A Temple Is Bombed-Atlanta, 1958 - American Jewish Archives

American Tewish Archives 

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historical records 

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Published by THE AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES, 

CINCINNATI, OHIO 45220 

on the Cincinnati campus of the HEBREW UNION COLLEGE - JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION 

VOL. XXIII NOVEMBER, 197 1 NO. 2 

In This Issue 

A Temple Is Bombed-Atlanta, 1958 ARNOLD SHANKMAN 125 

"If an anti-Semite were planning to bomb a Jewish house of worship in 

Atlanta in 1958," writes Mr. Shankman, "he would have been likely to 

select the Temple at 1589 Peachtree because it was somewhat secluded 

from public view and because its spiritual leader was Rabbi Jacob M. 

Rothschild, a foe of segregation." 

A Dinner for Dr. Neumark LOUIS A. LURIE 154 

Fifty Years in America BERNARD BAUM 160 

In his recollections the author focuses on aspects of the garment industry 

in early twentieth-century New York and Pennsylvania. 

Notes on a . Early Virginia Physician ROBERT SHOSTECK 198 

"It is said by Mr. [Thomas] Jefferson that we are indebted to him (Dr. 

Siccary) for the introduction of . . . the tomato." The doctor believed 

that "a person who should eat a sufficient abundance [of tomatoes] 

would never die."

Brief Notices 

Index to Volume XXIII 

Illustrations 

The Temple is bombed, Atlanta, 1958, page 139; Dr. David Neumark, 

page 157; Immigrants arriving in New York, page 167; Garment 

workers strike to improve working conditions, page 177; Dr. John de 

Sequeyra, page 199; Residence and office of Dr. John de Sequeyra, page 

209. 

The American Jewish Archives is indexed in Index to Jewish Periodicals 

Patrons for 1971 

THE NEUMANN MEMORIAL PUBLICATION FUND 

AND 

ARTHUR FRIEDMAN $9 LEO FRIEDMAN $9 BERNARD STARKOFF 

Published by THE AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES on 

the Cincinnati campus of the HEBREW UNION COLLEGE - JEWISH 

INSTITUTE 

OF RELIGION 

@ 1971 by the American Jewlsh Archives

A Temple Is Bombed-Atlanta, 1958 

ARNOLD SHANKMAN 

I 

In 1958 several Southern synagogues were bombed, causing a num- 

ber of the South's 548,650 Jews to wonder whether they would soon 

become the targets of religious big0try.l Although nearly all South- 

ern gentiles deplored these acts against Jewish houses of worship, it 

was not until an Atlanta temple was dynamited that they forcefully 

and dramatically demonstrated their disgust and showed their deter- 

mination to stop the anti-Jewish violence. Five men who allegedly 

had bombed the Atlanta congregation were arrested, and one of 

their number was brought to trial. More important than the trial, 

however, was the fact that the disaster that had befallen the Hebrew 

Benevolent Congregation (The Temple) forced Atlantans to prac- 

tice the brotherhood they had so long preached. 

During the fifties many Southern Jews thought that they were fac- 

ing a complex dilemma. Some favored segregation, and many were 

indifferent to the Negro's struggle to gain his civil rights. A third 

group representing a significant number of Southern Jews tended to 

sympathize with the civil rights movement, but anticipated that 

making strong statements in favor of integration would lead to their 

economic ruin and social ostracism. Moreover, this group resented 

the fact that some of their rabbis and many national Jewish organi- 

zations denounced segregation as immoral and contrary to the 

teachings of Judaism. Fearful that this agitation would cause gen- 

tiles to boycott their stores and offices, they claimed that the North- 

Mr. Shankman, an alumnus of Knox College, holds an M.A. degree in history from 

Emory University, where he is presently working for a doctorate. 

'See American Jewish Year Book: 1959 (New York, 1959), p. 18. By "South" here 

are meant Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia. 

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland. Mississippi. Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma. 

South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. 

125

126 AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES, NOVEMBER, 197 1 

ern Jews active in the struggle for Black equality were hypocrites. 

As long as the North was itself guilty of racism, they argued, it had 

no right to criticize the South. Some confessed their belief that white 

Southerners needed a scapegoat. As one writer put it, "Jews who 

espouse and defend the cause of civil rights jeopardize the security 

of isolated Jewish communities in the South, threaten their social 

integration and economic position, and ultimately even their physical 

~afety."~ A few, however, did deny that civil rights for Southern 

Negroes would lead to Southern persecution of Jews. Rabbis 

Charles Mantinband and Perry E. Nussbaum, both the leaders of 

congregations in Mississippi, reported that Jewish businessmen in 

that state were in no economic danger; and though Jews constituted 

only a minute percentage of Mississippi's population, there was little 

anti-Semiti~rn.~ 

Extremist groups were functioning in Dixie then, but only the 

most radical included the persecution of Jews among their objectives. 

The White Citizens' Council actively recruited Jewish members, 

and Charles Bloch, a lawyer active in the Macon Jewish community, 

became the vice-president of the States' Rights Council of 

Georgia. Jews were ineligible for membership in the various Ku 

Klux Klan groups, but these organizations were more interested in 

attacking Negroes and Lumbee Indians than in burning crosses in 

front of the homes of Southern Jews. One notable exception was the 

Aryan Klans; Horace Miller, a member of this organization, expressed 

his feelings towards Jews in cartoons. Perhaps the best 

known of his productions was one bearing the caption "Jews De- 

Vsaac Toubin, "Recklessness or Responsibility," Southern Israelile [SI], February 

27, 1959, pp. 13-15; see also P. Allen Krause, "Rabbis and Negro Rights in the 

South," American Jewish Archives, XXI (1969), 20-47. 

Rabbi Charles Mantinband, "Segregation and the Southern Jew," SI, August 22, 

1958, p. 38; Leo Frisch, "Desegregation and Southern Jewry," SZ, July 26, 1957, 

p. 9; Milton Friedman, "Dilemma of Southern Jews," SI, February 28, 1958, p. 29, 

and hi "Bombings Call Attention to Jews," SI, April 25, 1958, p. 1; Boris Smolar, 

"Southern Jews Are Caught in Squeeze by Negroes, Whites," SI, June 27, 1958, p. 1; 

"Fear Tide of Anti-Semitism Over School Issue in Sauth," SI, September 26, 1958, 

p. 1.

clare War on the Human Race"; it featured a python labelled 

"Rabbi" coiled around the Capitol inscribed "Synagogue." Another 

Southerner, Atlantan J. B. Stoner, proposed that being Jewish be 

declared a crime "punishable by death."4 Stoner and Miller obvi- 

ously represented only a tiny fraction of the South's population, and 

not until Dixie temples were bombed did a significant number of 

Southern Jews begin fearing that persecution might be imminent. 

On November 11, 1957, while forty people were attending reli- 

gious services, eleven sticks of dynamite were found at Temple 

Beth-El in Charlotte, North Carolina. Within eight months bombs 

and dynamite were found at Jewish houses of worship in Gastonia, 

North Carolina, and Birmingham, Alabama. More serious was the 

dynamiting of Miami's Beth-El Congregation on March 16, 1958 ; a 

bomb exploded and caused several thousand dollars' worth of dam- 

age to that Orthodox synagogue which, interestingly enough, had 

done nothing to promote integration and had completely avoided 

the "race" question. Rabbi Abraham Levitan, the spiritual leader of 

another congregation, received a phone call from an unidentified 

man warning him to stop preaching integration in his synagogue or 

it too would be bombed; and Rabbi Tibor Stern was told to remove 

a menorah from the front of his temple or his house of worship 

would "get it too." That same day a bomb exploded at the Nashville 

Jewish Community Center, causing much damage. Rabbi William 

Silverman of the Temple in Nashville was telephoned to by a mem- 

ber of the "Confederate Underground" who threatened to bomb the 

Temple, kill "nigger-loving people," and "shoot down in cold 

blood" Federal Judge William Miller for his court decisions uphold- 

ing integration. On April 28, the Jacltsonville Jewish Community 

Center was bombed, and the "Confederate Union" phoned Rabbi 

'James Cook, The Segregationists (New York, 1962), pp. 30-31, 122, 134-36; 

American Jewish Yearbook: 1959, pp. 46-47.


Sanders Tofield, warning that Jews must be "driven out of Florida 

except Miami Beach" or they would die.6 

Since the bombings seemed to follow a pattern, there was the possi- 

bility that one group was traveling about the South causing the dam- 

age. On May 5, 1958, mayors and police officials from each of the 

cities experiencing anti-Jewish violence met in Jacksonville to coor- 

dinate plans for combatting future acts of lawlessness and to ex- 

change information. There was hope that $55,700 offered in reward 

money for information leading to the capture of the criminals would 

help the police solve the cases. Southern Senators asked for Federal 

assistance, but Attorney General William Rogers did not want the 

FBI to get deeply involved in investigating crimes that the Govern- 

ment could not prosecute. No Federal law had been broken, and 

thus there was no justification for Federal agents to become in- 

volved. Furthermore, one FBI spokesman reasoned, if it were obvi- 

ous that their agents would not solve the crime, additional pressure 

would be put on local officials to seek and arrest the guilty." 

Naturally, these acts of terrorism were condemned in the South. 

Rabbi Silverman of Nashville told the members of one synagogue 

that his city's bombing was not representative "of sentiment of our 

beloved community of Nashville." Yet he warned, "We must realize 

that the attack upon the Negro is the undeniable portent of the at- 

tack upon the Jew, and ultimately the Catholic Church, civil liber- 

ties, democracy, and Christianity itself."' The Southern Israelite 

quoted an Atlanta Journal editorial that the lunatic fringe bombers 

'Nathan Perlmutter, "Bombing in Miami," Commerztary, XXV (1958), 498-503; 

Jackson Toby, "Bombing in Nashville," ibid., pp. 385-88; Lou H. Silberman to 

editor, ibid., XXVI, 79-80; "Dynamite Hits Two Centers," SI, March 21, 1958, p. 1; 

"Bombings, Outrages to Americanism," SI, p. 4; "Police, FBI Join in Search," SI, 

March 28, p. 1; "Bomb Damages Jacksonville Center, Fizzles in Birmingham," SI, 

May 2, 1958, p. 1; Americarz Jewish Yearbook: 1959, pp. 44-45. Hereafter all news- 

paper dates are for 1958 urzless otherwise stated. 

"Police From Four States Confer," SI, May 9, p. 1; "Attorney General Stands Pat 

Against Federal Action," SZ, June 6, p. 1; "FBI Explains Lack of Action on Southern 

Synagogue Bombings," SI, June 20, p. 1. 

' "Calm Forthright Statement From Nashville," SI, March 28, p. 4.

A TEMPLE IS BOMBED-ATLANTA, 1958 129 

were "no more typical of the South than they are condoned by the 

decent people of the South." The editors of Southern Jewish periodi- 

cals met in Nashville and issued a statement deploring the attacks 

on Jewish houses of assembly and Negro churches. They warned 

that such lawlessness was not only an attack on Judaism, but also an 

assault upon the Constitution. Even the Citizens' Council issued 

messages of sympathy condemning the vi~lence.~ 

Atlanta Jews hoped that their city would be spared the bombers. 

Atlanta was more progressive and prosperous than most other 

Southern cities. It boasted an enlightened mayor and a respected po- 

lice chief; in the opinion of the New Republic, it was the "most civi- 

lized city in the South." Negroes were represented on the city coun- 

cil, and the police force even had Black officers; municipal facilities 

other than schools were slowly being integrated. Both city newspa- 

pers were fairly liberal, and in November, 1957, eighty Protestant 

ministers signed and published a manifesto calling for communica- 

tion between the races, maintenance of public schools, and obedi- 

ence to laws and the court^.^ 

Many exclusive clubs nonetheless barred Jews, and Blacks were 

clearly second-class citizens in Atlanta. Scores of Atlanta ministers 

told their congregations that it would be better to close the public 

schools than to integrate them. Others, including many political fig- 

ures, preached "segregationism." In July, five pickets marched in 

front of the Journal and Constitution Building with placards bear- 

ing such messages as "Constitution and Journal distort news, sup- 

press facts," "Jewish-Controlled Press Lies that the Arabs Are 

Red," and "Nasser Outlawed the Communists and Jailed the Reds." 

Police arrested the pickets, and the five were sentenced to thirty 

days' imprisonment. Two would later be arrested in connection 

with the Temple bombing in Atlanta, and another two would be 

"Bombings-Outrages to Americanism," SZ, March 21, p. 4; "Jewish Publishers 

Condemn South Bombing and Terrorism," SZ, May 23, pp. 1, 4; "People in South 

Not Influenced by KKK, Anti-Jewish Propaganda, AP says," SZ, June 20, p. I. 

'The New Republic statement appeared in "The Atlanta Bombing," CXXXIX 

(1958), 5-6; Ralph McGill, "Crisis of the City," Saturday Review (May 23, 1959), 

pp. 15, 45, and his The South and the Southerner (Boston, 1963), p. 277.

130 AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES, NOVEMBER, 1971 

questioned about the incident. Understandably upset at the event, 

the Journal reminded its readers, "Atlanta's Jews are among the 

best and finest citizens in the city and Atlanta would not be what it 

is without them; it could not do without them."1° 

One week before the Atlanta Temple bombing, five ministers re- 

ported that their churches had been vandalized. Damage varied 

from broken windows to the stealing of typewriters. Ironically, one 

of the five houses of worship was the Greek Orthodox Church, 

which occupied the former home of the Temple. That same issue of 

the paper reported that a bomb had caused extensive damage to the 

newly integrated high school in Clinton, Tennessee.'' 

If an anti-Semite were planning to bomb a Jewish house of wor- 

ship in Atlanta in 1958, he would have been likely to select the 

Temple at 1589 Peachtree because it was somewhat secluded from 

public view and because its spiritual leader was Rabbi Jacob M. 

Rothschild, a foe of segregation. The thousand-member congrega- 

tion was neither the newest nor the largest Jewish house of worship 

in Atlanta, but its congregants included many of the leading Jews of 

the city. 

Rabbi Rothschild, a native of Pittsburgh and a graduate of the 

University of Cincinnati and the Hebrew Union College, had served 

congregations in Davenport, Iowa, and in Pittsburgh and had been 

an army chaplain before coming to Atlanta. A strong believer in in- 

terfaith dialogue, he established the Institute for Christian Clergy, 

an annual seminar of Christian clergymen to discuss some aspect of 

Jewish life, and he was a co-founder of the Round Table of the Na- 

tional Conference of Christians and Jews. His sermons on political 

and social questions angered several of his congregants, but he con- 

tinued to support the civil rights movement.12 In 1957 he told a Cin- 

cinnati audience: "There is a macabre and disquieting parallel be- 

tween the South today and a totalitarian state. There is a curtail- 

'' "PubIic Press Condemns Hate Mongers," SZ, August 1, p. 4; "Atlanta Police Ar- 

rest Five Pickets Bearing Anti-Jewish Signs," SZ, p. 1. 

'I "Looters Strike Five Churches in Southwest Area," Atlanta Constitution, October 

6, p. 1. 

"Janice Rothschild, As But A Day (Atlanta, 1967), pp. 94-99, 108-10.

A TEMPLE IS BOMBE-ATLANTA, 1958 131 

ment of the right to speak freely and openly if what you say dis- 

agrees with the popular point of view."13 Later that year he ap- 

plauded the eighty ministers who had signed the manifesto to keep 

the public schools open, and honored them in a sermon, "Eighty 

Protestant Ministers Who Dared to Speak-A Salute to My Chris- 

tian Colleagues."14 Even in Mississippi he denounced prejudice as 

strongly as he had in Atlanta and Cincinnati; clearly he was an en- 

emy of segregation. 

I1 

At 3:38 A.M. on Sunday, October 12, 1958, a flash of light and 

a loud noise rocked several blocks of Peachtree Street. One driver 

passing by claimed that his car had been knocked off the road by 

the blast. Scores of people, including Governor Marvin Griffin and 

his houseguests four blocks away from the site of the blast were 

awakened by the noise. Yet since no damage was visible on Peach- 

tree, no one immediately knew that the Temple had been bombed. 

Anxious to determine what had happened, the police sent a cruiser 

into the area, but at 4:05 A.M. it reported seeing nothing suspi- 

cious. At 3:45 A.M., however, Wayne Chester of the United Press 

International had received a call from "General Gordon of the Con- 

federate Underground," who proclaimed, "We bombed a temple in 

Atlanta. This is the last empty building in Atlanta that we will 

bomb." The "general" then proceeded to warn that all night clubs 

refusing to fire their Negro employees would also be blown up. Fur- 

thermore, he stated, "We are going to blow up all Communist orga- 

nizations and Negroes and Jews are hereby declared aliens." With 

that, the caller hung up. Chester recalled: 

At the time [3: 50 A.M.] I dismissed the call as a prank or the result of 

Zbid., p. 109. 

"This sermon was reprinted in SZ, February 28, 1958, p. 5. In 1958, the Atlanta 

B'nai B'rith awarded these ministers its Distinguished Service Award. For more 

information on Rothschild, see ''Families Look to Their Rabbi," Atlanta Journal, 

October 15, p. 15; Jacob Rothschild, "Yesterday or Tomorrow," SZ, September 12, 

p. 13. [See also P. Allen Krause, "Rabbis and Negro Rights in the South," American 

Jewish Archives, XXI (1969), 35, 38-39; 47--editor]


someone having a little too much to drink. The young voice sounded like 

a young college student, and my first reaction was [that] the celebrating 

after the football game was still going strong.15 

At 7:45 A.M. Robert Benton, janitor of the Temple, arrived at the 

bombed building. Looking at the structure from Peachtree, he could 

not tell that anything was wrong; but as soon as he arrived at the 

rear entrance of the Temple, he could see the magnitude of the dam- 

age. Immediately he called William Schwartz, Jr., the president of 

the congregation. Within moments Fred Beerman, a member of the 

Atlanta Police Force and the Temple; Rabbi Rothschild, who had 

just returned to the city from St. Paul, Minnesota; Herbert Jenkins, 

Atlanta Chief of Police; Mrs. Abe Shurgin, executive director of the 

congregation; and William Hartsfield, mayor of Atlanta, were noti- 

fied of the bombing. By 9:00 Rabbi Rothschild and Mayor Harts- 

field were busy surveying the damage to the city's only Reform syn- 

agogue. Meanwhile, members of the Temple's Sisterhood were call- 

ing parents of religious school students to tell them that classes were 

cancelled. 

The attractive building had sustained over $100,000 in damages. 

Shattered bricks, piles of rubble, broken fixtures, cracked plaster- 

these were what greeted the rabbi and the mayor. The doorway and 

the vestibule had been demolished and the gift shop looked as if it 

had been in the middle of a tornado; menorahs and other religious 

artifacts, baby bibs, records, and books had toppled off the display 

cases. Ripped from the walls was a bronze plaque commemorating 

Temple members who had died in the service of their country. In 

the sanctuary stained glass windows were broken, though the holy 

ark and the eternal light were undamaged. Party decorations and 

choir robes were ruined, but no lives had been lost.16 

""Here's Chain of Events After Temple Blasting; Explosion Heard for Miles but 

Walls Blocked the Noise," Constitution, October 13, p. 8; "Dynamite Bomb Darn- 

ages Atlanta Temple," SZ, October 17, p. 1; Wayne Chester, "Voice Says: 'Temple 

Is Bombed,' " Journal, October 13, p. 17. 

lBZbid.; SZ, October 17, pp. 1-8; "Jewish Temple on Peachtree Wrecked by Blast," 

Constitution, October 13, pp. 1, 8; Frank Wells, "Bombing of Temple Follows Pat- 

tern Set in Florida, Nashville, and Clinton," ibid., p. 6.


