toman's tuberculosis case detection, treatment and monitoring

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Toman’s Tuberculosis Case detection, treatment, and monitoring – questions and answers SECOND EDITION Edited by T. Frieden WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA 2004
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Toman’s tuberculosis case detection, treatment, and monitoring : questions and answers / edited by T. Frieden. – 2 nd ed. 1.Tuberculosis, Pulmonary – diagnosis 2.Tuberculosis, Pulmonary – drug therapy 3.Tuberculosis, Multidrug-resistant 4.Antitubercular agents – pharmacology I.Toman, Kurt. II.Frieden, Thomas R. III.Title: Tuberculosis case detection, treatment, and monitoring. ISBN 92 4 154603 4 (NLM classification: WF 360) WHO/HTM/TB/2004.334 © World Health Organization 2004 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. The editor and authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. Further information is available at: CDS Information Resource Centre, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland; fax: (+41) 22 791 4285, e-mail: cdsdocs@who.int Designed by minimum graphics Typeset in Hong Kong Printed in China
Page 1: The second edition of this practica
Page 5 and 6: 11. What is the additional yield fr
Page 7 and 8: 46. What are the causes of drug-res
Page 9 and 10: Preface to the First Edition One of
Page 11 and 12: plementation of effective control s
Page 13 and 14: TOMAN’S TUBERCULOSIS This second
Page 15 and 16: Acknowledgements for the Second Edi
Page 17 and 18: Contributors Rani Balasubramanian M
Page 19 and 20: TOMAN’S TUBERCULOSIS Margarita El
Page 22 and 23: 1. What is the role of case detecti
Page 24 and 25: 2. What is a case of tuberculosis?
Page 26 and 27: 3. What is the role of sputum micro
Page 28 and 29: CASE DETECTION Case detection in ou
Page 30 and 31: 4. How many bacilli are present in
Page 32 and 33: CASE DETECTION 4. David HL. Bacteri
Page 34 and 35: CASE DETECTION Table 2 Number of ac
Page 36 and 37: CASE DETECTION Table 4 Frequency of
Page 38 and 39: CASE DETECTION (spot sample). The s
Page 40 and 41: CASE DETECTION the peripheral healt
Page 42 and 43: 6. What are the main causes of fals
Page 44 and 45: CASE DETECTION with a swab may prov
Page 46 and 47: CASE DETECTION 2. Smithwick RW. Lab
Page 48 and 49: CASE DETECTION actually have tuberc
Page 50 and 51: 8. What are the advantages and disa
Page 52 and 53:
Culture Fluorescence Total microsco
Page 54 and 55:
9. What is the role of mycobacteria
Page 56 and 57:
CASE DETECTION Figure 1 Percentage
Page 58 and 59:
CASE DETECTION In a carefully condu
Page 60 and 61:
CASE DETECTION diagnosis. If availa
Page 62 and 63:
CASE DETECTION 8. Rao KP et al. Som
Page 64 and 65:
CASE DETECTION Table 12 Results of
Page 66 and 67:
CASE DETECTION Table 13 Results of
Page 68 and 69:
CASE DETECTION Among patients in wh
Page 70 and 71:
12. How reliable is chest radiograp
Page 72 and 73:
CASE DETECTION Table 16 Observer er
Page 74 and 75:
CASE DETECTION patients with previo
Page 76 and 77:
CASE DETECTION Figure 4 Examples of
Page 78 and 79:
chest radiograph as the diagnostic
Page 80 and 81:
13. What are the relative merits of
Page 82 and 83:
CASE DETECTION Table 21 Correlation
Page 84 and 85:
CASE DETECTION tries, this delay le
Page 86 and 87:
CASE DETECTION Table 22 Interval be
Page 88 and 89:
CASE DETECTION However, even in the
Page 90 and 91:
CASE DETECTION 7. Douglas BH, Pinne
Page 92 and 93:
CASE DETECTION Figure 5 Risk of inf
Page 94 and 95:
CASE DETECTION Table 23 Mode of det
Page 96 and 97:
CASE DETECTION Figure 8 Cumulative
Page 98 and 99:
CASE DETECTION Czechoslovakia. Seco
Page 100 and 101:
CASE DETECTION Figure 9 Radiographi
Page 102 and 103:
CASE DETECTION 4. Harries AD. Tuber
Page 104 and 105:
CASE DETECTION BCG is given in infa
Page 106 and 107:
18. What is the current and potenti
Page 108 and 109:
CASE DETECTION currently performed
Page 110 and 111:
CASE DETECTION 13. Holden M, Dubin
Page 112 and 113:
Exclusion CASE DETECTION Another ap
Page 114:
CASE DETECTION 6. Khatri GR, Friede
Page 118 and 119:
20. What were the main landmarks in
Page 120 and 121:
TREATMENT 2. WHO Expert Committee o
Page 122 and 123:
TREATMENT present even before treat
Page 124 and 125:
TREATMENT 2. Furesz S et al. Rifamp
Page 126 and 127:
TREATMENT Table 25 Incidence of tub
Page 128 and 129:
TREATMENT 3. Holmes CB, Hausler H,
Page 130 and 131:
TREATMENT The time during which an
Page 132 and 133:
TREATMENT The “flu” syndrome, w
Page 134 and 135:
Streptomycin TREATMENT Isolated by
Page 136 and 137:
Capreomycin TREATMENT Capreomycin i
Page 138 and 139:
valuable in preventing resistance t
Page 140 and 141:
TREATMENT 13. Skolnick JL et al. Ri
Page 142 and 143:
TREATMENT Thus the emergence of new
Page 144 and 145:
TREATMENT Table 27 Recommended trea
Page 146 and 147:
TREATMENT toxicity, particularly in
Page 148 and 149:
TREATMENT drug-resistant organisms
Page 150 and 151:
TREATMENT Table 28 Lag in growth of
Page 152 and 153:
TREATMENT Table 30 Comparison of re
Page 154 and 155:
TREATMENT Table 32 Studies using pa
Page 156 and 157:
TREATMENT tuberculosis in the forme
Page 158 and 159:
28. What is the dosage of drugs in
Page 160 and 161:
29. What is the evidence for tuberc
Page 162 and 163:
TREATMENT 4. Acocella G. Clinical p
Page 164 and 165:
TREATMENT Table 35 Duration of trea
Page 166 and 167:
TREATMENT concluded that smear-nega
Page 168 and 169:
TREATMENT Table 41 Response to trea
Page 170 and 171:
TREATMENT National Tuberculosis Ins
Page 172 and 173:
Rare adverse effects ● Osteomalac
Page 174 and 175:
Management ● For minor adverse ef
Page 176 and 177:
TREATMENT Management of jaundice an
Page 178 and 179:
32. What are the merits of thioacet
Page 180 and 181:
always receive at least two drugs (
Page 182 and 183:
TREATMENT culosis, and brain tuberc
Page 184 and 185:
References TREATMENT 1. Ramanathan
Page 186 and 187:
TREATMENT If a tuberculin skin test
Page 188 and 189:
35. How does treatment of tuberculo
Page 190 and 191:
TREATMENT being part of the immune
Page 192 and 193:
36. What were the main findings of
Page 194 and 195:
TREATMENT decoded by the Centre’s
Page 196 and 197:
TREATMENT Table 45 Quiescence of di
Page 198 and 199:
TREATMENT Summary In a controlled c
Page 200 and 201:
37. How frequently do patients stop
Page 202 and 203:
38. What are the advantages of dire
Page 204 and 205:
39. Why does treatment fail and wha
Page 206 and 207:
TREATMENT duration of treatment, es
Page 208 and 209:
40. What are the advantages and dis
Page 210 and 211:
TREATMENT ● There is a theoretica
Page 212 and 213:
41. How does drug resistance develo
Page 214 and 215:
42. Why are special precautions nee
Page 216 and 217:
TREATMENT 2. Espinal MA et al. Stan
Page 218 and 219:
TREATMENT past. This type of drug r
Page 220 and 221:
Figure 16 The “fall and rise” p
Page 222 and 223:
45. How many drug-resistant tubercl
Page 224 and 225:
TREATMENT Table 50 Estimated number
Page 226 and 227:
46. What are the causes of drug-res
Page 228 and 229:
47. How can the emergence of drug r
Page 230 and 231:
48. How reliable are drug susceptib
Page 232 and 233:
49. What are the possible consequen
Page 234 and 235:
50. What reserve regimens are avail
Page 236 and 237:
TREATMENT countries, using reserve
Page 238 and 239:
TREATMENT 5. Guidelines for establi
Page 240 and 241:
TREATMENT Before a decision is made
Page 242 and 243:
TREATMENT Table 53 Management of ch
Page 244 and 245:
TREATMENT egy should be reserved fo
Page 246 and 247:
TREATMENT Table 54 Results of commu
Page 248:
TREATMENT 10. Barnes PF et al. Tran
Page 252 and 253:
53. What is the health, social, and
Page 254 and 255:
MONITORING Table 55 Estimated house
Page 256 and 257:
MONITORING 14. Saunderson PR. An ec
Page 258 and 259:
MONITORING tion in prevalence over
Page 260 and 261:
55. What is DOTS? I. Smith 1 DOTS i
Page 262 and 263:
MONITORING observation to once a we
Page 264 and 265:
MONITORING targets (17). Successful
Page 266 and 267:
MONITORING Figure 19 Theoretical fr
Page 268 and 269:
MONITORING tributed US$ 229 in dire
Page 270 and 271:
MONITORING Table 58 Interpretation
Page 272 and 273:
58. How effective is tuberculosis t
Page 274 and 275:
MONITORING sufficient proportion of
Page 276 and 277:
MONITORING Figure 20 Countries/area
Page 278 and 279:
MONITORING ing a greater danger to
Page 280 and 281:
MONITORING Even the most effective
Page 282 and 283:
61. What is the significance of def
Page 284 and 285:
MONITORING problems, way of life, w
Page 286 and 287:
62. How important is follow-up and
Page 288 and 289:
References MONITORING 1. Revised in
Page 290 and 291:
MONITORING proportion of patients e
Page 292 and 293:
MONITORING 4. Enarson D et al. Mana
Page 294 and 295:
MONITORING contacts of the tubercul
Page 296 and 297:
MONITORING 13. Brooks SM, Lassiter
Page 298 and 299:
MONITORING Administrative controls
Page 300 and 301:
MONITORING 5. Frieden TR et al. A m
Page 302 and 303:
MONITORING M. tuberculosis is thus
Page 304 and 305:
67. What are the principles and req
Page 306 and 307:
MONITORING is not supported by quan
Page 308 and 309:
MONITORING treatment (see “What w
Page 310 and 311:
MONITORING A satisfactory randomiza
Page 312 and 313:
MONITORING pendent readers, if poss
Page 314 and 315:
MONITORING a new treatment. The dra
Page 316 and 317:
MONITORING importantly, molecular a
Page 318 and 319:
MONITORING 4. García-García M et
Page 320 and 321:
69. Can tuberculosis be controlled?
Page 322 and 323:
Prevalence of disease Prevalence of
Page 324 and 325:
MONITORING difficult and are furthe
Page 326 and 327:
MONITORING blunt the impact of this
Page 328 and 329:
MONITORING ation with an emphasis o
Page 330 and 331:
MONITORING tively) and have achieve
Page 332 and 333:
MONITORING and shelters for the hom
Page 334 and 335:
71. What are the indicators of an e
Page 336 and 337:
MONITORING only after several years
Page 338 and 339:
MONITORING More importantly, there
Page 340 and 341:
MONITORING 10. Results of directly
Page 342 and 343:
MONITORING ● Expansion of the lab
Page 344 and 345:
Monitoring (including research) ●
Page 346 and 347:
MONITORING personnel; there is an i
Page 348 and 349:
MONITORING 5. Global tuberculosis c
Page 350 and 351:
MONITORING who fund and support the
show all

toman's tuberculosis case detection, treatment and monitoring

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?