. Their testing was<br />
<strong>com</strong>pleted and the test reports sent to the<br />
concerned parties.<br />
5<br />
5
Open House<br />
TRAINING AND AWARENESS CREATION<br />
An Open House was organized at<br />
SPRERI on January 6-7, 2012 to create<br />
awareness of RE technologies primarily<br />
among students of science, engineering<br />
and other disciplines of various schools<br />
and colleges spread all over Gujarat. Dr.<br />
Basudeb Bakshi, Principal, N V Patel<br />
College of Pure and Applied Sciences,<br />
Vallabh Vidyanagar inaugurated the<br />
Open House. Dr. Bakshi and Dr. Shyam,<br />
Director, SPRERI advised the students<br />
to have intensive interaction with the<br />
scientists and technical staff of SPRERI<br />
and representatives of the manufacturers<br />
and to develop understanding of various<br />
RE technologies on display. Around<br />
350 students <strong>from</strong> different schools<br />
and colleges along with their teachers<br />
and professors participated in the<br />
inauguration function. Some stalls were<br />
put up by school students to display<br />
their innovative ideas in the form of<br />
actual working prototypes/models. In all,<br />
around 2000 participants visited SPRERI<br />
during the event. Sceintists and technical<br />
personnel of SPRERI explained various<br />
RE technologies and gadgets to the<br />
visitors (photographs on cover page)<br />
Besides SPRERI, M/s Steelhacks<br />
Industries, M/s Sun Energy Systems, M/s<br />
Redsun Solar Industries, M/s Sunfree<br />
Heat Industries, M/s 2N Solar and M/s<br />
Taylor- made Solar Solutions displayed<br />
their renewable energy gadgets in the<br />
Open House.<br />
Training Programme<br />
A training - cum - demonstration<br />
programme of RE devices was<br />
organized on 23 rd May, 2011 at village<br />
Thakar Faliya, district Dahod, in<br />
association with Jivan Jyot Sarwajnik<br />
Vikas Trust, Dahod. Large number<br />
of villagers participated in the<br />
programme. A training programme<br />
was organized at SPRERI on March<br />
28, 2012 on “Testing of Solar Box<br />
type Cooker as per BIS Standard<br />
(IS 13429:2000)”. Ten participants<br />
<strong>from</strong> academic institutions and SBC<br />
manufacturing industries participated<br />
in the training programme. Er. Farha<br />
Tinwala, made a detailed presentation<br />
on SBC testing procedure according to<br />
BIS standards. In the afternoon session,<br />
all the participants were associated<br />
with actual field testing of SBCs under<br />
the technical guidance of Mrs. H.N.<br />
Mistry. The participants also interacted<br />
with the SBC manufacturers to gain<br />
information about the materials used<br />
and methods adopted in manufacturing<br />
of the cookers.<br />
Practical session on testing of SBC<br />
23
Post-graduate dissertations<br />
During the year, four students, as per details given below, <strong>com</strong>pleted their M.Tech<br />
dissertation at SPRERI. Besides, two M.Sc students <strong>from</strong> Jaipur National University,<br />
Jaipur joined the Bioconversion Technology division and continued pursuing their<br />
dissertation work.<br />
Sr. Name of the Institute/<br />
No. student/degree university<br />
1. Kataria Mahendra.B B.V.M Engg.<br />
(M.Tech)<br />
College,<br />
VV Nagar<br />
2. Boricha Nitin Junagadh<br />
Govindbhai Agricultural<br />
(M.Tech)<br />
University,<br />
Junagadh<br />
3. Samir Vahora Nirma Institute<br />
(M.Tech)<br />
of Technology,<br />
Ahmedabad<br />
4. Jignesh Makwana<br />
(M.Tech)<br />
5. Jitendra Singh Jaipur National<br />
Sangawat<br />
(M.Sc)<br />
University, Jaipur<br />
24<br />
6. Rakesh Patidar<br />
(M.Sc)<br />
Topic<br />
Design of a screw press for dewatering<br />
of cattle dung slurry<br />
Performance, monitoring and evaluation<br />
of field scale biomethanation system for<br />
fruit and vegetable wastes<br />
Comparative study of two packing<br />
media for anaerobic filter reactor for the<br />
treatment of cheese whey<br />
Experimental studies on SPRERI design<br />
fluidized bed gasifier<br />
Use of traditional mutagenesis for<br />
generation of hypercellulolytic mutants<br />
and optimization of enzyme production<br />
by solid state fermentation<br />
Effect of various pretreatment methods<br />
on the fermentation efficiency of the<br />
yeast
<strong>DEMO</strong>NOSTRATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION<br />
Renewable energy demonstrations<br />
SPRERI demonstrated IDBG cook stove,<br />
box type solar cooker and solar lanterns<br />
in a RE awareness programme organized<br />
by B & B Polytechnic College, Vallabh<br />
Vidyanagar at Thamana village under<br />
Umreth taluka district Anand on 19 th<br />
April, 2011. Large number of villagers,<br />
including women participated in the<br />
demonstration. The methods of use and<br />
benefits of the RE gadgets were explained<br />
to the participants.<br />
Demonstration of solar cooker at Thamana<br />
village (Anand)<br />
Large number of villagers participated<br />
in demonstrations of improved biomass<br />