As word of the disaster spread, reporters, photographers, and cu- 

rious Atlantans sped to the scene of the crime. Chief Jenkins an- 

nounced that he had requested FBI help, and Mayor Hartsfield is- 

sued a statement denouncing the "crackpots" who would destroy a 

Temple. The mayor suspected that the bombers had been "interna- 

tionally inspired"; yet he warned, "Whether they like it or not, every 

rabble-raising politician is the Godparent of the cross burner and 

dynamiters who are giving the South a bad name."'7 To assist the 

police in tracking down the guilty, he offered a thousand-dollar re- 

ward and solicited additional contributions; within a few days over 

$30,000 had been pledged. Rabbi Rothschild and Mr. Schwartz 

also had a statement in which they claimed that their shattered 

building showed "the contrast between the ideals of religious faith 

and the practices of Godless men." They warned that the blast had 

been directed at all Atlantans and at "the religious and democratic 

foundations of our c~untry."'~ 

President Eisenhower was in New York at cornerstone ceremo- 

nies of the Protestant Inter-Church Building when he first heard of 

the bombing. Asked what he thought of the incident, he told report- 

ers, "I think we would all share in the feeling of horror that any per- 

son would want to desecrate the holy place of any religion, be it a 

chapel, a cathedral, a mosque, a church, or a synagogue." Several 

days later he denounced the Confederate Underground as a "bunch 

of A1 Capone gangsters" who soiled the good name of the Confeder- 

acy. FBI agents were ordered to help the Atlanta police, and army 

demolition experts were sent to the city. Less than twelve hours af- 

ter the bombing, FBI Agent N. R. Johnson had set up a temporary 

headquarters in an office at 1605 Peachtree. At midnight Federal 

agents and local police stopped motorists passing the Temple to in- 

" "Rabble Rousers Share the Blame, Mayor Says," Constitutfon, October 13, p. 6; 

"Dynamite Bomb Damages Atlanta Temple," SZ, October 17, p. 1. 

""Statement of Rabbi Rothschild and William Schwartz, Jr.," SZ, October 17, p. 1.

quire if they had traveled on that street the previous night, and if so, 

whether they remembered anything unu~ual.'~ 

That night, "General Gordon" was busy again on the telephone. 

While her husband was away, Mrs. Rothschild was called and told 

that a bomb would blow up her house in less than five minutes. She 

fled her home with her daughter, who was to have had a more pleas- 

ant birthday present than a bombing scare. Fortunately this time the 

Confederate Underground had given a false alarm. Bombing threats 

were also reported by the Journal and Radio Station WSB." Police 

protection was assigned to the Rothschild and Schwartz homes and 

to the Journal-Constitution Building. 

Several theories existed as to who had bombed the Temple. Some 

claimed that a Negro with a scar on his face who drove a 1956 car 

with South Carolina plates was guilty. Others thought that the 

bomber was a Communist agent. The radical right suspected that 

the incident was a Jewish plot. The Reverend Eustace Mullins of 

the "Dire Society for the Propagation of Human Faith" claimed that 

Jews had blown up their own synagogue to secure funds for an addi- 

tion to the building; prior to the bombing contributions were lag- 

ging, but now even gentiles would donate money to the Temple. He 

advised Mayor Hartsfield to arrest the leaders of the Jewish commu- 

nity and question them "night and day until they confess to this 

foul crime."21 

Is "Ike Orders FBI Report on Bomb," Constitution, October 13, p. 1; "FBI Under- 

cover Agents Moved In," ibid., 1, 6; "Eisenhower Condemns Bombers," SZ, October 

31, p. 7; "Ike Brands Dynamiters 'A1 Capone' Hoods," Constitution, October 16, 

pp. 198. 

"Rabbi Rothschild's Home Is Guarded," Journal, October 13, p. 17; "FBI Under- 

cover Agents Moved In," ibid., pp. 1, 6; "Eisenhower Condemns Bombers of Syna- 

gogues as Gangsters," SZ, October 31, p. 7; clipping from New York Post, October 

13, p. 1 (Temple file); "Paper and Churches Get Bombing Threat," Constitution, 

October 13, p. 1. That day Rabbi Joseph Narot, of Miami, and Jewish leaders in 

Knoxville were also threatened. 

nDavid Lawrence, "Bombing of Temple Had all Earmarks of Communist Plot," 

Journal, October 15, p. 27; Dennis Holland to editor, Constitution, October 18, p. 4, 

col. 3; Mullins to Mayor Hartsfield, October 17 (carbon in Temple file); Mitchell 

Friend to Hartsfield, October 13 (original in Temple file). Friend claimed the 

bombing was the work of "irresponsible Southerners."

A TEMPLE IS BOMBEGATLANTA, 1958 135 

Police, however, were investigating members of rightist groups 

known for their anti-Semitism. At 3:00 P.M. that Sunday, they lo- 

cated George Michael Bright, a thirty-five-year-old draftsman, and 

began questioning him about the bombing. Within four days, four 

other suspects had been rounded up, and the five men, Bright, Wal- 

lace Allen, Richard and Robert Bolling (Bowling), and Kenneth 

Griffin, were formally indicted by the grand jury for willfully "de- 

stroying and injuring a house of worship." All five had previous ar- 

rest records and were known for their anti-Jewish beliefs and their 

membership in groups like the National States' Rights Party and the 

Christian Anti-Jewish Party. In their homes police had found anti- 

Semitic literature, including a "fat cat" letter from George Lincoln 

Rockwell warning Wallace Allen not to violate any laws when pick- 

eting with anti-Jewish placards. The members of anti-Jewish 

groups, said Rockwell, would soon be able "to do what they had 

talked about" because "ONE 'Fat Cat' . . . is putting his $$$ where 

his mouth is.yy22 

Rockwell's letter proved only that Allen disliked Jews, and the 

turning point in the case did not come until Bright was given a lie 

detector test. The FBI agent who administered the test concluded that 

the suspect knew something about the bombing. Other evidence was 

accumulated to show that Bright had a personal animosity towards 

Rabbi Rothschild and had written the rabbi a threatening letter. Fi- 

nally, an informant was found who said that the dynamiting had 

been discussed in May at a meeting which he attended and that 

Bright was to draw up the architectural plans of the Temple. Police 

revealed only a portion of the information they had gathered, and 

Zz Rockwell was interviewed in Arlington, Virginia, but the American Nazi leader 

claimed to have had no foreknowledge of the bombing. He was quoted as saying 

that "Ninety per cent of the people in [our] . . . movement are lunatics." McGill 

called this figure conservative, but the Constitution editorial on this subject said, 

"It's good to have it from one who knows." The "fat cat" was subsequently identified 

as Harold Noel Arrowsmith, the well-educated son of an Episcopal canon. "Text of 

'Fat Cat' Letter," Constitution, October 18, p. 3; "Fat Cat Letter," Journal, 

October 17, p. 1; "Got Ideas From Hitler," ibid., pp. 1, 8; McGill, "Ninety 

Per Cent Are Lunatics," Constitution, October 20, p. 1; Ben Bagdikian, "Two 

Bigots," SI, February 27, 1959, pp. 26-27; American Jewish Yearbook: 1959, 

pp. 4748.


not until the day of the trial was it known whom they would try first. 

The rapidity with which the five men had been captured won the 

law enforcement officers much praise.2s 

After the arrest of the accused, the assistant foreman of the Fulton 

County Grand Jury reported an anonymous threatening phone 

call. The caller, who claimed to represent the Confederate Underground, 

threatened to "kill all of you who indicted these innocent 

men.'y24 In the next several weeks false bombing threats forced the 

evacuation of public schools, theaters, and the theology building of 

Emory University. 

One week before the Temple was bombed, the newly-integrated 

high school in Clinton, Tennessee, was dynamited; the day after the 

Atlanta disaster a bomb shattered part of Anshai Emeth Synagogue 

in Peoria, Illinois. It was clear that anti-Semitism was not confined 

to the South. A few courageous ministers in Nashville, Miami, Bir- 

mingham, Jacksonville, and Charlotte had denounced the bombings 

in their cities, but they were in the minority. In Atlanta the situation 

was reversed, for the dynamite that struck the Temple acted as a 

catalyst in arousing residents of the city. Eager to prove that Atlanta 

was not just another bigoted Southern metropolis, they responded 

with sympathy, reward money, and a true sense of grief. 

Ministers who had attended interfaith meetings and seminars at 

the Temple and who had spoken with Rabbi Rothschild before sign- 

ing the Ministers' Manifesto found it impossible to be indifferent to 

" Fulton County Superior Court Records, Case 76657 (1958), Case 76891 (1959); 

Keeler McCartney, "Police Raiders Seize Threatening Note, Jail Fifth Bombing 

Suspect," Constitution, October 15, p. 1, col. 8, and p. 7, col. 1; ''Turning Point 

Indicated in Temple Blast Probe," Journal, October 16, p. 1; "Bombing Was Planned 

in Atlanta Meeting in May, Informant Says," Constitution, October 14, pp. 1, 9; 

"Ike Aide Praises City's Bombing Crackdown," ibid., October 15, p. 7. 

"Adolph Rosenberg, "Five Indicted for Bombing Held Without Bond," SZ, October 

24, p. 1; "Five Indicted in Bombing; Death Penalty Possible on Charge," Constitu- 

tion, October 18, p. 1.


the bombing. Mrs. Doris Beachy, the wife of a minister and a Sun- 

day school teacher, remembered bringing her class to the Temple 

the previous June. In a personal letter to the members of the Tem- 

ple, she stated, "It is difficult to fathom the reasoning and hatred 

that prompt some humans to act with violence. Please take heart in 

the fact that you have many friends in the Atlanta area who are with 

you always."" Scores of ministers changed their sermon topics on 

October 12, and strongly condemned the violence. Among those at- 

tending a church in which the bombing was denounced was George 

Bright! 

Several associations of Protestant ministers met and passed reso- 

lutions expressing their feelings about the dynamiting. The Georgia 

Council of Churches demanded that the perpetrators of the deed be 

brought "to speedy justice"; the Atlanta Christian Council voiced its 

opposition "to anything of this nature." Similar resolutions were 

passed by the Atlanta Presbyterian Ministry Association, the At- 

lanta Baptist Pastors' Conference, the Atlanta-West Methodist 

Group, and the Miami Episcopate. The all-Negro Atlanta Baptist 

Association, headed by the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr., 

wrote the mayor that they commended the "vigorous action taken 

by federal and city officials" in the bombing and hoped that similar 

activity would be shown if Negro churches were destroyed. Individ- 

ual ministers called the incident an attack upon Christianity. In the 

words of Dr. W. Thomas Smith, it was "no time for sleeping 

churches." From Charlotte, North Carolina, the Reverend Billy 

Graham warned Christians not to follow the path of Hitler.z6 

"Doris Beachy to the Secretary of the Temple, October 12 (Temple file). 

''Four Groups of Ministers Rip Bombing," Constitution, October 14, p. 5; "Gra- 

ham Asks Christians to Help Stop Bombings," ibid., October 16, p. 2; "Ministers 

Hit BIast, Label It 'Madness'," ibid., October 20, p. 1; Dr. W. Thomas Smith to 

editor, ibid., October 15, p. 4; Betty Carollton, "Dynamiting Deplored by Church- 

men," ibid., October 13, pp. 1, 6; Dr. Charles Allen, "A Blasted Temple Sickens 

Soul," lournal-Constitution, October 19, p. 3-E; Resolutions of Atlanta Missionary 

Baptist Association to Mayor Hartsfield, October 16 (copy in Temple file); Resolu- 

tions of Atlanta Baptist Pastors' Conference, October 13 (copy in letter from the 

Reverend J. Don Aderhold to Rabbi Rothschild, October 15, in Temple file).


Hundreds of ministers and church groups sent messages of sym- 

pathy to Rabbi Rothschild. The Reverend Ralph Abernathy de- 

nounced those "twisted minds and souls" who would dynamite a 

house of worship. Dean William Cannon of Emory University's, 

Candler School of Theology expressed his condolences and noted 

that theology students had spontaneously taken up collections of 

money for the use of the Temple. Sunday school classes wrote letters 

of sympathy, and some of the younger students wished the rabbi a 

merry Christmas. Letters came from Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 

New York, Scotland, and Fran~e.~' 

From over thirty states and Canada, hundreds of rabbis repre- 

senting all branches of Judaism wrote to Rothschild to express their 

indignation and shock and the hope that the bombing would lead to 

an outcry against lawlessness. Many were pleased that President Ei- 

senhower had finally seen "fit to make this his own concern" and 

allowed the FBI to take an active role in the solving of the crime. 

Three letters, however, were of special interest on the subject of fu- 

ture violence. Rabbi Newton J. Friedman, of Beaumont, Texas, ex- 

pected a bombing in Macon because of the inflammatory nature of 

the speeches the Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan had made in 

that city. Rabbi Perry E. Nussbaum, of Beth Israel Congregation in 

Jackson, Mississippi, commented, "What can one write to you from 

Jackson, Mississippi? The pattern is fixed. . . I doubt if my own 

Congregation will escape." Rabbi Charles Mantinband, of Congre- 

gation B'nai Israel in Hattiesburg, wrote, "There are many here who 

share with you a sense of righteous indignation at this dastardly at- 

tack. And for some others, I regret to say, it is an occasion for levity 

and cheap talk. They say they will do a better job, when they are 

ready for Missis~ippi.'~~~ 

'' Cannon to Rothschild, October 16, and Abernathy to Rothschild, October 14. Dr. 

Whitney Young of Atlanta University wrote the rabbi that the bombing should 

make "citizens aware that unless lawlessness is curbed everywhere, it cannot be 

expected to be curbed anywhere." Dean Whitney Young to Rothschild, October 17. 

Copies of hundreds of similar letters and copies of acknowledgments sent by Rabbi 

Rothschild are in the Temple file. 

" Friedman to Rothschild, October 12; Nussbaum to Rothschild, October 13; Man- 

tinband to Rothschild, October 19. Eugene Blachschleger, of Montgomery, Ala-

The Temple is bombed 

Atlanta, 1958 

~ourlesi Atlanta Journal

A TEMPLE IS BOMBED--ATLANTA, 1958 141 

Atlanta newspapers were also upset that the tragedy had struck 

their city. They fully covered all aspects of the bombing and offered 

a $5,000 reward for information leading to the capture of the bomb- 

ers., Ralph McGill in a Pulitzer Prize winning editorial column de- 

scribed the blast as the harvest reaped by Christian ministers who 

preached "hate instead of compassion" and by politicians who urged 

defiance of courts and laws: 

It will be the acme of irony, for example, if any one of four or five Southern 

governors deplore this bombing. It will be grimly humorous if certain state 

attorneys issue statements of regret. . . . It is not possible to preach law- 

lessness and restrict it. 

To be sure, none said go bomb a Jewish temple or a school. But let it be 

understood that when leadership in high places fails to support constituted 

authority it opens the gates to all those who wish to take the law into their 

own hands.29 

In subsequent columns, McGill welcomed FBI assistance; de- 

nounced the "mob, which is hate," for it "always strikes the church 

and the school"; and urged those "who feel impelled to make some 

tangible expression of their feelings" to send a contribution to the 

Temple. 

The Constitution warned that no one would be safe until the "hu- 

man vultures who 'sneak about in the dark' " were caught. The bomb- 

ers, it said, were "slinky cowards posing as members of the human 

race"; they claimed to be the Confederate Underground, yet they 

bombed a Temple founded in 1867 to serve the Atlanta Jewish 

Community and to feed and clothe released Confederate prisoners 

bama, was one of many rabbis reporting that Christians had asked how to contribute 

money to the Temple. Blachschleger to Rothschild, October 23. All these letters in 

the Temple file. 

" McGill, "A Church, A School," Constitution, October 13, p. 1. This column was 

reprinted February 5, 1969, and appeared in A Church, A School (New York, 

1959), pp. 9-11.


of war. The Journal in a front-page editorial, "A Desecrated Tem- 

ple Cries Out to Heaven," warned that if the act were not punished, 

"it will be repeated again and again; for the bombing was a declara- 

tion of war against all decent people . . . by believers in force, vio- 

lence, and hatredSn3O 

Denunciations of the bombing appeared also in the Rome News 

Tribune and the Cochran Journal. The latter declared, "The Con- 

federacy is dead. And we who love and honor the memory of the 

men who made it, fought and died for it, have no wish to see it re- 

vived." Even the conservative Waycross Journal-Herald pro- 

claimed, "The rabble-rouser is as much an enemy of the South as 

the do-gooders and social reformers who would tell us how to oper- 

ate our schools." Other enraged newspapers included the Ellaville 

Sun and the Savannah Morning News.31 

At the time of the bombing the Temple had been preparing for a 

$750,000 building expansion campaign, but it did not want contri- 

butions from Georgians who thought that their money was paying 

for the damages sustained on October 12. Insurance properly cov- 

ered these losses, but some Christians insisted that they be allowed 

to contribute towards the building of the addition. In the words of 

one lady, "Whether they need this or not, I want to give this just to 

say for my city, 'I am sorry.' "32 Soon hundreds of people were send- 

ing in money, many of them anonymously, to help rebuild the syna- 

gogue. Governor-elect Ernest Vandiver sent a check for $250, but 

mThese were all reprinted in SZ, October 17, p. 5. Editor Adolph Rosenberg com- 

mented, "Never do we remember a local story receiving such coverage in these two 

daily newspapers!' See "The Blast at Atlanta's Temple," ibid., p. 3. 

"Clippings in Temple file; other editorials reprinted in Constitution, October 16, 

p. 4; October 18, p. 4; October 20, p. 4; October 24, p. 4. 

"Harold Martin, "Bombing of Temple Hurt Atlanta's Pride," Journal-Constitution, 

October 19, p. 3-E; Marion Gaines, "Messages Come to Rabbi From all Faiths 

and all of Nation," Constitution, October 14, pp. 1, 6. Unsolicited money was sent 

to newspapers in Buffalo, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh.


more importantly, he pledged his "complete co-operation in the fer- 

reting out and bringing to a speedy trial the perpetrators of this 

reprehensible deed."33 

Several churches offered Rabbi Rothschild the use of their facili- 

ties for classes and religious services. The Atlanta Board of Educa- 

tion made available the E. Rivers School for the religious school of 

the Temple. This offer was accepted because the public school had 

used the facilities of the Temple several years before. A. C. Latimer, 

the President of the Atlanta Board of Education, wrote, "My own 

children attended classes in the Temple . . . when the E. Rivers 

School b~rned."~" Meetings and religious services were held in 

neighboring churches and in the nearby Jewish Community Center. 

When the expanded Temple opened in May, 1960, the auditorium 

was named Friendship Hall in honor of all who had helped the congregation 

in its time of need. 

Friday, October 17, Rothschild spoke to an overflow crowd of 

1,000 who assembled in the damaged sanctuary of the Temple. He 

pledged to continue by sermon and deed to fight injustice, and he 

thanked those who had helped his Temple in the dark days that 

followed the bombing. If the dynamiting had a message, the rabbi 

claimed, it was that such deeds blackened "the fasade of every 

house of worship in the city." The myriad offers of help he had received 

convinced him that Atlantans would be able to "raise from 

the rubble of devastation a city and a land in which all men are 

truly brothers and none shall make them afraid."" Privately Rothschild 

wrote to the policemen who had been guarding his home, 

33 Vandiver to Rothschild, October 13 (Temple file). 

"Latimer to Hughes, October IS[?] (carbon in Temple file); Rothschild, Day, 

p. 79. 

Drafts of this sermon are in the Temple's files. Laura McGregor, "Rabbi Speaks 

on Brotherhood at First Post-Bombing Service," quoted in SZ, October 24, p. 1; 

Jacob Rothschild, "And None Shall Make Them Afraid," SZ, February 27, 1959, 

pp. 8-9. This article is the text of a sermon broadcast on "The Message of Israel 

Program." It may differ slightly from the sermon of October 17.


