Cultivation of Ulva lactuca for bioenergy - Biogas Syd
Cultivation of Ulva lactuca for bioenergy - Biogas Syd
Cultivation of Ulva lactuca for bioenergy - Biogas Syd
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY<br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
<strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Bruhn A, Rasmussen MB, Dahl J, Nikolaisen LS, Nielsen HB,<br />
Thomsen AB, Sander B and Ravn E
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
<strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong><br />
› High growth rates in natural Danish<br />
habitats (35% d -1 ) 1<br />
› High production potential 2,3<br />
› Green tide species<br />
› Easy to grow<br />
› High content <strong>of</strong> carbohydrates<br />
(>50%) 4<br />
› Good model macroalgae <strong>for</strong> R & D<br />
on energy production from marine<br />
biomass<br />
1: Pedersen & Borum 1996. 2: Msuya & Neori 2008. 3: Robertson-Anderson et al 2008. 4: Smith & Montgomery 1959.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
”Energy production from marine biomass<br />
(<strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong>)”<br />
› Funded by Energinet.dk (8.5 mio DKR = 1.5 mio USD)<br />
› 2008-2011<br />
› Aims:<br />
› Production potential<br />
› Suitability <strong>for</strong> energy conversion<br />
› Combustion<br />
› Gasification<br />
› Bioethanol<br />
› <strong>Biogas</strong> (methane)<br />
› Integration into power plants<br />
› CO 2 capture<br />
› prolonging <strong>of</strong> growth season by heat from cooling water
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Project and partners<br />
<strong>Cultivation</strong> and<br />
optimisation<br />
Integration into<br />
powerplants<br />
Harvest,<br />
conditioning and<br />
characterisation<br />
Bioethanol and<br />
biogas
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Publication<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.010
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Midway status<br />
Results<br />
› Production potential<br />
› Optimisation <strong>of</strong> growth by CO 2 capture<br />
› Conditioning and storage<br />
› Energy conversion<br />
› Combustion<br />
› Ethanol<br />
› <strong>Biogas</strong> (methane)<br />
Summary<br />
Future aims
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Production potential<br />
<strong>Cultivation</strong> facility 5<br />
› 56º 47’ 16’’ North (Mors)<br />
› 1 m 2 tanks<br />
› continuous aeration<br />
› addition <strong>of</strong> N and P<br />
› water exchange 6 times<br />
per day<br />
› salinity 25-28.5 psu<br />
› weekly adjustment <strong>of</strong><br />
stocking density<br />
5: Bidwell 1985
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Production potential<br />
Optimal stocking density = 4 kg m -2 (N=3)<br />
Biomass yield<br />
6: Bruhn et al, 2010<br />
(g ww m -2 day -1 )<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
Nutrient<br />
limitation<br />
Light<br />
limitation<br />
1 2 4 6 8<br />
Biomass density (kg ww m -2 )<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
Growth rate (% d -1 )
Yield m -2 day -1 (g ww)/<br />
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Production potential (4 kg m -2 )<br />
irradiance (mol photons day -1 m -2<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
-100<br />
6: Bruhn et al, 2010<br />
RGR (% d -1 ): Average: 3.03 ± 2.85 (SD). Range: -2.07 to 9.38.<br />
Biomass yield<br />
Light<br />
Temperature<br />
12-05-2008 01-06-2008 21-06-2008 11-07-2008 31-07-2008 20-08-2008 09-09-2008<br />
Date<br />
24<br />
20<br />
16<br />
12<br />
8<br />
4<br />
0<br />
-4<br />
Water temperature (degrees C)
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
CO 2 capture from fluegas<br />
› pH controlled (7.5)<br />
› three treatments<br />
› atmospheric air<br />
› CO 2 12%, O 2 6%<br />
› flue gas from wood pellets<br />
› nutrient replete<br />
› three replicates<br />
› duplicate experiments<br />
› increase <strong>of</strong> production<br />
by up to 25%<br />
› fluegas = CO 2<br />