cook stove, solar lanterns and box type<br />
solar cookers held as per the details<br />
given below. Salient features, method of<br />
operation and merits of the gadgets were<br />
RE Gadgets being demonstrated at Simal<br />
Faliya village<br />
explained to the participants.<br />
Village Simal Faliya, Chhotaudepur<br />
taluka, district Vadodara in association<br />
with a local NGO, Don Basco Tech,<br />
Lok Seva Kendra<br />
Villages Dageria (Zalod taluka) and<br />
Chedia (Limkheda taluka) district Dahod<br />
Forced circulation solar cabinet dryer<br />
Packed bed type solar air heaters based<br />
solar drying systems were installed<br />
at M/s Vitagreen Products Pvt. Ltd.,<br />
Rajkot (50 m²) and Dr. Panjabrao<br />
Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krish<br />
Nagar, Akola (72 m²). During the<br />
year, both the systems were provided<br />
with necessary instrumentation for<br />
collecting performance data under no<br />
load and load conditions. It was found<br />
that air temperature gain during no<br />
load condition varied <strong>from</strong> 20 to 41 °C<br />
at PDKV, Akola. During the tests, solar<br />
radiation on the plane of solar collector<br />
surface varied <strong>from</strong> 200 to 560 W/m 2<br />
and ambient temperature varied <strong>from</strong><br />
31 to 36 °C. The system was handed<br />
over to the University.<br />
The continuous dryer with the conveyor<br />
belt system designed and developed by<br />
the M/s Vitagreen Pvt. Ltd., was found<br />
not in working condition. As such no<br />
load tests were performed on 3 rd and<br />
4 th June 2011. The result showed that<br />
maximum air temperature gain was<br />
31.1 °C and temperature gain during no<br />
load condition varied <strong>from</strong> 8.0 to 31.1<br />
25
°C. During these tests, solar radiation<br />
on the plane of solar collector surface<br />
varied <strong>from</strong> 235 to 840 W/m 2 and<br />
ambient temperature varied <strong>from</strong> 33 to<br />
43.4 °C.<br />
Demonstration biogas plants of solid-state<br />
Deenbandhu design<br />
The Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation<br />
Ltd. had provided funds for setting-up<br />
family-size demonstration biogas plants<br />
of the new solid-state Deenbandhu<br />
design (<strong>from</strong> ICAR) at selected farmers’<br />
sites in Anand and adjourning districts of<br />
Gujarat in cost sharing mode. During the<br />
26<br />
Bharuch, Kheda and Vadodara districts of<br />
Gujarat as per details given in following<br />
table. All plants were found working<br />
satisfactorily and the beneficiaries were<br />
satisfied with the quality of construction,<br />
quantity and quality of the gas produced<br />
and overall performance of their plants.<br />
The farmers reportedly fed 50-70%<br />
less water than the plants of <strong>com</strong>mon<br />
designs. The Methane content in the<br />
biogas samples collected <strong>from</strong> a few<br />
farmers’ sites was found around 61%.<br />
The gas at all the sites, except one, is<br />
being used for thermal applications<br />
Biogas plants constructed at Nisaraya and Davol villages<br />
District-wise solid-state Deenbandhu biogas plants set-up and their average performance<br />
District/Parameter No. of plants of different capacities<br />
2 m 3 3 m 3 4 m 3 6 m 3 Total<br />
Anand 4 5 1 2 12<br />
Bharuch 2 -- -- -- 2<br />
Kheda -- -- -- 1 1<br />
Vadodara 4 2 -- -- 6<br />
Total 10 7 1 3 21<br />
Avg. cattle, Nos. 7 (4 – 14) 25 (5 – 75) 22 (22) 28 (10 – 60)*<br />
Avg. family members, Nos. 8 (4 – 16) 12 (7 – 15) 6 10 (4 – 15)<br />
Avg. dung fed, kg/d 46 (40 – 60) 67 (60 – 70) 80 123 (100 – 150)<br />
Avg. water poured, l/d 17 (10 – 20) 22 (16 – 30) 30 48 (35 – 70)<br />
* Figures in parenthesis give the variation<br />
year, twenty one demonstration biogas<br />
plants of 2, 3, 4 and 6 m 3 /d capacities were<br />
set-up at selected farmers’ sites in Anand,<br />
i.e. cooking and water heating. Duration<br />
of biogas use was found varying <strong>from</strong> 3-7<br />
hours per day depending upon number
of family members, size of the plants<br />
and quantity of the dung fed. Biogas<br />
<strong>from</strong> one of the plants was also being<br />
used as fuel in dual fuel diesel engine<br />
for irrigation. Total cost of setting-up<br />
a 2, 3, 4 and 6 m 3 /day capacity plant<br />
in central Gujarat was estimated to be<br />
Rs 17,230, 21,210, 26,110 and 32,280,<br />
respectively.<br />
Renewable energy intervention for rural<br />
development (DST)<br />
This programme was initiated during<br />
the year 2010-11 in three tribal villages<br />
i.e. Chillakota, Chedia and Dageria of<br />
Dahod district. During the year, the<br />
programme was extended to two more<br />
tribal villages i.e Simal Faliya and<br />
Raysingpura in Chhotaudepur taluka of<br />
Community cook stove set-up at Primary<br />
School of Chillakota village<br />
Vadodara district. A <strong>com</strong>munity cook<br />
stove (TIDE, Bangalore designed)<br />
was set-up in the Primary school of<br />
Chillakota village for cooking the mid<br />
