Silvopasture and Agroforestry: An Annotated Bibliography

Silvopasture 

Agroforestry: 

and 

An Annotated Bibliography 

Forestry and Wildlife Series No. 3 

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station 

William Batchelor, Director 

Auburn University 

Auburn, Alabama 

November 2011

CONTENTS 

page 

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................3 

Keyword Index .............................................................................................................................................................................3 

Annotated Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................................................8 

Auburn University is an equal opportunity educational institution/employee. 

http:www.auburn.edu 

http:www.aaes.auburn.edu 

This report can be found on the Web at 

www.aaes.auburn.edu/comm/pubs/forestry/fw-3-bibliography.pdf

SILVOPASTURE AND AGROFORESTRY: 

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

INTRODUCTION 

Silvopasture—the practice of managing timber and pasture 

as a single integrated system—is an economically 

viable and sustainable agroforestry system with many 

environmental benefi ts. Information presented in this annotated 

bibliography relates to different facets of agroforestry, 

including implementation and management with a special emphasis 

on silvopasture. 

The bibliography consists of research-based materials 

from a variety of sources, including journal articles, books, 

Extension publications, articles from conference proceedings, 

Internet publications, and academic theses and dissertations 

published from 1987 to 2010. Sources were identifi ed using 

computer databases available through the Auburn University 

Library and the Internet’s World Wide Web; additional resources 

were also located in the reference sections of articles 

located in the initial searches. 

To help readers determine the usefulness of the references, 

article summaries present details of methodology and research 

results from the publications. When appropriate, the author’s 

abstract was used as a basis for the summary and is designated, 

at the beginning of each abstract, with an “*” if it is the original 

abstract or an “**” if the original abstract was shortened for 

this publication. Keywords are listed at the end of each abstract, 

and a keyword index is located at the beginning of this 

bibliography to help readers locate specifi c topics of interest. 

This index includes author, year of publication, and the article 

reference number. 

This bibliography does not include every article related 

to agroforestry and silvopasture, but it does offer a broad sampling 

of information on the topic and it will continue to be 

updated in the future. Please forward suggestions relating to 

publications that were not included or published after 2010 to 

Dr. Becky Barlow 

Extension Specialist and Assistant Professor 

Auburn University School of Forestry and Wildlife 

Sciences 

Phone - 334-844-1019 

email-becky.barlow@auburn.edu 

Kevin D. Guthrie, Rebecca J. Barlow, and Jennifer Z. Morse 

KEYWORD INDEX 

Association for Temperate Agroforestry (AFTA) 

(Association for Temperate Agroforestry, 2000 #5; Association 

for Temperate Agroforestry, 2000 #6; Current, 2009 #20; Merwin, 

1997 #46) 

Aggregate Stability 

(Karki, 2009 #38) 

Agriculture 

(Ashley, 2006 #4; Batish, 2008 #9; Boehner, 1991 #12; Izac, 

2001 #35; Mercer, 2004 #45; Montagnini, 2004 #47; Palma, 

2007 #60; Steffan-Dewenter, 2007 #73) 

Agroforestry 

(Haile, 2010 #30; Hodge, 1998 #31; Szymanski, 1998 #74) 

Agroforestry Systems 

(Godsey, 2007 #27) 

Alley Cropping 

(Anderson, 2009 #2; Association for Temperate Agroforestry, 

2000 #5; Cutter, 1999 #21; Kuhn, 1996 #40; Merwin, 1997 

#46; Nair, 1993 #51; Palma, 2007 #60; Rigueiro-Rodriguez, 

2008 #66; Schroeder, 2001 #69; USDA National Agroforestry 

Center #76; Workman, 2003 #80; Zinkhan, 1997 #82) 

Allelopathy 

(Houx, 2008 #32) 

Animals 

(Ashley, 2006 #4; Boehner, 1991 #12; Brantly, 2005 #14; Cacho, 

2001 #17; Clason, 2000 #19; Huxley, 1999 #34; Kumar, 

2008 #41; Quam, 1994 #64; Riedel, 2008 #65; Robinson, 2005 

#67; USDA National Agroforestry Center #76; Yates, 2007 

#81) 

Assessment 

(Wells, 2008 #79) 

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) 

(Karki, 2009 #38; Oswald, 2008 #56) 

Guthrie is a research assistant and Barlow an assistant professor in the School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences. Morse is a research technician 

with the Offi ce of Sustainability. All are at Auburn University.

4 

Bahiagrass Pasture 

(Haile, 2010 #30) 

Benefi ts 

(Kuhn, 1996 #40; Montambault, 2005 #48) 

Biodiversity 

(Ashley, 2006 #4; Huang, 2002 #33; McGinty, 2008 #44; Mosquera-Losada, 

2006 #49; Palma, 2007 #60; Rigueiro-Rodriguez, 

2008 #66; Schroth, 2004 #70; Wells, 2008 #79; Zinkhan, 

1997 #82) 

Biomass 

(Huxley, 1999 #34; Schroeder, 2001 #69) 

Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) 

(Houx, 2008 #32) 

Book 

(Alavalapati, 2004 #1; Batish, 2008 #9; Buck, 1999 #16; Chauhan, 

2005 #18; Garrity, 2006 #26; Huxley, 1999 #34; Jose, 

2008 #36; Mosquera-Losada, 2006 #49; Mulinge, 2005 #50; 

Nair, 1993 #51; Nair, 1987 #53; Palma, 2006 #59; Rigueiro- 

Rodriguez, 2008 #66; Schroeder, 2001 #69; Schroth, 2004 

#70) 

Buffer 

(Kuhn, 1996 #40; Kumar, 2008 #41; Zinkhan, 1997 #82) 

Buffer Zone 

(USDA National Agroforestry Center #76) 

Carbon 

(Daudin, 2008 #22; Izac, 2001 #35; Montagnini, 2004 #47; 

Palma, 2007 #60; Schroeder, 2001 #69; Staley, 2008 #72) 

Carbon Sequestration 

(Haile, 2010 #30) 

Clear Felling 

(Godsey, 2007 #27) 

Climate 

(Daudin, 2008 #22; Quam, 1994 #64; Schroeder, 2001 #69) 

Clover 

(Karki, 2009 #38, Lopez – Diaz, 2009 #43) 

Cool Season 

(Bambo, 2009 #7) 

Compaction 

(Karki, 2009 #38) 

Computer Software 

(Krummenacher, 2008 #39) 

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 

Conservation 

(Arbuckle, 2009 #3; Ashley, 2006 #4; Huang, 2002 #33; 

McGinty, 2008 #44; Mercer, 2004 #45; Nair, 1993 #51; Pattanayak, 

2003 #61; Rigueiro-Rodriguez, 2008 #66; Robinson, 

2005 #67; Schroth, 2004 #70; Steffan-Dewenter, 2007 #73) 

Crafts and Decorative 

(Bentrup, 2002 #10; USDA National Agroforestry Center 

#76) 

C3 Forage 

(Feldhake, 2010 #24) 

Deforestation 

(Staley, 2008 #72; Steffan-Dewenter, 2007 #73) 

Density 

(Quam, 1994 #64; USDA National Agroforestry Center #76) 

Design 

(Boehner, 1991 #12; Mercer, 2004 #45; Nair, 1993 #51; Quam, 

1994 #64; USDA National Agroforestry Center #76; Zinkhan, 

1997 #82) 

Development 

(Mercer, 2004 #45) 

Diversity 

(Steffan-Dewenter, 2007 #73) 

Ecological 

(Mosquera-Losada, 2006 #49) 

Economic Analysis 

(Godsey, 2007 #27) 

Economics 

(Alavalapati, 2004 #1; Ashley, 2006 #4; Batish, 2008 #9; Cacho, 

2001 #17; Garrity, 2006 #26; Hodge, 1998 #31; Krummenacher, 

2008 #39; Merwin, 1997 #46; Montambault, 2005 

#48; Nair, 1993 #51; Palma, 2006 #59; Quam, 1994 #64; 

Rigueiro-Rodriguez, 2008 #66; Schroeder, 2001 #69; Schroth, 

2004 #70; Steffan-Dewenter, 2007 #73; Szymanski, 1998 #74; 

USDA National Agroforestry Center #76; Yates, 2007 #81; 

Zinkhan, 1997 #82) 

Edible Products 

(Batish, 2008 #9; Bentrup, 2002 #10; Cacho, 2001 #17; Palma, 

2006 #59; Schroeder, 2001 #69; USDA National Agroforestry 

Center #76) 

Environmental Aspects 

(Nair, 1987 #53; Quam, 1994 #64; Schroth, 2004 #70)

SILVOPASTURE AND AGROFORESTY: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Escrito en Espanol 


Establishment 

(Boehner, 1991 #12; Godsey, 2007 #27; Nowak, 2009 #55; 

Pattanayak, 2003 #61; USDA National Agroforestry Center 

#76; Wells, 2002 #78) 

Extension 

(Bentrup, 2002 #10; Boehner, 1991 #12; Brantly, 2005 #14; 

Clason, 2000 #19; Dosskey, 2008 #23; Kuhn, 1996 #40; Merwin, 

1997 #46; Nair, 1993 #51; Nair, 2005 #52; Nair, 2004 

#54; Nowak, 2009 #55; Quam, 1994 #64; Robinson, 2005 #67; 

Schroth, 2004 #70; USDA National Agroforestry Center #76; 

Wells, 2002 #78; Wells, 2008 #79; Workman, 2003 #80) 

Farm Forestry 

(Schroth, 2004 #70) 

Farming System 

(Batish, 2008 #9) 

Fecal Coliforms 

(Boyer, 2010 #13) 

Fertilization 

(Brauer, 2009 #15; Daudin, 2008 #22) 

Fertilizer 

(Blazier, 2008 #11) 

Fodder Crops 

(Godsey, 2007 #27) 

Forage 

(Bambo, 2009 #7; Bambo, 2009 #8; Boehner, 1991 #12; Karki, 

2010 #37) 

Forest Farming 

(Association for Temperate Agroforestry, 2000 #5; Batish, 2008 

#9; Cutter, 1999 #21; Rigueiro-Rodriguez, 2008 #66; USDA 

National Agroforestry Center #76; Workman, 2003 #80) 

Forest Grazing 

(Staley, 2008 #72) 

Forest Management 

(Buck, 1999 #16; Clason, 2000 #19; Zinkhan, 1997 #82) 

Forest Structure 

(Robinson, 2005 #67) 

Grazing 

(Karki, 2010 #37) 

Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) 

(Perry, 2009 #62) 

Herbicide 

(Boehner, 1991 #12) 

ICRAF 

(Nair, 1987 #53) 

Ikonos Imagery 

(Ovalles, 2007 #58) 

Insect Problems 

(Boehner, 1991 #12) 

Internet Resources 

(Association for Temperate Agroforestry, 2000 #5; Association 

for Temperate Agroforestry, 2011 #6; Boehner, 1991 #12; 

Brantly, 2005 #14; Clason, 2000 #19; Dosskey, 2008 #23; Garrity, 

2006 #26; Kuhn, 1996 #40; Nowak, 2009 #55; Palma, 

2006 #59; Robinson, 2005 #67; Schroth, 2004 #70; USDA 

National Agroforestry Center #76; USDA Natural Resources 

Conservation Service, 1999 #77; Wells, 2002 #78; Wells, 2008 

#79) 

Irrigation 

(Boehner, 1991 #12) 

Landscape 

(Ashley, 2006 #4; Buck, 1999 #16; Dosskey, 2008 #23; 

McGinty, 2008 #44; Palma, 2006 #59; Palma, 2007 #60; 

Schroth, 2004 #70; USDA National Agroforestry Center #76; 

Wells, 2008 #79) 

Landscape Utilization 

(Karki, 2010 #37) 

Leaf Area Index 

(Perry, 2009 #62) 

Light Transmittance 

(Perry, 2009 #62) 

Livestock 

(Boehner, 1991 #12) 

Livestock Farming 

(Godsey, 2007 #27) 

Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) 

(Blazier, 2008 #11; Brauer, 2009 #15; Clason, 2000 #19; Karki, 

2010 #37; Oswald, 2008 #56) 

Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) 

(Karki, 2009 #38; Oswald, 2008 #56) 

5

6 

Macropores 

(Boyer, 2010 #13) 

Maintenance 

(Boehner, 1991 #12; Daudin, 2008 #22; USDA National Agroforestry 

Center #76) 

Management 

(Arbuckle, 2009 #3; Ashley, 2006 #4; Bentrup, 2002 #10; Cacho, 

2001 #17; Jose, 2008 #36; Kuhn, 1996 #40; Mosquera- 

Losada, 2006 #49; Nair, 2004 #54; Quam, 1994 #64; Rigueiro- 

Rodriguez, 2008 #66; Robinson, 2005 #67; Schroth, 2004 #70; 

Steffan-Dewenter, 2007 #73; USDA National Agroforestry 

Center #76; Workman, 2003 #80; Zinkhan, 1997 #82) 

Markets 

(Garrity, 2006 #26; USDA National Agroforestry Center #76) 

Microclimatic Conditions 

(Karki, 2010 #37) 

Modeling 

(Alavalapati, 2004 #1; McGinty, 2008 #44; Mercer, 2004 #45; 

Palma, 2007 #60; Yates, 2007 #81) 

National Agroforestry Center (NAC) 

(Brantly, 2005 #14; Dosskey, 2008 #23; Robinson, 2005 #67; 

USDA National Agroforestry Center #76; Wells, 2008 #79) 

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) 

(Kuhn, 1996 #40; USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, 

1999 #77) 

Nitrate 

(Boyer, 2010 #13) 

Nitrogen 

(Otto, 2009 #57; Staley, 2008 #72) 

Non-timber Forest Products 

(Bentrup, 2002 #10; Schroeder, 2001 #69; USDA National 

Agroforestry Center #76) 

Nutritive Value 

(Bambo, 2009 #7) 

Orchardgrass 

(Lopez – Diaz, 2009 #43) 

Organic 

(Houx, 2008 #32) 

Organic Fertilizer 

(Lopez – Diaz, 2009 #43) 

Outreach 

(Schroeder, 2001 #69) 

Overseeding 

(Bambo, 2009 #7) 

(PAR) 

(Feldhake, 2010 #24) 

Pasture 

(Lopez – Diaz, 2009 #43) 

Pest Management 

(Buck, 1999 #16) 

Phosphorus 

(Staley, 2008 #72) 

Pinus Radiata 

(Lopez – Diaz, 2009 #43) 


Planning Considerations 

(Dosskey, 2008 #23; Huxley, 1999 #34; Krummenacher, 2008 

#39; Landsberg, 1999 #42; USDA National Agroforestry Center 

#76; Wells, 2008 #79) 

Planting 

(Boehner, 1991 #12) 

Policy 

(Alavalapati, 2004 #1; Ashley, 2006 #4; Buck, 1999 #16; 

Cutter, 1999 #21; Merwin, 1997 #46; Montagnini, 2004 #47; 

Schroeder, 2001 #69; USDA Natural Resources Conservation 

Service, 1999 #77) 

Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 

(Fernandez, 2008 #25) 

Poplar (Populus spp.) 