Growth rate (% d -1 )<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Air CO1 2 Flue gas<br />
Treatments
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Production potential - summary<br />
› 45 T dw ha -1 season -1<br />
› 2-5 times landbased<br />
energy crops<br />
› production can be<br />
optimised regarding<br />
› CO 2 addition<br />
› fertilisation – more N and<br />
P<br />
› minimising sporulation<br />
› more light<br />
Yield (odt ha -1 year -1 )<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Willow<br />
Switchgrass<br />
Poplar<br />
Hemp<br />
Energy crop<br />
Miscanthus<br />
<strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong>
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Conditioning and storage<br />
› For futher processes<br />
› Avoid sand at harvest<br />
› Avoid salt – or rinse<br />
› Screwpress<br />
› reduction to 30 % water content<br />
› Pelletisation<br />
› Unproblematic<br />
› Water content <strong>of</strong> 17.5 % and a<br />
density <strong>of</strong> 800 kg m -3<br />
› Compression <strong>of</strong> biomass by a<br />
factor 12
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Combustion<br />
Heating value<br />
Ash % DW<br />
22.0<br />
20.0<br />
18.0<br />
16.0<br />
14.0<br />
12.0<br />
10.0<br />
wood<br />
pellets<br />
Lower heating value, MJ/kg (dry)<br />
0.4 % 6 % 14-30 %<br />
wheat<br />
straw<br />
<strong>Ulva</strong> pool 08<br />
wood pellets wheat straw U. <strong>lactuca</strong>
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Combustion<br />
› Ash analysis Unit<br />
(dry basis)<br />
<strong>Ulva</strong><br />
<strong>lactuca</strong><br />
Laminaria<br />
digitata 7<br />
Wheat<br />
straw<br />
Debarked<br />
s<strong>of</strong>twood<br />
Ash Wt% 16.5 25.75 6 0.4<br />
K mg/kg 26,400 36,600 2,725 183<br />
Na mg/kg 16,500 43,300 177 7<br />
Mg mg/kg 18,150 9,325 781<br />
127<br />
S mg/kg 19,800 - 2,100 150<br />
Cl mg/kg 15,840 - 3,522 76<br />
P mg/kg 1,617 8,750 155 20<br />
Alkali index (moderate to severe fouling): 0.17-0.34 7<br />
Alkali index algae ulva/brown: 1.2–5.03 6 /2.034-6.163 8<br />
6: Bruhn et al, 2010. 7: Jenkins et al 1998. 8: Ross et al 2008.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Combustion – summary<br />
› High ash content – lower heating<br />
value<br />
› High alkali content<br />
› Not recommendable <strong>for</strong> direct<br />
combustion<br />
› Potential <strong>for</strong> use in co-firing with<br />
other fuel types
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Bioethanol<br />
› Large fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong><br />
<strong>lactuca</strong> sugars are C5<br />
sugars<br />
› Poor Saccaromyces<br />
fermentation<br />
› Approximately 4 % ethanol<br />
yield (ww) (9)<br />
› Salt inhibits fermentation<br />
› alternative microorganisms<br />
<strong>for</strong> fermentation<br />
9: Isa et al 2009<br />
9<br />
C5<br />
C5 C5<br />
C6 C6 C6<br />
From Isa et al 2009
<strong>Biogas</strong><br />
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL 0 RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Methane yield (ml g VS -1 )<br />
350<br />
300<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<br />
(b)<br />
174<br />
Batch 1,<br />
control<br />
271<br />
171<br />
Time (days)<br />
200<br />
157<br />
Batch 2 Batch 3 Batch 4 Batch 5 Batch 6 Batch 7 Batch 8<br />
› washed - - + + + + - -<br />
methane production (m 3 t -1 )<br />
120<br />
› dried -<br />
100<br />
- - - - - 96 + -<br />
80<br />
60<br />
(c)<br />
› macerated/chopped C M C M C C - C<br />
› 55°C/37°C 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 37<br />
› pretreatment 110°C/20 min 130°C/20 min<br />
187<br />
176<br />
162
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
<strong>Biogas</strong> - summary<br />
› yield in same range as other<br />
algae 10<br />
› lower/same range as landbased<br />
energy crops and manure<br />
m 3 CH4 kg -1 VS<br />
0,6<br />
0,5<br />
0,4<br />
0,3<br />
0,2<br />
0,1<br />
0<br />
M. porifera<br />
A. nodosum<br />
S. latissima<br />
S. fluitans<br />
10,11, 12<br />
