Non-deponent verb notes & exercise

Verb Review, non-deponents
Tense translations
If our verb means "walk" (ambulo 1), then the main translations are:
ambulō: Present tense. I walk, I am walking, I do walk
ambulābō: Future tense. I will walk, I will be walking
ambulāvī: Perfect tense. I walked, I have walked, I did walk
Present system
By this I mean all tenses that make use of the present stem. So far, this means the present and the
future.
The present infinitive is the second principle part:
ambulāre (1), delēre (2), ducere (3) accipere (3/4) uenīre (4),
Note that:
–ēre in the 2 nd declension has a long vowel, while in the 3 rd and 3/4 it is short.
3/4 verbs have infinitives just like 3 rd conjugation verbs, though most of their forms look
more like 4 th conjugation forms.
Present Stem.
The present stem is the infinitive minus the final –re. Or, in other words:
amā- 1 monē- 2 duce- 3 audī- 4 face- 3/4.
Forming the present tense.
The basic rule is to slam the endings from the table below onto the stem.
ō mus
s tis
t nt
But there are some complications, mainly due to the tendency of weak (short) vowels to get
messed around with.
• The short –e in 3 and 3/4 conjugation verbs is reduced to a short –i in most situations. Hence:
duco, ducis, ducit, etc.
• 1 st person singular. When you add –o to the stem the –o gobbles up the stem vowel some of the
time: nuntio (1) (not *nuntiao); duco (not * duceo). In the second conjugation and the fourth,
the long vowels remain, as does the –i- in the i-stem (=3/4) conjugation: timeo, uenio, facio. But
you know these: they are the dictionary forms (the first principal parts).
• 3/4 verbs look like 4 th conjugation verbs, but their –i- is short. They sound very different.
3/4 accipimus (ak-KI-pimus) 4 audīmus (au-DEE-mus)
• To see full paradigms, check out Reference Grammar A1.

Forming the future tense.
1 st and 2 nd conjugations. Add –bo/bis/bit bimus bitis bunt to the stem.
3 rd , 4 th , and 3/4 conjugations.
3 rd : the future stem is ducē- , save in the 1ps: ducam.
4 th and 3/4: the stems are ueniē- and faciē- respectively, though again we run into –am in the 1ps:
ueniam, faciam.
• For full paradigms, see Reference Grammar A2.
Imperatives (command forms)
So far, all forms we've reviewed have been in the indicative mood; this means that they indicate
something, that is, treat something as a fact. The imperative mood (from impero, "I command") is
the mood used to give commands. The only imperatives we know are in the present tense.
Of the verbs we've learned so far, then, four things can vary: number (sing or pl), person (1 st , 2 nd
3 rd ), tense (present, future or perfect), and mood (indicative or imperative).
For non-deponent verbs, the singular present imperative is simply the stem. And the plural
imperative is similar to the 2p plural, except we have –te instead of –tis.
nuntiā! timē! posce! uenī! cape!
amāte monēte poscite audīte capite!
Four common third conjugation verbs, by the way, have shortened imperatives in the singular:
dic duc fac fer
Perfect system
The perfect system is based on a different stem, the third principal part. You often cannot predict
this principle part from the other forms of the verb. So you need to know them: check out the list
on pages 123-126 of the fat book.
The perfect system uses a different set of endings:
–ī –imus
–isti –istis
–it –ērunt OR –ēre
All verbs work the same way in the perfect: it doesn't matter what conjugation they belong too.
There's no funny vowel business. Just take the third principle part, subtract the final –ī (which is
the first person singular endings) and add the appropriate ending.

Verb review 1: regular (non-deponents)
ambulō (1) walk
dēleō (2) dēlēuī I destroy
accipiō (3/4) accēpi I receive, welcome, learn, obtain
ueniō (4) uēni I come, arrive
Translate into Latin. You needn’t mark routine long vowels. I do one as an example.
1. She has walked ambulauit
2. I do receive
3. They came
4. They will come
5. I did receive
6. They will walk
7. She has destroyed
8. I have arrived
9. Y’all will destroy
10. Destroy! (plural)
11. I will arrive
12. She will obtain
13. We do destroy
14. They are coming
15. Walk! (singular)
Give a synopsis of each verb in the 3 rd person plural (present, future, perfect)
ambulō: ambulant ambulabunt ambulauerunt
dēleō
accipiō
ueniō