(Otto, 2009 #57) 

Potassium 

(Lopez – Diaz, 2009 #43) 

Poultry Litter 

(Blazier, 2008 #11) 

Proceedings 

(Chauhan, 2005 #18; Current, 2009 #20; Garrity, 2006 #26; 

Gold, 2001 #28; Mosquera-Losada, 2006 #49; Singh, 1999 

#71; Steffan-Dewenter, 2007 #73) 

Protection 

(Wells, 2002 #78)


Protection of Crops or Farm 

(Kuhn, 1996 #40; Nair, 2004 #54; Quam, 1994 #64) 

Pruning 

(Daudin, 2008 #22) 

Quadrant Analysis 

(Ovalles, 2007 #58) 

Reforestation 

(Boehner, 1991 #12) 

Research 

(Alavalapati, 2004 #1; Anderson, 2009 #2; Arbuckle, 2009 

#3; Association for Temperate Agroforestry, 2000 #5; Daudin, 

2008 #22; Fernandez, 2008 #25; Gold, 2001 #28; Huang, 2002 

#33; Huxley, 1999 #34; Izac, 2001 #35; Jose, 2008 #36; Krummenacher, 

2008 #39; McGinty, 2008 #44; Merwin, 1997 #46; 

Mulinge, 2005 #50; Nair, 2005 #52; Nair, 1987 #53; Nowak, 

2009 #55; Palma, 2006 #59; Pattanayak, 2003 #61; Pollini, 

1994 #63; Riedel, 2008 #65; Rigueiro-Rodriguez, 2008 #66; 

Schroth, 2004 #70; Udawatta, 2002 #75; Zinkhan, 1997 #82) 

Riparian Forest Buffers 

(Anderson, 2009 #2; Association for Temperate Agroforestry, 


#46; Udawatta, 2002 #75; USDA National Agroforestry Center, 

#76; Workman, 2003 #80) 

Rotational Grazing 

(Feldhake, 2010 #24; Kumar, 2008 #41) 

Runoff 

(Houx, 2008 #32) 

Sampling Design 

(Ovalles, 2007 #58) 

Scale 

(Izac, 2001 #35) 

Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) 

(Perry, 2009 #62) 

Short Rotation Woody Crops 


Silvicultural Systems 

(Godsey, 2007 #27) 

Silviculture 

(Ovalles, 2007 #58) 

Silvopasture 

(Association for Temperate Agroforestry, 2000 #5; Bambo, 

2009 #7; Bambo, 2009 #8; Blazier, 2008 #11; Brantly, 2005 

#14; Clason, 2000 #19; Cutter, 1999 #21; Daudin, 2008 #22; 

Fernandez, 2008 #25; Godsey, 2007 #27; Haile, 2008 #29; 

Merwin, 1997 #46; Montagnini, 2004 #47; Mosquera-Losada, 

2006 #49; Nair, 1993 #51; Nair, 1987 #53; Nowak, 2009 #55; 

Oswald, 2008 #56; Otto, 2009 #57; Perry, 2009 #62; Riedel, 

2008 #65; Rigueiro-Rodriguez, 2008 #66; Robinson, 2005 

#67; Robinson, 2009 #68; USDA National Agroforestry Center 

#76; Workman, 2003 #80; Yates, 2007 #81; Zinkhan, 1997 

#82) 

Site Preparations 

(Boehner, 1991 #12; Nowak, 2009 #55) 

Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii) 

(Haile, 2010 #29) 

Snow 

(Kuhn, 1996 #40; Quam, 1994 #64) 

Social Consideration 

(Alavalapati, 2004 #1; Arbuckle, 2009 #3; Batish, 2008 #9; 

Buck, 1999 #16; Cacho, 2001 #17; Garrity, 2006 #26; Huang, 

2002 #33; Izac, 2001 #35; McGinty, 2008 #44; Mercer, 2004 

#45; Merwin, 1997 #46; Montambault, 2005 #48; Mosquera- 

Losada, 2006 #49; Nair, 1993 #51; Nair, 1987 #53; Pollini, 

1994 #63; Rigueiro-Rodriguez, 2008 #66; Schroth, 2004 #70; 

Szymanski, 1998 #74; Workman, 2003 #80) 

Soil 

(Arbuckle, 2009 #3; Bambo, 2009 #8; Fernandez, 2008 #25; 

Huxley, 1999 #34; Kumar, 2008 #41; Mercer, 2004 #45; Nair, 

1993 #51; Nair, 2004 #54; Palma, 2007 #60; Pattanayak, 2003 

#61; Udawatta, 2002 #75; USDA National Agroforestry Center 

#76; Wells, 2002 #78) 

Soil Carbon 

(Haile, 2008 #29) 

Soil Fertility 

(Staley, 2008 #72) 

Southeastern U.S. 

(Arbuckle, 2009 #3; Merwin, 1997 #46; Nowak, 2009 #55; 

Workman, 2003 #80) 

Southern Pines 

(Bambo, 2009 #8; Robinson, 2009 #68) 

Southern U.S. 

(Zinkhan, 1997 #82) 

Spatial Pattern 

(Ovalles, 2007 #58) 

Species 

(Nair, 1993 #51) 

7

8 

Stable Carbon Isotope 

(Haile, 2010 #30) 

Subsurface Water 

(Boyer, 2010 #13) 

Sustainability 

(Izac, 2001 #35) 

Systems 

(Batish, 2008 #9; Daudin, 2008 #22; Montambault, 2005 #48; 

Nair, 1993 #51; Nair, 2004 #54; Palma, 2007 #60; Steffan-Dewenter, 

2007 #73; Workman, 2003 #80) 

Technology 

(Association for Temperate Agroforestry, 2000 #5; Batish, 

2008 #9; Merwin, 1997 #46; Mercer, 2004 #45; Nair, 1987 

#53; Pattanayak, 2003 #61) 

Technology Transfer 

(Hodge, 1998 #31; Robinson, 2009 #68) 

Temperate Agroforestry 

(Association for Temperate Agroforestry, 2011 #6) 

Thinning 

(Godsey, 2007 #27) 

Tree Growth 

(Brauer, 2009 #15) 

Tree Survival and Establishment 

(Huxley, 1999 #34) 

Water 

(Anderson, 2009 #2; Boehner, 1991 #12; Brantly, 2005 #14; 

Dosskey, 2008 #23; Fernandez, 2008 #25; Izac, 2001 #35; 

Kuhn, 1996 #40; Kumar, 2008 #41; Landsberg, 1999 #42; Nair, 

2004 #54; Palma, 2007 #60; Pattanayak, 2003 #61; Rigueiro- 

Rodriguez, 2008 #66; Udawatta, 2002 #75; USDA National 

Agroforestry Center #76; Wells, 2002 #78; Wells, 2008 #79; 

Workman, 2003 #80) 

White Oak (Quercus alba) 

(Feldhake, 2010 #24; Godsey, 2007 #27) 

Wildlife 

(Boehner, 1991 #12; Dosskey, 2008 #23; Wells, 2008 #79; 

Zinkhan, 1997 #82) 

Wind 

(Quam, 1994 #64; USDA National Agroforestry Center #76) 

* designates the original abstract. ** designates a shortened version of the original abstract. 


Windbreaks 

(Association for Temperate Agroforestry, 2000 #5; Boehner, 


#46; Quam, 1994 #64; USDA National Agroforestry Center 

#76; Workman, 2003 #80; Zinkhan, 1997 #82) 

Woodlot 

(Feldhake, 2010 #24) 

Wood Products 

(Huxley, 1999 #34) 

Written in Spanish 


ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1. Alavalapati, J.R.R. and D.E. Mercer. 2004. Valuing agroforestry 

systems: methods and applications. Kluwer Academic 

Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts. 314 p. 

*There is a growing interest and need for enhancing 

economic and policy research in agroforestry. So far, 

no single reference book provides adequate coverage 

of applied economic and policy analysis methodologies 

for agroforestry professionals. This book, written 

by the leading experts in economics and agroforestry, 

addresses this need with 14 case studies (covering all 

the continents of the world) that describe and demonstrate 

the application of a wide range of cutting 

edge economic analysis techniques to agroforestry 

system, policies and projects. The applied economic 

methodologies include enterprise/farm budget models, 

Faustmann models, Policy Analysis Matrix, production 

function approach, risk assessment models, 

dynamic programming, linear programming, metamodeling, 

contingent valuation, attribute-based choice 

experiments, econometric modeling, and institutional 

economic analysis. After providing an overview of 

agroforestry systems and valuation methodologies 

(Chapter 1), the Economic Analyses section (Chapters 

2-6) presents a variety of methods for analyzing 

the profi tability of agroforestry systems under different 

settings. The Environmental Economic Analyses 

section (Chapters 7-10) offers several environmental 

economic methodologies to value both market and 

non-market benefi ts of agroforestry systems. The 

Household Constraints and Agroforestry Adoption 

section (Chapters 11-13) is devoted to the issue of 

agroforestry adoption and the factors infl uencing the 

adoption decision. The Macroeconomic and Institutional 

Analyses section (Chapters 14-15) focuses on 

the role of agroforestry in rural development and institutional 

arrangements required to further agroforestry


adoption. Finally, Chapter 16 summarizes the main 

results, discusses the status of economic research in 

agroforestry, and identifi es opportunities for further 

research in economic and policy of agroforestry. This 

book provides a unique and valuable resource for assisting 

upper division undergraduate and graduate students 

and rural development professionals to conduct 

rigorous assessment of economic and policy aspects 

of agroforestry systems and to produce less biased and 

more credible information. 

KEYWORDS: book, economics, modeling, policy, research, 

social considerations 

2. Anderson, S.H., R.Pudawatta, T. Seobi, and H.E. Garrett. 

2009. Soil water content and infi ltration in agroforestry 

buffer strips. Agroforestry Systems. 75(1): 5-16. 

**Agroforestry practices are receiving increased attention 

in temperate zones due to their environmental 

and economic benefi ts. To test the hypothesis that 

agroforestry buffers reduce runoff by increased infi 

ltration, water use, and water storage, profi le water 

content and soil water infi ltration were measured for a 

Putnam soil (fi ne, smectitic, mesic Vertic Albaqualf). 

The watershed was under no-till management with a 

corn-soybean rotation since 1991. Agroforestry buffer 

strips, 4.5 m wide and 36.5 m apart, were planted with 

redtop, brome, and birdsfoot trefoil. Pin oak, swamp 

white oak, and bur oak trees were planted at 3-m intervals 

in the center of the agroforestry buffers in 1997. 

Results show that agroforestry buffer strips reduce soil 

water content during critical times such as fallow periods 

and increase water infi ltration and water storage. 

Therefore, adoption of agroforestry buffer practices 

may reduce runoff and soil loss from watersheds in 

row crop management. 

KEYWORDS: alley cropping system, research, riparian 

forest buffers, water 

3. Arbuckle, J.G., C. Valdivia, A. Raedecej J. Green, and 

J.S. Rilcoon. 2009. Non-operator landowner interest in 

agroforestry practices in two Missouri watersheds. Agroforestry 

Systems. 75(1):73-82. 

*Land tenure has long been considered a critical factor 

in determining the adoption and long-term maintenance 

of agroforestry practices. Empirical evidence 

from non-U.S. settings has consistently shown that secure 

land tenure is positively associated with agroforestry 

adoption. In the U.S, over 40 percent of private 

agricultural land is farmed by someone other than the 

owner. Given the importance of land tenure in agroforestry 

decisions in other countries and the magnitude of 

non-operator landownership in the U.S, there has been 


surprisingly little focus on land tenure in the temperate 

agroforestry literature. Using data from a 1999 survey 

in Missouri, this study explores factors associated with 

non-operator landowner interest in agroforestry. Results 

suggest that differences in farming orientation are 

linked to interest in agroforestry. Closer ties to farming, 

stronger fi nancial motivations for landownership, and 

higher proportion of land planted to row crops were 

negatively related to interest in agroforestry among 

non-operator landowners. Environmental or recreational 

motivations for landownership and contacts 

with natural resource professionals were positively 

associated with interest in agroforestry. These results, 

consistent with earlier qualitative research suggesting 

that farm operators who have a strong “conventional 

farming identity” were less interested in agroforestry, 

point to a divide between landowners for whom environmental 

and recreational values play an important 

role in ownership motivation and those for whom fi - 

nancial considerations take precedence. The fi ndings 

imply that agroforestry development programs in the 

U.S. should take non-operator landowners and their 

farming and ownership orientations into account when 

designing research and outreach efforts. 