G. tikvahiae<br />
Chaetomorpha sp.<br />
10: Gunaseelan et al 1997. 11: Lehtomäki et al 2008. 12: Hansen et al 2006<br />
› optimisation by N starvation<br />
› removal <strong>of</strong> inhibitors – salt &<br />
sulphur<br />
U. <strong>lactuca</strong><br />
Wheat straw<br />
Turf grass<br />
Manure
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Midway project summary<br />
› High production potential – 45T DW ha -1 season -1<br />
› Potential <strong>for</strong> increase <strong>of</strong> production by CO 2/fluegas<br />
addition<br />
› Excellent pellitisation<br />
› Not recommendable <strong>for</strong> direct combustion<br />
› Low bioethanol yields with Saccharomyces<br />
› Reasonable biogas yields with existing technology
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Future aims - 2011and beyond<br />
› Production<br />
› growth on municipal waste water and manure<br />
› optimisation <strong>of</strong> carbohydrates composition through nutrient starvation<br />
› Combustion<br />
› co-firing capacities<br />
› gasification<br />
› Bioethanol<br />
› alternative strains<br />
› <strong>Biogas</strong><br />
› sulphur stripping<br />
› optimisation <strong>of</strong> inoculum<br />
› Integration into power plants<br />
› effect on growth <strong>of</strong> flue gas from coal and straw
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Algae Center Denmark<br />
• 12 tanks <strong>of</strong> 2 m 3<br />
• 2 separate lines * 6 tanks<br />
• recirculated seawater (freshwater)<br />
• automated addition <strong>of</strong> air/nutrients/CO 2/heat<br />
• National Environmental Research Institute,<br />
Technological Institute, Kattegatcentret, House <strong>of</strong><br />
the Ocean
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
In a broader perspective<br />
› landbased cultivation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> will not be economically<br />
viable <strong>for</strong> energy production only<br />
› extraction <strong>of</strong> high value products – then use waste products <strong>for</strong><br />
energy<br />
› protein fraction <strong>for</strong> feed/food/fertiliser<br />
› applications <strong>for</strong> the ulvan fraction (up to 29%<strong>of</strong> DW) 13<br />
› value <strong>of</strong> ecosystem services - biomitigation<br />
› CO 2 capture<br />
› N and P removal and recycling<br />
› sustainable harvest from natural populations<br />
› necessary studies on the management <strong>of</strong> wild stocks<br />
13: Lahaye & Robic 2007.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Thank you <strong>for</strong> your attention<br />
Bruhn, et al, 2010: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.010<br />
www.AlgeCenterDanmark.dk<br />
anbr@dmu.dk
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Productivity and light<br />
6: Bruhn et al, 2010<br />
-20
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Tissue C:N and light<br />
6: Bruhn et al, 2010
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Monosaccharides and light<br />
6: Bruhn et al, 2010
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
-2<br />
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Production limitations<br />
› Nutrient limitation at low biomass densities<br />
Growth rate (% d -1 )<br />
5 10 15 20 25 30<br />
C:N ratio
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Production limitations<br />
› Light limitation at high biomass densities<br />
Irradiance at<br />
Irradiance (% <strong>of</strong><br />
surface irradiance)<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
Surface Mid-depth (30 cm) Bottom (60 cm)<br />
1 kg 4 kg 8 kg<br />
Biomass m -2
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
AARHUS UNIVERSITY <strong>Cultivation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ulva</strong> <strong>lactuca</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>bioenergy</strong><br />
Malmö 29.11.2010<br />
Combustion<br />
6: Lamare & Wing 2001<br />
Ash content 6<br />
Daylength / sea temperature 6
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