"Your personal interest and your warm friendly spirit were far be- 

yond the call of 

The trial of George Bright, the first of the five men suspected of 

the bombing, took place in December. Defense attorneys James 

Venable and Essley Burdine asked for a dismissal of the case on the 

ground that destroying a temple was no violation of section 26- 

2302 of the Georgia law code, since the 1897 law did not specifi- 

cally mention houses of worship. Justice Durwood Pye replied that 

the defense's interpretation of the law would promote an "open sea- 

son" on churches, and this had clearly not been the intention of the 

lawmakers. Next the judge ruled that local news and television me- 

dia did not have to furnish lists of all Jewish merchants that pur- 

chased advertising from them, but he did permit the defense attor- 

neys to receive membership lists from the Anti-Defamation League 

of B'nai B'rith and the Temple. Jury selection, the next order of busi- 

ness, was very slow. Prospective jurors who were of the Jewish faith, 

worked for Jews, purchased goods from Jews, or had strong feelings 

about the case were disqualified. Since a verdict of guilty could 

mean death in the electric chair, opponents of capital punishment 

were also unacceptable for jury duty. By the end of the first day of 

the trial, only six jurors had been selected.37 

Prosecutor Tom Luck promised to prove that Bright was anti-Se- 

mitic and that he hated Rabbi Rothschild, had conspired to bomb 

the rabbi's Temple, and had been present when the incident oc- 

curred. After janitor Robert Benton told about the damage, Rabbi 

"Carbons of Rothschild's letters to officers and patrolmen, October 27 (Temple 

file). 

"After scores of prospective jurors were disqualified, one of those accepted was 

discovered to be a former member of the Ku Klux Klan. "The state said it accepted 

the juror because it was short on challenges, and there was another prospective juror 

it wished to dismiss more than Mr. Cochran." "Five Are Scheduled for Trial," 

Constitution, December 1, p. 1; "Six Jurors Selected in Bombing Trial," ibid., De- 

cember 2, pp. 1, 10; "First of Five Suspects on Trial," SZ, December 6? p. 1; John 

Neel, "Only 9 Picked for Bomb Jury," Journal, December 2, pp. 1, 13; Pat Watters, 

"Bright First to Face Bomb Trial Here," ibid., December 1, p. 1.


Rothschild and Mrs. Shurgin were asked to testify. Venable ob- 

jected to their taking the stand because he claimed that each year 

Jews took an oath that excused them from telling the truth in a 

court of law. The rabbi and Mrs. Shurgin explained that they had 

never taken any oath of the sort Venable described; Judge Pye than 

ruled that they could testify. 

Several witnesses charged that Bright had shown antipathy to- 

wards Rothschild the previous May when the rabbi had spoken at 

Atlanta's First Baptist Church. The defendant's former neighbor, 

Richard Johnson, testified that Bright was upset when he learned of 

the invitation and spoke of "stringing up" a Jew. Bright had angrily 

told Johnson, "They are not only trying to put niggers in our 

schools with us but they are trying to put Jews in our churches." 

Later Bright told the Reverend Arnold Smith, pastor of the Baptist 

congregation, that he resented having "Christ-killing Jews" at the 

church, but Smith refused to cancel the speech. Unknown to Roth- 

schild, Bright and others carried signs protesting the rabbi's appear- 

ance before his talk. During the question and answer session follow- 

ing the lecture, Bright argued with the rabbi about the number of 

Jews the Nazis had murdered.38 

The defendant admitted composing the following note after the 

speech, though he never delivered it: 

You have brought to us a glowing account of Judaism, glowing because 

you planned it that way. You are right now telling yourself that these 

people here tonight have just witnessed a most gratifying experience. In 

just a few seconds you are going to witnesss one of the most terrifying 

experiences ever in your life. In fact, you have been chosen to be the 

star-performer. We are going to have a question and answer period, and 

you are going to star with your answers.39 

"Personal interview with Rabbi Rothschild, January 28, 1968; Richard Ashworth, 

"State Says Bright Was at Bombing," Constitution, December 3, pp. 1, 14, and 

"Bright Admitted Threat," ibid., December 4, pp. 1, 17; John Neel, "Heckle Rabbi," 

Journal, December 3, pp. 1, 8; "First of Five Suspects on Trial," SI, December 5, 

p. 1; "The Atlanta Bombing Trial," Facts, XI11 (1959), 135-36. Venable asked 

Rothschild, "You don't feel very kindly toward Hitler's method of exterminating 

the Jews, do you?" The rabbi responded that no civilized person could "feel kindly" 

about such an act. 

"John Pennington. "Expert Says, Bright 'Lied,' " Journal, December 4, pp. 1, 11.


While FBI agent James Gormley, the next major witness, was on 

the stand, the jury was removed from the court room. Gormley an- 

nounced the results of a lie detector test administered to Bright. Ev- 

ery time the defendant was asked a "critical question concerning" 

the bombing of the Temple, the agent stated, his blood pressure 

rose, his pulse quickened, and he caught his breath. In his opinion, 

said Gormley, Bright was lying when he claimed never to have been 

on the premises of the Temple and when he stated that he had no 

knowledge of the identities of the bombers. Bright frequently inter- 

rupted this testimony and interjected his own statements about the 

test, which, he claimed, had been administered without his con- 

sent. Not to be outdone by his client, Venable strongly objected to 

FBI "meddling" and persuaded Judge Pye not to allow the results of 

the test to be a part of the tran~cript.~' 

After Mrs. Janice Rothschild testified that she thought one of the 

other five men accused of the bombing had telephoned her and 

warned of a bomb under her house, the prosecution brought the first 

of its two key witnesses to the stand. Leslie Rogers, owner of a jani- 

torial service, testifled that he had infiltrated the National States' 

Rights Party (NSRP) and the Ku Klux Klan as an FBI undercover 

agent. Though he was secretary-treasurer and assistant security offi- 

cer of the Klan, some suspected him of collaboration with the FBI, 

and he was forced to resign from that group. He first met Bright and 

Billy Branham at NSRP meetings. Branham, he said, once sug- 

gested blowing up a synagogue on Northside Drive, and Bright had 

commented that if the "right" situation arrived, he and his friends 

should get guns and shoot Jews. Several times Bright had spoken of 

expelling Jews from the Government and slipping anti-Semitic liter- 

ature into newspapers sold at newsstands. On another occasion he 

I telephoned Ralph McGill and called him a "dirty rat." Venable de- 

nounced Rogers as a "police pimp" and brought to the stand several

A TEMPLE IS BOMBED-ATLANTA, 1958 147 

men, including members of the Klan, to state that they would not 

believe Rogers' statements even under oath. 

The second key witness was James DeVore, an automobile as- 

sembly-line worker and Bright's cell-mate after his October arrest. 

DeVore stated that Bright had confessed to him that he was present 

at the bombing and that he served as "look out" while Richard 

Bowling put the dynamite charge in place. Moreover, the witness 

claimed, Bright had drawn a sketch of the Temple with a blue pen- 

cil and had marked in red the spot where the dynamite should be 

placed. After the bombing, the defendant went to a restaurant and 

ordered a steak. Venable charged that DeVore had fabricated his 

story so that he could claim the reward money. DeVore denied this 

and argued that he had protected Bright from other prisoners in the 

jail when they cut his tee shirt with a razor blade and taunted him 

by calling him "the bomber." Many witnesses, including his brother 

Eldred and the police chief of Charnblee, Georgia, testified that De- 

Vore was of bad character.*' 

Among the defense witnesses who swore that Bright was of good 

character were Eldon Edwards, Imperial Wizard of the United 

States Klans of the Ku Klux Klan; Klansmen John Felmet and Wes- 

ley Morgan; Arthur Cole, NSRP chairman; and Matt Koehl, NSRP 

organizer. Paul Green, an Atlanta policeman, stated that he had 

seen Bright at an all-night drugstore shortly before 2:00 A.M. Two 

service station attendants claimed that a light-skinned Negro driving 

a car with South Carolina plates stopped at their station for ciga- 

rettes and asked for directions to the Temple. 

Before the trial ended, Bright made a six-hour statement to the 

jury in which he denied bombing the Temple and claimed that he 

was being persecuted for his segregationist beliefs, his Baptist reli- 

gion, and his loyalties to the United States. Denouncing "race mix- 

ing," he told the jurors that segregation "is what I have been fighting 

4'Richard Ashworth, "Undercover Man Tells of Bombing Talk," Constitution, 

December 5, pp. 1, 14, and "Bright Told of Bombing, Witness Says," ibid., Decem- 

ber 6, pp. 1, 5; John Pennington, "Bright Identified as Bomb Leader," Journal, 

December 5, pp. 1, 4; Facts, pg. 135-36; "First of Five Suspects on Trial," $1, 

December 12, p. 1,


for all my life." In this unsworn statement he criticized Mayor 

Hartsfield and Chief Jenkins for their support of integration. After 

giving the jury his biography, he claimed that at the time the Tem- 

ple was being dynamited, he was visiting a Mrs. Marilyn Craig and 

had spent the night at her home. Moreover, he professed no preju- 

dice against Jews-he had once dated a Jewish girl and had served 

with Jews in the Army-yet he read anti-Semitic passages to the jury 

from the works of Cicero, Carlyle, Goethe, Voltaire, and Aquinas. 

Finally, he told the jurors that he did not have to prove himself in- 

nocent of the crime to be found innocent, but that they could not 

convict him unless he had been proven guilty. "Truth is on my 

side," he said, "and God above won't let anything but a just verdict 

be rendered in this case."42 

It was 11:OO P.M. on Saturday, December 6, when Judge Pye 

told the jurors that they could report one of three verdicts: guilty, in 

which case the punishment was death; guilty with a recommenda- 

tion of mercy, in which case the sentence would be life imprison- 

ment; or innocent. The jury could not start deliberations until Mon- 

day, and so they spent Sunday playing checkers, watching television 

except for news programs, and reading books and newspapers with 

trial articles removed. Monday, December 8, at 4:55 P.M. the fore- 

man of the jury reported a hopeless deadlock, but was instructed to 

continue discussing the case. On December 10, eighty-four hours af- 

ter the case went to the jury, the foreman reported that there was no 

possibility of reaching a verdict; the jurors had voted 9 to 3 in favor 

of a guilty verdict with a recommendation of mercy. Pye then or- 

dered a mistrial, and the case was rescheduled. One man who voted 

for acquittal charged that the state's case was weak: "You can't 

send a man to the penitentiary just because he is a Jew hater."43 

"John Neel, "Bright Says Character is Spotless," Journal, December 5, pp. 1, 4, 

and "Bright's Case Goes to Jury,'' Journal-Constitution, December 7, pp. lA, 18A; 

Richard Ashworth, "Bright Told of Bombing, Witness Says," Constitution, Decem- 

ber 6, pp. 1, 5; Facts, p. 137. Bright claimed that he and Mrs. Craig had slept in 

separate rooms. 

"Fulton County Superior Court Records, 76657 (1958); Fmts, p. 137; Richard 

Ashworth, "Bright Jury Resuming Its Study," Constitution, December 8, pp. 1, 8;


In return for countermanding their requests for early trials, the 

four co-defendants were released on bail. Charges against Robert 

Bowling were soon dropped, and defense and prosecution prepared 

for a new trial in January. Meanwhile Solicitor General Paul Webb, 

James DeVore, and Leslie Rogers reported receiving threatening 

phone calls, and police were assigned to protect the two "star7' wit- 

nesses. 

Several changes were apparent at the second trial. Both the 

judge, Jeptha Tankersley, and the defense attorney, Reuben Gar- 

land, were new. Bright's parents had come to Atlanta from Roches- 

ter, New York, to attend the trial. Finally, Prosecutor Tom Luck no 

longer demanded the death penalty and suggested instead that the 

jury sentence Bright to prison for a term of from one to twenty 

years. The second trial lasted two days longer than the first, partly 

because of Garland's antics. Reporters noted that "fruit and peanut 

vendors" did a brisk business in the halls of the court house.44 

Testimony about the incident at the First Baptist Church was re- 

peated, and Rogers and DeVore again served as the chief prosecu- 

tion witnesses. Garland's allegation that Rogers was the one who 

had blown up the Temple forced the prosecution to try to untarnish 

the reputation of its informer by summoning FBI Agent Henry King 

to testify in Rogers7 behalf. Garland charged that DeVore was lying 

to the court and that the witness had fabricated his story in order to 

secure an early release from jail. 

Mrs. Rothschild repeated her testimony about the phone call, 

"Bolling Is Freed on Bond," ibid., December 9, pp. 1, 16, and "Jury Still Dead- 

locked: State to Re-Try Bright if a Mistrial Is Ruled," z'bid., December 10, pp. 1, 

12; John Neel, "Jury Deliberating Fate of Bright," Journal, December 8, p. 1; "Jury 

Deliberating and Still Deadlocked in Third Day of Debate," ibid., December 9, 

pp. 1, 19, and "Temple Bomb Case Ends in Mistrial," ibid., December 10, pp. 1, 13; 

"Jury Deadlocked, Mistrial Ordered in Temple Bomb Case," SZ, December 12, p. 1. 

"John Pennington, "Bright Denies Guilt on Stand," Journal, January 22, 1959, p. 

12. Hereafter, unless otherwise stated, all newspaper dates are for 1959. 

. .


stating that she believed the voice on the phone to have been that of 

Chester Griffin. The rabbi's wife, a University of Georgia drama 

graduate who identified voices on tape as a hobby, refused to 

change her testimony despite Garland's threat to keep her on the 

stand for days "to break her down." After a stern rebuke from the 

judge, Garland still persisted and announced, "I object to this evi- 

dence and I'm going to make this as obnoxious as I can."45 

Tempers quickly frayed, and the trial moved slowly. Solicitor 

Webb's wife died, and the court adjourned for half a day, forcing it 

to meet at night as it had done in the first trial. There was much 

uproar when Garland challenged the veracity of testimony from 

Mayor Hartsfield and Police Chief Jenkins, implying that they be- 

longed to a conspiracy organized by the Atlanta police, the local 

newspapers, the FBI, and the Anti-Defamation League.46 

Until Garland put Mrs. Marilyn Craig on the stand, he seemed to 

be duplicating the work of Venable; and it was quite a surprise 

when she was called to the stand. Mrs. Craig, whose testimony 

proved to be most influential with the jury, was a patient at the Mil- 

ledgeville State Hospital and had been legally declared insane for 

several months, but she was allowed to testify under a Georgia law 

permitting the insane to give testimony in court during "lucid mo- 

ments." Giving Bright the ironclad alibi that he needed, she said that 

she was with him from 11 :00 P.M. on Saturday, October 11, until 

3:00 P.M. the next day, when police picked him up. The two had 

met on Saturday at a drugstore and had "talked" until 2: 15 A.M., 

when they drove to an all-night grocery to buy sausage, syrup, 

coffee, and cigarettes. They had hoped to watch a satellite pass over 

the city, but they had heard on the radio that the sputnik had fiz- 

" Pennington, "Tearful Rabbi's Wife Winds Up Testimony," Journal, January 13, 

pp. 1-2, and "Rabbi's Wife Links Suspect to Blast," January 14, pp. 1, 10; "Night 

Sessions in Bright Trial," ibid., January 15, pp. 1, 8; James Sheppard, "Rabbi's Wife 

Tells of Threat," Constitution, January 15, pp. 1, 9; "Bombing Trial Crawls Along," 

ibid., January 23, pp. 1, 8; "State Opens Second Trial," SZ, January 16, p. 1; Facts, 

p. 137. 

" Pennington, "Mayor Called in Bright Case," Journal, January 13, pp. 1, 9, and 

"Mayor Challenged on Veracity at Trial," ibid., January 14, pp. 1, 11; Sheggard, 

"Quizzing of Mayor Stirs Clash," Constitution, January 14, PP. 1,- 12,

A TEMPLE IS BOMBEGATLANTA, 1958 15.1 

zled, and so they went to Mrs. Craig's home. There they played rec- 

ords, held hands, watched television, and then retired to separate 

rooms. Not until church services the next day, she said, did either 

know about the bombing. 

Prosecutor Luck sought unsuccessfully to secure an admission 

that she had had intimate relations with Bright. After the prosecutor 

finished his cross-examination, Garland suggested that she be al- 

lowed to return to the hospital. Luck replied, "it would be better if 

she went back." To this Mrs. Craig retorted, "Maybe I'll. see you 

there some day." Her testimony was, in part, contradicted by a po- 

liceman and the owner of the grocery she had allegedly visited: 

Luck then proved that there had been no announcement that the 

satellite had "fizzled" until Sunday evening. The only sputnik 

Bright had looked for, the prosecutor told the jury, was the blast at 

the Tem~le.~? 

This time Bright made only a fifteen-minute unsworn statement 

to the jury. Again he claimed to have no animosity towards Jews 

and to have had no part in the bombing. Explaining his picketing of 

the newspaper building, he asserted that the local papers told lies 

about what was happening in the Middle East. After denouncing 

DeVore as a perjurer, he dramatically concluded, "I swear before 

you and Judge Tankersley, before my mother and father and before 

God, I did not have anything to do with it. I am not g~ilty."~' 

For two hours and eight minutes the ju.ry deIiberated the case and 

then found Bright innocent of the crime. The jurors were convinced 

that Bright was anti-Semitic, but not that he had bombed the Tem- 

'7''Trial of Bright for Bombing Takes Unusual Twist," SI, January 23, pp. 1, 5; 

Sheppard, "Woman Provides Alibi for Bright," Constitution, January 20, p. 1; 

Pennington, "Bright's Alibi Sworn Against," Journal, January 20, pp. 1, 6; Facts, 

p. 138. 

" Pennington, "Bright Denies Guilt," Journal, January 22, pp. 1, 12; Facts. p. 138; 

"Bright Acquitted of Bombing," Consiitution, January 24, pp. 1, 5. In his closing 

statement Garland called the Consdtution "depraved," and denounced Chief Jenkins 

for being "a perfumed-smelling chief."

152 AMERICAN JEWSH ARCHIVES, NOVEMBER, 1971 

ple. Adolph Rosenberg, the editor of the Southern Israelite, con- 

ceded that the verdict was not unexpected, for "the evidence seemed 

to rest mainly on circumstance. And, some observers felt, on very 

little of that."49 

Bright was released, but Judge Tankersley sentenced Garland to 

forty days in jail for contempt of court. When the attorney's seven- 

teen-year-old son asked if he could join his father in prison, the 

judge offered no objections. Meanwhile, Garland stormed, "Your 

honor, you've bankrupted me; you've ruined me."50 

Charges against the others accused of the bombing were dropped, 

and since police told Rothschild that they honestly believed Bright 

and his cohorts to be the bombers, there was little likelihood that 

other arrests would be made.51 None ever were. Critics sneered that 

the crime had gone unpunished, and the Thunderbolt, the NSRP 

newspaper, gloated that the "Atlanta case was a triumph of con- 

certed effort by the NSRP, together with allied patriotic group^."^" 

Some Israelis saw in the dynamiting proof that anti-Semitism 

plagued all Jews outside of the Holy Land,53 and a few people noted 

that bombings continued even after the Atlanta trial-but only a 

naif could have thought that jailing or executing five men who may 

or may not have blown up the Temple would eradicate anti-Jewish 

prejudice. 

Deplorable as the bombing was, it did bring about some good. 

First, Atlantans of all faiths learned that, unless they acted, the 

brotherhood that they had so long preached would be exposed as 

meaningless banter.54 For the city's Jews, remembering that Atlanta 

" Rosenberg, "Jury Frees Bright," SZ, January 30, p. 1. 

Pennington, "Bright Released, His Lawyer Jailed," Journal, January 24, p. 1. 

'l Personal interview with Rothschild, January 28, 1969. 

"American Jewifh Yearbook: 1960, p. 43; 1963, p. 137. Robert Bowling later 

became national co-ordinator of the NSRP. 