KEYWORDS: conservation, management, research, social 

considerations, soil, southeastern U.S. 

4. Ashley, R., D. Russell, and B. Swallow. 2006. The policy 

terrain in protected area landscapes: challenges for agroforestry 

in integrated landscape conservation. Biodiversity 

and Conservation. 15(2): 663-689. 

**This paper analyzes the policy terrain affecting 

agroforestry around protected areas in fi ve very different 

contexts across Sub-Saharan Africa, fi nding both 

expected and unexpected similarities. Across the sites 

in Uganda, Cameroon, and Mali, the study revealed a 

rough policy terrain for agroforestry—systemic market 

constraints, contradictions between development 

approaches and conservation objectives, and inconsistencies 

in institutional and regulatory frameworks. 

Making the conservation landscape approach more 

effective will require that both agriculturalists and 

conservation planners have much greater appreciation 

for the conservation and livelihood potential of agroforestry. 

KEYWORDS: agriculture, animals, biodiversity, conservation, 

economics, landscape, management, policy 

5. Association for Temperate Agroforestry. 2000. Agroforestry 

in the United States research and technology transfer 

needs for the next millennium. Available online at http:// 

www.aftaweb.org/resources1.php?page=32; last accessed 

April 11, 2011. 

9

10 

Building upon the 1997 AFTA report, “The status, opportunities, 

and needs for agroforestry in the United 

States,” this report explains how agroforestry is important 

and relevant to forestry and agricultural production 

systems. It highlights many benefi ts of agroforestry, 

and details the practice of agroforestry in 

alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, 

silvopasture, and windbreaks. The research and technology 

transfer needs for each of these practices of 

agroforestry are presented. 

KEYWORDS: AFTA, alley cropping, forest farming, 

Internet resources, research, riparian forest buffers, silvopasture, 

technology, windbreaks 

6. Association for Temperate Agroforestry. 2011. Agroforestry 

newsline. Available online at http://www.aftaweb.org/ 

newsline.php; last accessed April 11, 2011. 

**The newsline covers the science and practice of 

temperate agroforestry in North America and is sponsored 

by the Association for Temperate Agroforestry 

(AFTA). Past issues were produced anywhere from 

monthly to every six months. 

KEYWORDS: Internet resources, temperate agroforestry 

7. Bambo, S.K., A.R. Blount, J. Nowak, A.J. Long, R.O. 

Myer, and D.A Huber. 2009. Annual cool-season forage nutritive 

value and production after overseeding into bahiagrass 

sod in silvopastoral systems. Journal of Sustainable 

Agriculture. 33(8): 917-934. 

Signifi cant acreage of pines planted by the Conservation 

Reserve Program has reached the age for pulpwood 

thinning. This is an appropriate time to consider 

conversion from planted pine plantation to silvopasture 

systems to generate short-term cash fl ow from cattle. 

Little has been reported concerning tree confi guration 

that is best suited for silvopasture in the southern 

Coastal Plain for winter forage production. This study 

examined the effects tree confi gurations (double-row 

and randomly thinned silvopastures and an open pasture 

control) have on on the yield and nutritive value 

of annual cool-season forage combinations—‘Jumbo’ 

ryegrass (Lolium multifl orum Lam.), ‘Dixie’ crimson 

clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and ‘Cherokee’ red 

clover (Trifolium pretense L.). 

KEYWORDS: cool-season, forage, nutritive value, 

overseeding, silvopasture 



8. Bambo, S.K., J. Nowak, A.R. Blount, A.J. Long, and A. 

Osiecka. 2009. Soil nitrate leaching in silvopastures compared 

with open pasture and pine plantation. Journal of 

Environmental Quality. 38(5): 1870-1877. 

Wide acceptance of silvopasture as an alternative sustainable 

agricultural system in the southeastern United 

States will depend on an improved understanding of 

the tree-forage interactions and recognition of its environmental 

benefi ts. The objective of this study was to 

evaluate differences in soil nitrate leaching in different 

land-use systems in north Florida. 

KEYWORDS: forage, silvopasture, soil, southern pines 

9. Batish, D., R.K. Kohli, S. Jose, and J.P. Singh (eds). 2008. 

Ecological basis of Agroforestry. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 

FL. 382 p. 

The editors of this book use writings from more than 

30 contributors to present integrated and relevant information 

on various ecological processes in the agroforestry 

system. Focus is on tree-crop interactions, 

above- and belo-ground interactions, and crop productivity. 

In addition, chemical ecology, below-ground 

interactions, and nutrient release are discussed. The 

role of ecological modeling of complex agroforestry 

systems for profi tability is presented. Socioeconomic 

aspects of agroforestry and technological tools that 

benefi t society are discussed. 

KEYWORDS: agriculture, book, economics, edible 

products, farming systems, forest farming, social considerations, 

systems, technology 

10. Bentrup, G. and T. Leininger. 2002. Agroforestry: Mapping 

the way with GIS. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 

57(6): 148a-153a. 

**To help landowners adopt agroforestry, resource 

planners need to be able to determine the best locations 

for growing agroforestry specialty products. 

Suitability assessments match potential products with 

ideal growing conditions. A suitability assessment 

makes a match by overlaying data maps (McHarg, 

1995) with information such as soil type and climate 

factors garnered from geographic information systems 

(GIS). Each map, or “layer,” is ranked based on suitability 

for a particular crop. Further details are given 

on single species assessments, multi-species assessments, 

and other assessment strategies. 

KEYWORDS: crafts and decorative, edible products, 

extension, management, non-timber forest products


11 Blazier, M.A., L.A. Gaston, T.R. Clason, K.W. Farrish, 

B.P. Oswald, and H.A. Evans. 2008. Nutrient dynamics and 

tree growth of silvopastoral systems: impact of poultry litter. 

Journal of Environmental Quality. 37(4): 1546-1558. 

Fertilizing pastures with poultry litter has led to an increased 

incidence of nutrient-saturated soils, particularly 

on highly fertilized, well-drained soils. Applying 

litter to silvopastures, in which loblolly pine (Pinus 

taeda L.) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) production 

are integrated, may be an ecologically desirable 

alternative for upland soils of the southeastern U.S. 

KEYWORDS: fertilizer, loblolly pine, poultry litter, 

silvopasture 

12. Boehner, P., J. Brandle, and S. Finch. 1991. Windbreak 

Establishment. University of Nebraska Extension. EC 91- 

1764-B. Available online at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ 

natrespapers/122/; last accessed April 11, 2011. 

Variations in site preparations are given for cropland 

versus grassland or rangeland. Planting considerations 

include selecting material to plant, taking care of 

material before planting, storing seedlings to reduce 

stress on seedlings, timing for planting seedlings, and 

planting techniques for seedling survival. Diagrams 

shows common planting errors and also an example of 

correct planting. Post-planting care discussed includes 

controlling for weeds; keeping livestock out of windbreaks; 

avoiding damage from wildlife, insects, and 

disease; irrigating newly planted trees; and replanting 

trees. 

KEYWORDS: agriculture, animals, design, establishment, 

extension, forage, herbicide, insect problems, Internet 

resources, irrigation, livestock, maintenance, planting, 

reforestation, site preparations, water, wildlife, windbreaks 

13. Boyer, D. G., and J. P. S. Neel. 2010. Nitrate and fecal 

coliform concentration differences at the soil/bedrock 

interface in Appalachian silvopasture, pasture, and forest. 

Agroforestry Systems. 79(1): 89-96. 

A major limitation to effi cient forage-based livestock 

production in Appalachia is asynchrony of forage 

availability and quality with nutritional requirements 

of the grazer. Producers require dependable plant resources 

and management practices that improve the 

seasonal distribution and persistence of high-quality 

herbage and the sustainability and environmental integrity 

of the agricultural landscape. It was hypothesized 

that inorganic N and faecal coliform concentrations 

delivered in leachate to the soil/bedrock interface 

would be lowest in deciduous forest (HF) and highest 

in pasture (CP) with HF converted to silvopasture (SP) 

between the two. Piezometers were used to monitor 


water quality at the soil/bedrock interface under conventional 

pasture, SP, and hardwood forest in West 

Virginia, U.S. 

KEYWORDS: fecal coliforms, macropores, nitrate, 

subsurface water 

14. Brantly, S. 2005. Silvopasture water and fencing systems 

for cattle. Agroforestry notes. AF note 29. Available online 

at http://www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes.htm; last accessed 

April 11, 2011. 

**In a silvopastoral system, grazing recovery periods 

can only be achieved when well-designed livestock 

water supplies and cross fences are used. Fortunately, 

technological advances in livestock water system design 

and fence materials have helped to create a feasible 

working environment where rotating livestock 

from one silvopasture paddock to another can be both 

convenient and affordable. Special considerations given 

to fencing and water requirements, distribution, and 

tanks in a silvopasture system are discussed. 

KEYWORDS: animals, extension, Internet resource, 

NAC, silvopasture, water 

15. Brauer, D., H. Pearson, and D. Burner. 2009. Management 

factors affecting the establishment of pine based 

silvopastures in southern grasslands in the United States. 

Open Forest Science Journal. 2: 1-8. 

Silvopasture practices are being advocated as a means 

of maintaining pine forest acreage in the southeast 

United States; however, scientifi c data on the design 

and management for optimum tree growth are lacking. 

Studies were conducted near Booneville, Arkansas, to 

determine the effects of weed control, irrigation, soil 

fertilization and protection from cattle grazing on the 

establishment of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.). 

KEYWORDS: fertilization, loblolly pine, tree growth 

16. Buck, L.E., J.P. Lassoie, and E.C.M. Fernandes (eds). 

1999. Agroforestry in sustainable agricultural systems. CRC 

Press, Boca Raton, FL. 416 p. 

**Until now, agroforestry literature has focused 

largely on tropical agroforestry although many of the 

general principles governing the use of agroforestry 

are equally applicable to temperate regions. This book 

provides a refreshing change by combining both tropical 

and temperate agroforestry. The book also differs 

signifi cantly from previous ones in that it includes 

chapters on such topics as pests, ecological and local 

knowledge, and landscape level issues that have only 

sparingly been—if at all—treated in previous publications. 

The book has 17 chapters: nine discuss the 

biophysical interactions and processes in agroforestry 

11

12 

systems, and four focus on social and policy-related 

issues; three are on domestication of trees and agroforests, 

and one is related to ethnobotany. The editors 

have not explained the basis for selection of topics and 

sequence of chapters; the reviewers feel that chapters 

could have been organized in a more cohesive sequence. 

(Abstract from a book review) 

KEYWORDS: book, forest management, landscape, 

pest management, policy, social considerations 

17. Cacho, O. 2001. An analysis of externalities in agroforestry 

systems in the presence of land degradation. Ecological 

Economics. 39(1): 131-143. 

*Agroforestry can help prevent land degradation while 

allowing continuing use of land to produce crops and 

livestock on a sustainable basis. Despite the recognition 

that trees may have a high environmental value 

at the local level and the attention agroforestry has 

received as a tool for sustainable agricultural development, 

there is a lack of formal economic analyses on 

the role of agroforestry; this need is addressed in this 

study. A general economic analysis of an agroforestry 

operation on land prone to degradation and in the presence 

of positive forest externalities is developed. A numerical 

application is presented, based on a biophysical 

model of a watershed. The model is used to assess 

the value of forest externalities and the marginal cost 

of land degradation. The potential cost of incentives 

required to achieve a given target level of land productivity 

is estimated. The technique illustrated in this paper 

could be used to provide cost estimates that would 

serve as a basis for initial negotiations between stakeholders 

in a watershed wishing to establish a commonproperty 

approach to land management. 

KEYWORDS: animals, economics, edible products, 

management, social considerations 

18. Chauhan, S.K. M.S. Tiwana, R. Chauhan, S.C. Sharma, 

and SS. Gill (eds). 2005. Agroforestry in 21st century. Agrotech 

Publishing Academy, Udaipur, Tajasthan. 432 p. 

*Proceedings of the National Symposium on Agroforestry 

in 21st Century organized by Dept. of Forestry 

and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, 

Ludhiana (February 11-14, 2003) with the fi nancial 

assistance from Indian Council of Forestry & Research, 

Dehradun. 

KEYWORDS: book, proceedings 



19. Clason, T. 2000. From a pine forest to silvopasture system. 

Agroforestry notes. AF note 22. Available online at 

http://www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes.htm; last accessed 

April 11, 2011. 

*This technical note describes one technique to convert 

a loblolly pine plantation to a silvopasture system. 

This note also compares the production data for 

a typical pine plantation, a silvopasture system, and a 

pasture system starting from a 20-year-old pine plantation. 

KEYWORDS: animals, extension, forest management, 

Internet resources, loblolly pine, silvopasture 

20. Current, D.A., K.N. Broules, P.F. Ffolliott, and M. 

Keefe. 2009. Moving agroforestry into the mainstream. 


*On 12 to 15 June 2005 the Ninth North American 

Agroforestry Conference was held in Rochester, Minnesota, 

U.S. with the theme ‘‘Moving Agroforestry 

into the Mainstream.’’ This conference summarized 

and highlighted opportunities in North America for 

integrating agroforestry options at a landscape level 

to capture social, economic, and environmental improvement 

potential that agroforestry systems offer. In 

all, 42 papers and 28 posters were presented along the 

themes of applications, adoption, economics, tools for 

assessment, watershed management, and carbon sequestration 

benefi ts (Brooks et al. 2005; see the AFTA 

proceedings for all papers and poster summaries). This 

special edition of Agroforestry Systems presents 10 

papers selected from 42 papers presented at the conference. 

The conference was hosted by the Association 

for Temperate Agroforestry (AFTA), the Center for 

Integrated Natural Resources and Agricultural Management 

(CINRAM) at the University of Minnesota, 

the Southwest Badger RC&D in Wisconsin and the 

USDA National Agroforestry Center in Lincoln, Nebraska. 