day meal for the school children (see<br />
photograph below). The school has<br />
started using the new gadget and the<br />
cooks appeared fully satisfied with the<br />
performance of the new stove.<br />
In the same village, an evacuated<br />
Solar water heating system installed at<br />
Primary School of Chillakota village<br />
tube collector based solar water<br />
heating system of 125 LPD capacity<br />
was installed and connected with the<br />
existing drinking water supply system.<br />
The water is solar heated during the<br />
day time, stored over night and used<br />
for drinking next day. Samples of<br />
raw water and solar heated water were<br />
collected during February and May<br />
months and were got analyzed for<br />
electrical conductivity, salinity, pH,<br />
TDS and total hardness and all these<br />
properties were found improved with<br />
solar treatment. However, E-coli was<br />
found positive for both the samples<br />
collected during February and negative<br />
for both the sample collected during<br />
May. Further study will be carried out<br />
for the solar treatment of water.<br />
In the same village one unit each of<br />
ISI marked box type solar cooker with<br />
4 cooking vessels was provided to 21<br />
different households. The house women<br />
were given extensive training in use of the<br />
solar cookers. The women were found<br />
using their cooker for preparing a variety<br />
of local dishes including vegetables, rice,<br />
dhal, etc.<br />
27
28<br />
Solar cooker at Chillakota village under Limkheda taluka of Dahod district<br />
During the year, the original IDBG<br />
domestic stove design was modified<br />
to suit local requirements and its<br />
manufacturing and marketing right<br />
were transferred to a local firm. One<br />
hundred units of the modified improved<br />
biomass cook stove were procured and<br />
all those were readily taken by 100<br />
different households. Keeping in view<br />
the response in the selected villages,<br />
100 more stoves were procured and<br />
those were also taken by another 100<br />
households. In all, IDBG type improved<br />
biomass stoves have been set-up in<br />
Chillkota, Chedia and Dageria villages<br />
in Dahod district and Simal Faliya<br />
and Raysingpura villages in Vadodara<br />
district. Performance monitoring of the<br />
stoves is under progress.<br />
Providing improved domestic Biomass<br />
cook stove to villagers of Limkheda<br />
(Dahod)<br />
Villagers using biomass cook stove in<br />
their houses<br />
Biogas plants of new solid state<br />
Deenbandhu design, each of 2 m 3 /d<br />
capacity, had been constructed at nine<br />
selected farmer’s houses in Chillakota<br />
village last year. During the year fourteen<br />
more biogas plants of the same design<br />
were constructed at other 14 selected<br />
farmers’ houses in Chillakota, Dageria,
Constructed and <strong>com</strong>missioned biogas plants at two different sites<br />
Chedia and Simal Falia villages. All<br />
the plants were <strong>com</strong>missioned and<br />
were found working satisfactorily.<br />
Performance monitoring is under<br />
progress.<br />
SPRERI IDBG large capacity biomass<br />
cook stoves were provided to a few<br />
primary schools and restaurant in the<br />
selected tribal villages.The feedback<br />
suggested that the stove considerably<br />
reduced the emissions and the fuel<br />
consumption. However, the insulation<br />
(insulate-7) was found crumbling during<br />
routine use. Material of the insulation is<br />
required to be improved.<br />
The <strong>com</strong>mercial (dhaba) cook stove in use at<br />
Kedar Nath Bhojanalaya in Limkheda, Dahod<br />
One units each of 2.5 W LED solar<br />
lantern was provided to selected<br />
twenty five un-electrified households<br />
and one unit each of 7 W CFL lantern<br />
was provided to another nine farmers<br />
of Chillakota village. Those lanterns<br />
had been procured <strong>from</strong> a Bangalore<br />
based firm. The feedback available<br />
was that illumination of 2.5 W LED<br />
lanterns was insufficient for their<br />
routine uses. The Bangalore based<br />
firm <strong>from</strong> whom the lanterns had been<br />
procured did not provide support for<br />
the repairs and maintenance to rectify<br />
the faults reported by the beneficiaries.<br />
Keeping this in view, a MoU was<br />
signed with a local firm to supply 7<br />
W LED and CFL lanterns equipped<br />
with standard <strong>com</strong>ponents and with<br />
a <strong>com</strong>mitment to provide free of cost<br />
maintenance for a period of 2 years.<br />
Subsequently, 25 units of LED lanterns<br />
and 40 units of CFL lanterns were<br />
procured and provided to the selected<br />
farmers. Most of those lanterns have<br />
been found working satisfactorily and<br />
the manufacturer extended the service<br />
support, wherever required.<br />
29
‘Stand alone SPV lighting systems’ at<br />
Dageria village (Dahod)<br />
During 2006, stand alone SPV lighting<br />
systems had been installed in Dageria<br />
village of Dahod district under an<br />