'3 David Macrov, "Israeli Reaction to the Atlanta Bombing," SZ, October 31, 1958, 

p. 4. 

%When two synagogues and the local art museum were defaced in Columbus, 

Georgia, in July, 1959, the Atlanta youth who had performed the deed was appre-

A TEMPLE IS BOMBED--ATLANTA, 1958 153 

had been the site of the Leo M. Frank trial, the response of the com- 

munity was especially heartening. Sam Massell, Jr., who years later, 

in 1969, would become the city's first Jewish mayor, expressed At- 

lanta Jewry's feelings very well when he wrote, "I am proud of At- 

lanta's attitude displayed by public officials, daily press and people 

from all walks of life."55 

The Federal authorities, moreover, realized after the bombing 

that the FBI should have a role in helping police solve this type of 

crime, and Congress gave more serious study to proposed legislation 

to make such deeds violations of Federal law. It is not unlikely that 

the dynamiting may have influenced some three hundred Atlanta 

clergymen to sign a statement asking for the preservation of free- 

dom of speech, tolerance for individuals of different races, cornmu- 

nication between whites and Blacks, and support of those trying to 

keep the public schools open.5e 

hended and sentenced to a six-year prison term. So the lesson was learned by non- 

Atlantans, too. "Columbus Police Investigating Swastikas Painted on Two Syna- 

gogues, Art Museum," SI, July 24, 1959, p. 1; "Young Anti-Semite Who Desecrated 

Synagogues Sentenced to Prison," SZ, August 21, p. 1. 

" Massell to Rothschild, November 2, 1958 (Temple file). 

" "Minister Appeal Is Call to Reason," Constitution, November 24, 1958, p. 1; "312 

Atlanta Ministers Call for Preservation of Public Schools and Racial Harmony," 

SI, November 28, p. 1; "Courageous Voice of Religious Leadership," SZ, p. 4. This 

statement was signed by Christian and Jewish clergy and should not be confused 

with the manifesto referred to supra at note 14.

A Dinner for Dr. Neumark 

LOUIS A. LURIE 

The following account of a personal experience that occurred in 

1915 may be of some historical interest. It points up the bitter atti- 

tude of some of the leaders of the Cincinnati Jewish Community of 

that time toward Zionism, and at the same time also points up some 

of the personality traits of these same leaders glossed over because 

of their high professional standing. 

During my undergraduate years at the University of Cincinnati, I 

became a member of a local organization called "Ivria." This small 

group was composed of students from the Hebrew Union College 

and from the College of Liberal Arts of the University of Cincin- 

nati. Its purpose, as its name implies, was to further the use of the 

Hebrew language. After graduation, I still maintained my interest in 

the organization and gradually became its father confessor. 

In 1915, the group asked me to help them arrange a dinner in 

honor of Professor David Neumark, of the Hebrew Union College 

faculty, who had just published a very scholarly book in Hebrew. 

Their difficulty, of course, was money, of which they had none. I 

promised them that I would try to help them. I went to my friend, 

Dr. Boris D. Bogen, who at that time was head of the Jewish Com- 

munity Center, or Settlement House, as it was then called, and ex- 

plained the students' dilemma. The idea appealed to him, and he 

promised to furnish the dinner free of charge for the group. The to- 

tal number present, I assured Dr. Bogen, would not exceed fifteen. 

Naturally the students were delighted, and a definite date for the 

dinner was set. 

Several weeks later I received a telephone call from Mr. Alfred 

M. Cohen asking me to come to his office as there was a matter he 

wished to discuss with me. I went to his office at the appointed time. 

Mr. Cohen, who was then President of the Rockdale Temple, 

amazed me with his opening remarks: "Dr. Lurie, I understand that 

154

A DINNER FOR DR. NEUMAICK 155 

you are planning an elaborate affair to honor Professor Neumark 

and limiting it to a few privileged guests." Before I could reply, he 

went on to say that, in his opinion, it was unfair both to Dr. Neu- 

mark and to the Jewish Community of Cincinnati not to have a 

larger representation for such a great occasion. I finally explained to 

Mr. Cohen that the sponsoring group consisted of a handful of un- 

dergraduate students at the University of Cincinnati and the He- 

brew Union College and, but for the generosity of Dr. Bogen, there 

would have been no dinner at all. Mr. Cohen brushed this aside and 

said that he would appoint a large representative committee that 

would underwrite the dinner. I meekly acquiesced. A sponsoring 

committee was organized quickly, and invitations were sent to many 

people. The response was very enthusiastic. Approximately 300 

people accepted the invitation to attend the dinner. 

One of the chores of the committee was to arrange the speakers' 

program. It was felt that, in order to emphasize the theme of the 

occasion, the master of ceremonies should be a man who not only 

was a scholar, but who also could speak Hebrew. It was the unani- 

mous opinion of the committee that Professor Gotthard Deutsch, of 

the Hebrew Union College faculty, fulfilled all requirements, and I 

was commissioned to contact him. Dr. Deutsch accepted our invita- 

tion gladly. The other speakers were to be Dr. Kaufmann Kohler, 

President of the Hebrew Union College, and the guest of honor, Dr. 

David Neumark. 

However, an untoward event occurred. Two weeks before the 

gala event, Dr. Deutsch developed acute lobar pneumonia from 

which he fortunately recovered. It was, however, impossible for him 

to attend the dinner. A substitute had to be found. The committee 

met hastily and decided that Rabbi David Philipson, of Rockdale 

Temple, should be asked to step into the breach. I was designated to 

speak to Dr. Philipson. I suggested that it might be better if Mr. Co- 

hen, who was president of the temple, would contact Rabbi Philip- 

son. Mr. Cohen, however, refused very emphatically. Apparently 

he knew Rabbi Philipson too well to undertake this mission. 

I went like a lamb to the slaughter and spoke to Dr. Philipson. I 

explained our dilemma and asked him if he would please help us


out. His immediate reply was "No." When I asked him "Why?" he 

looked straight into my eyes and said, "Doctor, I am not accus- 

tomed to play second fiddle to any man. You asked Dr. Deutsch 

first." With these words, he dismissed me. I returned crestfallen to 

the committee and gave my report. The members were shocked, to 

put it mildly. They then decided that I should act as toastmaster, 

even though I was not an erudite Hebrew scholar. Thus, the first 

hurdle was overcome. 

The fateful day, or rather evening, finally arrived. More than 

200 representative men and women were present. Just before the 

guests were to be seated, one of my assistants rushed over to me and 

said that I had better go at once to the room where the guests had 

assembled as there was considerable excitement there. To my utter 

surprise and consternation, when I entered the room I heard Mr. 

Leo Wise, the editor of the American Israelite, haranguing those 

present and urging them not to enter the dining hall until "that flag 

was taken down." "What flag?" I asked him, and he said, "The 

Zionist flag which is hanging on the rail of the balcony." True 

enough, a small paper Zionist flag was on the rail of the balcony. I 

had no idea who had placed it there. It had probably been left there 

from a previous affair. I so informed Mr. Wise and, for the sake of 

peace, ordered that the flag be removed. Whereupon Mr. Wise and 

his cohorts gloatingly entered the dining hall. 

This, then, was the second hurdle to be successfully overcome. 

During the course of the dinner, Rabbi Philipson came to the 

speakers' table and began to whisper into Dr. Kaufmann Kohler's 

ear. I had no intention of eavesdropping, but Dr. Kohler was sitting 

at my left and I could not help overhearing the conversation be- 

tween the two men. Dr. Philipson told Dr. Kohler that the meeting 

was in reality a Zionist affair. The honoring of Dr. Neumark was 

merely a way of luring people to the meeting. Whereupon Dr. Koh- 

ler said, "Don't worry, Dave, I have a paper that I will read this eve- 

ning which will put these Zionists in their place." 

I was aghast. My emotions were a mixture of shame and disgust. 

For a moment I did not know what to do. My desire was to ask both 

of these gentlemen why they wished to disrupt the dinner-which

Dr. David Neumark 

Professor of Philosophy 

Hebrew Union College, 1907-1 924

A DINNER FOR DR. NEUMARK 159 

was not a Zionist affair, but a dinner being given in honor of a dis- 

tinguished Jewish scholar. I thought better of this, however, and in- 

stead walked over to Mr. Bernhard Bettman, who was Chairman of 

the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union College, and told him 

what I had inadvertently overheard. Whereupon Mr. Bettman, who 

incidentally was sitting at Dr. Kohler's left, turned to Dr. Kohler 

and said, "Dr. Kohler, I understand you propose to read a paper on 

anti-Zionism. If you do, I shall be greatly displeased." No more was 

said, but when I called upon Dr. Kohler to speak, he could not re- 

frain from showing his resentment. His opening remarks were to the 

effect that he had come prepared to deliver a talk on a very impor- 

tant issue, but, unfortunately, he was not permitted to give it. 

Thus, the third and final hurdle was overcome, 

One can readily see that the evening was not one of unalloyed joy 

for those present and especially for the bedeviled chairman of the 

meeting. I later learned that Professor Neumark had also sensed the 

undercurrent of disharmony that prevailed. 

LOAN EXHIBITS 

Sixty-three exhibit items dealing, for the most part, with the eigh- 

teenth and nineteenth centuries. The American Jewish Archives will 

be pleased to make these exhibit items available on loan, free of 

charge, for a two week period, to any institution in the United 

States or Canada. A selection of twenty to thirty items make an 

adequate exhibit. The only expense involved is the cost of return 

postage. 

Inquiries should be addressed to the Director of the American 

Jewish Archives, Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220.

Fifty Years in America 

BERNARD BAUhl 

Fifty years of my life! It is not an easy task to describe what a 

youngster of fourteen, an immigrant, had to live through, to experi- 

ence, in this land of promise, to work himself out of the sweatshops 

to a higher stratum in the needle trade that has grown and spread 

out far and wide over the four corners of this land of ours. The mi- 

raculous growth and development of this great industry should be 

measured by the great and powerful International Ladies' Garment 

Workers' Union, an organization that has acquired the enormous 

sum of two hundred million dollars in its treasury. 

Allow me to travel into the past, to 1906, just a month before 

the Passover. At that time I was on the steamship Staatendam as it 

plowed through the Atlantic to reach the shores of New York-El- 

lis Island, where the Statue of Liberty welcomed us to the great me- 

tropolis. I was a lad of fourteen years, accompanied by my sister 

only two years older. We clung closely to each other, full of hopes 

and dreams for a happy future in the United States of America. 

My two brothers had come to welcome us. Both looked hand- 

some and happy. Our joy at the meeting was boundless, and we all 

shed tears of joy and happiness. Our brothers comforted us, dried 

our tears, and so our new and happy life began. We gathered our 

bundles and our carpetbag, an heirloom of the family reminding us 

of our father and our home that was very dear to us. Before we had 

time to look about us, the elevated had carried us to the door of our 

Uncle Isaac's apartment, just before sunset. The door opened before 

us into an apartment of three skimpily furnished rooms on the third 

The late Mr. Baum, in addition to his activities in the garment industry, was the 

author of several Jewish literary works. 

160

FIFTY YEARS IN AMERICA 161 

floor at 47 Ludlow Street. Our Aunt Bas Sheba met us with a joy- 

ous welcome and kissed us wholeheartedly. Near her stood several 

of her small children, clinging to her apron and looking with curios- 

ity and childish wonder at the new arrivals about whom their mother 

was so happy. Our aunt introduced us as Cousin Berele and Cousin 

Rose, "greenhorns" who had just arrived from the old country. 

We grabbed the children and kissed them. They were like two 

drops of water, the very image of our uncle, their father. Our uncle 

had not yet arrived from his business. He was a fruit peddler on 

Hester Street. Our aunt said she was sorry he was not there to greet 

us but that he would soon be coming. We took off our winter coats 

and our Russian boots with the curly tops. The children looked at 

our strange dress and at the fourteen-year-old Berele who was a 

"beis ha-medrosh" [religious school] student, the pride and comfort 

of his father's old age. 

At last my uncle arrived, wearing a short coat with a fur collar, 

and carrying a bottle of brandy. He was literally frozen from being 

all day in the cold street, and stood petrified with wonder and joy, 

seeing the two "greenhorns," his sister Miriam's children. I felt his 

ardent kisses through his frozen mustache which was pressed hard 

against my lips. I was warmed by his love and I loved them all. My 

uncle was a good and fine man whose riches were not material but 

in the happiness of his family. 

Aunt Bas Sheba cooked dinner in large pots. The bottle of 

brandy on the table was used to toast the health and happiness of 

the newcomers. We counted, altogether, ten persons in three small 

rooms, but the home was filled with joy. Many of our family came 

to welcome us and the tumult was great. 

It was almost midnight and we were dead tired, so we prepared to 

go to sleep, all three in one bed, my two older brothers and I, but 

sleep did not come. They plied me with questions: how had our fa- 

ther felt at the moment of our departure? In what condition had we 

left him? Now that he was left with only our young sister, who may 

not have been able to cook him a fair meal, it was obvious that his 

condition was not comfortable. All three of us cried in the darkness 

when I related the story of our departure from Father and Grandfa- 

ther, who was also old and alone because all his children were


across the sea. In his younger days, Grandfather was the leader and 

a teacher of the young generation, a man of secular learning, a well- 

known mathematician. Now observe his sad destiny, his sorrowful 

end, alone in darkness! Night finally enveloped us in a deep slum- 

ber. 

Before I could fill my lungs with free, American air I found my- 

self in a blouse factory, the Yale Waist Company on Lispenard 

Street. In that factory a second uncle was foreman and he instructed 

me in the operation of a Singer sewing machine. I could not reach 

the treadle of the machine and found it necessary to bend my body 

deeply downward. Tears ran down my cheeks because I was not yet 

grown enough to learn how to sew. Naturally, I had hoped to go to 

school instead of working in a factory, but my brothers had no in- 

tention of supporting a fourteen-year-old boy at school. They gave 

poverty as their excuse. 

Within three months I entered, as a helper, the Triangle Waist 

Company, the notorious firm on Washington Place at the corner of 

Green. The owners were Harris and Blank, well-known manufactur- 

ers. I became assistant to a Hungarian woman named Paulan and 

was considered lucky to be working there since a number of our 

friends from our hometown were working there, and two of my 

brothers were employed there. One was a short knife cutter who cut 

through deep layers of material spread out over long cutting tables. 

The second was an operator who worked in partnership. Because of 

this neither was able to be my instructor. I performed only minor 

tasks, sewed backs together, gussets, closed shoulders and pleats, 

but worked with great speed and diligence to find favor in the eyes 

of the foreman. 

I earned only a frugal living, but saved a few dollars to send to 

my old father for the holidays, and that reminded me of my promise 

to him to remain a pious Jew and to continue my studies in "Ta- 

nach" [Bible] and Talmud, which never became a reality. My past 

desires ebbed away, for the new conditions compelled me to turn in 

a different direction, to study the language of my new country and 

the harsh aphorism of "help yourself." 

My robust physique easily overcame all obstacles, but spiritually 

I was at sea, only the raw material for the melting pot of the New


World. My mind was dulled from being amidst the tumult, noise, 

and confusion, toil and sweat, of the sweatshop for sixty and even 

seventy hours a week. 

I must have been born under a lucky star, for soon I succeeded in 

crashing through the barred gates of the garment trade. I became a 

good mechanic in a short time and climbed to a higher rung on the 

ladder of success, becoming a foreman, a man of some importance. 

I was still very young and assumed American dress and ways and 

habits and became superficially Americanized, looking for amuse- 

ment in the theaters and at the opera and concerts. But the foreman- 

ship was too great a burden for my young shoulders and after sweat- 

ing and toiling for the Triangle Waist Company for fully five years, 

I had to quit my job. 

Even before I had the chance to become an expert in my new role 

as foreman, the world was aflame! The First World War was on, 

and our country was drawn into it, caught in the melee. I was 

drafted and found myself at Camp Upton, New York, in Company 

H, 307th Infantry, and became a fighter against the German might 

and Kaiser Wilhelm, who threatened to conquer the world with fire 

and sword. 

I was in the same company with the well-known Jewish writer 

Maurice Samuel, who was then a substitute corporal and leader of a 

squad. His resonant voice echoed far and wide, and his English ac- 

cent and thick glasses attracted much attention. I looked for a Jew- 

ish face, for assurance that I was not alone here, and we soon be- 

came acquainted. I learned that he had been in camp almost a 

month. We did not talk much, but I felt that he was a man of educa- 

tion and culture, self-assertive and fearless, and within myself I en- 

vied him. I had wandered about, finding no place or solace for my- 

self. There were only about eight Jews among two hundred Gen- 

tiles, my English was still poor, and I suffered from an inferiority 

complex. 

I, Bernard Baum, operator and foreman, had suddenly been 

turned into a soldier, among a variety of strange nationalities. It was

164 AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHlVES, NOVEMBER, 1971 

easy to recognize my Jewishness, some must surely have laughed at 

my backwardness, but while I am serious by nature, I am no cow- 

ard. I could take care of myself and carry out all orders to perfec- 

tion. Assigned to K.P. duty, I washed pots and pans, wiped dishes, 

got down on my knees and scrubbed the armory. I knew that I was 

on my own, that no one was going to help me, and I sensed that I 

was abused because I was a Jew. I would lie down on my bunk, full 

of physical pain and heartache. The other soldiers would smoke and 

spit, foul the air and crack jokes. They seemed not to have a care in 

the world. The world was theirs. It was their army, their service, their 

captain and lieutenants. They thought of nothing. To me, the 

musket and the bayonet were repugnant, and I viewed the horrible 

war as a catastrophe. 

I wanted to open my heart to a close friend, but there was no one 

to be found. Dead silence met me when I desired to open my mouth 

and pour out my suffering and pain. Fortunately, Captain Davis, a 

tall, dark-skinned man, flaunting a graceful mustache, and with 

sharp but kindly eyes, was a good and just man. He was probably of 

French descent, but his English accent hid his nationality. He took 

an interest in me after I complained to him at the dinner hour that I 

was being treated unjustly, for no earthly reason. He gave me en- 

couragement and designated me a private, first class, in my squad, 

thus lifting my drooping spirit and banishing my despondency. My 

blonde Lieutenant Kirby, who was also my physical instructor, 

changed his attitude and tone for the better, after this recognition by 

the captain. Not only was my spirit lifted, but I felt as if a new soul 

had entered my awkward body, and in turn was able to become the 

comforter of my Jewish friends. 

Maurice Samuel acted as our main contact with the Gentile sol- 

diers. Even then he was a talented, ready, and fluent speaker. With 

much boldness he brought up the problem of the eternal hatred of 

the Christian nations for the Eternal People, asking them to tell why 

the Jew should be the whipping boy, the eternal scapegoat for the 

sins of others. Our company had a large proportion of college stu- 

dents, all of whom aspired to acquire the rank of corporal or ser- 

geant; Samuel also had the higher education which entitled him to


higher rank. In spite of his ability, those in authority were not too 

eager to present him with the stripe, even of a corporal, while others 

who could not compare with him got theirs much sooner. 

I am witness to the unpalatable truth that throughout the war 

years anti-Semitism was prevalent in certain army quarters, espe- 

cially among the uneducated, common-run-of-the-mill soldiers. The 

more educated men evinced no anti-Semitic prejudices in their atti- 

tude toward the Jewish soldiers, not even to those who spoke incor- 

rect English, and I must emphatically state that the native-born 

Jews were fully their equals. In the course of time even the more 

timid Jewish soldiers lost all shyness and fear; being well disci- 

plined, they assumed the same form and likeness. 

Just when I had become a model soldier, equal to the best, I was 

transferred, without rhyme or reason, with fifteen others to the Deep 

South, Atlanta, Georgia. Winter was suddenly turned to summer for 

me. I became a corporal there, but my captain proved to be the ex- 

act opposite of the one at Camp Upton. A man about forty years of 

age, a lawyer by profession, he too cut a handsome figure. His father 

was a Member of Congress for a number of years, but I do not wish 

to name him since my opinion of him might possibly not have been 

correct. 