(The 9th North American Agroforestry Conference 

Proceedings are available from websites of 

AFTA www.aftaweb.org. or CINRAM www.cinram. 

umn.edu.) 

KEYWORDS: AFTA, proceedings 

21. Cutter, B.E., A.I. Rahmadi, W.B. Kurtz and S. Hodge. 

1999. State policies for agroforestry in the United States. 


*Existing state legislation and programs pertaining to 

agroforestry were determined in a 1995 nationwide 

survey of state- employed natural resource professionals 

in the United States. At that time, only 20 of the 50 

states had legislation that could be identifi ed as pertaining 

to any of the fi ve major agroforestry practices: 

windbreaks, riparian buffers, alley-cropping, silvopas-


ture, or forest farming. Nine states had direct legislation 

specifi cally referring to one or more of these 

agroforestry practices, while the remaining 11 states 

had indirect legislation that could be construed as 

pertaining to agroforestry. Cost-sharing was the most 

commonly employed incentive in the direct legislation 

states and windbreaks were the most common practice 

in those states. Tax incentives and cost-sharing were 

the most favored approaches in the 11 states with indirect 

legislation. 

KEYWORDS: alley cropping, forest farming, policy, 

riparian forest buffers, silvopasture, windbreaks 

22. Daudin, D. and J. Sierra. 2008. Spatial and temporal 

variation of below-ground N transfer from a leguminous 

tree to an associated grass in an agroforestry system. Agriculture 

Ecosystems & Environment. 126(3-4): 275-280. 

*Nitrogen (N) transfer from leguminous trees can be 

a major N source for the associated crop in low-input 

agroforestry systems. The aim of this study was to 

identify the main climatic and soil factors controlling 

N transfer from the leguminous tree Gliricidia sepium 

(Jacq.) Walp to the associated grass Dichanthium 

aristatum (Poir.) C.E. Hubb, in a 16-year-old tropical 

agroforestry system. Nitrogen transfer was estimated 

using the natural N-15 abundance method. Before tree 

pruning, total N transfer represented 57 percent of the N 

uptake of the grass, including 31 percent coming from 

N-2 fi xation. The spatial variation induced by the tree 

was well described by soil organic N content (ON). In 

this system, ON is an index of soil available N as well 

as of tree root density. Rainfall (R) and evapotranspiration 

(ETP) were the main climatic factors controlling 

N transfer. Multiple regression analysis indicated that 

R, ETP, and ON explained 79 percent of the temporal 

and spatial variation of N transfer. Transferred N cannot 

be estimated after pruning because of the change 

in the isotopic signature of the soil N source. This was 

related to N release from root turnover. The results 

suggest that grass showed a preferential uptake of N 

coming from the tree, which could be due to a lower 

energy cost compared to obtaining absorbed N from 

the clayey soil used in this work. (C) 2008 Elsevier 

B.V. All rights reserved. 

KEYWORDS: carbon, climate, fertilization, maintenance, 

pruning, research, silvopasture, systems 


13 

23. Dosskey, M., G. Bentrup, and G. Wells. 2008. Indicators 

and guidelines for landscape assessment and planning for 

agroforestry. Agroforestry notes. AF note 40. Available online 

at http://www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes.htm; last 

accessed April 11, 2011. 

**Agroforestry practices can produce numerous environmental 

benefi ts that become signifi cant only 

through multiple installations over a large area, including 

greater diversity of wildlife, healthier aquatic 

ecosystems, and cleaner stream water. Through landscape-level 

assessment and planning, a limited number 

of agroforestry installations can deliver signifi cant 

improvements if designed and placed in critical locations. 

Indicators and guidelines are provided. 

KEYWORDS: extension, Internet resources, landscape, 

NAC, planning considerations, water, wildlife 

24. Feldhake, C. M., J.P.S. Neel, and D.P. Belesky, 2010. 

Establishment and production from thinned mature deciduous-forest 

silvopastures in Appalachia. Agroforestry Systems. 

79(1):31-37. 

Small Appalachian hill farms may benefi t economically 

by expanding grazing lands into some of their 

under-utilized forested acreages. The objective of our 

research was to study the forage production potential 

of forest to silvopasture conversion in West Virginia, 

U.S. We thinned a white oak (Quercus alba)-dominated 

mature second growth forested area, establishing 

two orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata)–perennial 

ryegrass (Lolium perenne)–white clover (Trifolium 

repens) silvopasture replications for comparison with 

two nearby open pasture replications. After thinning 

trees, silvopastures were limed, fertilized, and sown. 

Sheep were fed hay and corn scattered across the area 

to facilitate removal of residual understorey vegetation, 

disruption of litter layer, and incorporation of applied 

materials into surface soil. Each area was divided 

into multiple paddocks and rotationally grazed by 

sheep. 

KEYWORDS: C3 forage, PAR, rotational grazing, 

white oak, woodlot 

25. Fernandez, M.E., J. Gyenge, J. Licata, T. Schlichter, 

and B.J. Bond. 2008. Belowground interactions for water 

between trees and grasses in a temperate semiarid agroforestry 

system. Agroforestry Systems. 74(2): 185-197. 

*A fundamental hypothesis of agroforestry is the complementary 

use of soil resources. However, productivity 

of many agroforestry systems has been lower than 

expected due to net competition for water, highlighting 

the need for a mechanistic understanding of belowground 

interactions. The goal of this study was to 

examine root-root interactions for water in a temper-

14 

ate semiarid agroforestry system, based on ponderosa 

pines and a Patagonian grass. The hypotheses were: 

(a) A greater proportion of water uptake by pines is 

from deeper soil layers when they are growing with 

grasses than when they are growing alone; (b) Growth 

of grasses is improved by the use of water hydraulically 

lifted by pines. We used stable isotopes of O to 

analyze water sources of plants, and we measured sap 

fl ow direction in pine roots and continuous soil water 

content with a very sensitive system. We also installed 

barriers to isolate the roots of a set of grasses from 

pine roots, in which we measured water status, relative 

growth and water sources, comparing to control 

plants. The results indicated that pines and grasses 

show some complementary in the use of soil water, 

and that pines in agroforestry systems use less shallow 

water than pines in monoculture. We found evidence of 

hydraulic lift, but contradicting results were obtained 

comparing growth and isotope results of the root isolation 

experiment. Therefore, we could not reject nor accept 

that grasses use water that is hydraulically lifted 

by the pines, or that this results in a positive effect 

on grass growth. This information may contribute to 

understanding the complex and variable belowground 

interactions in temperate agroforestry. 

KEYWORDS: ponderosa pine, research, silvopasture, 

soil, water 

26. Garrity, D.P., A. Okono, M. Grayson, and S. Parrott 

(eds). 2006. World agroforestry into the future. World Agroforestry 

Centre, Nairobi. 196 p. Available online at http:// 

www.naider.com/upload/agroforestry.pdf; last accessed 

April 11, 2011. 

**This proceeding is from an international conference 

with the purpose of refl ecting on the accomplishments 

of agroforestry research and conducting an assessment 

of the role of agroforestry science in addressing the 

key global and regional challenges in the future. The 

sessions were organized around the themes of trees 

and markets, land and people, enhancing environmental 

services, and strengthening institutions. 

KEYWORDS: book, economics, Internet resources, 

markets, proceedings, social considerations 

27. Godsey, L. D., W.D. Walter, J.P. Dwyer, and H.E Garrett. 

2007. A preliminary economic analysis of silvopasture 

in Missouri’s Ozark forests. USDA Forest Service General 

Technical Report. SRS-101. 7 p. 

In 2002, a silvopasture practice was established at 

the University of Missouri Wurdack Farm located 

in the Ozark Region of Southern Missouri. With approximately 

260 acres dedicated to livestock and for- 



age production and 940 acres of timber, the Wurdack 

Farm is representative of the open pasture and upland 

hardwood forest mix commonly found in the Missouri 

Ozark Region. A total of 25 acres of pole-size white 

oaks located on north-facing slopes were thinned by a 

contract logger and selected forages were established 

as a treatment. Based on the cost to establish silvopasture 

in the study area, it is estimated that the additional 

cost to establish silvopasture over improved pasture 

would range from $121.74 to $635.92 per acre with 

additional revenue potential from future timber harvests 

of $354.08 per acre. 

KEYWORDS: agroforestry systems, clear felling, 

economic analysis, establishment, fodder crops, livestock 

farming, silvicutural systems, silvopasture, thinning, white 

oak 

28. Gold, M.A. 2001. Developments in North American 

agroforestry research: Selected papers from the Sixth Biennial 

North American Agroforestry Conference, 1999 - 

Preface. Agroforestry Systems. 53(3): Iii-Iii. 

KEYWORDS: proceedings, research 

29. Haile, S.G., V.D. Nair, and P.K.R Nair. 2008. Carbon 

storage of different soil-size fractions in Florida silvopastoral 

systems. Journal of Environmental Quality. 37(5): 1789- 

1797. 

Compared with open (treeless) pasture systems, silvopastoral 

agroforestry systems that integrate trees 

into pasture production systems are likely to enhance 

soil carbon (C) sequestration in deeper soil layers. 

KEYWORDS: silvopasture, soil carbon 

30. Haile, S.G., V.D. Nair, and P.K.R Nair. 2010. Contribution 

of trees to carbon storage in soils of silvopastoral 

systems in Florida, U.S. Global Change Biology. 16(1): 427- 

438. 

Silvopastoral systems that integrate trees in pasture 

production systems are likely to enhance soil carbon 

(C) storage in lower soil layers due to the presence of 

deep tree roots. To quantify the relative soil C contribution 

from trees (C3 plants) and warm season grasses 

(C4 plants) in silvopastoral systems, soil samples were 

collected and analyzed from silvopastures of slash pine 

(Pinus elliottii) + bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), and 

adjacent open pasture (OP), at six depths down to 125 

cm, at four sites representing two major soil orders 

(Spodosols and Ultisols) of Florida. 

KEYWORDS: agroforestry, bahiagrass pasture, carbon 

sequestration, slash pine, stable carbon isotope


31. Hodge, S.S. and H.E. Garrett. 1998. Agroforestry at 

the University of Missouri. Journal of Forestry. 96(11): 11- 

12. 

*Biophysical research at the University of Missouri 

Center for Agroforestry focuses on insect populations, 

interactions between trees and crops or livestock, and 

fl owering physiology and fruit production. Research 

in the social dimensions covers the economics of agroforestry 

as well as willingness to adopt the practices. 

Information is disseminated through the technology 

transfer component. 

KEYWORDS: agroforestry, economics, technology 

transfer 

32. Houx, J. H., III, H.E. Garrett, and R.L McGraw. 

2008. Applications of black walnut husks can improve orchardgrass 

and red clover yields in silvopasture and alley 

cropping plantings. Agroforestry Systems. 73(3): 181-187. 

Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) produces both valuable 

lumber and a nut crop. Because of this, it is an 

important tree for agroforestry plantings in the Midwest 

U.S. However, during processing of the nut crop, 

the outer tissue of the nut (husks) accumulates in great 

quantities. Applying this material to pastures is a possible 

method of disposal. However, black walnut has 

been implicated in allelopathic interactions with numerous 

plant species and may inhibit the growth of 

pasture species. Greenhouse and fi eld studies and 

a chemical analysis of the husks were conducted to 

determine the effects of applying walnut husks to orchardgrass 

(Dactylis glomerata) or red clover (Trifolium 

pratense) pastures. 

KEYWORDS: allelopathy, black walnut, organic, 

runoff 

33. Huang, W., O. Luukkanen, S. Johanson, V. Kaarakka, 

S. Raisanen, and H. Vihemaki. 2002. Agroforestry for biodiversity 

conservation of nature reserves: functional group 

identifi cation and analysis. Agroforestry Systems. 55(1): 65- 

72. 

*Agroforestry, as one of integrated approaches to biodiversity 

conservation, has received attention. But the 

methods to evaluate this contribution are rare. The 

present study focuses on the method development for 

quantifi cation of effects of agroforestry on biodiversity 

conservation. It includes identifying the functional 

groups of agroforestry components, defi ned as a set of 

species with similar impacts on a system process, and 

quantifying the distinctness of these groups, as related 

to wise use of resources and increasing well-being of 

local people. Combined with functional group-based 

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis, the pres- 


15 

ent work gives a useful way for an integrated evaluation-planning 

of agroforestry management relative 

to biodiversity conservation. It also provides a means 

to improve our knowledge of the potential roles of 

agroforestry in biodiversity conservation of nature reserves. 

The analyses, using the distinctness index of 

functional groups, demonstrated the impacts of various 

land-use systems on biodiversity conservation. 

The analyses, using AHP, ranked the priorities of various 

agroforestry and plantations on the protection of 

nature forests, aiming at the long-term solution for 

the resource support. The present study suggests that 

agroforestry development for biodiversity conservation 

should take into account the impacts of functional 

groups in strategic planning. 

KEYWORDS: biodiversity, conservation, research, 

social considerations 

34. Huxley, P.A. 1999. Tropical agroforestry. Blackwell Science, 

Malden, MA. 371 p. 

This comprehensive and analytical book explains technical 

topics related to agroforestry to better understand 

the potential and limitations of agroforestry. The role 

of animals, woody material, and soil conservation and 

management in agroforestry are included in the introduction. 

The resources that plants need and how plants 

should be spaced and arranged are presented. Tree behavior 

above and below the ground and competition 

between trees and crops are addressed. The philosophy, 

practice, and design of agroforestry research are 

presented. 

KEYWORDS: animals, biomass, book, planning considerations, 

research, soil, tree survival and establishment, 

wood products 

35. Izac, A.M.N. and P.A. Sanchez. 2001. Towards a natural 

resource management paradigm for international agriculture: 

the example of agroforestry research. Agricultural 

Systems. 69(1-2): 5-25. 

