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The cultural landscape of the Hasinai Caddo, broadly characterized, consisted of sedentary groups living in dispersed farmsteads as thriving agriculturalists, organized in a complex hierarchy of social and spiritual leaders. Sustained contact with Spanish missionaries brought trade materials and technology in tandem with social objectives and policies, many aimed at replacing Caddo cultural identity under the guise of religious conversion, relocation, and trade. While the number of Caddo groups identified in the ethnohistoric record decreased as time passed, it is clear from the archives that groups of the Hasinai endured and maintained distinct affiliations during the contact period. The ceramic analyses support the historic record on this point and demonstrate how assemblages are part of well‐established and persistent ceramic traditions. At the same time, the study documents distinct archaeological signatures that may represent socio‐cultural, political, and/or economic differences in the Hasinai Caddo. Evidence also demonstrates how the Hasinai Caddo were both willing participants in, and at the same time rejected, the Spanish mission system. viii
Table of Contents List of Tables ....................................................................................................... xii List of Figures .................................................................................................... xix SECTION 1 HASINAI CADDO HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY 1 Chapter One: An Introduction to the Caddo of East Texas ............................2 Caddo and Caddoan ....................................................................................2 The Hasinai Caddo: Alliances and Social Organization ........................9 Research Question and the Role of Caddo Ceramics ...........................16 Organization of the Dissertation ..............................................................18 Chapter Two: The Study Area and Environmental Setting ..........................20 Physiography ..............................................................................................21 Hydrology ...................................................................................................23 Climate .........................................................................................................24 Geology and Soils ......................................................................................24 Flora and Fauna ..........................................................................................28 Chapter Three: The Historical Record and the Course of Contact ..............31 On the Edge of History: Caddo and European Contact, 1520‐1650 ...33 Spain on the Periphery and the Arrival of the French, 1650‐1689 ......44 The First Period of Spanish Missions in East Texas, 1690‐1693...........53 The Second Period of Spanish Missions in East Texas, 1716‐1773 ......62 The United States and Removal, Post‐1773 ............................................76 Chapter Four: History of Archaeological Research .......................................81 Antiquarians and Myths of the Moundbuilders: Pre‐1930s ................82 Foundations and Framework of Caddo Archaeology: 1930s‐1950s ...85 Science, Legislation, and Salvage Archaeology: 1950s‐2000 ................96 ix
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Paul Shawn Joseph Marc
Page 3 and 4: The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements I would like to ex
Page 7: The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of
Page 11 and 12: SECTION 3 INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCL
Page 13 and 14: Table 6.15. Fine Ware Type Decorati