ICAR sponsored project. All the houses<br />
connected with such lighting systems<br />
were re-visited during the year. Except<br />
the individual home lighting systems,<br />
most of the other systems were put in<br />
working order by extending routine<br />
maintenance. The charge controller<br />
of the 12 individual home lighting<br />
systems required replacement at a<br />
cost of around Rs 25,000. Efforts are<br />
underway to resolve the issue.<br />
30<br />
Some of the farmers with their solar lanterns<br />
PV panel of the stand alone lighting system<br />
at one of the hamlets in Dageria village
Generation of biogas <strong>from</strong> kitchen<br />
wastes<br />
An agreement for supply of technology<br />
for generating biogas <strong>from</strong> kitchen<br />
waste for treating 2400 kg/day plant<br />
on consultancy basis was signed with<br />
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Pipariya,<br />
Gujarat.<br />
Pyrolysis oil production studies for<br />
selected biomass samples<br />
Biomass samples of brown chickpea<br />
Biomass<br />
Moisture<br />
content<br />
(%)<br />
CONSULTANCY<br />
Ash<br />
content<br />
(%db)<br />
Volatile<br />
matter<br />
(%db)<br />
Fixed<br />
carbon<br />
(%db)<br />
Calorific<br />
value<br />
(kcal/kg)<br />
Neem seed 18.30 3.79 78.62 17.60 4677<br />
Pigeon pea husk 8.66 2.11 74.36 23.53 4214<br />
Yellow pea husk 11.63 1.53 83.85 14.62 4580<br />
Ground nut shell 8.67 4.79 72.71 22.49 4161<br />
Brown chickpea husk 12.47 0.66 74.72 24.61 3960<br />
Brown chickpea stalk 10.75 6.85 76.92 16.23 3428<br />
Wheat straw 13.08 9.34 75.48 15.18 3874<br />
Soyabean stalk 9.08 3.92 83.92 12.14 4730<br />
Saw dust 21.67 2.26 85.01 12.73 4841<br />
The technology of IDBG cook stoves<br />
developed at SPRERI was transferred to<br />
M/s Patel Trunk Factory, Gandhi Road,<br />
Anand, Gujarat on non-exclusive basis.<br />
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY<br />
stalk and husk, yellow pea husk, neem<br />
seed, soybean stalk, wheat straw and<br />
pigeon pea husk, received <strong>from</strong> M/s<br />
Shivganga Shrikishan Agrotech Farm,<br />
Akola, were grinded to 1-2 mm particle<br />
size and their proximate analysis and CV<br />
were determined and are given in the<br />
following table. Oil production phase of<br />
all the samples will be pursued as soon<br />
as vacuum pyrolysis system be<strong>com</strong>es<br />
operational.<br />
Manufacturing and marketing rights<br />
in respect of this technology were also<br />
transferred to the firm for a period of five<br />
years w.e.f. September 29, 2011.<br />
31
1. Er. Tilak Chavda and Mrs. H. N. Mistry<br />
attended two days training programme<br />
on “Awareness on ISO/IEC: 17025-<br />
2005 and measurement uncertainty”<br />
held at Sadbhav Institute of Training<br />
for Standardization (SITS), Vadodara,<br />
April 7-8, 2011.<br />
2. Er. Tilak Chavda, Er. Farha Tinwala and<br />
Er. Nishadh Nibarka attended two days<br />
training programme on “Understanding<br />
requirements of ISO/IEC: 17025-<br />
2005 and evaluation of measurement<br />
uncertainty as per ISO – GOM 1995<br />
method – in calibration & testing”<br />
32<br />
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT<br />
1. Dr. P.N. Joshi, Principal Scientist and<br />
Head of Division, CIFT, Cochin visited<br />
SPRERI on 16 th June, 2011.<br />
2. Er. A.K. Dubey, Principal Scientist,<br />
CIAE, Bhopal visited SPRERI on 23 rd<br />
September, 2011.<br />
3. Shri D.P. Joshi, Director, GEDA,<br />
Gandhinagar visited SPRERI on 5 th<br />
October, 2011.<br />
4. Dr. Anwar Alam, Ex–Deputy Director<br />
General (Engg), ICAR, New Delhi<br />
visited SPRERI on 13 th October, 2011.<br />
5. A team of PHT scientists <strong>from</strong> UAS,<br />
Raichur visited SPRERI on October<br />
17-18, 2011.<br />
6. Quinquennial Review Team of AICRP<br />
on RES (ICAR) consisting of Dr. A.N.<br />
Mathur (Chairman), Dr. J.P.Mittal,<br />
IMPORTANT VISITORS<br />
held at Sadbhav Institute of Training<br />
for Standardization (SITS), Vadodara,<br />
December 23-24, 2011.<br />
3. Er. Devendra Pareek participated<br />
in a short course on “Economics<br />
of Renewable Energy based Power<br />
Generation” organized by IIT Delhi<br />
during May 25-27, 2011.<br />
4. Er. Devendra Pareek participated in<br />
the DST sponsored “SERC School<br />
on Combustion in Energy Sector”<br />
organized by IIT Bombay during June<br />
7-11, 2011.<br />
Dr. Harpal Singh and Dr. P.L.Singh<br />
along with Dr. K.C. Pandey (Project<br />
Coordinator) visited SPRERI on<br />
January 10-11, 2012.<br />
7. Dr. S. Santhana Bosu, Dean (Engg),<br />
TNAU, Coimbatore ac<strong>com</strong>panied with<br />
five senior colleagues visited SPRERI<br />
on 4 th February, 2012.<br />
8. Ms. Barbara B. Pike, Executive<br />
Director, Maritimes Energy<br />
Association, Canada visited SPRERI<br />
on 15 th March, 2012.<br />
9. Mrs. Usha Thorat, Ex-Deputy<br />
Governor, Reserve Bank of India<br />
and Member, Board of Directors,<br />
Foundation for Ecological Security,<br />
Anand visited SPRERI on 31 st March,<br />
2012.