*This paper presents the basis of a new research paradigm, 

integrated natural resource management, which 

aims to increase agricultural production in tropical 

countries in a sustainable manner. Integrated natural 

resource management (NRM) combines traditional 

germplasm improvement approaches with NRM 

concerns. The theoretical framework underlying this 

approach is based on concepts of natural capital and 

ecosystem hierarchy and highlights the role of natural 

capital in providing ecosystem services such as nutrient 

and water cycling acid C sequestration, which may 

be lost or reduced in intensive agricultural systems. 

The main components of an integrated NRM agenda 

are explored, and the need for research to be carried

16 

out by interdisciplinary teams including ecologists, 

social scientists, and economists at a range of spatial 

and temporal scales is discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier 

Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 

KEYWORDS: agriculture, carbon, research, scale, social 

considerations, sustainability, water 

36. Jose, S. and A.M. Gordon (eds). 2008. Toward agroforestry 

design: an ecological approach. Springer Science, Dordrecht, 

The Netherlands. 312 p. 

*Jose and Gordon’s Toward Agroforestry Design is an 

important reference for anyone interested in exploring 

or managing the physiological and ecological processes 

that underlie resource allocation and plant growth 

in agroforestry systems. Drawing together a wide 

range of examples from around the world, the book 

highlights how recent developments in agroforestry 

research can contribute to understanding agroforestry 

system function and discusses the potential application 

of agroforestry in addressing a range of land use 

challenges in both tropical and temperate regions of 

the world. Including original research and synthetic 

analyses, the book presents examples from a wide 

range of environments. It focuses largely on resource 

allocation—both above- and below-ground—including 

an assessment of the recent advances in analytical 

and modeling tools available to this work. Concluding 

with a synthesis of the key questions and research gaps 

highlighted throughout the text, the book will be particularly 

useful to students and researchers involved 

in natural resource management, agroforestry, and applied 

ecology. 

KEYWORDS: book, management, research 

37. Karki, U., and M.S. Goodman. 2010. Cattle distribution 

and behavior in southern-pine silvopasture versus 

open-pasture. Agroforestry Systems. 78(2): 159-168. 

Shade present in silvopasture systems could reduce 

heat stress associated with microclimatic conditions 

that characterize warm-weather portions of the year on 

the Coastal Plain of the southeastern U.S. Objectives of 

this research were to (1) quantify diurnal distribution 

patterns of landscape use and behaviour of cattle in 

loblolly-pine (Pinus taeda) silvopasture versus openpasture 

landscapes and (2) relate observed differences 

in landscape use and cattle behaviour patterns between 

the two pastures to differences in microclimatic conditions 

and forage quantity and quality. 

KEYWORDS: forage, grazing, landscape utilization, 

loblolly pine, microclimatic conditions 



38. Karki, U., M.S. Goodman, and S.E. Sladden. 2009. Nitrogen 

source infl uences on forage and soil in young southern-pine 

silvopasture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 

131(1/2): 70-76. 

Southern pine silvopasture can be established by thinning 

an existing forest plantation then adding or improving 

a forage component, or by adding low densities 

of trees to existing pasture. Studies in mature 

loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine silvopasture (26 years) 

developed from a thinned plantation on the Western 

Coastal Plain of Louisiana, U.S., estimated higher 

forage biomass production for open-pasture versus 

silvopasture. However, little is known about temporal 

and spatial dynamics of forage productivity and soil 

quality in permanent pastures being converted to silvopasture 

on the southern Coastal Plain of the southeastern 

U.S. 

KEYWORDS: aggregate stability, bahiagrass, clover, 

compaction, longleaf pine 

39. Krummenacher, J., B. Maier, F. Huber, and F. Weibel. 

2008. Can agroforestry be economic? The analysis of a farm 

with longtime experience. Agrarforschung. 15(3): 132-137. 

*In agriculture there is an increasing area of confl ict between 

ecological and economic demands. An innovative 

approach that can fulfi ll requirements in a sustainable 

husbandry as well as in a competitive production 

is agroforestry. On the basis of a case study conducted 

in Germany, we analyzed how the profi tability of an 

agroforestry system can be calculated in practice. Due 

to a farm analysis with implemented calculation software 

> from Agridea the following conclusions 

were extracted: Agroforestry systems have an 

interesting potential. A reason for this is the internal 

diversifi cation of the agroforestry system, which results 

in economic as well as ecological advantages. In 

order to avoid the danger of a fi nancial overloading, a 

specifi c plan of cultivation and fi nances is obligatory. 

The calculation of the profi tability must also consider 

risk divisions as an investment, yield insecurity due to 

lack of experience, and price uncertainty as an effect 

of the longevity of agroforestry systems. The software 

> turned out to be a useful tool in calculating 

profi tability for agroforestry systems. 

KEYWORDS: computer software, economics, planning 

considerations, research


40. Kuhn, G.A. 1996. Agroforestry for Farms and Ranches: 

An introduction to using tree and shrub practices 

in sustained agricultural systems. NRCS Agroforestry 

Technical Note No. 1. Available online at http://www.nrcs. 

usda.gov/technical/ECS/forest/technote.html; last accessed 

April 11, 2011. 

Agroforestry terms are defi ned. A matrix of how agroforestry 

systems may be used to manage potential agricultural 

problems is given. The agroforestry practices 

of windbreaks, snow fences, alley cropping, contour 

buffer strips, riparian forest buffers, fi lter strips, multistory 

cropping, wood fi ber plantations, and waterwaste 

management planting are covered. In addition 

to sketches and descriptions for each practice, examples, 

purposes, design elements, benefi ts, and species 

requirements are also given. 

KEYWORDS: alley cropping, benefi ts, buffer, extension, 

Internet resources, management, NRCS, protection of 

crops or farms, riparian forest buffer, snow, water, windbreak 

41. Kumar, S., S.H. Anderson, L.G. Bricknell, R.P. Udawatta, 

and C.J. Gantzer. 2008. Soil hydraulic properties 

infl uenced by agroforestry and grass buffers for grazed 

pasture systems. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 

63(4): 224-232 

**Agroforestry buffers have been introduced in temperate 

areas to improve water quality and diversify 

farm income. The objective of this study was to evaluate 

saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention 

for soils managed under rotationally grazed (RG) 

pasture, continuously grazed (CG) pasture, grass buffers 

(GB), and agroforestry buffers (AgB). Pasture and 

GB areas included red clover and lespedeza planted 

into fescue while AgB included Eastern cottonwood 

trees planted into fescue. This study illustrates that 

agroforestry and grass buffers maintained higher values 

for soil hydraulic properties compared to grazed 

pasture systems. 

KEYWORDS: animals, buffer, rotational grazing, soil, 

water 

42. Landsberg, J. 1999. The ways trees use water: four review 

papers. Rural Industries Research and Development 

Corporation (RIRDC) publication. Barton, ACT: Rural 

Industries Research and Development Corp. vii, 104 p. 

This collection of four papers highlights the use of water 

by trees in agroforestry systems. It also outlines 

how tree selection and location can be used to optimize 

water use effi ciency. 

KEYWORDS: planning considerations, water 


17 

43. Lopez-Diaz, M. L., A. Rigueiro-Rodriguez, and M.R. 

Mosquera-Losada. 2009. Infl uence of pasture botanical 

composition and fertilization treatments on tree growth. 

Forest Ecology and Management. 257(4): 1363-1372. 

Silvopastoral systems, which combine tree and pasture 

production, are more complex ecosystems than exclusively 

agronomic systems. Good silvopasture management 

should seek to increase positive interactions (or 

synergies) and reduce negative interactions among 

system components (soil, trees, grass, and cattle) to 

increase global system productivity. Tree growth and 

pasture production within such systems can be optimized 

through appropriate species selection and fertilization. 

The aim of the present study, carried out over 

the course of three years (between 1998 and 2000) in 

Lugo, Spain, was to compare how traditional fertilizer 

application, sewage sludge dose, and potassium affect 

pasture-tree competition, botanical composition, and 

tree growth in a silvopastoral system located on agricultural 

land during the early years of system development. 

KEYWORDS: clover, orchardgrass, pasture, Pinus radiate, 

potassium, organic fertilizer 

44. McGinty, M.M., M.E. Swisher, and J. Alavalapati, 2008. 

Agroforestry adoption and maintenance: self-effi cacy, attitudes 

and socio-economic factors. Agroforestry Systems. 

73(2): 99-108. 

*Agroforestry is a key land use in the development 

of ecological corridors in tropical rainforests biomes. 

This research tested the social dimensions of agroforestry 

adoption and maintenance in the Atlantic rainforest 

of Southern Bahia, Brazil. A quasi-experiment 

research design compared a group of farmers who 

participated in an agroforestry development program 

with a group of similar farmers who were not participants 

in the program. The effects of the program on 

the participants’ self-effi cacy, attitudes, and intentions 

to adopt or maintain agroforestry were tested. The effects 

of socio-economic factors and attitudes were also 

compared to self-effi cacy in terms of farmers’ intentions 

to adopt or maintain agroforestry. Results indicate 

that the program neither raised nor lowered the 

farmers’ attitudes, self-effi cacy, or intentions to adopt 

or maintain agroforestry. However, multiple regression 

and logistic model analyses indicate that perceived 

behavioral control, attitudes about conservation, and 

available labor contributed most signifi cantly to farmers’ 

intentions to adopt or maintain agroforestry. Overall, 

perceived behavioral control proved to have the 

most signifi cant correlation with farmers’ intentions to 

adopt or maintain agroforestry. Therefore, agroforestry 

development programs could benefi t from focusing

18 

on farmers’ perceived control of certain behaviors to 

enhance the persistence of agroforestry practices. 

KEYWORDS: biodiversity, conservation, landscape, 

modeling, research, social considerations 

45. Mercer, D.E. 2004. Adoption of agroforestry innovations 

in the tropics: A review. Agroforestry Systems. 61(1): 

311-328. 

**This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical 

literature that has developed during the past decade 

analyzing agroforestry adoption from a variety of perspectives 

and identifi es needed future research. Much 

progress has been made especially in using binary 

choice regression models to assess infl uences of farm 

and household characteristics on adoption and in developing 

ex-ante participatory, on-farm research methods 

for analyzing the potential adoptability of agroforestry 

innovations. Additional research needs that have been 

identifi ed include developing a better understanding 

of the role of risk and uncertainty, insights into how 

and why farmers adapt and modify adopted systems, 

factors infl uencing the intensity of adoption, villagelevel 

and spatial analyses of adoption, the impacts of 

disease such as AIDS and malaria on adoption, and the 

temporal path of adoption. 

KEYWORDS: agriculture, conservation, design, development, 

modeling, social considerations, soil, technology 

46. Merwin, M.L. 1997. The status, opportunities and needs 

for agroforestry in the United States. Association for Temperate 

Agroforestry: Columbia, Missouri. 41 p. 

This report is a synthesis of the nine regional assessments 

of the status of agroforestry. For each region 

the following were compiled: (1) description (general 

climate, soils, and land capability); (2) environmental 

problems that agroforestry may help mitigate; (3) 

sustainability concerns; (4) status of agroforestry practices; 

(5) needs and opportunities for agroforestry; and 

(6) specifi c recommendations on actions to advance 

agroforestry. There are descriptions of the fi ve basic 

types of practices: (1) alley cropping, (2) windbreaks, 

(3) riparian buffer strips, (4) silvopasture, and (5) 

forest farming. There is also a table that summarizes 

when, where, and how the different agroforestry practices 

may be applied to help reach land management 

goals. 

KEYWORDS: AFTA, alley cropping, economics, extension, 

policy, research, riparian forest buffers, silvopasture, 

social considerations, southeastern U.S., technology, 

windbreaks 



47. Montagnini, F. and P.K.R. Nair. 2004. Carbon sequestration: 

An underexploited environmental benefi t of agroforestry 

systems. Agroforestry Systems. 61(1): 281-295. 

*Agroforestry has importance as a carbon sequestration 

strategy because of carbon storage potential in its 

multiple plant species and soil as well as its applicability 

in agricultural lands and in reforestation. The potential 

seems to be substantial, but it has not been even 

adequately recognized, let alone exploited. Proper 

design and management of agroforestry practices can 

make them effective carbon sinks. As in other land-use 

systems, the extent of C sequestered will depend on 

the amounts of C in standing biomass, recalcitrant C 

remaining in the soil, and C sequestered in wood products. 

Average carbon storage by agroforestry practices 

has been estimated as 9, 21, 50, and 63 Mg C ha(-1) 

in semiarid, subhumid, humid, and temperate regions. 

For smallholder agroforestry systems in the tropics, 

potential C sequestration rates range from 1.5 to 3.5 

Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1). Agroforestry can also have an indirect 

effect on C sequestration when it helps decrease 

pressure on natural forests, which are the largest sink 

of terrestrial C. Another indirect avenue of C sequestration 

is through the use of agroforestry technologies 

for soil conservation, which could enhance C storage 

in trees and soils. Agroforestry systems with perennial 

crops may be important carbon sinks, while intensively 

managed agroforestry systems with annual 

crops are more similar to conventional agriculture. In 

order to exploit this vastly unrealized potential of C 

sequestration through agroforestry in both subsistence 

and commercial enterprises in the tropics and the temperate 

region, innovative policies, based on rigorous 

research results, have to be put in place. 

KEYWORDS: agriculture, carbon, policy, silvopasture 

48. Montambault, J.R. and J.R.R. Alavalapati. 2005. Socioeconomic 

research in agroforestry: a decade in review. 