I shall relate the following incident in which I played the main 

role: I was a corporal, my squad consisting of three Italian soldiers, 

three Jews, and two Irishmen. One of the Jews, a man named Graff, 

had the misfortune to be a very poor soldier indeed, and bowlegged 

to boot. When he walked, it was impossible not to notice his awk- 

ward gait, and while marching he could never keep in step. While I 

was drilling my squad, a number of soldiers stood nearby, at rest, 

and laughed and made fun of this man and my squad, the squad 

whose corporal happened to be a Jew. They called us a squad of 

clay pigeons. One of them, a hater of Jews, who considered himself 

a privileged person and a wise guy, mocked Graff's manner of walk- 

ing. 

Both GralT and his comrade Bernstein were abashed, mortified, 

and grossly insulted. I warned the "wise guy," but he ignored my 

warning and continued his insulting mockery, so I landed a blow


right in his face with all the strength I could command. When he 

tried to fight back, I was ready to continue hammering him with my 

fists in full view of the entire battalion exercising in the open field in 

preparation for general maneuvers. Some of the companies were ab- 

sorbed in lectures delivered by their officers; ours was about to be 

discharged and was ready to go to the army base or camp. I was in a 

happy frame of mind because of the marked progress my squad was 

making, and it was galling, beyond human endurance, that the 

squad should receive this uncalled-for insult from a ruffian who un- 

derestimated our pride and honor. Doubtless he never expected that 

Corporal Baum, the Jew, would defend his squad's honor with bare 

fists or that the Jewish corporal would have the courage to land a 

blow with such force that it drew blood from his nose and face. 

Bystanders pulled me away and prevented me from landing more 

blows. The captain and other officers who had seen the fracas came 

over and confined us to our quarters until the following morning 

and commanded us to appear before a military court for trial and 

judgment. The next morning we appeared before the court martial, 

which consisted of the captain and three lieutenants. I was tense, 

nervous, and shaking, aware that I had acted hastily and against 

army regulations and had not exercised control of my temper. But 

how could I have controlled myself under such overwhelming prov- 

ocation? 

I defended myself to the best of my ability, though my feet almost 

gave way under me. I argued that I had acted under provocation, 

that I had defended the honor of my fellow soldiers who had been 

ridiculed, and that up to this incident I had been a loyal and faithful 

soldier, and had an exemplary record. My arguments and pleas 

were ignored by the court and I was pronounced "guilty as 

charged." The testimony of my witnesses had been ignored, I lost 

my stripes, and it was apparent that the court thought the real of- 

fender had the right to insult me and my comrades, because he was 

let go without even a reprimand. 

I was fortunate in one way: my lieutenant liked me and granted 

me permission to go to the Jewish services, held on Sabbath eve at 

the Y. M. C. A. building, where I acted as cantor to the congrega-

Immigrants arriving in New York 

Courtesy, The Bettrnnn Archives, ~Veiv York


tion. Non-Jews used to sit with us at our services, with reverence and 

respect. I was respected because I could conduct the services and 

lead the prayers, and for my ability as a biblical scholar. Here I wish 

to state that those soldiers who took pains to hide their Jewish ori- 

gin, mannerisms, and religion met with little respect from the 

Christians. 

At my honorable discharge after the war, my superior officers 

gave me, unasked, the best references and recommendations, so that 

if I applied for a position in any civilian capacity, I would not lack 

proper references. I returned home in good health, with an honor- 

able discharge, and endowed with discipline and useful experiences 

that were of great value to me in later life. 

With diligence and labor I applied myself to the business of es- 

tablishing a garment factory. I did not want to become an employee 

again, working for others, so I joined in partnership with my 

brother Harry, and we named our newly established firm the B & B 

Waist Manufacturing Company. 

At this time the contractor system was being launched, and it 

later developed on a large and unprecedented scale. The big firms 

and manufacturers did not want to run their own shops and facto- 

ries; the unions had interfered largely in their business and in their 

get-rich-quick ambitions. Both the cloak and waist makers unions 

had a great number of shops under full union control. Most of the 

factories were then situated in New York City. Loft rentals were ex- 

tremely high, and the old firetraps and sweatshops were closed by 

the Board of Health. The garment industry gradually moved up- 

town, on the West Side, into modern shops with luxurious offices 

and showrooms. The new garment center now extended from West 

Twentieth Street to West Fortieth. Space occupied by hundreds of 

machines and other appurtenances had to be especially large, and 

still larger space was needed for the cutting tables and material. It re- 

quired big capital to establish these giant factories in New York. 

The contracting system, on a small scale, was already in exis-


tence, and small contractors who owned a few machines did work 

for some of the big manufacturers in other lines of the garment 

trade. The big waist manufacturers decided to follow the same plan, 

only on a larger scale. Instead of small shops in the city, large shops 

of fifty or one hundred machines would be established out of town 

where the union had no control. Cutting, pressing, and operating 

would be done there, and the manufacturer would be free of pro- 

duction problems except for the creation of samples. The actual 

manufacturing would be done out of the city, and with new work- 

ers. A few skilled workers from their own shops were picked, fur- 

nished with necessary funds and told, "Do you want to cease being 

operators and work for a larger share for yourself? Forget about 

unions; stop being idealists; don't get lost in poverty with the idea of 

working for a better world. This is America. Everyone for himself 

and the devil take the hindmost." It is curious how that scheme 

worked out. Overnight the young toilers were caught in a net of 

dreams. The industry grew and bloomed and spread to the four cor- 

ners of the country, and success was achieved. 

In the meantime the two brothers formed the B & B partnership. 

The scheme was proposed to us by our former employers, Rosen 

Bros. The Rosen brothers, Harry, Dave, and Nathan, belonged to 

the same family as did Max Blank, one of the owners of the Trian- 

gle firm, where the terrible fire had occurred. We brothers were 

lucky not to have been among the victims of that holocaust which 

caused such sensational horror throughout the entire world. We had 

already left the Triangle and worked for the Rosen Bros. as opera- 

tors six months before the fire. 

I am thankful to the Almighty that I am alive and grateful that 

He carried me through the period when Jacob Gordin, the Jewish 

playwright, wrote his famous plays God, Man, and the Devil, The 

Jewish King Lear, Hasia the Orphan, and The Oath, and the fa- 

mous artists of the Jewish stage, David Kessler, Jacob Adler, and 

Sigmund Mogulescu, performed. I am thankful that I heard the op- 

erettas of Thomas Tomashefsky, and the polemics carried on be- 

tween Louis Miller, editor of the Varheit, and Abraham Cahan, edi- 

tor of the Jewish Daily Forward, because the latter unjustly criti- 

cized Jacob Gordin's drama. At the time the great poet of labor,


Morris Rosenfeld, gained fame with his songs and poems and the 

struggle which he carried on with others against the East Side 

sweatshops. His song about the little boy who does not see him 

when he leaves his house to go to the shop and does not see him 

when he comes home late after a day of toil, and finds him only 

when he is asleep, was sung in every home and became famous all 

over the world of labor. 

East Broadway was the very heart and soul of the immigrants of 

all ages, young and old. One floated over waves of lectures and dis- 

cussions; one ran to meetings, to the top gallery at the opera. Ca- 

ruso, Gigli, Martinelli, and Madame Farrar drew the younger gen- 

eration to the heights of music and song. Except for the task of go- 

ing to work in the early dawn, part of the night was mine for enjoy- 

ment. 

From the time I became eighteen, I was involved in romantic af- 

fairs, though always in a decent way. To play at romance and at the 

same time observe the Jewish tradition that commands one to watch 

over the honor of a Jewish girl; to cause her no shame but to honor 

her, as our fathers did our mothers in former years, was an enjoy- 

able game-but it could not decide which one my heart was drawn 

to. Thus I said farewell to the female friends of my youth when I 

was drafted into the United States Army. 

By then I had been a citizen for several years. The American 

Constitution and American history, particularly the part about the 

Civil War and our great President Abraham Lincoln, aroused my 

ardent patriotism. I had great faith in the free world of Jew and 

Gentile. I even cherished the thought that I would succeed in bring- 

ing my aged father to this country and would free his last years from 

the fear of new pogroms and catastrophes. To my lasting sorrow, 

that was an unrealized dream. 

WE DREAMED THE SAME DREAMS 

As I have already mentioned, I had to forget the past and begin 

to think of the future. We two brothers were seated in the office of 

Rosen Bros.; my brother had acted as their pattern maker and copy- 

ist. Plans were completed, and it was decided that we would go to


Yonkers, New York. An established factory of forty sewing ma- 

chines was for sale, and since the Rosen Bros. had some connection 

with that factory, we would take over the ownership without any 

argument or discussion. Rosen Bros. would aid us with cash and 

supply us with work. My brother Harry was to stay with them an- 

other month in order to break in a new pattern maker, and I, the ex- 

soldier, the skilled manager of the factory, would start at once to be- 

come active, get the machinery in order and everything humming. 

One Monday morning I boarded a Bronx and Van Cortlandt car 

to Getty Square. It was lucky that I lived in the Bronx with my 

brother Harry; it was not long after his marriage, and his bride, an 

American-born girl, had agreed to our partnership. We two brothers 

had always been close friends; we dreamed the same dreams, read 

the same books, and planned to study for the same profession. We 

still hoped to attend a preparatory school, take regents examinations 

and get the necessary number of credits required to enter college, 

but that remained a wishful hope. Instead, I became a lodger at my 

brother's house and his partner, a very active partner in the new fac- 

tory. I dropped into a ramified, complex, and hard labor. 

I had to teach the new apprentices, all Gentile girls, and intro- 

duce the simplified system of section labor, the same system my 

brother and I had carried on with a set of ten girls, all immigrant 

girls who had had their upbringing in the old country where the gar- 

ment trade was entirely different. For instance, a girl in the old 

country, as is well known, was a homebody. Class played the main 

part. The tailor industry was at a very low level; a tailor at home 

was very poor because all the other people were also poor. If one 

ordered a garment, it was at most once a year for the holidays. How 

then could the poor have enough bread? So they had to live in pov- 

erty. They did not even have tuition fees for their children. The tai- 

lors' children had been compelled, at an early age, to learn how to 

use a needle skillfully. Hence they were deprived of an education, 

and tailors, carpenters, and shoemakers were, during former genera- 

tions, members of a lower category of the class level. Because pov- 

erty was prevalent in the small towns, the Jewish mothers had to do 

their own sewing, and the same was true of the young girls. They


were forced to learn how to sew skillfully, and on the side they had 

to take in sewing from the surrounding peasantry. 

The peasants did not require highly skilled tailoring. A peasant 

kaftan had to have a skillful cutter, but every Jewish girl could do 

the actual sewing. They acquired skill in the course of generations, 

and when such girls immigrated to America, they had a fair concep- 

tion of tailoring. When this type of girl went to work in a garment 

factory, the foreman had an easy task, to teach modern methods, 

especially where section work prevailed. All that was required of 

her was to know one or at most two parts of a dress or blouse. 

In my opinion, the section system was a European, not an Ameri- 

can, innovation, as people erroneously believe. Everyone knows 

that when a child is born, he is unable to walk or talk until he is 

taught how. He must first take one step, then a second; and the same 

is true with speech as well as any complex movement. The same 

thing happened in the needle trade in the old country. A "modiste," 

a skilled needle worker, used to employ several girls. If her specialty 

was peasant kaftans, she used to divide the garment into ten parts: 

one girl did basting, a second attached the lining, a third closed the 

shoulders, a fourth prepared the sleeves, a Mth sewed them on, a 

sixth sewed the collars, and so on through the ten steps. They were 

compelled to rip their sewing if it was not done correctly and some- 

times were slapped. 

It was well known that in the beginning a girl apprentice had 

her finger tied to her thimble; some shed tears because of the torture 

they had to endure by holding the finger in the exact, required posi- 

tion. It was an unwritten law that a Jewish girl should be able to 

sew, at least for her own use at home, to mend a shirt and darn a 

stocking. An able woman could patch a garment almost artistically, 

and that was held out as an inducement in procuring a bridegroom 

for her. America garnered much from these immigrant girls. They 

brought with them the art of the needle trade that became a Jewish 

industry. I can testify that up to 1907 nonJews were only about 

three or four percent of those in the waist and blouse trade. 

It is also an established fact that in those days Italian women used 

to carry large, heavy bundles of children's coats from the factories


to their homes where they sewed on buttons, or sewed beads on the 

fronts of blouses. Their poverty compelled them to take out work in 

order that they might cook and take care of their children. Their 

daughters aided them in their work at home, but they did not permit 

them to enter the shops because the manufacturers were nearly all 

Jews and the majority of those employed there were of the same 

race. 

Harris, the main owner of the Triangle Waist Company, had a 

marked weakness for association with good-looking Jewish girls. He 

was not prejudiced against Jewish workers in general and assuredly 

not against Jewish girls or young women. He was proud of them and 

praised them for their modesty, virtue, and strict morality, and since 

he was a somewhat decent character himself, he treated them le- 

niently and was always ready to meet them half-way in everything. 

Therefore, one could find in that factory the nicest girls from the 

best Jewish families. 

His partner, Max Blank, envied Harris' popularity and consid- 

ered him a lucky chap, but deplored his generosity to his employees. 

This was pure fabrication or exaggeration. Harris, on the contrary, 

never overpaid his help. We poor fellows slaved for him and, what 

was worse, helped to enslave the girls, too. We used to eat our 

hearts out while teaching the apprentices; Harris favored the youn- 

ger workers for a good reason and was partial to the young, vigor- 

ous, and diligent fellows. 

When he surrendered the management of his factory to the fore- 

men and the skilled workers, and drove around in his big, expensive 

car, seeking pleasure, the new set-up proved to be a complete fiasco. 

It gave birth to a strike that lasted more than six months and which 

forced the firm to recruit employees from the riffraff of all nationali- 

ties. With these new employees the management set out to convince 

themselves that they were able to get along without the Jewish 

workers, without those very girls who had made Harris wealthy. 

This glaring injustice had caused the three of us, my brother, sister, 

and me, to leave the firm with a hundred other Jewish workers. Dis- 

order, bedlam, and chaos were in full ascendancy, a confusion of 

voices and languages, a melting pot of all peoples and tribes.

PIPTY YEARS IN AMERICA 175 

Up to the time we opened our factory in Yonkers I had not had 

any experience in instructing Gentile girls, and now I was forced to 

deal with a new kind of learner. I could scarcely understand them. I 

was unaware of their customs, ways, or manners, and even the man- 

ner of approaching them. The army was a rough teacher, and I had 

learned how to get along with men, with soldiers, but there I had as 

my aid, order, discipline, and a plan that had to be carried out and 

obeyed without question. Whether one was Jew or Gentile, a com- 

mand was a command, law was law, an order was an order . . . if 

one disobeyed swift punishment was meted out to the recalcitrant. 

Here in the factory things were of a different cast, and I was naive 

not to sense it in my very bones. Obviously, while instructing at the 

factory, I had to apply an entirely different method and speak a differ- 

ent language to Margaret than I spoke to Rachel. The Jewish girl 

arrived here from a land of trials and tribulations, exile, want, and 

oppression. She was surrounded by suffering and lived amongst dire 

want and poverty. On arrival, the past experience still exerted a 

great influence on her. She learned to be diligent with an aim and 

purpose in view, to achieve a better status in life. Hence, she applied 

herself to the full extent of her ability to learn quickly, and sub- 

jected herself with ease to discipline. Now I was, without warning, 

abruptly faced with a girl of a different stamp. 

I ask her: being a high school graduate, why do you want to learn 

the needle trade? Do you know how to sew with a thimble? She 

gives some answer that does not make any sense; she stands before 

me and chews gum. I ask myself if a Jewish girl would stand before 

me, her future employer who is about to engage her to work for 

him, and nonchalantly chew gum as if this action was the acme of 

polite behavior. At this point I felt like one who had lost his bear- 

ings. I wondered if a girl really had to act that way. Was this the 

result of American education, ethics, and progress? 

After due reflection I reached this decision: Apply yourself to 

learn and use new methods; forget your past, your Jewish past,

176 AMERICAN JEWSH ARCHIVES, NOVEMBER, 197 1 

knowledge, and lore, and make your tongue speak and learn a new 

language . . . you are, my friend, in America, among new and 

strange surroundings and people. You were involved in a war, bap- 

tized with a sword in blood and fire, together with men of many 

nationalities . . . enough of this philosophizing and questioning! Get 

a grip on yourself, become closely acquainted with the business 

world, study the science of history, acquire new knowledge, and 

things will gradually begin to settle down. 

I began to toil in earnest, actually turning myself into a machine. 

I changed myself and my methods, redesigned my personality, be- 

came again an instructor of the needle trade, but this time using dif- 

ferent methods than formerly. I used to stand near the learner to see 

that she followed my instructions properly; now I would sit and 

teach and my pupil or apprentice had to stand watching me. 

Teaching men was a much more comfortable task for me. With 

men one can make a freer use of one's tongue and motions, for do not 

both belong in the same category? At the present time men com- 

prise only about ten percent of those employed in the trade, and as a 

corollary, one may find very few skilled workers in the trade. Expe- 

rience has shown that foreladies do as well or even better than fore- 

men because they have to deal with the same sex. Years ago one 

would have considered such a statement an absurdity and burst into 

laughter on hearing it. 

Around 1920, when I was my own boss, being a contractor, the 

situation was entirely different. There were no experienced, ener- 

getic women who could act as foreladies, though there were some 

assistant foreladies. They were assisting only in a minor capacity. 

Strange as it may seem, I never dreamed that in my own factory I 

would be compelled to employ foreladies as my assistants. With ut- 

most care, energy, and diligence I established my factory at Yonk- 

ers, instructed, with great effort, nearly one hundred apprentices 

and learners, mostly young Italian men and women, and even whole 

families. Among these were a small number of Poles, Germans, and 

Slovaks. 

There were then only three factories in Yonkers-a curtain fac- 

tory, the Macon Curtain Company; a waist factory owned by


Deutchman Brothers; and ours, the B & B Waist Company. At pres- 

ent there must be about forty factories there. The Yonkers National 

Bank welcomed us with open arms. It was to the interest of the bank 

to attract factories and industries. Women were home sitters and 

nonproductive. About that time the railway workers of Yonkers 

carried out a strike which lasted six long months and finally had to 

be given up. Because of this strike, many families were poverty- 

stricken, actually starving, and if it had not been for the wages the 

factory girls brought home, many families in Yonkers would have 

undergone even more terrible hardship and suffering. Women took 

the place of the wage earner. In the course of time, the crisis sub- 

sided completely, but the memory of the bitter struggle and the suf- 

fering engendered by it could not be forgotten for a long time. 

The Yonkers Chamber of Commerce was more than glad to wel- 

come our small venture that promised to grow and expand; and they 

surmised that the union would have no power or authority there. 

Every morning the managers of the Yonkers factories, a trio, would 

meet one another on the Bronx and Van Cortlandt car. None of 

them had been struck with the thought that it would be more practi- 

cal and sensible to have their residences in the city where they 

worked and made their livelihood. Yonkers had a considerable Jew- 

ish population, two synagogues, and a Jewish restaurant where one 

could have breakfast, but to live there was contrary to habit and 

conception of living. One who has lived amidst the activity, the 

noise, and the tumult of the great city, in the heart of the East Side 

and its intense and hectic life, could not isolate himself with his fam- 

ily in an out-of-the-way corner where Jewish community life was 

stagnating. 