PARTICIPATION IN IMPORTANT MEETINGS, SEMINARS<br />
AND CONFERENCES<br />
1. Dr. M. Shyam participated in the<br />
National Seminar on “Green Energy<br />
: Empowering Rural India at Rajiv<br />
Gandhi Institute of Information<br />
Technology”, Amethi and presented<br />
an invited talk on “Bioenergy<br />
Management for Sustainable<br />
Development of Rural India” during<br />
April 15-16, 2011.<br />
2. Ms. Himali Mehta delivered an<br />
invited talk on “Bioconversion of<br />
different wastes for energy options”<br />
at a short seminar on Trends in<br />
Renewable Energy Technologies<br />
organized by Board for Environment<br />
and Green Technology, Gujarat<br />
Technical University on April 30,<br />
2011 at Ahmedabad Management<br />
Association, Ahmedabad.<br />
3. Ms. Himali Mehta attended “National<br />
Conference on Recent Trends<br />
in Engineering & Technology”<br />
organized by B.V.M Engineering<br />
College, V.V.Nagar, Gujarat during<br />
13-14 May 2011 and presented a<br />
paper on Experiments for designing a<br />
screen of a screw press for dewatering<br />
of cattle dung slurry.<br />
4. Dr. M. Shyam attended the Selection<br />
Committee (Senior Faculty)<br />
Meeting held at Sardarkurshinagar<br />
Dantiwada Agricultural University,<br />
Sardarkrushinagar on June 15, 2011.<br />
5. Dr. M. Shyam participated in the<br />
National Conference on “Recent<br />
Development in Wind and Solar<br />
Power” held at Jainarain College of<br />
Technology, Bhopal and presented<br />
paper on “Status and Potential<br />
of Wind Power Development in<br />
Gujarat” during July 1-2, 2011.<br />
6. Dr. M. Shyam participated as Chief<br />
Guest in the Inaugural Function<br />
of Departmental Physical Society<br />
for the year 2011–12, Sardar Patel<br />
University, Vallabh Vidyanagar on<br />
July 30, 2011.<br />
7. Ms. Madhuri Narra attended the first<br />
and second meeting of the Task force<br />
on Energy Bioscience held in DBT,<br />
Delhi during 5 th August 2011 and<br />
7 th February 2012, respectively, and<br />
presented the progress of the project<br />
on “Developing an integrated process<br />
technology for conversion of crop<br />
residues into ethanol and methane for<br />
use as transport fuels and establishing<br />
a biotechnology R&D centre for<br />
transport fuels”.<br />
8. Dr. M. Shyam attended the Selection<br />
Committee Meeting as an Expert<br />
Member at Central Salt & Marine<br />
Chemicals Research Institute,<br />
Bhavnagar held on September 6,<br />
2011.<br />
9. Ms. Himali Mehta delivered an invited<br />
talk on “Energy and Community” at<br />
a programme organized by Gujarat<br />
Council of Science and Technology<br />
(GujCOST), Gandhinagar for staff<br />
members of Community Science<br />
Centres on October 20, 2011<br />
10. Dr. M. Shyam participated in the<br />
National Seminar on “Recent<br />
33
34<br />
Advances in Bio-Energy Research”<br />
held at SSS-NIRE, Kapurthala and<br />
delivered a key-note lecture on “Crop<br />
Residues Gasification based Power<br />
Generation System in the Production<br />
Catchment” on November 25, 2011.<br />
11. Dr. M. Shyam, Er. Devendra<br />
Pareek and Er. A.K. Joshi attended<br />
the Consortium Implementation<br />
Committee (CIC) meeting of<br />
NAIP project on “Value Chain on<br />
Biomass based Decentralized Power<br />
Generation” held at CIAE, Bhopal on<br />
October 19, 2011.<br />
12. Dr. M. Shyam participated in the<br />
Brainstorming Session on “Precision<br />
Farming, Farm Mechanization and<br />
Energy” held at IASRI, New Delhi<br />
on November 16, 2011.<br />
13. Er. A. Gokul Raj attended 7 th<br />
National Conference on Indian<br />
Energy Sector, Synergy with Energy<br />
2011” as delegate at Ahmedabad on<br />
November 18-19, 2011.<br />
14. Dr. M. Shyam and Er. S. N. Singh<br />
participated in the DST Review<br />
Meeting held at New Delhi on<br />
December 12, 2011.<br />
15. Er. A. Gokul Raj delivered a keynote<br />
address as guest of honor in inaugural<br />
function of “National energy<br />
conservation day” at N V Patel<br />
Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar<br />
on December 14, 2011.<br />
16. Dr. M. Shyam attended the Annual<br />
Review Meeting of Bio-energy<br />
projects held at Directorate of<br />
Sorghum Research, Hyderabad on<br />
December 26, 2011.<br />
17. Dr. M. Shyam attended the CAS<br />
Screening Committee Meeting as an<br />
Expert Member held at Maharana<br />
Pratap University of Agriculture and<br />
Technology, Udaipur on December<br />
29, 2011.<br />
18. Er. Asim K. Joshi delivered a lecture<br />
on “Biomass Gasification Basics”<br />
during one week state level STTP on<br />
“Recent trends in Renewable Energy<br />