Page 15 and 16: Table 6.67. Ceramic Wares and Types
Page 17 and 18: Table 6.119. Ceramic Forms from the
Page 19 and 20: List of Figures Figure 1.1. The Cad
Page 21 and 22: Figure 7.4. Additional Sites along
Page 23 and 24: SECTION 1 HASINAI CADDO HISTORY AND
Page 25 and 26: term Caddo may derive from a Native
Page 27 and 28: (a) [T]he development of more compl
Page 29 and 30: From the beginning of the prehistor
Page 31 and 32: as social identifiers; that is, how
Page 33 and 34: that a province 53‐55 leagues (22
Page 35 and 36: Political and Spiritual Leaders of
Page 37 and 38: educing the number of tribes in the
Page 39 and 40: locations of the different Hasinai
Page 41 and 42: In Section 3, I work to integrate o
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.1. The Study Area PHYSIOGR
Page 45 and 46: The riparian microenvironment inclu
Page 47 and 48: other words, the WGCP formed over h
Page 49 and 50: Local cherts tend to be red, gray,
Page 51 and 52: common in the uplands than in the b
Page 53 and 54: Chapter Three: The Historical Recor
Page 55 and 56: aware of the more recent revised ed
Page 57 and 58: trading with Native groups for vari
Page 59 and 60:
possibly a Caddo group, attacked th
Page 61 and 62:
The Naguatex had abandoned their ho
Page 63 and 64:
Moscoso in the Area of the Hasinai
Page 65 and 66:
exceptions to this in the area were
Page 67 and 68:
Sabeata offered to guide the Spanis
Page 69 and 70:
The only first person account of th
Page 71 and 72:
The French provided services of the
Page 73 and 74:
short of La Salle’s colony, befor
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.3 (continued) French Fort S
Page 77 and 78:
Talón and Meunier accompanied the
Page 79 and 80:
1690 and made contact with several
Page 81 and 82:
The Failure of the First Missions B
Page 83 and 84:
entered the waters of the Mississip
Page 85 and 86:
de Jesús, respectively. The well
Page 87 and 88:
approximately nine leagues (37.8 km
Page 89 and 90:
haste, and it was not until the 1 s
Page 91 and 92:
French would evacuate the entire Pr
Page 93 and 94:
1982; Gregory et al. 1984; Webb and
Page 95 and 96:
Theoretically, reductions in the ot
Page 97 and 98:
now to the French, who occupy it”
Page 99 and 100:
Unfortunately, the withdrawal of th
Page 101 and 102:
conglomerate of Texas Native Americ
Page 103 and 104:
Chapter Four: History of Archaeolog
Page 105 and 106:
noted mounds sites and abandoned vi
Page 107 and 108:
Arkansas, now known to be from the
Page 109 and 110:
Initially, researchers applied the
Page 111 and 112:
applied” (Guy 1990:47). Around th
Page 113 and 114:
ecognized for a class of entities (
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 4.2. Glass Trade Beads from
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 4.4. Gun Parts Recovered fro
Page 119 and 120:
chemistry for the chemical and elem
Page 121 and 122:
Only one of those sites, the Chayah
Page 123 and 124:
Modern Legislation in Archaeology a
Page 125 and 126:
enactment of NAGPRA was largely the
Page 127 and 128:
collection from Jelks’ excavation
Page 129 and 130:
Nancy Cole (1975) focused on mortua
Page 131 and 132:
vessels in both the Allen phase and
Page 133 and 134:
the small, centralized hamlet, whic
Page 135 and 136:
in 1984 (Corbin et al. 1990). Below
Page 137 and 138:
known from the historical sources.
Page 139 and 140:
site 41NA317. The assemblage consis
Page 141 and 142:
archaeology of the area goes back c
Page 143 and 144:
Purísima Concepción. The initial
Page 145 and 146:
SECTION 2 SITES AND CERAMIC ANALYSI
Page 147 and 148:
additional and varying reasons (Tab
Page 149 and 150:
are already processed; this include
Page 151 and 152:
As noted, the ceramic collections a
Page 153 and 154:
identify rims sherds from the same
Page 155 and 156:
detailed analysis of decorated and
Page 157 and 158:
Utility ware Though there are techn
Page 159 and 160:
surface finish, because of its deli
Page 161 and 162:
of a design that is manipulated or
Page 163 and 164:
At the Deshazo site (41NA27), and i
Page 165 and 166:
it appears above engraved designs a
Page 167 and 168:
The most commonly identified fine w
Page 169 and 170:
The motif with curved arms noted ab
Page 171 and 172:
elated. For the purposes of this st
Page 173 and 174:
A recent detailed examination of ve
Page 175 and 176:
Effigy vessels, recently classified
Page 177 and 178:
vessels is primarily “scroll band
Page 179 and 180:
for the sole purpose of use as incl
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 5.13. Vessel Forms at Histor
Page 183 and 184:
Surface treatment In most cases, on
Page 185 and 186:
Sherd thickness I measure sherd thi
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 6.1. Sites along the Upper N
Page 189 and 190:
More than three‐quarters of the c
Page 191 and 192:
The Emma Owens site (41AN21) has a
Page 193 and 194:
Table 6.5. Fine Ware Decorations fr
Page 195 and 196:
I did not examine, and therefore do
Page 197 and 198:
Table 6.7. Inclusions and Paste fro
Page 199 and 200:
Table 6.9. Utility Ware Decorative
Page 201 and 202:
Radiocarbon dates are problematic f
Page 203 and 204:
is still the largest in the upper N
Page 205 and 206:
There are also three plain body she
Page 207 and 208:
Table 6.15 (continued) Poynor‐Pat
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 6.3. Sites along the Middle
Page 211 and 212:
Table 6.17 (continued) Percentage R
Page 213 and 214:
Table 6.19. Ceramic Forms from the
Page 215 and 216:
Table 6.21 (continued) Not typed Bo
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to other sites, the amount of grog
Page 219 and 220:
epresented, primarily by multiple p
Page 221 and 222:
all of the materials, including col
Page 223 and 224:
plain and utility wares in minor am
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
direction of C‐Dimensions in 2004
Page 229 and 230:
Table 6.32 (continued) Ceramic Type
Page 231 and 232:
Table 6.34. Ceramic Forms from the
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 6.4 Sites along the Lower Ne
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plain sherds and absent in the smal
Page 237 and 238:
Table 6.39. Ceramic Forms from 41AG
Page 239 and 240:
small assemblage of ceramics have b
Page 241 and 242:
Table 6.42. Ceramic Wares and Types
Page 243 and 244:
a line and triangular tick marks (T
Page 245 and 246:
ware type, but there are few fine w
Page 247 and 248:
Table 6.47 (continued) Rim form‐L
Page 249 and 250:
Table 6.49. Fine Ware Decorations f
Page 251 and 252:
small units, located 10 cultural fe
Page 253 and 254:
latter suggests that plain vessels
Page 255 and 256:
lips forms are rounded; two of thes
Page 257 and 258:
decoration. These punctations occur
Page 259 and 260:
2011, Figure V c‐d). Additional P
Page 261 and 262:
occupation areas on three low, sand
Page 263 and 264:
Plain body sherds make up 27.1% of
Page 265 and 266:
A large number of bottles (n=17) an
Page 267 and 268:
Diagonal and vertical brushing occu
Page 269 and 270:
ims (n=18). Incised decorations on
Page 271 and 272:
Table 6.60 (continued) cf. Hume Eng
Page 273 and 274:
Table 6.61 (continued) parallel eng
Page 275 and 276:
The majority of all sherds have gro
Page 277 and 278:
two examples of Killough Pinched, t
Page 279 and 280:
41RK191‐Heaton #1 A SMU survey fo
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
The lithic artifacts, unlike the He
Page 285 and 286:
As noted, there is a larger percent
Page 287 and 288:
ware, majolica, olive jars, and por