We arose at dawn, day in and day out, ran to board the Yonkers 

street car and in a short time arrived at our destination. Many of the 

working women would be standing and waiting for us at the factory 

door. The machines were soon running, the pressing irons heated, 

and the cutting machines were soon busy in layer upon layer of 

outspread materials, the materials that were then the style in the 

manufacture of blouses. The blouse trade in those days was a gold 

mine, since blouses were the fashion of that period. The blouses


were packed in boxes and delivered to the New York manufacturers 

by trucks. We needed only to be supplied with a sample, a model, 

the raw material, the textiles. Having the basic supplies, we were 

usually producing hundreds of dozens a week. 

The New York manufacturers soon became convinced by the 

success of the contract system and expanded to outlying districts 

and towns where the inhabitants would welcome new industries. 

Trucks loaded with sewing machines and accompanied by skilled 

machinists reached their destination at night. They toiled and ham- 

mered, building tables and shelves, and soon another factory was 

completed, ready for someone to turn on the electric switch, fully 

equipped to produce, with youthful strength and energy, with newly 

evolved methods, without interference from unions or the usual dis- 

order in the garment trade, in a new setting. 

Immigrants from a great many nations have settled in small 

towns, villages, and farms, to sow and plow, to raise cattle and 

horses and hogs. Jewish immigrants, on the contrary, gravitated to 

the large cities, turned to the needle trades or became peddlers, the 

two most common occupations by which they earned their living. It 

was for this reason that the needle trade was generally in Jewish 

hands for one or two generations. 

When I was an employee of the Triangle Waist Company, and 

even now in memory, I could accurately number many men who at 

home in the old country were talmudical scholars, students of yeshi- 

vas, and even two schochtim [ritual slaughterers] who were 

changed, almost overnight, into waist and blouse operators. Work- 

ers of this type would be found most frequently in the shirt manu- 

facturing industry because most of those factories did not work on 

the Sabbath day, the day on which pious Jews are not allowed to do 

any labor. They worked on obsolete patent machines run by foot 

power, and always wore their skullcaps-a feature that should be 

noted for the reference of future historians. Even the younger, non- 

pious workers had to wear skullcaps while working, but in the


course of time this quaint custom died out. Men who were engaged 

in the needle trade may still remember when men coming from the 

same town, and who used to work for Doiber & Gottfried, would 

stop their work at the hour of evening service to pray in unison. Af- 

ter the service the switch was turned on and the work continued as 

diligently and laboriously as before. 

During the First World War, immigration was at a standstill. 

Those who came before that time were gradually being absorbed 

and Americanized. They had acquired a command of the English 

language, frequented the English theaters, and read the English 

newspapers. The Yiddish newspapers were the first to feel the 

change; their circulation began to drop gradually, and eventually 

radical changes had to be made in their set-up. They were com- 

pelled to supply the Americanized reader with American history 

and stories about American life. Abraham Cahan busied himself 

with popularizing socialism among the masses, Louis Miller with 

democracy, and the two Orthodox newspapers agitated for 

republicanism . . . truly a babel of voices. 

In the needle trade also radical changes were brewing in scope 

and expansion. Thousands upon thousands of blouses were being 

produced week after week . . . skirts and blouses, blouses and skirts. 

Modern machines had given a new and vital impetus to the expan- 

sion of the needle trades. Women of all nations and races were 

drawn into the vortex of the expanding industry. Jews were the pio- 

neers and proverbial leaders of the needle trade, the others their in- 

heritors. Waists were sold at bargain prices, eight to ten dollars a 

dozen, and became cheap and commonplace articles. 

Then a demand for something better began to develop. A waist 

and skirt was no longer stylish, was considered ordinary. A silent 

revolution began to brew in the trade. An upstart appeared in the 

market-a dress! Suddenly there arose a great demand for dresses, 

and the bottom dropped out of the waist market, dropped to the 

nethermost depth of hell. No more waists; dresses were the rage! 

But what was one to do with the waist factories? A great industry 

had been built up and established on a sound and solid foundation. 

A fortune was being spent both in New York and Chicago for show-


rooms and cutting rooms. Designers were getting princely salaries. 

And suddenly a veritable revolution was taking place in the world 

of fashion. 

It is common knowledge that dresses were ordinarily produced in 

primitive ways and by primitive means, by skilled journeymen tai- 

lors and women modistes in small establishments, stores, and even 

in homes. The small shops that did exist were unclean and without 

modern conveniences. Journeymen, skilled tailors from abroad, 

were at that time the rulers of the dress industry. They lacked 

knowledge of modern methods and of the art of pattern making. By 

means of draping, pinning, basting, they somehow succeeded in 

making a dress in accord with the fashion plate-but how were we, 

who were accustomed to mass production, going to be able to com- 

pete with the new demand for dresses? Must we destroy what we 

had so painfully built up? Burn down our factories? No! Rather let 

us go against the stream, create a new-style blouse similar to a man's 

shirt, with cuffs, pockets, and pleats front and back. We will engage 

the most expert designers and swim again with powerful strokes in 

the turbulent sea of the waist and blouse industry. 

Some manufacturers concocted various schemes and plans with 

the intention of invading the European market with the new-style 

waist and even used influence to have the tariff rate changed to fa- 

cilitate exports to foreign countries. This activity tended to infuse 

vitality and new life into the industry. The manufacturers also 

refused to make peace with the notion that the former prosperity 

would suddenly fade away. We would boost our products and com- 

pete with the dresses until the crisis in the dangerous illness of the 

industry passed and the ill patient was fully recovered. In this man- 

ner, and with obstinate determination, millions of yards of material 

which had been laid away in the mills, warehouses, and even cellars 

were brought out, spread upon the cutting tables, and cut into gar- 

ments. The price of waists dropped, but the machines were kept 

running, our factory was enlarged, production and industry were 

saved. 

At that time two years had passed since I was released from the 

army. I was earning a fair living and had been able to save a dollar


to be put away for the future, but to what end? Until when? I was 

about twenty-six and totally absorbed in the waist business with life 

and limb. What was I accomplishing in this manner? I lived with my 

brother and felt fairly comfortable. I was no burden to him. On the 

contrary, he derived some use and comfort from the fact that I was 

living with him since we used this opportunity to make plans, to 

argue and discuss them. But my thoughts were running in a different 

direction. I longed for peace and quiet after a day of arduous toil, 

rest and quiet in a home of my own. 

Then, like an angel sent from Heaven, my bride-to-be appeared 

before me one morning-a designer employed by the Macon Cur- 

tain Company. Our eyes and our hearts met at that moment, in per- 

fect unison, and with the help of Heaven above, we soon became hus- 

band and wife. She was a true daughter of Israel, my Esther, born in 

Odessa and raised in the Jewish tradition of our fathers. Children 

came to us. We lived in a five-room apartment on Crotona Park 

East, in the Bronx, and opposite our windows was the park where 

Jewish life was in full swing. The benches are crowded with people, 

and discussions are carried on feverishly, in loud voices, about the 

latest news and events from abroad. Others retell the last chapter in 

the life of the last Czar of Russia, Nicholas the Second, and mention 

with horror the cruel and bloody pogroms enacted throughout the 

length and breadth of the Revolution-torn Russian Empire. The fall 

of the [liberal] Kerensky regime, the bloody massacres committed 

by the [anti-liberal and anti-Bolshevik] armies of Petlura and Deni- 

kin, are topics of discussion. Whole towns had been wiped out by 

fire and sword, and Jews had been the chief victims. In that horrible 

holocaust, five hundred souls were slaughtered in one town alone, 

Felshtin-the aged, the infirm, and even the infants. 

Following the Russian Revolution there arose the world prob- 

lem, the revolutionary spectre of Communism, of Lenin and 

Trotsky and the struggle between Menshevism and Bolshevism.


Everyone was puzzled. What was the meaning of all this confusion? 

What would be the final outcome? What would happen as a result of 

Leninism and Trotskyism? What effect would this have on the world 

in general and the Jewish people in particular? Would the Jews gain 

or lose by this tremendous upheaval? People could only shrug their 

shoulders. Discussions of this kind were rife and going on at full 

blast in every nook and corner of the park for years, as if the events 

had occurred in their very midst on the very day. As a matter of 

fact, Nicholas and his regime were dead and buried for several 

years, and by that time things must have quieted down and been 

partly settled. The more sensible among the Jewish people advised: 

"Enough. One should call a halt to the incessant discussions, the 

prattling and the philosophizing, the hair-splitting; we are here in 

America, the land of democracy, where all are equal and enjoy the 

same rights, Jew and Gentile alike." The endless bickering, argu- 

ments, and discussion had not led to any logical solution of this 

world problem. Like a fiery torch, it burned with bright flame, and 

the sparks were carried as far as these shores of ours. They spread 

and glowed here especially among the Jewish garment trade unions, 

even though there were then many members and officers of Italian 

nationality in them. The latter had risen from the ranks to the very 

top; some became managers in the various local unions and in the 

International also. 

Though space does not allow me to indulge in a detailed descrip- 

tion of these fateful occurrences, I am compelled to do so as briefly 

as possible, for it bears a close relation to the future when the Left 

faction tried to capture the unions of the garment trade. Their aim 

was to seize power, become the majority, ride roughshod over the 

Right faction, deprive them of their power and drive them out as 

well. The men of the Right were actually the pioneers, the builders 

who had devoted their best years to the struggle to organize the nee- 

dle trade unions. That struggle was of historical import and not a 

mere fight for office. Politics of an international import and scope 

were involved here-who should be at the head and who should hold 

the leadership in these powerful unions, the Communists or the 

bona-fide trade unionists? A storm was brewing, a destructive tor- 

nado, a struggle that threatened the very life of the International;


that would even involve the government and the courts of the 

United States of America. The courts would eventually have to 

make the decision as to which faction was the legitimate power in 

the union. 

The storm brewing threatened to turn the sparks which had been 

carried to our shores into a raging fire, a conflagration that threat- 

ened to destroy the American Constitution and the American Com- 

monwealth. Fortunately, the Left faction were not the victors in that 

momentous struggle, and the Right was victorious on all fronts. 

In truth it must be admitted that the Left faction were in posses- 

sion of valid and solid arguments. They hammered away, day and 

night, the argument that the present leadership lacked the proper 

ability in these changed times and conditions, that battles could not 

be won with powder-puffs, that because of weakness and lack of or- 

ganization ability the needle trades were gradually being transferred 

to out-of-town factories. The needle workers of both Chicago and 

New York became the victims of this mass exodus. Garments were 

produced cheaply, workers were paid starvation wages. A radical 

remedy had to be found. The out-of-town factories had to be orga- 

nized, and the manufacturers who had contracts with the unions 

were to be made responsible for their contracts, both in regard to 

prices and wages. Securities and guarantees were instituted. 

The plans and calculations were mathematically correct, but 

unfortunately they forgot one factor in their calculations: to get 

the approval of the main and only power, the government and the 

courts. They suffered a total eclipse of memory and forgot they lived 

in a free and democratic country where there is a Constitution 

firmly established and a Supreme Court to pass on the laws enacted 

by Congress, and that neither Left nor Right were native American 

products. 

The turbulence and illegal use of power was far from our true 

way of life. Above all, peace had to be instituted among the work- 

ers, and if true progress is to be made, it must come gradually by 

parleying, not by brute force. True, the Right had gained a brilliant 

victory, but compromise had to be made. Some of the proposals of 

the Left faction had been adopted, especially the plans that con- 

cerned the non-union shops established in the villages.


Amidst the tumult and noise around Crotona Park East and the 

termination of the struggle between the factions in the union, the 

various scenes and events in my youth began to evolve in my mem- 

ory: the time of my arrival in this country, my part in the more than 

six-month strike at the Triangle Waist Company, my role as fore- 

man, my life in the United States Army, all things that had occurred 

in my life up to the time I assumed my new role as dress contractor. 

In my mind's eye, I saw it all with limpid clearness, visualizing all 

the trials and tribulations I had experienced since my arrival at these 

shores. But I could not yet make a final inventory of the result of my 

life's journey, since I was still in the midst of my career. I kept ask- 

ing: "What of tomorrow? What is in store for me?" I had no an- 

swer, merely floated with the stream. 

I am the father of one daughter. My former home is but a mem- 

ory. The members of my two families that are here are my constant 

guests. I am the proud president of the Felshtiner Society. Up to a 

year before I went into the army, I had been secretary for several 

years and was kept busy with points of order and with amending the 

constitution which had been adopted by the founders of this society. 

The organizers had named it "The First Felshtiner Benevolent As- 

sociation," and at present it carries the word "Progressive" in its 

name. How did the word "Progressive" come in there? Is it because 

its members became wiser, acquired more knowledge to become 

true followers of progress, fully Americanized? 

I was sure that we were the same folks, the same townsmen. We 

had sat in the same classes, ate the same kosher meat, studied in the 

same house of prayer, studied together one or another tractate of 

the Talmud, listened to the cantor at the synagogue or to the bal- 

tphilo [worship leader] at the beis hamedrosh [study chapel]. At 

times we prayed in one of the other houses of prayer, called a 

"klaus," of the Husatin or the Zinkover Hasidim. The Zinkover was 

patronized by the Hasidim who were loyal followers of their rabbi, 

Reb Chaiemel of Zinkov, and later of his sons Moshe and Pinchos.


Both held solemn gatherings at the Sholem Chaye Hinde7s punctu- 

ally every year on the exact day; one came before, the other after. 

Our town Jews were in an uproar, hurrying to the rabbi to bid him 

welcome, to hold and shake his hand. Appeals to him for aid and 

comfort were written. The rabbi in his turn blessed them and 

granted to each one that which his heart desired, then later returned 

to his home town. Soon the rabbi from Miedzybozh arrived, then 

the rabbi from Basilia. There were also loyal Hasidim, followers of 

the rabbi of Husatin or the rabbi of Tchortkov or of Kupitchinitz. If 

a person was unable to travel to any one of the foreign rabbis, they 

sent their appeals and written requests by mail or with another who 

was on his way to visit in person. The Hasidim had boundless faith, 

first in God and next in the Rabbi-Zadik. However, one could also 

find, here and there, some maskilim [modernists] and even some 

Misnagdim [Orthodox Jews who were non- or even anti-Chassidic] 

in Felshtin. They were divided into various sects and factions, but 

that did not prevent them from holding services at the same syna- 

gogue or house of prayer or greeting one another cordially on the 

Sabbath and on holidays. They bathed in the same bathhouse, 

dunked in the same mikveh [ritual pool]. 

Then suddenly babel arose, a confusion of languages among the 

members of the Felshtiner, and this tempest in a teapot occurred be- 

cause of the innocent word, "progressive." The younger set wanted 

to insert that word in the name of the society; the older ones, the 

founders of the society, were afraid that the word smelled of im- 

piety. Both factions marshalled all their arguments. The older ones 

argued that the insertion of "progressive" would not change the so- 

ciety or its members one iota; they would neither become wiser, nor 

acquire more knowledge, nor turn into better human beings, that on 

the contrary it might do harm to the society. I listened to their argu- 

ments with seriousness, solemnity, and respect. I remembered each 

one from home, how I looked up to them with reverence and sym- 

pathized with their anxiety to the depth of my heart and soul. Were 

they being tricked into something that was repugnant to them, or 

was the mere insertion of a new word into the name an act of self- 

deception?


On the other hand, I also lend my ear to the arguments of the 

younger people. They too mean well, but I know that they want to 

smuggle in that new word without any valid reason. It is the eternal 

struggle between the young and the old generations, a world prob- 

lem, a fire of discord that is kindled. The real purpose is not a small 

change in the name, but to amend or rewrite the present constitu- 

tion. The younger members wish to reach out and to introduce 

something new. 

I was the youngest member and felt that the change was bound to 

come or was already here. Why should I not get busy, get into the 

midst of the rumpus, and work hard to force them to compromise 

and turn our society into a model to hold before other societies? 

Our home town lay in ruins, the people stricken and helpless, and 

we must furnish aid and comfort to them to the extent of our ability. 

I accepted the presidency of the society with the provision that I 

would get the cooperation of the members in helping to make our 

society an exemplary organization. But things did not turn out to 

my satisfaction. Something was lacking. This was not what I was 

striving for. 

I joined a new organization, the Jewish National Workers' Alli- 

ance, and there I found something better. Meetings were conducted 

in a different manner; discussions were held on a higher spiritual 

level and with greater intelligence. I found new ideals, Socialist 

Zionism, the founding of a Jewish Commonwealth in the Land of 

Israel. I soon realized the wide gulf between the present organiza- 

tion and the Workmen's Circle. The ideals of the Workmen's Circle 

are socialism and the international brotherhood of man, which 

seemed to me to be but an illusion. A Jew is above all a Jew, and we 

must stick together as one body while enmity still reigns among peo- 

ples and nations, or even mere tolerance of us, because we are a 

people scattered over all the world. In the meantime, lectures are 

delivered, discussions follow discussions, one speaker full of wind 

wanting to blow out the next one. 

Next my fancy carried me away to the unions, to my local, 

Twenty-Five. We, the waist makers, held monthly meetings, kept 

minutes, and called the roll. It is no secret that, when Samuel Schind-

FIFTY YEARS IN AMERICA ' 189 

ler was secretary of the union, there were in all about two hundred 

members, and who were these members? Workers in shops con- 

trolled by the union? No! One might, after searching, find here and 

there a small shop where intelligent and union-conscious workers 

were employed, but as soon as they tried to unionize the shop, their 

plans miscarried and instead of a union shop we had a lockout on 

our hands, or the active members would be fired. It was amazing to 

watch these two hundred idealists sacrificing their lives and their 

very economic existence fighting the battle of unionism. There was 

confusion and blundering, but one could get a glimpse of the nar- 

row and partly overgrown path that some happy day might be 

turned into a broad and spacious highway of concrete that would 

lead to a better and happy future. 

I must confess that I was one ol the doubting Thomases who did 

not believe that such a dream could possibly be realized, even in the 

distant future. Nevertheless, I was a loyal and faithful striker for al- 

most half a year in the prolonged strike with the Triangle Company. 

The strike and its accompanying loss delivered a knockout blow to 

me and my family. I reasoned that I was poorly equipped to be an 

"ideal" fighter. I could not then believe that our unequal battling 

would ever bring justice and freedom for us and protect us against 

the misery of lost conflicts, contradictions, and insecurity. I searched 

my mind and soul for the answer to my problems, one that would be 

satisfactory to myself and to my conscience. I frequently attended 

lectures, symposia, discussions, and paid close attention to the lec- 

tures of Haim Zhitlowsky, Michael Zamelkin, Saul Yanovsky, and 

even Emma Goldman, the younger people of the ghetto. 

The representatives of the various "isms" had exerted a deep and 

overwhelming influence on the younger and even the older genera- 

tion of the East Side and on the East Broadway intelligentsia. The 

propagandists of the various shades of ideas spoke, each in his own 

jargon. The socialist propagated the idea of equality for all; the an- 

archist, the abolition of the state. Some even spoke in favor of direct


action. Until we could grasp the remedy, we would have to seek a 

scientific physician who could hasten us on the path to recovery. As 

a last resort I had to synthesize my own physician, my cultural 

healer, out of the then existing Jewish newspapers and the few bet- 

ter Jewish theaters where the plays of Z. Lubin, Jacob Gordin, and 

Leon Kobrin were being presented. 

Without this cultural support, this artistic and cultural stimulus, 

my youth would indeed have been dismal. We were fortunate to 

have found this cultural atmosphere since we had completely lost our 

old mainstay, the house of prayer and study. Since we were shop- 

workers toiling all day long, the yeshivas or theological colleges 

were out of our sphere. Where, then, was one to obtain one's spiri- 

tual sustenance? The theater was a gift from the heavens above, the 

opera and lectures served equally as well. Thus the fateful years 

marched on. 

Suddenly, out of a clear and serene sky the world was turned up- 

side down. War with Germany convulsed the entire world and in- 

volved us all in the cataclysm. Conditions had been so favorable. 