Systems” on December 29, 2011.<br />
19. Dr. M. Shyam and Er. Asim K. Joshi<br />
attended the Consortium Advisory<br />
Committee meeting of NAIP project<br />
on decentralized power generation,<br />
CIAE Bhopal on January 16, 2012.<br />
20. Er. Asim K. Joshi attended the<br />
Reference Group Committee<br />
meeting organized by VIKSAT<br />
Nehru Foundation for Development,<br />
Ahmedabad, Gujarat on January 24,<br />
2012.<br />
21. National seminar on “Power<br />
Generation <strong>from</strong> Renewable Energy<br />
Sources” was held at Department of<br />
Renewable Energy Sources, College<br />
of Technology and Engineering,<br />
MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan),<br />
February 2-3, 2012.<br />
• Dr. M. Shyam delivered inaugural<br />
addressed as Chief Guest and also<br />
delivered a key-note address on<br />
“Power generation <strong>from</strong> renewable<br />
energy sources – Rural perspective”,<br />
• Er. S. N Singh presented a research<br />
paper entitled “Effect of <strong>com</strong>pression<br />
ratios on performance and exhaust<br />
emission characteristics of 6 kW<br />
<strong>com</strong>pression ignition engine fueled
y diesel and bio-diesel at varying<br />
load”, and<br />
• Er. A. Gokul Raj presented a research<br />
paper entitled “Development and<br />
evaluation of a 2.75 kWp solar<br />
photovoltaic power supply system<br />
using imported dual axis sun tracker”<br />
22. Ms. Himali Mehta presented a<br />
status paper on “Climate change<br />
mitigation efforts in Gujarat”,<br />
during the brainstorming session<br />
of various stakeholders on climate<br />
change organized by Institute of<br />
Rural Management, Anand (IRMA)<br />
and Gujarat Ecology Commission,<br />
Gandhinagar at IRMA on February<br />
2, 2012.<br />
23. Dr. M. Shyam attended the<br />
Workshop on “Global Warming:<br />
Mitigation Strategies During 21 st<br />
Century” held at Sardarkurshinagar<br />
Dantiwada Agricultural University,<br />
Sardarkrushinagar and delivered a<br />
talk on “Impacts and strategies for<br />
climate change” on February 24,<br />
2012.<br />
24. Dr. M. Shyam attended the Selection<br />
Committee (Senior Faculty) Meeting<br />
at Anand Agricultural University,<br />
Anand on February 11, 2012 and<br />
March 27, 2012.<br />
25. Ms. Anushree Kogje attended<br />
the workshop on “Alternative<br />
Sustainable Processes” organized by<br />
Institute of Chemical Technology,<br />
Mumbai during 14-18 March 2012.<br />
26. Er. Tilak Chavda presented a<br />
lecture on “Solar energy and<br />
its application” during one<br />
day seminar on “Solar Energy<br />
Utilization: Learning <strong>from</strong> the<br />
past” held at CSIR-Central Salt<br />
and Marine Chemicas Research<br />
Institute, Bhavanagar on March<br />
27, 2012.<br />
35
1. Tilak V. Chavda, Naveen Kumar & A.<br />
Sreekumar (2011). Development of<br />
a simple solar powered intermittent<br />
adsorption refrigeration system.<br />
(Accepted for publication in Journal<br />
of Agricultural Engineering).<br />
2. Himali Mehta, Samir Vahora and<br />
D. Senthilkumar. Efficacy of two<br />
different packing media in treating<br />
cheese whey in Anaerobic Filter<br />
Reactors. (Submitted for publication<br />
in Solar Energy Society of India).<br />
3. Himali Mehta and Samir Vahora,<br />
Experience of operating an indigenous<br />
screw press for dewatering cattle dung<br />
slurry. (Submitted for publication in<br />
Agricultural Engineering Today).<br />
4. Samir Vahora, Himali Mehta and<br />
Nikita Chokshi. Packing media for<br />
anaerobic fixed film reactor – A<br />
review. (Submitted for publication in<br />
Journal of Environmental Science &<br />
Engineering).<br />
36<br />
PAPERS PUBLISHED/SENT FOR PUBLICATION<br />
5. Madhuri Narra, Garima Dixit, Jyoti<br />
Divecha, Datta Madamwar, Amita<br />
R Shah. “Production of cellulases<br />
by solid state fermentation with<br />
Aspergillus terreus and enzymatic<br />
hydrolysis of mild alkali-treated rice<br />
straw”. (Accepted for publication in<br />
Bioresource Technology).<br />
6. Devendra Pareek, Sunil Narnaware,<br />
Asim Joshi and Vikas K Verma.<br />
Gasification of crop residue briquettes<br />
in an open core down graft gasifier.<br />
Journal of Agricultural Engineering,<br />
48(2), April–June 2011.<br />
7. Sunil Narnaware and Devendra<br />
Pareek. IDBG cook stove improving<br />
efficiency and environment of rural<br />
kitchens. Renewable Energy Akshay<br />
Urja, 5 (3): 30-33, December 2011.<br />
8. S.N. Singh and M. Shyam.<br />
Demonstration of biogas plants of<br />
solid-state Deenbandhu design in<br />
Gujarat. (Submitted to Agricultural<br />
Engineering Today).