*Agroforestry research in academia and government 

and non-governmental agencies began by focusing on 

biophysical aspects. As this science represents a series 

of practices implemented by individual farmers, it requires 

in-depth social and economic analyses to assess 

economic feasibility of agroforestry systems and factors 

infl uencing the adoption of agroforestry, to monitor 

the relevance and effectiveness of investigations, 

and to guide future research efforts. This study presents 

literature dealing with socioeconomic issues in agroforestry 

research from interdisciplinary peer-reviewed 

journals, book chapters, and gray literature from 1992 

to 2002. More than 500 publications were analyzed to


determine relative dominance of geographical regions, 

types of analyses, agroforestry technologies, and socioeconomic 

issues. Trends were examined over time 

and by region. Overall, the body of literature exhibits 

an increasing trend toward regional and analytical diversity 

over time. Some defi ciencies of regional and 

thematic nature were observed, which included underrepresented 

temperate regions and technologies such 

as riparian buffers, as well as only a small number of 

papers dealing with gender and property rights. These 

suggest opportunities for future investigations. 

KEYWORDS: benefi ts, economics, social considerations, 

system 

49. Mosquera-Losada, M.R., J.H. McAdam, and A. 

Rigueiro-Rodriguez. 2006. Silvopastoralism and sustainable 

land management proceedings of an International Congress 

on Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Management held in 

Lugo, Spain, in April 2004. CABI Pub.: Wallingford, UK. 

72 p. 

**The book is structured into fi ve main sections related 

to silvopastoral systems: (1) main types and designs; 

(2) productivity, quality, and management; (3) 

ecological implications, such as biodiversity and sustainable 

management; (4) economical, social, and cultural 

benefi ts; and (5) an evaluation of the perspectives 

of these systems in a global and European context. 

KEYWORDS: biodiversity, book, ecological, management, 

proceedings, silvopasture, social considerations 

50. Mulinge, R. 2005. Abstracts of PhD and MSc theses in 

agroforestry, 1999-2005. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry 

Centre. 124 p. 

KEYWORDS: book, research 

51. Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An introduction to agroforestry. Kluwer 

Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 499 p. 

This comprehensive college-level textbook summarizes 

the state of current knowledge in both the biophysical 

(plant and soil related) and socioeconomic aspects 

of agroforestry. The major focus is on the tropics, but 

the temperate zone is also discussed. The text is recommended 

for students, teachers, and researchers in 

agroforestry, farming systems, and tropical land use. 

KEYWORDS: alley cropping, book, conservation, design, 

economics, silvopasture, social considerations, soil, 

species, systems 


52. Nair, P.K.R. 2005. How (not) to write research papers in 

agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems. 64(1): v-xvi. 

*Communication of research results is an integral 

part of research. The most recognized way of doing 

that is through well-presented publications. In order 

to get published, papers should be written well, but 

many writers, especially early-career professionals, 

have diffi culty with that. This paper presents some 

of the common problems the author has come across 

in his capacity as the Editor-in-Chief of Agroforestry 

Systems and suggests ways for alleviating them. Journal 

articles are the most important type of scientifi c 

publication; others include book chapters, reviews, 

research notes, books, and monographs. Most journal 

articles are presented in the IMRAD format: Introduction, 

Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion; 

other sections such as title, abstract, and references are 

also important. Each has specifi c norms and do’s and 

don’t’s to follow. Different journals and disciplines 

have different norms and styles, but the bottom line for 

all is that scientifi c writing should be clear, concise, 

and coherent. Various style manuals and books are 

available. Additionally, each journal has its own Instructions 

to Authors, which should be followed while 

preparing the manuscript. The manuscript should be 

reviewed by as many colleagues as possible and scrutinized 

by a science editor before it is submitted to the 

journal. 

KEYWORDS: extension, research 

19 

53. Nair, P.K.R. and H.A. Steppler. 1987. Agroforestry: a 

decade of development. Nairobi: International Council for 

Research in Agroforestry. xii, 335 p. 

This book presents some perspectives on agroforestry 

from the ecological, institutional, and developmental 

viewpoints. The diversity and importance of prominent 

agroforestry systems in the regions of Central 

America, the dry zones of Africa, the Indian subcontinent, 

and the silvopastoral system in Africa are discussed. 

Problems associated with the measurement, 

impact, and technology transfer of agroforestry are 

presented. Research fi ndings and proposals for research 

in agroforestry systems, nutrient enrichment, 

germplasm evaluation, and tree-component improvement 

are discussed. Nitrogen fi xing and multipurpose 

trees are discussed. 

KEYWORDS: book, environmental aspects, ICRAF, 

research, silvopasture, social considerations, technology

20 

54. Nair, V.D. and D.A. Graetz. 2004. Agroforestry as an 

approach to minimizing nutrient loss from heavily fertilized 

soils: The Florida experience. Agroforestry Systems. 

61(1): 269-279. 

*Nutrient buildup in the soil caused by increased animal 

manure and fertilizer use in agricultural and forestry 

practices may increase the potential for their loss 

from the soil, leading to groundwater contamination 

and nonpoint source pollution. Studies in the tropics 

have suggested that agroforestry practices can reduce 

such nutrient (especially nitrogen) losses because 

of enhanced nutrient uptake by tree and crop roots 

from varying soil depths, compared to more localized 

and shallow rooting depths of sole crop stands. 

In temperate systems, such benefi ts have been well 

documented for riparian forest buffer practices. Currently, 

other temperate agroforestry practices are also 

being considered for their potential to reduce runoff 

and leaching of chemicals and thereby improve environmental 

quality within the agricultural landscape. 

In this regard, the “Florida P-Index,” which considers 

both phosphorus transport characteristics and management 

practices, may be a useful tool in the evaluation 

of nutrient management practices and environmental 

benefi ts of agroforestry. Preliminary results from an 

alley cropping site and a silvopastoral site on two different 

soil types in Florida suggest that both of these 

agroforestry practices will likely reduce nutrient loss 

compared to conventional agricultural practices. The 

primary aspects of P-Index include consideration of 

transport factors such as soil erosion, soil runoff class, 

leaching potential, and distance from a water body 

along with management factors such as soil test P, P 

application method, and source and rate of P application. 

P-Index evaluation of these studies indicates 

that both agroforestry sites can be on a nitrogen-based 

nutrient management program. The relevance of some 

management practices such as application of manure 

vs. inorganic fertilizer is also discussed in light of the 

P-Index and the two agroforestry practices. 

KEYWORDS: extension, management, protection of 

crops and farms, soil, systems, water 

55. Nowak, J., A. Long, and A. Blount. 2009. Establishment 

of Silvopasture in Existing Pastures. University of Florida 

Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension. 

Publication number FOR107. Available online at http:// 

edis.ifas.ufl .edu/fr145; last accessed August 31, 2011. 

This article discusses some of the benefi ts of a silvopastoral 

system and how to establish such as system 

in existing pastures. Aspects covered include site 

preparation, tree species selection, seedling types, tree 

spacing at planting, tree planting, and tree survival and 



establishment. The information in the article is applicable 

to north Florida and other Southeastern states, 

where tree and forage growing conditions are similar. 

KEYWORDS: establishment, extension, research, Internet 

resources, silvopasture, site preparations, southeastern 

U.S. 

56. Oswald, B.P., K.W. Farrish, and M.J. Beierle. 2008. Survival 

of longleaf and loblolly pines planted at two spacings 

in an East Texas bahiagrass silvopasture. Southern Journal 

of Applied Forestry. 32(1): 44-45. 

The practice of combining intensive timber and forage 

production on the same site—a silvopastoral 

system—offers landowners the potential for income 

diversifi cation. The establishment of such a system in 

a pasture setting offers unique challenges compared 

with traditional timber or forage systems. In 2003, a 

silvopasture demonstration was established south of 

Carthage, Texas, in a pasture dominated by bahiagrass 

(Paspalum notatum). Four replications of treatments 

composed of open pasture, longleaf (Pinus palustris) 

and loblolly (Pinus taeda) pine planted at a traditional 

spacing, and longleaf and loblolly pine planted at silvopastoral 

spacing were established. 

KEYWORDS: bahiagrass, loblolly pine, longleaf pine, 

silvopasture 

57. Otto, G.M., A.C.V. Motta, and C.B. Reissman. 2009. 

Nitrogen addition in a poplar silvopasture system - winter 

crops. Adubacao nitrogenada em sistema silvipastoril alamo 

- pastagens de inverno. Revista Arvore. 33(3): 433-441. 

Poplars (Populus spp.) have been growing as a commercial 

forest crop in southern Brazil since the last decade. 

To improve soil use and reduce wood cost, poplar 

has been integrated with grazing cattle. Two major 

characteristics contribute for the integration of poplar 

with grazing cattle: the low plant density and the absence 

of leaves during the winter. Aiming to enhance 

the quality of food supply and forage to cattle, as well 

as tree growth within integrated system, a three-year 

fertilization trial was evaluated, using an eight-year 

old poplar plantation, located in Sao Mateus do Sul 

- PR. 

KEYWORDS: poplar, silvopasture and nitrogen 

58. Ovalles, F. A., M.F. Rodriguez, Y. Espinoza, A. Cortez, 

M.J. Perez, E. Cabrera, J.L. Gil, and N.E. Obispo. 2007. 

Use of high resolution satellite images to evaluate experimental 

plots in silvopasture essays. Zootecnia Tropical. 

25(4): 269-277. 

Agroforestry systems are an alternative to obtain a 

sustainable land use. The initial step in research in


these systems is the selection of the experimental sites, 

which must be very well characterized to evaluate the 

relationships among the components of the system. A 

study was conducted using Ikonos satellite imagery 

to evaluate the spatial pattern of the arboreal cover. 

Ikonos images and a geographical information system 

(GIS) were used to delimit the experimental plots to 

obtain the area of each crown tree in these plots as well 

as the spatial distribution of the arboreal strata. 

KEYWORDS: Ikonos imagery, sampling design, silviculture, 

spatial pattern, quadrant analysis 

59. Palma, J.H.N. 2006. Integrated assessment of silvoarable 

agroforestry at landscape scale. PhD. Dissertation, Wageningen 

University, the Netherlands. 134 p. Available online 

at http://www.fem.wur.nl/UK/Publications/dissertations/ 

palma/; last accessed August 31, 2011. 

*Silvoarable agroforestry (SAF) relates to the integration 

of trees and arable crops in the same fi eld. In 

Europe, agroforestry systems have been used mainly 

in traditional agriculture to provide a variety of agricultural 

and tree products. However, during the last 

three centuries, the agricultural landscape in Europe 

has seen a steady reduction of agroforestry due to land 

consolidation programs and agricultural mechanization. 

An integrated assessment of the environmental 

and economic performance of SAF was undertaken 

with the objective of assisting decision-makers implement 

ecologically sound land management practices. 

An environmental assessment methodology was developed, 

which enabled systematic assessment of the 

environmental effects of SAF for a stratifi ed random 

sample of 19 landscape test sites (LTS) in the Mediterranean 

and Atlantic regions of Europe. The environmental 

results were coordinated with a profi tability 

evaluation, and both were integrated into a multi-criteria 

decision analysis (MCDA). This work provided an 

initial approach for an integrated environmental and 

economic analysis of SAF systems. 

KEYWORDS: book, economics, edible products, Internet 

resource, landscape, research 

60. Palma, J.H.N., A.R. Graves, P.J. Burgess, K.J. Keesman, 

H. van Keulen, M. Mayus, Y. Reisner, and F. Herzog. 

2007. Methodological approach for the assessment of environmental 

effects of agroforestry at the landscape scale. 

Ecological Engineering, 29(4): 450-462. 

*Silvoarable agroforestry, the deliberate combined use 

of trees and arable crops on the same area of land, has 

been proposed in order to improve the environmental 

performance of agricultural systems in Europe. Based 

on existing models and algorithms, we developed a 

method to predict the environmental effects of SAF at 


21 

a farm and landscape scale. The method is comprised 

of an assessment of soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon 

sequestration, and landscape diversity and allows 

the comparison of the environmental performance of 

SAF with arable systems using these four indicators. 

The method was applied to three landscape test sites 

of 4 km x 4 km each in Spain, France, and The Netherlands 

and compared different levels of agroforestry 

adoption on farmland of different potential productivity. 

Silvoarable agroforestry was predicted to reduce 

soil erosion by up to 70 percent, to reduce N leaching 

by 20 to 30 percent, to increase C sequestration over 

60 years by up to 140 tonnes C ha(-1), and to increase 

landscape diversity up to four times. The method developed 

was executed with widely available landscape 

and farm structural data and can, therefore, be applied 

to other regions in order to obtain a broader assessment 

of the environmental performance of silvoarable 

agroforestry systems. 

KEYWORDS: agriculture, alley cropping, biodiversity, 

carbon, landscape, modeling, soil, systems, water 

61. Pattanayak, S.K., D.E. Mercer, E.O. Sills, J.C. Yang, 

and K. Cassingham, 2003. Taking stock of agroforestry 

adoption studies. Agroforestry Systems. 57(3): 137-150. 

*In light of the large number of empirical studies of 

agroforestry adoption published during the last decade, 

we believe it is time to take stock and identify general 

determinants of agroforestry adoption. In reviewing 

120 articles on adoption of agricultural and forestry 

technology by small holders, we fi nd fi ve categories 

of factors that explain technology adoption within an 

economic framework: preferences, resource endowments, 

market incentives, biophysical factors, and risk 

and uncertainty. By selecting only empirical analyses 

that focus on agroforestry and related investments, we 

narrow our list down to 32 studies primarily from tropical 

areas. We apply vote-counting based meta-analysis 

to these studies and evaluate the inclusion and signifi - 

cance of the fi ve adoption factors. Our analysis shows 

that preferences and resource endowments are the factors 

most often included in studies. However, adoption 

behavior is most likely to be signifi cantly infl uenced 

by risk, biophysical, and resource factors. In our conclusion, 

we discuss specifi c recommendations for the 

next generation of adoption studies and meta-analyses 

that include considering a fuller menu of variables, reporting 

key statistics and marginal probabilities, and 

conducting weighted meta-regressions. 