Page 289 and 290:
Nasonis also has one of the higher
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
horizontally, with triangular tick
Page 295 and 296:
Figure 6.11. Other Decorated Sherds
Page 297 and 298:
are identical to the ladder motif,
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River. As Creel notes, “of consid
Page 301 and 302:
eports for various information, and
Page 303 and 304:
fragments, two trigger guard fragme
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Grog is the most popular inclusion
Page 307 and 308:
with triangular tick marks facing e
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There are more complicated incised
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all, but all have triangular tick m
Page 313 and 314:
Table 6.83 (continued) straight eng
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hatched elements, some with triangu
Page 317 and 318:
Table 6.85. Ceramic Wares and Types
Page 319 and 320:
Table 6.86 (continued) Total with b
Page 321 and 322:
Two utility ware rims that compare
Page 323 and 324:
lines with ticking and three have o
Page 325 and 326:
Table 6.90 (continued) engraved scr
Page 327 and 328:
that many of the rims are from plai
Page 329 and 330:
Table 6.92 (continued) Grog‐hemat
Page 331 and 332:
More than 1,700 of the utility ware
Page 333 and 334:
Table 6.95 (continued) Poynor Engra
Page 335 and 336:
41NA27 ‐ Deshazo The Deshazo site
Page 337 and 338:
During this period, the site was un
Page 339 and 340:
are clearly different from the late
Page 341 and 342:
In addition to Area D, Fields exami
Page 343 and 344:
The other 21% of my sample is from
Page 345 and 346:
Table 6.97 (continued) LaRue Neck B
Page 347 and 348:
Fine ware carinated bowls are by fa
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Table 6.100 (continued) Incised‐P
Page 353 and 354:
Table 6.102 (continued) Lindsey Gro
Page 355 and 356:
concentric circles with ticking mor
Page 357 and 358:
Several other fine ware types are p
Page 359 and 360:
Most of the fine ware body sherds h
Page 361 and 362:
archaeological contexts in east Tex
Page 363 and 364:
A majority of the sherds in the col
Page 365 and 366:
Among the utility ware, there is a
Page 367 and 368:
as parallel brushing within an inci
Page 369 and 370:
Table 6.110 (continued) horizontal
Page 371 and 372:
The fine ware not assigned to type
Page 373 and 374:
in fine ware and decreases in utili
Page 375 and 376:
Both the neck banding and the groov
Page 377 and 378:
Table 6.117. Ceramic Wares and Type
Page 379 and 380:
others have complex decorative elem
Page 381 and 382:
Table 6.121 (continued) hatched eng
Page 383 and 384:
41NA206 ‐ Spradley The Spradley s
Page 385 and 386:
Table 6.122 (continued) cf. Spradle
Page 387 and 388:
Table 6.123 (continued) Total with
Page 389 and 390:
Table 6.124 (continued) Rim form‐
Page 391 and 392:
Most of the rims with incising have
Page 393 and 394:
decoration appears on three sherds
Page 395 and 396:
Table 6.126 (continued) straight en
Page 397 and 398:
horizontal and diagonal lines. On m
Page 399 and 400:
I identify eight sites on the Attoy
Page 401 and 402:
Table 6.128 (continued) Percentage
Page 403 and 404:
hatched element is probably a verti
Page 405 and 406:
One body sherd has an unusual Patto
Page 407 and 408:
41SA94 ‐ Wylie Price The Wylie Pr
Page 409 and 410:
Table 6.134. Ceramic Wares and Type
Page 411 and 412:
Table 6.135 (continued) Total with
Page 413 and 414:
Most of the plain and fine ware she
Page 415 and 416:
include a rim decorated with a cros
Page 417 and 418:
Previous reports from local informa
Page 419 and 420:
Table 6.140. Inclusions and Paste f
Page 421 and 422:
Three‐quarters of the assemblage
Page 423 and 424:
Table 6.143. Fine Ware Type Decorat
