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Imprint / Terms of Use Living Reviews in Solar Physics are published by the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max-Planck-Str. 2, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany. ISSN 1614-4961 This review is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Germany License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/de/ Because a Living Reviews article can evolve over time, we recommend to cite the article as follows: Manuel Güdel, “The Sun in Time: Activity and Environment”, Living Rev. Solar Phys., 4, (2007), 3. [Online Article]: cited [], http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2007-3 The date given as then uniquely identifies the version of the article you are referring to. Article Revisions Living Reviews supports two different ways to keep its articles up-to-date: Fast-track revision A fast-track revision provides the author with the opportunity to add short notices of current research results, trends and developments, or important publications to the article. A fast-track revision is refereed by the responsible subject editor. If an article has undergone a fast-track revision, a summary of changes will be listed here. Major update A major update will include substantial changes and additions and is subject to full external refereeing. It is published with a new publication number. For detailed documentation of an article’s evolution, please refer always to the history document of the article’s online version at http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2007-3.
Contents 1 Introduction 7 2 What is a Solar-Like Star? 10 3 The Sun in Time 12 3.1 Goals of the “Sun in Time” project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2 Overview of stellar sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4 The Solar Magnetic Field in Time 16 4.1 The young solar photosphere: Large, polar spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.1.1 Doppler imaging of young solar analogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.1.2 Polar spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2 Coronal structure of the young Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2.1 Magnetic loop models and active regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.2.2 Inferences from coronal density measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2.3 Inferences from rotational modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2.4 Inferences from eclipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.2.5 Photospheric-field extrapolation to the corona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2.6 Summary on coronal structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.3 Activity cycles in the young Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.3.1 Starspot cycles of solar analogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.3.2 X-ray cycles of solar analogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5 Solar Radiation and Wind in Time 29 5.1 The solar wind in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.2 The solar spin in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.3 The ultraviolet Sun in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 5.4 The far-ultraviolet Sun in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.5 The extreme-ultraviolet and X-ray Sun in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.5.1 The solar X-ray corona in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.5.2 The coronal temperature in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.6 Putting it all together: The XUV Sun in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.7 The radio Sun in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.7.2 Observational results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.8 Coronal flares in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.8.1 Flare energy distributions and coronal heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.8.2 Phenomenological evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.8.3 Stellar flare energy distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.8.4 Stochastic flares and coronal observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5.8.5 Summary: The importance of stochastic flares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.9 The solar coronal composition in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.9.1 Abundances in stellar coronae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.9.2 The composition of the young solar corona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.9.3 The Ne/O abundance ratio: Subject to evolution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.10 Summary: The young, active Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Page 1: Living Rev. Solar Phys., 4, (2007),
Page 5: List of Tables 1 Symbols and units
Page 8 and 9: 8 Manuel Güdel The discovery of ex
Page 10 and 11: 10 Manuel Güdel 2 What is a Solar-
Page 12 and 13: 12 Manuel Güdel 3 The Sun in Time
Page 14 and 15: 14 Manuel Güdel Guinan, 1994a; Dor
Page 16 and 17: 16 Manuel Güdel 4 The Solar Magnet
Page 18 and 19: 18 Manuel Güdel 4.1.2 Polar spots
Page 20 and 21: 20 Manuel Güdel structure”; furt
Page 22 and 23: 22 Manuel Güdel Because the X-ray
Page 24 and 25: 24 Manuel Güdel Flux density at bo
Page 26 and 27: 26 Manuel Güdel Figure 7: Left (a)
Page 28 and 29: 28 Manuel Güdel detection until re
Page 30 and 31: 30 Manuel Güdel stellar winds and
Page 32 and 33: 32 Manuel Güdel Figure 11: Relatio
Page 34 and 35: 34 Manuel Güdel 5.4 The far-ultrav
Page 36 and 37: 36 Manuel Güdel X-ray luminosity (
Page 38 and 39: 38 Manuel Güdel Flux density at 1
Page 40 and 41: 40 Manuel Güdel count rate (cts s
Page 42 and 43: 42 Manuel Güdel Consequently, the
Page 44 and 45: 44 Manuel Güdel Table 4: Integrate
Page 46 and 47: Relative flux (Sun=1) 46 Manuel Gü
Page 48 and 49: 48 Manuel Güdel Flux at 1 AU (erg
Page 50 and 51: 50 Manuel Güdel Figure 22: Correla
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52 Manuel Güdel a concept also pro
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54 Manuel Güdel • This latter co
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56 Manuel Güdel entire observed X-
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58 Manuel Güdel 5.9.2 The composit
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60 Manuel Güdel Abundance 1.0 0.1
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62 Manuel Güdel 6.2.2 New features
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64 Manuel Güdel Figure 30: Summary
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66 Manuel Güdel among the stars co
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68 Manuel Güdel et al. (2005), and
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70 Manuel Güdel same time, related
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72 Manuel Güdel active stars, incl
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74 Manuel Güdel magnetized; such w
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76 Manuel Güdel low viscous heatin
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78 Manuel Güdel all isotopic anoma
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80 Manuel Güdel 7 The Solar System
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82 Manuel Güdel of life, and life
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84 Manuel Güdel 7.1.3 Cosmic rays
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86 Manuel Güdel H2O + hν → OH +
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88 Manuel Güdel Here, v0 = (2kTexo
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90 Manuel Güdel Figure 41: Modeled
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92 Manuel Güdel Figure 42: Modeled
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94 Manuel Güdel (Section 5.6), one
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96 Manuel Güdel 8 Summary and Conc
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98 Manuel Güdel Solar magnetic act
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100 Manuel Güdel References Acuña
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102 Manuel Güdel Balbus, S.A., Haw
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104 Manuel Güdel Calvet, N., Muzer
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106 Manuel Güdel Curiel, S., Rodr
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108 Manuel Güdel Favata, F., Micel
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110 Manuel Güdel Gagne, M., Cailla
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112 Manuel Güdel Güdel, M., 1997,
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114 Manuel Güdel workshop held at
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116 Manuel Güdel Holman, G.D., Ben
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118 Manuel Güdel Johns-Krull, C.M.
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120 Manuel Güdel König, B., Guent
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122 Manuel Güdel Maggio, A., Peres
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124 Manuel Güdel Mitra-Kraev, U.,
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126 Manuel Güdel Parnell, C.E., Ju
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128 Manuel Güdel Proceedings for a
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130 Manuel Güdel Schmitt, J.H.M.M.
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132 Manuel Güdel Smith, K., Pestal
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134 Manuel Güdel Telleschi, A., G
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136 Manuel Güdel Weber, E.J., Davi
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