RESEARCH PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN DURING 2011-12<br />
Solar Energy<br />
SP-2008-ST-31<br />
ORP on forced circulation solar dryer<br />
by using packer bed solar air heaters<br />
(AICRP – ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Tilak Chavda and Swati<br />
Mane<br />
SP-2008-PV-6<br />
Design and development of solar<br />
refrigerator with ice making facility<br />
(AICRP – ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Tilak Chavda and A.<br />
Sreekumar<br />
SP-2008-PV-7<br />
Testing and evaluation of dual axis sun<br />
tracker (AICRP – ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Tilak Chavda and Manish<br />
Bhayani<br />
Regional Test Centre for Solar Thermal<br />
Devices (MNRE, New Delhi)<br />
Staff involved: Tilak Chavda, H. N.<br />
Mistry and Swati Mane<br />
Bioconversion<br />
SP-2008-AT-27<br />
Development and evaluation of digested<br />
slurry dewatering machine (TSC<br />
approx.35%) suitable for large capacity<br />
biogas plants (AICRP – ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Himali Mehta and Samir<br />
Vahora<br />
SP-2009-AT-28<br />
Study on use of different packing media<br />
in the anaerobic filter system developed<br />
by SPRERI with reference to efficiency<br />
and cost (AICRP – ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Himali Mehta and Samir<br />
Vahora<br />
SP-2010-AT-29<br />
Performance monitoring and evaluation<br />
of 10 t/d biphasic system installed at<br />
JISL, Jalgaon and FVU-Mother Dairy,<br />
New Delhi (AICRP – ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Himali Mehta and Samir<br />
Vahora<br />
SP-2009-AT-30<br />
Developing an integrated process<br />
technology for conversion of crop<br />
residues into ethanol and methane for<br />
use as transport fuels and establishing a<br />
biotechnology R&D centre for transport<br />
fuels (DBT, New Delhi)<br />
Investigators: Madhuri Narra, Garima<br />
Dixit and Himali Mehta<br />
SP-2010-AT-32<br />
Techno-economic analysis of field scale,<br />
water scrubbing based biogas bottling<br />
plants (AICRP – ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Himali Mehta<br />
SP-2010-AT-34<br />
Development of an anaerobic culture by<br />
in vivo and in vitro supplementation of<br />
micronutrients for enhancing solid state<br />
biomethanation of lignocellulosic wastes<br />
(AICRP – ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Madhuri Narra, Nitin<br />
Deshmukh/B.Velmurugan<br />
SP-2010-AT-35<br />
Development of an economically viable<br />
process technology for de-toxification of<br />
Jatropha de-oiled cake and simultaneous<br />
fuel gas production (DST, New Delhi)<br />
Investigators: Garima Dixit and Madhuri<br />
Narra<br />
37
SP-2010-AT-36:<br />
Screening and improving biomass<br />
production and lipid accumulation<br />
of microalgae <strong>from</strong> estuary region<br />
(Khambhat, Gujarat) by conventional<br />
approach (DST, New Delhi)<br />
Investigators: Sudha Sahay and Garima<br />
Dixit<br />
Thermo-Chemical Conversion<br />
SP-2008-PG-45<br />
Value chain on “Biomass based<br />
decentralized power generation for agro<br />
enterprises (AICRP-ICAR)<br />
Sponsor: National Agricultural<br />
Innovation Project of ICAR<br />
Investigators: Asim Joshi, Devendra<br />
Pareek, Sunil Narnaware, Vikas Verma,<br />
Sachin Ghanchi and M. Shyam<br />
SP-2010-PG-49<br />
Fast pyrolysis of selected biomass to<br />
obtain liquid fuel (AICRP-ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Asim Joshi, Devendra<br />