KEYWORDS: conservation, establishment, research, 

soil, technology, water

22 

62. Perry, M.E.L., W.H. Schacht, G.A. Ruark, and J.R. 

Brandle, 2009. Tree canopy effect on grass and grass/legume 

mixtures in eastern Nebraska. Agroforestry Systems. 

77(1): 23-35. 

A study to determine the feasibility of producing forage 

for grazing livestock under trees was conducted 

as a step toward evaluating the potential for silvopasture 

systems in the northern and central Great Plains of 

U.S. The effects of overstory leaf area index, percentage 

understorey light transmittance, and soil moisture 

on yield and crude protein of big bluestem (Andropogon 

gerardii), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis), 

and mixtures with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) 

were examined. The study was conducted in both 

Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) and green ash (Fraxinus 

pennsylvanica) tree plantations, at the University 

of Nebraska Agriculture Research and Development 

Center near Mead, Nebraska. 

KEYWORDS: green ash, leaf area index, light transmittance, 

Scotch pine, silvopasture 

63. Pollini, J., 1994. Agroforestry and the search for alternatives 

to slash-and-burn cultivation: From technological 

optimism to a political economy of deforestation. Agriculture, 

Ecosystems & Environment. 133: 48-60. 

*Launched in 1994, the Alternatives to Slash-and- 

Burn Programme is a multidisciplinary collaborative 

research effort aimed at addressing the issue of 

deforestation. This article analyzes the genesis and 

the history of this research effort and the causes of its 

successes and failures. It shows that despite the genuine 

commitment of the ASB Programme to achieve 

comprehensive analysis linking the social and the 

biophysical realms, the programme’s conclusions and 

recommendations were biased in favor of biophysical 

models whose adoption by farmers remained low. The 

ASB scientists engaged in a self-critique, which led to 

the opening of new areas of inquiry, such as the macroeconomic 

context of deforestation. But an excessive 

faith in the positivist paradigm of Western science 

maintained the illusion that perfect biophysical solutions 

could be designed if larger scales (watershed or 

region) were addressed. Economic instruments (payment 

for environmental services) are now being elaborated 

to favor the adoption of these models, and the 

ASB Programme may be on the verge of replicating 

at watershed scale the misleading approach it adopted 

earlier at plot scale. In order to properly answer the environmental 

challenges of our time, some myths that 

pervade the practice of science have to be debunked, 

and the issue of unequal power among stakeholders 

has to be addressed. This could be achieved by paying 

more attention to disciplines that employ the narrative 



mode to depict realities and by maintaining more distance 

from managerial approaches and from the technological 

optimism that characterizes them. 

KEYWORDS: research, social considerations 

64. Quam, V., L. Johnson, B. Wight, and J.R. Brandle. 

1994. Windbreaks for Livestock Operations. University of 

Nebraska Cooperative Extension. Publication number: 

EC-91-1766. 

The benefi ts of windbreaks are protection during the 

summer from heat and in the winter from wind; increased 

yields for hay and pasture; control of snow; 

and improvement of the working environment around 

the feedlots, barns, and pastures. A chart summarizes 

the level of danger to animals as temperatures decrease 

and wind increases. The seasonal critical temperatures 

necessary for cattle to maintain body heat and the energy 

requirements needed below that temperature are 

presented. A diagram shows windbreak locations in 

relation to feedlot, buildings, and wind, taking into account 

drainage for melting snow and access to roads 

and pastures. Different designs and spacing recommendations 

of windbreaks are presented as well as 

diagrams of wind reduction zones. 

KEYWORDS: animals, climate, density, design, economics, 

environmental aspects, extension, management, 

protection of crops or farm, snow, wind, windbreaks 

65. Riedel, B.L., K.R. Russell, W.M. Ford, K.P. O’Neill, and 

H.W. Godwin. 2008. Habitat relationships of eastern redbacked 

salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) in Appalachian 

agroforestry and grazing systems. Agriculture Ecosystems 

& Environment. 124(3-4): 229-236. 

*Woodland salamander responses to either traditional 

grazing or silvopasture systems are virtually unknown. 

An information-theoretic modeling approach was 

used to evaluate responses of red-backed salamanders 

(Plethodon cinereus) to silvopasture and meadow 

conversions in southern West Virginia. Searches of 

area-constrained plots and artifi cial coverboards that 

were distributed across a gradient of agricultural conversion 

and grazing intensity, including hardwood 

silvopastures, hay meadows, forest edges, and reference 

forests yielded 2823 salamanders between May 

2004 and November 2005. Salamander presence and 

abundance were positively associated with increasing 

cover of herbaceous vegetation and negatively associated 

with the intensity of agricultural disturbance. Although 

salamander presence and abundance appeared 

to be negatively infl uenced by agricultural disturbance 

when compared to reference forest conditions, the occurrence 

of red-backed salamanders within agriculturally 

modifi ed habitats indicates this species may


be more resilient to forest conversion than previously 

thought. This study suggests that herbaceous vegetation 

retained within some agricultural treatments, in 

combination with artifi cial cover, may at least partially 

mitigate the loss of forest canopy for red-backed salamanders. 

KEYWORDS: animals, research, silvopasture 

66. Rigueiro-Rodriguez, A., J. McAdam, and M.R. Mosquera-Losada, 

2008. Agroforestry in Europe: current status 

and future prospects. Springer Publishing Company, New 

York, New York. 476 p. 

*While recent EU Rural Development policy clearly 

recognizes the economic, ecological, and social advantages 

of agroforestry systems, to date the implementation 

of such systems remains poor throughout most of 

Europe. In light of this, this collection of peer-reviewed 

papers brings together some of the most important current 

research in European agroforestry and evaluates 

the current scope and future potential of agroforestry 

across the EU. While the majority of Europe’s agroforestry 

practices are currently focused in the Mediterranean, 

this volume draws together examples from a 

wide range of countries—including Greece, Spain, the 

UK, Hungary, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, 

France, and Slovenia. The book also covers 

a range of agroforestry types, including silvopastoralism—Europe’s 

predominant form of agroforestry— 

as well as alley cropping, forest farming, silvoarable 

systems, and the use of trees for shelter. Through 

these examples the book also discusses the potential 

roles for these traditional land management systems 

in addressing both environmental issues such as water 

quality, biodiversity conservation, desertifi cation, 

ecosystem services, and socioeconomic issues such as 

rural population stabilization. Augmented by detailed 

reviews of the main elements of European agroforestry 

and the issues that face it, this timely collection of 

research papers provides a valuable reference both for 

advanced students and researchers interested in a wide 

range of issues around land use, rural development, 

natural resource management, landscape ecology, and 

conservation across Europe, and for the agroforestry 

community worldwide, including research and extension 

organizations. It is written for researchers, administrators, 

policy-makers, students, and professors 

working in agroforestry, agronomy, forest, plant and 

soil science, ecology, and land management 

KEYWORDS: alley cropping, biodiversity, book, 

conservation, economics, forest farming, management, research, 

silvopasture, social considerations, water 


23 

67. Robinson, J. 2005. Silvopasture and eastern wild turkey. 

Agroforestry Notes. AF note 28. Available online at http:// 

www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes.htm; last accessed 

April 11, 2011. 

*This Agroforestry Note discusses the habitat requirements 

of Eastern wild turkey with respect to management 

considerations for the production of timber and 

livestock forage within silvopasture systems. Differences 

in seasonal nesting habitats are highlighted. 

Other considerations address habitat, vegetation structure, 

diet, conservation and production objectives, and 

management plans and support related to silvopasture 

and turkeys. 

KEYWORDS: animals, conservation, extension, forest 

structure, Internet resources, management, NAC, silvopasture 

68. Robinson, J., S. Brantly, G. Ruark, B. Wright, and R. 

Straight. 2009. The implementation of a technology transfer 

program for silvopasture in the southeast—our perspective. 

USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. SRS-116, 

p. 167-171. 

Research indicates that silvopasture, growing of forage 

and trees in an intensive management system for 

the production of livestock and timber products, is a 

viable option for landowners in the southern Pine Belt. 

However, limited adoption of silvopasture technology 

suggests there is a need to develop a technology transfer 

program to provide training and fi eld support for 

delivering technical assistance in planning and application 

of silvopasture systems. 

KEYWORDS: silvopasture, southern pines, technology 

transfer 

69. Schroeder, W.R., J. Kort. 2001. Temperate agroforestry : 

adaptive and mitigative roles in a changing physical and socio-economic 

climate : proceedings of the Seventh Biennial 

Conference on Agroforestry in North America and Sixth Annual 

Conference of the Plains and Prairie Forestry Association. 

August 13-15, 2001. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. 

346 p. 

*Keynote addresses were on agroforestry as a carbon 

sink, poplar as a crop, shelterbelts, technology transfer, 

outreach, research, and development. Multiple 

sessions were presented on greenhouse gasses, socioeconomic 

issues, the silvopastoral system, intercropping/alley 

cropping, shelterbelts, riparian buffer strips, 

phytoremediation, and the hybrid poplar. The sessions 

on greenhouse gasses include aspects of carbon sequestration 

potential of shelterbelts, biomass production, 

economic analyses of fossil fuel substitution for 

climate change mitigation, impacts of drought, CO 2 

enrichment, and attitudes and risk perception of cli-

24 

mate change policy making. Socio-economic issues 

include a look adapting agroforestry to the area, the 

extent of agroforestry in the U.S., agroforestry in the 

Southeast and in Brazil, agriculture versus agroforestry, 

the forest garden, the evolution of an agroforestry 

program, and federal support for agroforestry. Silvopastoral 

systems include presentations on grazing 

in black walnut, tree-pasture species interactions, frost 

protection, shade effects, grazing during establishment, 

production from a winter annual forage system, 

groundwater nitrogen dynamics with pecan and cotton 

alley cropping, stacked broiler litter impacts on loblolly 

pine silvopastures, and ponderosa pine silvopasture. 

Intercropping sessions include sessions on species 

such as sea buckthorn, orchards, juneberry, eastern 

red cedar, black walnut, and specialty forest products. 

Locations include central Brazil, the Southern U.S., 

the Canadian prairies, the Midwest, and North Dakota. 

Some effects of shelterbelts on corn yields, weed 

management, odor mitigation, temperatures, and crop 

production are presented. The aspects of riparian buffers 

strips include establishment in agricultural lands 

in the Oregon coast, establishing hard mast species in 

the Missouri fl oodplains, fi nancial agents and water 

quality, water pollution, bioremediation, the Johnson 

Silvacycling Project, and research. Hybrid poplar sessions 

present irrigation, markets, productivity, pests, 

nutrition and fertilizer, clonal evaluation, and extensive 

management. 

KEYWORDS: alley cropping, biomass, book, carbon, 

climate, economics, edible products, non-timber forest 

products, outreach, policy 

70. Schroth, G., G.A. da Fonseca, C.A. Harvey, C. Gascon, 

H.L. Vasconcelos, and A.M. Izac. 2004. Agroforestry 

and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes. Island 

Press, Washington. 523 p. 

*The purpose of this book is to provide a readily usable 

and comprehensive source of information to guide the 

efforts of land managers, researchers, and proponents 

of tropical land use and natural resource management 

in creating more biodiversity-friendly tropical landscapes. 

A background in conservation biology and 

landscape ecology and an update of recent concepts 

and research results are provided. Socioeconomic issues 

related to biodiversity-friendly land use practices 

are presented. The potential of selected agroforestry 

practices to promote biodiversity conservation is reviewed. 

The tradeoffs between conservation and production 

goals in diversifi ed tropical land use mosaics 

are analyzed. Practical examples of agroforestry and 

farm forestry are reviewed. Recommendations and research 

needs are identifi ed. 



KEYWORDS: biodiversity, book, conservation, economics, 

environmental aspects, extension, farm forestry, 

Internet resource, landscape, management, research, social 

considerations 

71. Singh, A., and S.N. Adhikary. 1999. Agroforestry for sustainable 

development in Nepal: proceeding of the national 

workshop. 17-18 February 1997. IOF/ITTO Training and 

Manpower Development in Community Forestry Management 

Project. Pokhara, Nepal. 82 p. 

*Contributed papers presented at the National Workshop 

on Agroforestry for Sustainable Development in 

Nepal, held at Institute of Forestry, Pokhara, Nepal. 

KEYWORDS: proceedings 

72. Staley, T.E., J.M. Gonzalez, and J.P.S. Neel. 2008. Conversion 

of deciduous forest to silvopasture produces soil 

properties indicative of rapid transition to improved pasture. 

Agroforestry Systems. 2008. 74(3): 267-277. 

Differences in soil properties between forests and 

pastures have been well documented in the literature, 

especially under coniferous forests. However, since 

nearly all of these reports have been time-point comparisons, 

utilizing long-term paired sites, properties 

of transitional states and time of their appearance can 

only be inferred at present. In this study, a deciduous 

forest ecosystem was converted to a silvopasture ecosystem 

by tree thinning, fertilization, and sheep incorporation 

of seed and forest litter. 

KEYWORDS: carbon, deforestation, forest grazing, 

nitrogen, phosphorus, soil fertility 

73. Steffan-Dewenter, I., M. Kessler, J. Barkmann, M.M. 

Bos, D. Buchori, S. Erasmi, H. Faust, G. Gerold, K. Glenk, 

S.R. Gradstein, E. Guhardja, M. Harteveld, D. Hertel, P. 

Hohn, M. Kappas, S. Kohler, C. Leuschner, M. Maertens, 

R. Marggraf, S. Migge-Kleian, J. Mogea, R. Pitopang, 

M. Schaefer, S. Schwarze, S.G. Sporn, A. Steingrebe, S.S. 

Tjitrosoedirdjo, S. Tjitrosoemito, A. Twele, R. Weber, L. 

Woltmann, M. Zeller, and T. Tscharntke. 2007. Tradeoffs 

between income, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning 

during tropical rainforest conversion and agroforestry intensifi 

cation. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 

of the United States of America. 104(12): 4973-4978. 