The young immigrant had free and easy access to every avenue of 

culture. Within reach of his hand was a vast supply of literature, the 

theater, the opera, all kinds and brands of "isms," nationalism, Ju- 

daism, democratism . . . and then suddenly, cataclysm. 

It seemed as if the Holy Torah had been torn and rent in shreds, 

as if the world was coming to an end, divested of humanism, righ- 

teousness, and progress. Yea, disorder was rife, even in America. 

Chaos spread over all the civilized world. Russia was on the verge 

of utter ruin. Let us, in God's name, never forget the victims of 

modern warfare. We here run into tumultuous confusion; we get 

together and appeal for funds for the stricken victims in our old 

home; we appeal to the nations of the world for help and support- 

but they are deaf to our cries for mercy and sympathy. We groan 

and cry out in our woe, but they hear us not. Fortunately, there are 

humane and charitable women who are ready to give aid and com- 

fort to the victims of hatred and prejudice. 

Thus I sit and meditate in the free hours when I have respite from


weary labor and toil. I pick up my little daughter, place her on my 

lap and observe her closely. She bears my mother's name, Miriam 

Feigl, who left us when we were still very young and helpless. I ea- 

gerly seek to discover a resemblance to my mother in my child. I 

search for some solace to assuage the sorrow and heartache for the 

loss of my dear mother who has been so long gone. 

It seems to me that, with all the apparent success I am supposed 

to have met with for the past fifteen years, I am still unsure of my 

position in life and I feel lost, like a stray sleep that has wandered 

away from the flock. I often think that humanity has lost its com- 

pass and direction, and instead of seeing our dream of a better 

world realized, a monstrosity was conceived after long travail, a 

monstrosity so repulsive that it has turned our hopes into mockery 

and laughter. One cannot help but sink into the slough of despon- 

dency and let come whatever destiny has in store for me. 

I came to the conclusion that the factory was the only place for 

me. This was my last resort. There I must find success in the uncer- 

tain vicissitudes of life. My youth has been spent to no purpose. It 

was lost in tumult and confusion. I am a married man with a family, 

a fine wife and child, and more children to come perhaps. It is nec- 

essary to have the means to bring them up in health, to become 

wholehearted human beings who should not be the inheritors of my 

own unhappy childhood, the grim despair and suffering of my early 

manhood, bitter experiences and disillusions. 

Life is real and earnest, and one is not to say that, because of one 

or even several poor chances and failures, all is at an end, that he 

must give up the struggle. No! The truth is that I, a Jew with the 

racial experience in the school of hard knocks, my traditional Jew- 

ish education, can never be resigned even if each day brings new 

trials and worries and anxieties within the four walls of home, and 

even more outside of the home in business or in various other activi- 

ties. 

With my own people I could somehow come into compromise or 

full accord. When there is no other choice, one should even make 

peace with the idea that one can live in one's own blood. We are of


the bnai brith [sons of the covenant] who have made a covenant 

with God above and with the grandsons of our fathers, Abraham 

and Isaac. We must remember the mystery of "Akeidas Yitzchok," 

the binding and the sacrifice of Isaac [Genesis 221, the enmity en- 

gendered between Jacob and his brother Esau [Gen. 271, the selling 

of Joseph into slavery by his own brothers [Gen. 371, events that 

are all pregnant with a deeper meaning than just historical facts. We 

must study them in the Torah and grasp their hidden meaning. 

Though I am sorry to confess that I am not a strictly pious Jew 

who follows and upholds all the commandments and teachings of 

the Law of Moses, nor all the six hundred thirteen commandments 

as my father did, nevertheless, I believe with my heart and soul that 

I am a true Jew in the full sense of the word. Fundamentally and 

basically I am a son of Israel and am always careful to meet non- 

Jews without fear or favor, but frankly and openly as a son of my 

people. I have the same feelings, thoughts, emotions, and desires as 

any other human being, and I possess as many weaknesses as any 

other human creature is heir to. 

Institutions exist whose main function is to preach and publish 

apologies to prove that we Jews are honest people. I go ahead of 

them and state with full assurance and certainty that the various na- 

tions, tribes, religions, and beliefs in the world were once upon a 

time kneaded and formed out of the same dough. They are the chil- 

dren of the same God and even have similar religious beliefs: that 

both Judaism and Mohammedanism come from a common source 

and that we are obviously of the same origin, even though we pos- 

sess different customs, traditions, virtues, and vices, and different 

values of life. 

But even at the historical approach, insurmountable obstacles 

present themselves to prevent the formation of a true brotherhood 

of nations. However, as far as I am concerned, I can truthfully state, 

without reservations, that I have succeeded in overcoming all obsta- 

cles and prejudices against any human being of whatever color or 

religion. And I may add that I am definitely a Jew hrought up in a 

strict, traditional Jewish way, a Yiddishist by principle, and have 

brought up my children in the same tradition and taught them to


hold dear and be proud of their Jewish heritage and background. Just 

as I did not feel any fear when I stood before the Ark of the Cove- 

nant to act as cantor for my brother soldiers during my army life, 

when even non-Jews joined us in our prayers in that big room at the 

Y. M. C. A., so it was in my later years. 

DEAN OF THE GARMENT INDUSTRY 

A lot of water has flowed under the bridge since I opened my fac- 

tory in Yonkers. It would take at least two years to write the com- 

plete story of my life. When a simple, ordinary person states that if 

he were the possessor of any literary talent, he could write many 

books about his life, people shrug their shoulders, wrinkle their 

brows, and shake their heads in disbelief. But I listen to such a per- 

son and know that he is telling the truth. No man lives out his days 

in a sheltered Garden of Eden; we still live in a state of strife and 

tribulation on this earth, so in this short sketch of my life I, too, 

must omit much that I have endured and experienced over many 

years. 

Here I must tell the reader that I changed the location of my fac- 

tory, moving from Yonkers to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. As in 

former years, I have been manager of a garment factory in Wilkes- 

Barre for the past twenty years. Like our father Abraham, I, too, was 

a wanderer, leaving my native land, moving from place to place, 

changing from time to time my place of residence. Perchance, I, too, 

am but an echo of the past, the destiny of my race. Jews have been 

forced to become wanderers, and movement has become inbred in 

their bones, and my lot, too, was to wander from one locality to an- 

other and finally to find a haven and settle, this time permanently, in 

the town of Wilkes-Barre. 

Here my children grew up and here they obtained their education 

and upbringing. I am, with God's help, the proud grandfather of 

two grandsons, Ezekiel and Daniel. Whatever their destiny is to be 

is beyond my ken. They are still children and the religious school 

they attend is in the reform temple which does not have the remotest 

resemblance to the old-fashioned, obsolete Orthodox religious


school of my childhood. Yet even so, this reform school may instill 

the traditions of our race, to remind the children that they are Jews 

and the children of an ancient and noble people. 

My only son, Martin, changed his surname, Baum, to Brooks, be- 

cause of his profession. He is an actor on the English stage where 

the change of name is customary, but in changing his name he has 

not changed his Jewish consciousness or outlook. During the recent 

holidays, the Jewish New Year and the Day of Atonement, he was 

standing at my side and praying with me in the synagogue, Ohav 

Zedek (Lovers of Righteousness), where he was a graduate of the 

Talmud Torah. He was praying at the morning services, Shachris 

and Musaph, and also at the Neilah service, as befits a true son of 

Israel. Like all American youths, he is a devotee of sports such as 

baseball, football, and basketball, but he is proud of his people and 

of his Jewish heritage and is always ready to defend any unprovoked 

insult to a fellow Jew. It is worthwhile to note that he, too, has ex- 

perienced a situation similar to those I encountered when I served 

in the American Army while he served as a paratrooper during the 

Second World War twenty-three years ago. 

It was after he was discharged from the army and had come 

home that I saw ghosts of the past while he related the incident in 

which he was involved. While he told of this incident, I thought in 

my heart and mind, "You have my approval and blessing when you 

are fighting for a right cause." In his case, instead of taking the part 

of a fellow Jew as I did, he took the part of a Negro, a member of a 

race that is even more unjustly discriminated against and persecuted 

than Jews. 

I am very happy, not because of my son's riches or glory, since he 

has not yet become a star, but because of his sound constitution, his 

good heart, and the fact that he is more simple than simplicity itself. 

Hence, I am indeed proud of my only son. 

I am approaching my sixty-second year. I came to Wilkes-Barre 

in my prime, in my most fruitful years. My factory was the first to 

be unionized, about eighteen years ago. Without an iota of exagger- 

ation, I have instructed about two thousand women and girls in the 

needle trade. In the course of the past twenty years Wilkes-Barre


and its environs have become a garment center. There are about one 

hundred garment factories here, and all factories are managed and 

operate on a section system basis. Contractors have prospered here, 

and it is indeed amazing to observe the giant strides that the gar- 

ment industry has made and the progress achieved in the past few 

years in this coal mining region. 

I am now considered the dean of the garment industry in this vi- 

cinity, and I have instructed many of the natives who are now em- 

ployed in various garment factories and who in turn are themselves 

teaching others and have acquired a more prosperous mode of liv- 

ing. My employees may, at times, have deplored the loudness of my 

voice which I had to raise to reach above the noise of the machines. 

I tried my utmost to convince them that, having been foreman or 

manager of a factory for forty odd years and working amidst the 

noise of machines and press irons, I had to talk loudly to be heard 

over all that noise and hustle in order to correct a worker's error 

and be heard. But it took a long, long time to make them understand 

that it would have been irrational to run along a row of twenty-one 

machines to correct some minor error, rather than raise my voice. 

The Jewish girls had understood the reason for it much more quickly 

and soon discovered that the strident tones of voice were really in 

their favor. 

I am the son of a reader of the Torah, a reader of the Bible, and I 

have tried many times to explain to them the function of a reader of 

the Torah. Some have understood my explanations and even en- 

joyed hearing them; others did not grasp them at all. But I am cer- 

tain that when I quote a passage or two from the Bible to them, on 

the right occasion when I deliver an address at a party that I arrange 

for them, they listen with proper attention. I also write down a sen- 

tence or two in Hebrew and give it to one of my oldest employees to 

present to her priest for translation and elucidation, but there are 

only a few of that particular stamp. 

At present I employ a much smaller number of workers than in 

former years. Perhaps some new operators prefer to work for youn- 

ger employers who are not so serious or such a strict instructor as 

Mr. Baum, but I am sure the townspeople as a whole deeply appre-


ciate what I have achieved for them. My old workers and even the 

International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union take pride in the 

fact that they passed their apprenticeship in my factory and under 

my personal instruction, even though it took them a long time to be 

convinced that my way of teaching is the correct way. 

Sadly I must confess that my strength is ebbing and not equal to 

that of former days. In addition I expend my strength sitting up late 

at night writing my stories and novels. This is almost a compulsion, 

for through it I rid myself of my restlessness and the conflicts that 

plague me. The people in my stories and novels are of a serious and 

tragic cast, although I do not make them so purposely. I am more 

than happy to write about the more pleasant and sunny side of life, 

which unfortunately is but too rare. 

I am proud that I was in the vanguard with those who were fight- 

ing in the battle for the rights of labor, and that I succeeded in com- 

ing out, in spite of all obstacles, unscathed in the trials that I met on 

the weary road of my life in the course of those years. When I am 

present at the meetings of the Pennsylvania Contractors Association 

and observe the tremendous progress that my small beginning had 

engendered in Wilkes-Barre where the contractors and representa- 

tives of the International hold parley-Jews, Italians, Poles, and 

Greeks-I can scarcely believe my own eyes. When I realize the tre- 

mendous change between the past, when I worked for the Triangle 

Waist Company, and the present-the comparatively high wages 

that we pay to workers for an eight-hour day and, in addition, sick 

insurance, life insurance, Social Security, vacations with pay, free 

medical service, holiday pay, and old age pensions-then I must re- 

joice for the better lot of the worker of today. 

And how fortunate the workers should consider themselves! We 

fought, bled, and struggled with might and main to organize and 

firmly establish a great and powerful union to take care of their in- 

terests, a union that is wealthy and secure, a union where each 

member has equal rights, where men and women of all nationalities 

enjoy the fruits of all welfare activities that the union originated and 

carried out, thanks to the brave fighters who were once to be found 

at the Triangle, Rosen Bros., Max Roth, or Kurtzwik Bros. Those


were the factories where Jewish workers wore themselves out, gave 

their health and vigor, worked and fought, labored and struggled, to 

bring about the present conditions that make a worker's life today 

worth living. 

I am coddent that the present leader, David Dubinsky, may con- 

gratulate himself and be justly proud when, in addressing the work- 

ers, he narrates the history of such remarkable achievements. And I 

am happy that fate has granted me, at this time, the privilege to 

write this account so that the people of the world in general may 

read and understand, and that all Israel may benefit by their better 

understanding and end enmity, hatred, and prejudices for all peo- 

ples for all times. 

A NEW POSTER SERIES 

In anticipation of the Bicentennial of the American Revolution, the 

American Jewish Archives has issued six new multi-colored posters 

depicting important scenes and events involving Jews during the 

Revolutionary War. 

These posters, and the earlier series: 

Jewish participation in the Civil War 

Immigrants from Eastern Europe 

Episodes in eighteenth-century American Jewish life 

Abba Hillel Silver at the United Nations 

are available without charge for display by all schools, libraries, 

congregations, and organizations or agencies interested in American 

Jewish history. 

When properly matted and mounted on heavy cardboard, these 

posters make a very attractive exhibit. 

Inquiries should be addressed to the Director of the American 

Jewish Archives, Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220

Notes on an Early Virginia Physician 

ROBERT SHOSTECK 

London-born Dr. John de Sequeyra ( 17 12-1 795), who arrived in 

Virginia around 1745, was no ordinary newcomer to America. His 

distinguished family of Portuguese Jewish origin produced several 

noted physicians during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.' A 

descendant of the de Sequeyras who possesses and has access to ex- 

tensive family records has provided some genealogical data.2 The first 

name in the record is Abraham Israel de Sequeira, who died in 1679 

and is described in an undated clipping from the Jewish Chronicle as 

"one of the oldest and most respected member of the community. . . ." 

According to the Chronicle, Abraham's name "appears on the 

purchase deed of the [Bevis Marks Congregation's] burial ground." 

A Dr. Abraham de Sequeira (1665-1747), who is also men- 

tioned in the synagogue records and is believed to have been Abra- 

ham Israel's grandson, is listed as having had three sons. One of 

them, Joseph Henrique, married a woman named Leah; John is the 

subject of this article; and another, his name unrecorded, married 

into the de la Corn family of medical fame. The descendants of Jo- 

seph and his anonymous brother converted to Christianity during the 

nineteenth century. 

According to the records of the Spanish and Portuguese (Bevis 

Marks) Synagogue in London, a Dr. Abraham de Sequeyra was a 

member of the congregation in the 1730's, and a Dr. Isaac de Se- 

Mr. Shosteck is the Curator of the Klutznick Exhibit Hall of the B'nai B'rith in 

Washington, D.C. 

Thomas Sewall, Lecture delivered at the opening of the Medical Department of 

the Columbialv College, Washington, March 30, 1825, p. 61, says that John de 

Sequeyra "was, it is believed, a Portuguese Jew." James Thacher, Amerz'can Medical 

Biography (New York, 1828), I, 74, similarly refers to him. 

a P. J. L. Sequeira, Wilmslow, Cheshire, England, to the author, April 9, 1970.

NOTES ON AN EARLY VIRGINIA PHYSICIAN 201 

queyra Semuda died there in 1730. Another John de Sequeyra, also 

a physician, was a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 

1771, attended the Portuguese Ambassador, and died at London in 

1816.3 

The first John de Sequeyra left England for Holland in September, 

1736, to matriculate in the medical school of the University of 

Leiden. His admission was recorded in the University Inscriptiones: 

" 1 1 September 173 6. Johannes de Sigueyra, Anglo-Britannus, 24 

(annorum), M (edicinae) ."" According to the Recensiones (the rec- 

ord of examinations), a student known as Iohannes Disiqueyra 

boarded with Martin Muller in February, 1737, and later, from Feb- 

ruary, 173 8, through February, 1739, with Dr. Jacob de KnyfT. He 

received his doctor's degree in medicine on February 3, 1739, and 

the University record listed his dissertation: "3 February 1739. Io- 

hannes de Sigueyra, Portugalensis, de Peripneumonia Vera, in Sen. 

Med." The dissertation was dedicated (in Latin) "with the greatest 

esteem to that most gifted and learned man, my brother Joseph 

Henry de Siqueyra, M.D., head doctor of the Portuguese in East In- 

dia and Chief Physician of the Vice-Regent of Goa." 

John de Sequeyra apparently remained in Holland for at least an- 

other year, since the Recensiones report him boarding with Walter 

Clark in February, 1740. We can only speculate as to the reasons 

which impelled him to sail for Virginia some five years later. Perhaps, 

like many other English physicians of his day, he was motivated by a 

spirit of adventure and the belief that the growing British colonies in 

North America offered attractive opportunities for professional ad- 

vancement. A university-trained physician was likely to enjoy far 

greater prestige in any of the American colonies than in England. 

In all probability, only a handful of Jews lived in Virginia during 

the last half of the eighteenth century. So long as they did not wor- 

ship as a community or openly engage in theological disputations 

'Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, London, to the author, Dec. 9, 1969, and 

Jan. 8, 1970. The Jewish Encyclopedia lists a Dr. Isaac H. Sequira, born at Lisbon 

in 1738, who died at Londonin 1816 (XI, 201). 

P. C. Boeren, Archivist, Leiden State University Archives, Leiden, Netherlands, 

to the author, Nov. 18, 1969.


and denials of the Trinity, they seem to have been tolerated. Dr. de 

Sequeyra, it is evident, was known as a Jew to some of his contem- 

poraries, but since he was not a practicing Jew and never got into 

conflict with the establishment on any religious issue, his social and 

economic status in the colony apparently suffered no impairment. 

He paid his tithe and property tax which supported both the local 

government and the established Anglican Church. There is no rec- 

ord that Dr. de Sequeyra or any other Virginia Jew ever took ad- 

vantage of the Act of Parliament which in 1740 offered naturaliza- 

tion to Jews and non-Anglican Protestants settling in the British 

North American colonies. Nor do we know of any Jew who was 

granted denization by the House of Burgesses. 

In 1749, Dr. de Sequeyra submitted a request to the University of 

Leiden for a duplicate diploma. The original had been lost when the 

French captured the English vessel on which he was traveling and 

confiscated his belongings. The ship, it is clear, was a victim of the 

War of the Austrian Succession, an eight-year struggle in which 

England, Austria, and Holland were opposed by France, Spain, and 

Prussia. A number of land and sea engagements were fought until 

the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed in 1748. 

According to Leiden's Acta Senatus Academica of August 29, 

1749, 

The Rector Magnificus explained in the [academic] Senate that John 

Sequeyra, a Portuguese, had sent a letter from Virginia . . . in which he 

had made known that in traveling to Virginia in the recent war, the ship 

[on which he found himself] was captured and that together with his be- 

longings he also lost his graduation diploma; therefore he, in a very spe- 

cial way, requested that the Senate deign to grant him a new one. The 

senate was of the opinion that such a reasonable request was not to be 

denied and that consequently arrangements should be made that a new 

diploma be issued with the same contents as the former one, with the 

addition, however, of the following: 

"This diploma, to which the Rector, the Professors of Medicine, and 

the Secretary of the Academic Senate have affixed their signatures in 

accordance with law and custom, has been granted to John Sequeyra. 

Since the latter informed the Rector and the Senate by letter that his 

previous diploma had been lost together with his personal effects on a


captured ship headed for America, and requested that a new one be 

sent to him, we have seen to it that the present one be issued in place 

of the one that was 

From Dr. de Sequeyra's arrival in the colony, says one authority, 

he "kept an annual record of the most prevalent diseases and out- 

lined the treatment he found most successful."~n early record has 

been found on the back of a portrait of Dr. de Sequeyra now in the 

possession of the Winterthur Museum. The painting was done prob- 

ably between 1750 and 1770. The inscription by E. Randolph 

Braxton on the back of its stretcher reads: "Dr. Secarri-an Italian. 