Pareek and Jayprakash Samariya<br />
SP-2010-PG-50<br />
Modification in open core downdraft<br />
gasifier to reduce emissions <strong>from</strong> top of<br />
the reactor (AICRP-ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Asim Joshi and Devendra<br />
Pareek<br />
SP-2010-PG-51<br />
To study the effect of different design and<br />
operating parameters on thermophoretic<br />
depositions of suspended particulate<br />
matters and tar for cooling and cleaning<br />
of the producer gas (AICRP-ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Asim Joshi, Sunil<br />
Narnaware and Devendra Pareek<br />
38<br />
SP-2010-PG-52<br />
Development of technology for treatment<br />
of waste water <strong>from</strong> producer gas wet<br />
scrubbing unit for reuse and final disposal<br />
(AICRP-ICAR)<br />
Investigators: Asim Joshi, Devendra<br />
Pareek and Jayprakash Samariya<br />
SP-2010-PG-53<br />
Comparative evaluation of improved<br />
cook stoves (AICRP-ICAR)<br />
Investigators: S.N. Singh, Asim Joshi,<br />
Devendra Pareek, Sunil Narnaware and<br />
Sachin Ghanchi<br />
Technology Transfer<br />
DST Core project on renewable energy<br />
intervention for rural development<br />
(DST, New Delhi)<br />
Investigators: S.N. Singh, S. Mohana<br />
and J. P. Makwana<br />
Setting-up of demonstration biogas<br />
plants of solid-state deenbandhu design<br />
(GAICL, Ahmedabad)<br />
Investigators: S.N. Singh and M. Shyam
Director<br />
Dr. M. Shyam<br />
Scientists<br />
Solar Division<br />
Er. Tilak Chavda, I/C Head<br />
Er. Swati Mane (upto 19.11.2011)<br />
Er. Vinayak Muley (upto 04.10.2011)<br />
Er. A. Gokul Raj<br />
Er. Farha Tinwala<br />
Mrs H. N. Mistry<br />
Er. Nishadh Nimbark<br />
Mr. Herma Hasmukh<br />
Mr. Manish Bhyani (upto 01.07.2011)<br />
Mr. Nirav Solanki<br />
Bio-Conversion Technology Division<br />
Er. Himali Mehta, I/C Head<br />
Dr. Sudha Sahay (upto 30.6.2011)<br />
Dr. Garima Dixit<br />
Er. B.Velmurugan<br />
Mrs. Madhuri Narra<br />
Er. Manish Detroja (upto 30.6.2011)<br />
Er. Samir Vahora<br />
Dr. Tarak Parekh<br />
Dr. Nitin Deshmukh (upto 11.1.2012)<br />
Dr. Bhavik Acharya (upto 6.7.2011)<br />
Er. D.Senthil Kumar (upto 30.8.2011)<br />
Ms. Anushree Kogje<br />
Mr. Punit Karawadia<br />
Er. Sandeep Sharma<br />
Thermo-Chemical Conversion Division<br />
Er. Devendra Pareek, I/C Head (upto 31.10.2011)<br />
Er. Asimkumar Joshi, I/C Head (w.e.f. 1.11.2011)<br />
Er. Sunil Naranaware (upto 30.9.2011)<br />
Er. Jignesh Makwana<br />
Er. Vikas Verma (upto 1.11.2011)<br />
Er. Sachin Ghanchi<br />
Er. Jayprakash Samariya<br />
SPRERI TEAM (2011-12)<br />
Er. Shakil Saiyad<br />
Mr. Anant Patel<br />
Mr. Harshad Suthar<br />
Extension<br />
Dr. S. Mohana, Head (upto 29.6.2011)<br />
Er. Satya Narayan Singh, I/C Head<br />
Mr. Jitendra Suthar<br />
Administration<br />
Mr. P. Amar Babu<br />
Ms. Pragna Dave<br />
Mr. Rajendra Shah<br />
Mr. Hitesh Dalwadi<br />
Mrs. Aida Mascarenhas<br />
Mr. Hasmukh Vaghela<br />
Technicians and Drivers<br />
Mr. Jayesh Parmar<br />
Mr. Bhupendra Prajapati<br />
Mr. Rakesh Parmar<br />
Mr. Ramesh Bhoi<br />
Mr. Rajesh Machhi<br />
Lab Attendant and Helpers<br />
Mr. Minesh Suthar<br />
Mr. Purshottam Harijan<br />
Mr. Ashok Harijan<br />
Mr. Dahya Harijan<br />
Mr. Prakash Machhi<br />
Mr. Natu Parmar<br />
Mr. Bhupat Parmar<br />
Mr. Ishwar Harijan<br />
Mr. Harman Parmar<br />
Mr. Laxman Parmar<br />
Mr. Ashok Patel<br />
Mr. Vijay Vasava<br />
Mr. Bhailal Solanki<br />
Ms. Manjula Vadhel<br />
39
40<br />
BALANCE SHEET AS ON 31.03.2012