*Losses of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning due 

to rainforest destruction and agricultural intensifi cation 

are prime concerns for science and society alike. 

Potentially, ecosystems show nonlinear responses to 

land-use intensifi cation that would open management 

options with limited ecological losses but satisfying 

economic gains. However, multidisciplinary studies 

to quantify ecological losses and socioeconomic 

tradeoffs under different management options are rare.


Here, we evaluate opposing land use strategies in cacao 

agroforestry in Sulawesi, Indonesia, by using data 

on species richness of nine plant and animal taxa, six 

related ecosystem functions, and socioeconomic drivers 

of agroforestry expansion. Expansion of cacao cultivation 

by 230 percent in the last two decades was 

triggered not only by economic market mechanisms 

but also by rarely considered cultural factors. Transformation 

from near-primary forest to agroforestry 

had little effect on overall species richness but reduced 

plant biomass and carbon storage by approximately 75 

percent and species richness of forest-using species 

by approximately 60 percent. In contrast, increased 

land use intensity in cacao agroforestry, coupled with 

a reduction in shade tree cover from 80 percent to 40 

percent, caused only minor quantitative changes in 

biodiversity and maintained high levels of ecosystem 

functioning while doubling farmers’ net income. 

However, unshaded systems further increased income 

by approximate to 40 percent, implying that current 

economic incentives and cultural preferences for new 

intensifi cation practices put shaded systems at risk. 

We conclude that low-shade agroforestry provides the 

best available compromise between economic forces 

and ecological needs. Certifi cation schemes for shadegrown 

crops may provide a market-based mechanism 

to slow down current intensifi cation trends. 

KEYWORDS: agriculture, conservation, deforestation, 

diversity, economics, management, proceedings, systems 

74. Szymanski, M. and J. Colletti. 1998. Combining the 

socio-economic-cultural implications of community owned 

agroforestry: The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska. Agroforestry 

System. 44(2-3): 227-239. 

*Agroforestry systems usually are examined for their 

biological components and somewhat for economic 

feasibility but rarely for their sociocultural merits. A 

relatively young agroforestry system was examined in 

view of sociocultural, biological, and economic factors 

through the use of decision matrices. Decision criteria 

were used to evaluate an agroforestry system against 

two alternative landuse options, a corn-soybean rotation 

and renting the land to an agricultural producer. 

Economic, sociocultural, environmental, and risk criteria 

were considered simultaneously with a scaled 

Z-statistic and then compared by using four weighting 

schemes. When all criteria were weighted equally, 

the agroforestry system had the greatest Z-score (3.4), 

indicating the better alternative. Placing weights on 

economic criteria resulted with renting the land being 

the best alternative (Z-score 6.6). When sociocultural 

factors were weighted alone, or when greater weights 

were placed on sociocultural factors along with mod- 


25 

erate weights on economic and risk factors, or when 

community weighted objectives were used, the introduced 

agroforestry system had the greatest Z- scores 

(11.5, 6.3, and 1.1, respectively). Use of weighted decision 

criteria allowed for sensitivity analysis between 

alternatives to be explored. This is especially important 

when using techniques that have a greater emphasis on 

economic parameters that are not equally important or 

appropriate cross-culturally. Use of decision matrices 

provides a more comprehensive method for comparing 

the multiple, interactive, and long-term benefi ts of 

the agroforestry system and competing land uses. 

KEYWORDS: agroforestry, economics, social considerations 

75. Udawatta, R.P., J.J. Krstansky, G.S. Henderson, and 

H.E. Garrett. 2002. Agroforestry practices, runoff, and 

nutrient loss: A paired watershed comparison. Journal of 

Environmental Quality. 31(4): 1214-1225. 

*A paired watershed study consisting of agroforestry 

(trees plus grass buffer strips), contour strips (grass 

buffer strips), and control treatments with a corn (Zea 

mays L.)–soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] rotation 

was used to examine treatment effects on runoff, sediment, 

and nutrient losses. During the calibration and 

subsequent three-year treatment periods (1991-1997), 

runoff was measured in 0.91-and 1.37-m H-fl umes 

with bubbler fl ow meters. Composite samples were 

analyzed for sediment, total phosphorus (TP), total 

nitrogen (TN), nitrate, and ammonium. Calibration 

equations developed to predict runoff, sediment, and 

nutrients losses explained 66 to 97 percent of the variability 

between treatment watersheds. The contour 

strip and agroforestry treatments reduced runoff by 

10 and 1 percent during the treatment period. In both 

treatments, most runoff reductions occurred in the second 

and third years after treatment establishment. The 

contour strip treatment reduced erosion by 19 percent 

in 1999, while erosion in the agroforestry treatment exceeded 

the predicted loss. Treatments reduced TP loss 

by 8 and 17 percent on contour strip and agroforestry 

watersheds. Treatments did not result in reductions in 

TN during the fi rst two years of the treatment period. 

The contour strip and agroforestry treatments reduced 

TN loss by 21 and 20 percent, respectively, during a 

large precipitation event in the third year. During the 

third year of treatments, nitrate N loss was reduced 24 

and 37 percent by contour strip and agroforestry treatments. 

Contour strip and agroforestry management 

practices effectively reduced nonpoint-source pollution 

in runoff from a corn-soybean rotation in the clay 

pan soils of northeastern Missouri. 

KEYWORDS: research, riparian forest buffers, soil, 

water

26 

76. USDA National Agroforestry Center, Agroforestry notes, 

USDA National Agroforestry Center: Lincoln, Nebraska. 

This series is available online at http://www.unl.edu/nac/ 

agroforestrynotes.htm; last accessed April 11, 2011. 

This technical notes series provides information in a 

useful how-to format. The notes are numbered and 

sorted by agroforestry practice, including windbreaks, 

silvopasture, forest farming, alley cropping, special 

applications, and general information. Specifi c crops 

covered in forests farming include exotic mushrooms, 

ginseng, and goldenseal. Silvopasture topics highlighted 

include conversion from pine forest or pasture 

to a silvopastoral system, tree pruning, water and fencing 

systems, and habitat enhancement for the eastern 

wild turkey. Windbreak applications, design and density 

considerations are also covered. Special application 

issues have covered topics such as biotechnical 

streambank applications, hybrid poplar timberbelts, 

managing trees for fl oodplains, wastewater management, 

outdoor living barns, riparian buffers, using hybrid 

tree species, short rotation woody crops, native 

bees, landscape planning, marketing products, and an 

agroforestry planning guide. This publication has a 

limited number of topics also printed in Spanish: Biologia 

Silvopastoril, Silvopastoreo: Una practica agroforestal, 

De sistemas Pastoriles a Silvopastoriles, y De 

un Bosque de Pino hacia un Sistema Silvopastoril. 

KEYWORDS: alley cropping, animals, buffer zone, 

crafts and decorative, density, design, economics, edible 

products, escrito en Espanol, establishment, extension, forest 

farming, Internet resource, landscape, maintenance, 

management, markets, NAC, non-timber forest products, 

planning considerations, riparian forest buffers, short rotation 

woody crops, silvopasture, soil, water, wind, windbreaks, 

written in Spanish 

77. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1999. 

National forestry manual. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural 

Resources Conservation Service. Available online at 

ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NSSC/National_Forestry_ 

Manual/2002_nfm_complete.pdf; last accessed August 31, 

2011. 200 p. 

*The purpose of the National forestry manual is to establish 

policy for forestry and agroforestry activities 

within the Natural Resources Conservation Service. 

KEYWORDS: Internet resource, NRCS, policy 

78. Wells, G.W. 2002. Planning biotechnical streambank 

protection. Agroforestry notes. AF note 24. Available online 

at http://www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes.htm; last accessed 

April 11, 2011. 

**This note is designed to help planners determine 

the appropriateness of biotechnical alternatives for 



streambank stabilization. Biotechnical approaches 

utilize plants as the primary structural components 

to provide an alternative or complement to concrete, 

rock, and other materials. Stream dynamics, the benefi 

ts of biotechnical techniques, and factors to consider 

are addressed, as are hydraulic, geotechnical, and 

other types of bank failure. 

KEYWORDS: establishment, extension, Internet resources, 

protection, soil, water 

79. Wells, G.W. 2008. Landscape planning for environmental 

benefi ts. Agroforestry notes. AF note 38. Available online 

at http://www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes.htm; last 

accessed April 11, 2011. 

**Producing some environmental benefi ts of agroforestry, 

such as cleaner stream water, healthier aquatic 

ecosystems, and greater wildlife diversity, requires a 

larger planning area than individual farms and ranches. 

In this Agroforestry Note, we explain why larger 

landscape areas should be considered when planning 

agroforestry practices, describe a technique that facilitates 

such landscape planning, and discuss landscape 

assessments and plans and how they are used. 

KEYWORDS: assessment, biodiversity, extension, 

landscape, Internet resources, NAC, planning considerations, 

water, wildlife 

80. Workman, S.W., M.E. Bannister, and P.K.R. Nair. 2003. 

Agroforestry potential in the southeastern United States: 

perceptions of landowners and extension professionals. 


*The fi rst steps in developing an agroforestry extension 

and training program involve compilation, synthesis, 

and analysis of current knowledge on existing 

practices. Equally important is understanding the perceptions 

of landowners and professionals of agroforestry 

as a land use option. No systematic effort has 

been made to assess these critical issues in the southeastern 

United States. Therefore, needs assessment 

surveys were developed following an analysis of major 

demographic issues that frame land use in the region 

and synthesis of information obtained from informal 

site visits and interviews with people engaged in 

resource and land use in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal 

Plain. Surveys of extension professionals and landowners 

were then undertaken in the states of Alabama, 

Florida, and Georgia to represent the southeastern region. 

In addition to getting insights into the perceived 

benefi ts and concerns about agroforestry practices, the 

surveys indicated that the extent of alley cropping, forest 

farming, and silvopasture practiced by landowners 

was less than anticipated, and that the prominence of 

windbreaks was overlooked by professionals. Man-


aged riparian forest buffers or streamside management 

zones and windbreak technologies were the most 

widely used forms of agroforestry in the study area 

although landowners did not recognize infl uence of 

agroforestry practices on quality or quantity of water 

among benefi ts of highest importance to them. Multistrata 

patio- or home gardens were also a prominent 

landowner-practice and acknowledged by professionals. 

These survey results can be useful for developing 

a relevant agroforestry extension and training program 

in the subtropical Southeast and may be of interest to 

agroforestry efforts in other similar settings. 

KEYWORDS: alley cropping, extension, forest farming, 

management, riparian forest buffer, silvopastoral, 

social considerations, southeastern U.S., systems, water, 

windbreak 

81. Yates, C., P. Dorward, G. Hemery, and P. Cook, 2007. 

The economic viability and potential of a novel poultry 

agroforestry system. Agroforestry Systems. 69(1): 13-28. 

*Investigating agroforestry systems that incorporate 

poultry is warranted in Northern Europe as they may 

offer benefi ts including improved welfare and use of 

range, reduced feed costs, price premia on products, reduced 

payback periods for forests, and greater returns 

on investment. Free-range egg production accounts 

for 27 percent of the United Kingdom egg market and 

demand for outdoor broilers is increasing. No research 

has been conducted recently on the economic viability 

of agroforestry systems with poultry. An economic 

model was constructed to assess economic viability of 

a broiler agroforestry system, investigate the sensitivity 

of economic performance to key factors and interactions, 

and identify those which warrant attention in 

research and management. The system modeled is a 

commercial trial established in Southern England in 

2002 where deciduous trees were planted and broilers 

reared in six- or nine-week periods. The model uses 

Monte Carlo simulation and fi nancial performance 

analyses run for a 120-year period. An Internal Rate 

of Return (IRR) of 15.5 percent is predicted for the 

six-week system which remains viable under a worst 

case scenario (IRR of 12.6 percent). Factors that affect 

fi nancial performance most (decreasing in magnitude) 

are the prices achieved for broilers and the costs of 

brooding houses, chicks, arks, feed and timber. The 

main anticipated effects of biological interactions on 

fi nancial performance (increased ranging on feed conversion 

and excess nutrient supply on tree health) were 

not supported by analysis. Further research is particularly 

warranted on the welfare benefi ts offered by the 

tree component and its relation to price premia. 

KEYWORDS: animals, economics, modeling, silvopasture 


27 

82. Zinkhan, F.C. and D.E. Mercer. 1997. An assessment 

of agroforestry systems in the southern USA. Agroforestry 

Systems. 35(3): 303-321. 

*An assessment of the southern U.S., based on a survey 

of land-use professionals and a review of the literature, 

revealed that it is a diverse region with substantial 

potential for agroforestry to address a combination 

of problems and opportunities. The survey indicated 

that silvopastoral systems are the most common form 

of agroforestry in the region. Increased economic returns, 

diversifi cation, and enhancement of the timing 

of cash fl ows were the most frequently mentioned benefi 

ts associated with the establishment of silvopastoral 

systems. Some of the problems associated with alleycropping 

systems were lower-than-expected productivity 

or profi tability, damage to trees when cultivating 

the crop component, and labor/management skill 

constraints. These fi ndsings were less frequesntly observe 

in alley-cropping systems than in silvopastoral 

systems. Based on the fi ndings of the literature review 

and the survey, special opportunities for implementing 

agroforestry systems in the region were identifi ed, 

including the following: to improve marginal lands; 

to serve as windbreaks and buffer strips for improved 

water quality and wildlife habitat; to enhance the economics 

of selected natural pine, hardwood plantation, 

and pine plantation systems; and to provide specialty 

products on small landownerships. 

KEYWORDS: alley cropping, biodiversity, buffer, 

design, economics, forest management, management, research, 

silvopasture, southern U.S., wildlife, windbreaks

Silvopasture and Agroforestry: An Annotated Bibliography

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