Page 425 and 426:
side of SH 147 located a well and c
Page 427 and 428:
identifications listed with artifac
Page 429 and 430:
Table 6.145 (continued) Total Perce
Page 431 and 432:
have tool punctated rows. Six sherd
Page 433 and 434:
The Patton Engraved rim in the coll
Page 435 and 436:
Chapter Seven: Historic Sites Not i
Page 437 and 438:
Jackson’s note on brushing is sup
Page 439 and 440:
(Jackson 1931:16‐23). A couple of
Page 441 and 442:
var. Patton (n=5), var. Allen (n=4)
Page 443 and 444:
(Table 7.3). Vessel forms identifie
Page 445 and 446:
urials (Appendix 1; Table 7.4). All
Page 447 and 448:
included in the detailed ceramics a
Page 449 and 450:
Table 7.6 (continued) 41CE12‐7 gl
Page 451 and 452:
includes a plain bottle, and two br
Page 453 and 454:
landowner will continue in the futu
Page 455 and 456:
Engraved carinated bowl, an untyped
Page 457 and 458:
south of Mound A (Kenmotsu and Pert
Page 459 and 460:
Moore Site 1a, 1b, and 1c. We now k
Page 461 and 462:
41HO91 Erickson and Corbin (1996) r
Page 463 and 464:
41HO211 ‐ Nabedache Blanco Galan
Page 465 and 466:
Mission Concepción (41NA344). As n
Page 467 and 468:
Mayhews located Legg Creek #12 in a
Page 469 and 470:
European trade goods. Recently, Tom
Page 471 and 472:
41RK1 ‐ Gatlin The W. M. Gatlin S
Page 473 and 474:
Figure 7.5. Additional Sites along
Page 475 and 476:
It is unclear, but Arnold may have
Page 477 and 478:
the study (Figure 7.6). Most of the
Page 479 and 480:
most intact late Spanish Colonial s
Page 481 and 482:
of the first archaeological work co
Page 483 and 484:
including a honey‐colored chert g
Page 485 and 486:
41NA244 - Cedar Branch Bo Nelson of
Page 487 and 488:
SECTION 3 INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCL
Page 489 and 490:
the few other durable materials ind
Page 491 and 492:
why trade goods are frequently incl
Page 493 and 494:
less common. The same is true for t
Page 495 and 496:
seriations. Additional factors used
Page 497 and 498:
Figure 8.2. Seriation of Fine Ware
Page 499 and 500:
Additional Seriations of Fine Ware
Page 501 and 502:
Figure 8.4. Seriation of Fine Ware
Page 503 and 504:
Figure 8.6. Sites with Vessel Sherd
Page 505 and 506:
Banded is well represented in each
Page 507 and 508:
Table 8.3 Percentage of Arrow Point
Page 509 and 510:
Reflections on the Seriations of Hi
Page 511 and 512:
Hasinai Caddo potters regularly inc
Page 513 and 514:
from the easternmost site Mission D
Page 515 and 516:
Figure 9.3. Utility Ware Decorative
Page 517 and 518:
The appliquéd decorative classes a
Page 519 and 520:
clusters. Besides 41CE62 and 41NA54
Page 521 and 522:
make mention of Caddo groups living
Page 523 and 524:
more than 11% at any one site. Punc
Page 525 and 526:
Table 9.1 (continued) 41NA206 + + +
Page 527 and 528:
Table 9.3. Fine Ware Decorative Ele
Page 529 and 530:
more common in the Neche cluster. M
Page 531 and 532:
Figure 9.10. The Use of Grog Inclus
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter Ten: Conclusions and Reflec
Page 535 and 536:
character of Hasinai material cultu
Page 537 and 538:
Characteristics of the materials fr
Page 539 and 540:
The Attoyac and Upper Attoyac Clust
Page 541 and 542:
In the upper reaches of the Bayou L
Page 543 and 544:
Constructing an archaeological sign
Page 545 and 546:
within the clusters signify multipl
Page 547 and 548:
Only a small number of fine ware de
Page 549 and 550:
different from those in other clust
Page 551 and 552:
In my opinion, a more detailed and
Page 553 and 554:
41AN13 ‐ Jowell Farm Appendix 1
Page 555 and 556:
Vessel 41AN13‐5, Patton Engraved,
Page 557 and 558:
Vessel 41AN13‐10, UnID engraved d
Page 559 and 560:
Vessel 41AN13‐14, UnID brushed de
Page 561 and 562:
41AN26 ‐ Richard Patton Vessel 41
Page 563 and 564:
Vessel 41AN26‐6, cf. Patton Engra
Page 565 and 566:
Vessel 41AN26‐13, Patton Engraved
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Vessel 41AN26‐83, Patton Incised
Page 575 and 576:
Vessel 41AN26‐121, Poynor Engrave
Page 577 and 578:
Vessel 41AN34‐5, cf. Patton Engra
Page 579 and 580:
Vessel 41AN34‐9, Poynor Engraved,
Page 581 and 582:
Vessel 41AN34‐17, Hood Engraved V
Page 583 and 584:
Vessel 41AN34‐27, Bullard Brushed
Page 585 and 586:
Vessel 41AN34‐31, cf. Poynor Engr
Page 587 and 588:
Vessel 41CE6‐7, Hood Engraved Ves
Page 589 and 590:
Vessel 41CE6‐12, Hodges Engraved
Page 591 and 592:
Vessel 41CE12‐3, cf. Keno Trailed
Page 593 and 594:
Vessel 41CE12‐8, Hood Engraved, v
Page 595 and 596:
Vessel 41CE12‐15, Poynor Engraved
Page 597 and 598:
Vessel 41CE12‐64, UnID engraved d
Page 599 and 600:
Vessel 41CE12‐69, Simms Engraved,
Page 601 and 602:
Vessel 41CE12‐136, Simms Engraved
Page 603 and 604:
Vessel 41CE12‐164 , Hume Engraved
Page 605 and 606:
Vessel 41CE12‐169, Hood Engraved,
Page 607 and 608:
Vessel 41CE12‐174, Bullard Brushe
Page 609 and 610:
Vessel 41CE12‐179, Poynor Engrave
Page 611 and 612:
Vessel 41CE12‐183, Bullard Brushe
Page 613 and 614:
Vessel 41CE12‐188, Patton Engrave
Page 615 and 616:
Vessel 41CE12‐193, Hume Engraved
Page 617 and 618:
41CE20 ‐ R.F. Wallace Vessel 41CE
Page 619 and 620:
Vessel 41NA27‐3, plain Vessel 41N
Page 621 and 622:
Vessel 41NA27‐7, UnID brushed‐p
Page 623 and 624:
Vessel 41NA27‐11, cf. Hume Engrav
Page 625 and 626:
Vessel 41NA27‐15, UnID engraved d
Page 627 and 628:
41SA94 ‐ Wylie Price Vessel 41SA9
Page 629 and 630:
Vessel 41SA94‐1776‐2, UnID trai
Page 631 and 632:
41NA340 - A.L. Self Vessel 41NA340
Page 633 and 634:
41NA60 (Henry M.) 0.27 2.87 8.05 21
Page 635 and 636:
41NA21 (Mayhew) 98.9% 1.1% 265 King
Page 637 and 638:
41NA21 (Mayhew) 89.9% 0.3% 9.6% 0.2
Page 639 and 640:
41NA21 (Mayhew) 100.0% 22 King Cree
Page 641 and 642:
41NA15 (J. T. King) 20.3% 90.5% 17.
Page 643 and 644:
Firing Conditions at 41CE20 Plain U
Page 645 and 646:
Firing Conditions at 41NA44 Plain U
Page 647 and 648:
Firing Conditions at 41NA183 Plain
Page 649 and 650:
Appendix 4 ‐ Sherd Thickness Thic
Page 651 and 652:
Thickness of vessel sherds at 41CE2
Page 653 and 654:
Thickness of vessel sherds at 41NA4
Page 655 and 656:
Fine Ware Body 414 3.4 13.1 6.7 1.5
Page 657 and 658:
Fine Ware Body 29 4.4 9.7 6.5 1.3 R
Page 659 and 660:
curvilinear engraved lines 5+ 2 cur
Page 661 and 662:
horizontal engraved lines with larg
Page 663 and 664:
hatched engraved panel element with
Page 665 and 666:
engraved element diagonal engraved
Page 667 and 668:
curvilinear engraved lines 3+ 1 cur
Page 669 and 670:
curvilinear and hatched engraved tr
Page 671 and 672:
curvilinear engraved line with oval
Page 673 and 674:
engraved ladder 1 engraved ladder w
Page 675 and 676:
Barr, J. 2007 Peace Came in the for
Page 677 and 678:
Carter, C. E. 1995 Caddo Indians: W
Page 679 and 680:
Corbin, J. E., J. M. Studer, and L.
Page 681 and 682:
Eakin, W. L. 1997 The Kingdom of th
Page 683 and 684:
Galan, V. 2003 Cultural Resources S
Page 685 and 686:
Guy, J. A. 1988 A History of Archeo
Page 687 and 688:
Hudson, C. 1986 Hernando De Soto in
Page 689 and 690:
Jurney, D. H. and W. Young 1995 Sou
Page 691 and 692:
Kroeber, A. L. 1918 Zuñi Potsherds
Page 693 and 694:
Moore, C. B. 1908 Certain mounds of
Page 695 and 696:
Perttula, T. K. 1989 Contact and In
Page 697 and 698:
Perttula, T. K. and T. Middlebrook
Page 699 and 700:
Sayles, E. B. 1935 An Archaeologica
Page 701 and 702:
Stephenson, R. L. 1948 Archeologica
Page 703 and 704:
Strong, W. D. 1935 An Introduction
Page 705 and 706:
Valastro, S., Jr., E. M. Davis, and
Page 707:
Willey, G. R. and J. A. Sabloff 197
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