He was the family physician to my grandfather, Philip Ludwell 

Grymes [a student at William and Mary College in 17591. He first 

introduced into Williamsburg the custom of eating tomatoes, until 

then considered more of a flower than a vegetable." 

Another early reference to Dr. de Sequeyra is found in the rec- 

ords of Middlesex County, where an entry reads: "Ordered that 

Dr. John de Sequeyra be added to the General List of Tithables, 

taken by Philip Gryme[s], Esq."? 

What was the correct spelling of the doctor's name, and what was 

his status? One writer has put it this way: 

"Allowing for the informal methods of spelling proper names in 

that day, it seems almost certain that the Dr. Seccari of the portrait 

was also the Dr. de Sequeyra-his name also appears as Sequeyra, de 

Siqueyra, Sequeyea, de Sequera-of the Lunatic Hospital; and was, 

besides, the Dr. Siccary who is listed in James Thacher's American 

Medical Biography (1828) as one of Virginia's most eminent phy- 

sicians, and who is mentioned by Jefferson as having first introduced 

the tomato. 

"Williamsburg was a cosmopolitan town. Besides English and 

Scotch physicians there were other nationalities represented in the 

Zbid. (original in Latin). 

Jan. 6, 1970. Dr. Edward M. Riley, Williamsburg, Va. 

'Miss K. A. Grubbs, Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Del., to the author, Dec. 4, 

1969; Middlesex County Order Book, 1745-1752, p. 361,


profession. Dr. John de Sequeyra is reputed to have been one of the 

educated Italians who came to this country with Philip Mazzei, but 

since Mazzei did not come until 1773 and Sequeyra's name appears 

in the Journals of the House of Burgesses of 1767 this connection 

seems doubtful. In this earliest reference to him the House orders 

'Dr. John de Sequeyra, a physician, and Mr. William Pasteur, a sur- 

geon, to go immediately to York' and 'enquire into the state of . . . 

[one Mr.] Pride's health and make a report of the same to the 

house.' The physicians found Mr. Pride, who had been declared by 

Dr. Matthew Pope of York too sick to attend a hearing, in pretty 

good health except that 'he was much troubled with nervous Disor- 

ders,' and the House forthwith ordered its sergeant-at-arms to bring 

him to Williamsburg. For their services the physician and surgeon 

received L3-4s-6d. and L2, respectively. In 1773 Dr. Sequeyra be- 

came the first visiting physician to the hospital for the insane, and 

from 1774 until his death in 1796 [sic] he was on the Board of 

Directors of the instituti~n."~ 

One of the earliest official records of Dr. de Sequeyra's services in 

the insane asylum is found among the James City County Petitions: 

PETITION OF DR. JOHN SEQUEYRA 

To the honorable the Speaker and Gentlemen of the House of Delegates 

The Petition of Doctor John de Sequary humbly sheweth, that your 

Petitioner hath for one Year attended as a Physician the Hospital for 

the Maintenance of Lunatics, Idiots and Persons of insane Mind, for 

which he hath had no compensation made him. He therefore prays 

that you will take his Case unto consideration, and grant him such Al- 

lowance for his Services as you shall think proper, and he as in duty 

bound will ever pray. 

[Endorsed:] 

Petition of Doctor Sequqryra. October 26, 1779, refd to trade reason- 

able, allowed £250 for the year past, rep~rted.~ 

Four letters and reports are found in the Virginia State Papers for 

the years 1781-1787. The first reads: 

V. B. Blanton, Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century (Richmond, 193 I), 

pp. 320-21. 

Tyler's Quarterly Historical and GenenIogicaI Magazine, No. 2 (1921), p. 185.

NOTES ON AN EARLY VIRGINIA PHYSICIAN 

205 

July 1781 

John Blair, Nath'l Burwell, John de Siqueyra, J. Madison and 

J. Prentis, to Govr Nelson. 

Sir, 

We think it a Duty incumbent upon us, to lay before you ye present 

state of ye Hospital for Lunatics-It is destitute of every necessary 

for its support-The unhappy objects which are now here, have been 

without cloathes for some time past-they are now also without Pro- 

visions-The Keeper, previous to ye Arrival of ye British Army at 

this Place, obtained Provisions from ye Commissaries by means of an 

order from Gov'r [Thomas] Jefferson for that Purpose-But at present 

there is no such office here, and therefore that Resource is at an end- 

We submit this state to your Excellency, because we doubt not, if it 

be possible, that you will make such Provision for ye unhappy sufferers 

as is absolutely requisite, by supplying them with proper cloathing and 

by enabling ye Keeper to draw Provisions from such Commissaries as 

may be appointed at this Place, or at any Place convenient to it. 

We have enclosed a List of ye Persons now in ye Hospital and have 

added the Counties from whence they were sent, in Hopes that your 

Excellency will order ye means of returning them to their respective 

Counties provided no method can be adopted for their support. 

The second is addressed by John "De Sigueyra" to Governor Benja- 

min Harrison: 

Sir : 

My age & infirmities prevent me from waiting on your Excellency 

& your Lady, which would afford me the greatest Satisfaction. I must 

acquaint you, that from the October Session of Assembly in 1769 to 

Nov: 1781, the Hospital for Lunaticks being then broke up, I have 

not received my salary of fifty pounds a Year as Physician to the said 

Hospital, & a hundred pounds is due to me as it will appear by the 

Auditor's Books. As the Assembly passed an Act & resolution that the 

Arrears of the Said Hospital should be paid out of the money appropri- 

ated for the Civil List, your Excellency will be so good to give a warrant 

to the Treasurer for the payment of the Sd: Sum. . . . 

Another letter to Governor Harrison came from Dudley Digges, 

President of the Hospital's Board of Directors: 

Enclosing the proceedings of "Court of Directors of the Public Hos- 

pital for Lunatics," present, Dudley Digg[e]s, James Madison, Thos: 

Nelson, John Blair, John de Sequery, Nathl: Burwell and J. Pretis


Esquires, authorizing him to call upon the Executive for an order on 

the Auditor of Public Accounts, for Three hundred pounds, in favor of 

James Galt, the late keeper: and for the "further sum of fifty pounds 

for the immediate relief of such lunatics as are now in town." These 

amounts to be credited to the late appropriations made by the Gen- 

eral Assembly. 

Digges subsequently wrote to Governor Edmund Randolph and en- 

closed in his letter the following paper: 

At a meeting of the Court of Directors, held at the Hospital, the 8th 

day of January, 1787- 

Present: Dudley Digges (President), John Blair, James Madison, 

John D. Sequeyea, Robert Andrews, Henry Tazewell, and Joseph 

Hornsby, Esq.- 

The court took into consideration the case of John Torner, brought 

to the Hospital from the county of Princess Anne, by virtue of a war- 

rant under the hands and seals of John Hancock, Charles Williams, 

and William White, gentlemen, justices for the said county. And it 

appearing from the Depositions of Thomas Torner and Mary Torner, 

taken and returned by the said Justices, that the said John Torner is 

a person of insane and disordered mind, it is the opinion of the court 

that the said John Torner is insane and of disordered mind, and, there- 

fore, a fit object to be received into the said Hospital. But the finances 

of the said Hospital being, at present, in such a situation as not to 

enable the Keeper to support any such objects, it is ordered that the 

said John Torner be returned to the county of Princess Anne.lo 

According to the late Wyndham Bolling Blanton, "some of the 

earliest contributions to the care of the insane were made in Vir- 

ginia. The first insane asylum in the country was built in Williams- 

burg in 1773." Among "the earliest physicians attached to this insti- 

tution" was John de Sequeyra. "From the beginning," Dr. Blanton 

wrote, "the professional care of patients was in the hands of a visit- 

ing physician. Dr. John de Sequeyra was the first to hold this posi- 

tion. When he resigned in 1795, after twenty years of service, two 

visiting physicians were appointed."" 

lo W. T. Palmer et al., eds., Calendar of Virginia State Papers (Richmond, 1881), 

11,279; 111,555,558; IV, 224. 

" Blanton, p. 166.


Dr. de Sequeyra was one of five physicians in the Williamsburg 

area during the late eighteenth century. The others, described as 

"men of ability and fine character," were Dr. George Riddell, who 

lived in Yorktown, Dr. Peter Hay, Dr. John M. Galt, and Dr. Wil- 

liam Pasteur. 

While de Sequeyra devoted considerable time to the treatment of 

the mentally ill, he was also a general practitioner of medicine. His 

extensive description of the diseases prevalent in Virginia is found 

in the archives of Colonial Williamsburg, among the papers of his 

prominent Williamsburg colleague John Galt, who served as Sur- 

geon-General of the 15th Virginia Regiment during the American 

Revolution. Galt and de Sequeyra apparently were closely associ- 

ated. Before Galt left Virginia to study medicine in England, de Se- 

queyra presented him with a copy of Physical Essays on the Parts of 

the Human Body and Animal Oeconomy (London, 1734). Later, 

Dr. Pasteur wrote Thomas Welling in London that de Sequeyra 

wished to be remembered to Galt, who was still in England.12 

During the fatal illness of Virginia's colonial governor, the Baron 

de Botetourt, Dr. de Sequeyra was called in to treat him. The ac- 

count of his treatment is contained in a letter from Robert Carter to 

the Duke of Beaufort, dated October 9, 1770: 

My Lord Duke: 

On Sunday, the 23d of last month, your uncle Lord Botetourt was 

at my house here, who complained of being a little indisposed. The 

next morning his Lordship took a dose of salts and went to the college 

chapel immediately after it, but did not stay the service out. Tuesday, 

the third day, John de Sequayra, physician, and Pestore [Pasteur], 

surgeon and apothecary, attended him. They say that his Lordship's 

complaint is two-fold, a bilious fever and Anthony's fire, that the first 

is not dangerous, and that the medicines given for the latter have had 

no visible operation, which is a circumstance very alarming to them. 

I shall write to your Grace from time to time, stating the condition of 

my noble, worthy, and near neighbor who has effectually obtained the 

love and affection of every person residing in his government, all of 

William and Mary Quarterly, 1st Ser., XVI (1907-1908), 37; Letters 1768-1777, 

Slater and Hanrott vs. Burdwell, 1798: U.S. Circuit Court, Virginia District (Vir- 

ginia State Library).


whom are now praying to the Almighty for his recovery. I am, with 

great respect, my Lord Duke, Your Grace's most obedient and most 

humble servant, 

R. CARTER." 

In 1769, during Martha Park Custis' long siege of epilepsy, Colonel 

George Washington frequently called in the noted Williamsburg 

physician to treat his stepdaughter "Patsy," as she was familiarly 

known. Family records show that Dr. de Sequeyra was first called 

in on May 9, 1769, on which date he "Received of Col. Washington 

a Pistole [a gold coin worth about $4.001 for prescribing for Miss 

Custis." Again on November 14, the doctor's visits and fees are 

recorded: "Visited and prescribed for Miss Custis £3-4-6; and 

again November 24, 25, 26 and 28; December 1, 12 and 14, do. 

£ 7-10-6." The last entry reads: "Received on 16th Dec'r. 1769 

of Col. George Washington the above sum [£ 10-5-01. . . . John 

de Sequeyra."" 

It is of interest to note the laws governing the practice of medicine 

and in effect during Dr. de Sequeyra's time. A law enacted in 1736, 

and unchanged for almost 150 years, provided "that no surgeon or 

apothecary, who had served an apprenticeship to those trades," 

should charge more than "Five shillings for any visit in town or 

within five miles, and one shilling more for every additional mile 

over five and under ten; for every ten miles, ten shillings and six 

pence additional for every mile above ten; provided, that those who 

had taken a degree in a university were permitted to double the afore- 

said charges." Physicians were forbidden to administer any remedy 

without at the same time handing to the patient an itemized state- 

ment of the ingredients and the prices thereof. For simple fractures, 

the fee allowed was £2; for compound fractures, £4.15 

Dr. de Sequeyra's interests extended into the field of horticulture, 

as Thomas Sewall pointed out, quoting a letter from J. A. Smith, 

President of William and Mary College ( 1825) : 

"Robert Carter Letter Book, Jan. 31-Nov. 12, 1770, pp. 24-25 (Virginia Historical 

Society). 

" Custis Papers 1765-1769 (Virginia Historical Society). 

" William and Mary Quarterly, 1st Ser., XIX (1910-1911), 154-55.

Courtesy, Colonial Williumsburg Phologrflphy, 

Williamsbrrrg, Va. 

Residence and office of Dr. John de Sequeyra

NOTES ON AN EARLY VIRGINIA PHYSICIAN 21 1 

It is said by Mr. [Thomas] Jefferson that we are indebted to him (Dr. 

Siccary) for the introduction of the admirable vegetable the tomato. 

He was of the opinion that a person who should eat a sufficient abun- 

dance of these apples would never die. Whether he followed his own 

prescription is not known, but he certainly attained a very old age, and 

particularly for the climate in which he lived.16 

The doctor was also one of eighty-four prominent Virginians who 

subscribed annually, for a term of eight years, in the amount of one 

pound or more, to a prize for the production of the best wine in the 

colony. The act "Proposals for the encouragement of useful under- 

takings," passed on October 30, 1760, had the following provisions: 

1. That the sum of five hundred pounds be given as a premium to the 

person who shall in any one year, within eight years from this date, 

make the best wine, in quantity not less than ten hogsheads. 

2. That one hundred pounds be given to the second candidate. 

3. That this money be raised by the annual subscription of such pub- 

lick-spirited gentlemen as are willing to encourage the undertaking. 

4. That the first payment of the subscription be made on the thirtieth 

of October one thousand seven hundred and sixty-one, and on the 

same day every year after. 

5. That as soon as the subscription shall be sufficient to pay the first 

premium, there be a meeting of the subscribers, in order to choose 

a collector or treasurer. 

6. That a select committee be chosen at the same time, who shall di- 

rect in what manner the said premiums shall be obtained, and to 

whom it may be recommended to enquire into the best methods of 

cultivation, &c. and publish them for the information of the publick. 

7. That if there be any overplus, it be given for the encouragement of 

such other articles as shall appear to the committee most advantage- 

ous to the colony. 

Dr. de Sequeyra subscribed £ 1-1-6 for each of eight years." 

We have only a fleeting picture of Dr. de Sequeyra's social and 

economic status in Colonial Williamsburg as shown by property re- 

cords and letters which have survived almost two centuries., From 

1783 (the date of the earliest records extant) until 1790, he was 

'' Sewall, p. 61. 

" W. W. Henig, ed., The Statutes at Large . . . Laws of Virginia (Richmond, 1820), 

VII, 566-67.


taxed on the basis of two adult slaves, two horses, and a 4-wheel 

post chaise, which he had disposed of by 1793, perhaps due to the 

infirmities of age. Little is known of his place of residence until 1772, 

when he signed a lease for the rental of quarters. The seven-year 

lease, signed on June 18, by him and by William Goodson, a promi- 

nent Williamsburg merchant, provided for an annual payment of 

thirty pounds (Virginia currency), and under it the doctor was 

granted occupancy of "three rooms at the east end of a large dwell- 

ing house." He was also given possession of the rooms and passages 

above them to the eastward, the adjoining yard, and "all houses, 

kitchens and buildings" (except Thomas Craig's tailor shop), "to- 

gether with one-half of the garden on the said lot and free use of the 

well thereon." These quarters were occupied by Dr. de Sequeyra 

and his two slaves. Later known as "Marot's" or "The English 

Coffee House," the large building was fully restored by Colonial 

Williamsburg and can be seen on the south side of Duke of Glouces- 

ter Street near Botetourt Street.ls 

That de Sequeyra was an avid reader is reflected in his purchases 

of books through the office of the Virginia Gazette. During the years 

1764-1766, the following items were recorded: 

"The World"-4 volumes 140 March 28, 1764 

Cash, sundry accounts 2-13-1-1/2 May 1764 

"The Adventures" 4 volumes 1-5-0 January 4, 1765 

Cash, sundry accounts, 2-9-9 April 30, 176519 

Dr. de Sequeyra died in 1795 in the city to which he had devoted 

a half century of service. His brief death notice read as follows: "On 

the 30th ult. [sic] in Williamsburg, Doct. John de Sequira, in the 

83rd year of his age, 50 of which he lived in the above place. He 

was born in London, and studied physic at Leyden, under the great 

[Hermann] Boerhaave, and was reputed to be an eminent famous 

phy~ician."~~ 

IS Williamsburg Personal Property Records, 1783-1861 (Virginia State Library); 

York County Records, Deeds, VIII, 236-38. 

'"Virginia Gazette Day Book, 1764-1766, p. 28, Colonial Williamsburg, Microfilm 

Collections, M-1136. 

Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser, March 18, 1795.

Brief Notices 

AARONSOHN, AARON. Yoman Aharon Ahnronson ["The Diary of Aaron Aaronsohn"] 

(1916-1919). Tel Aviv: Hotsa'at Sfarim Karni, 1970. 518 pp. [Hebrew] 

Edited by Yoram Efrati, this handsome volume reflects the concerns of a 

major founder of the modern Jewish community in Ottoman and British-occupied 

Palestine. The diary, translated into Hebrew from French by Uri Kesari, begins 

in Haifa on January 9, 1.916, and ends in Paris on February 21, 1919, just before 

Aaronsohn's death in an airplane crash. A great agronomist, Aaronsohn was wellknown 

in the United States, and his diary contains numerous references to American 

Jews like Jacob Henry Schiff, Julian W. Mack, Judah L. Magnes, and 

Henrietta Szold. The volume contains a foreword by Rivka Aaronsohn, an introduction 

by Yoram Efrati, several photographs, and an index. 

BELLOW, SAUL. Mr. Sammler's Planet. New York: Viking Press, 1970. 313 pp. $6.95 

Quebec-born Bellow, the creator of Augie March and Moses Herzog, has now 

imagined Artur Sammler, a tall, one-eyed old European Jew, a survivor of the 

Nazi Holocaust, who finds himself obliged to endure the puzzling scenes of 

present-day New York City with all its oddities, corrosions, and confrontations. 

This is not the least of Bellow's novels. 

BERKOWITZ, WILLIAM, Edited by. Lei Us Reason Together. New York: Crown 

Publishers, 1970. 224 pp. $5.95 

Rabbi Berkowitz, of New York City's Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, has edited 

a collection of "dialogues" with various notables: inter nlios, Cecil Roth, Sholom 

Secunda, Mordecai M. Kaplan, Lewis L. Strauss, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Zalman 

Schachter, Ira A. Hirschmann, Leon H. Keyserling, Joseph Blau, and Jan Peerce. 

The volume is indexed. 

CARPI, DANIEL, Edited by. Zionism: Studies in the History of the Zionist Movement 

and of the Jews in Palestine. Tel Aviv: Tel-Aviv University and Hakibbutz 

Hameuchad Publishing House, 1970. 503 pp. [Hebrew] 

Of particular American interest and reference in this volume are Avyatar 

Friesel's study "The 'Knights of Zion' in Chicago and Their Relations with the 

Zionist Federation in America (1898-1916)," Galia Yardeni-Agmon's "Naphtali 

Herz Imber: Leaves from My Palestine [Diary]," and Perla Reicher's "Jewish 

Publications in Uruguay (1922-1966)." 

CHYET, STANLEY F. Lopez of Newport: Colonial American Merchant Prince. Detroit: 

Wayne State University Press, 1970.246 pp. $8.95 

Dr. Chyet offers a detailed biography of Aaron Lopez (ca. 1731-1782), who 

came to Khode Island in the early 1750's from his native Portugal, reverted to 

his ancestral Judaism, and went on to achieve the rank of what his contemporary 

Ezra Stiles called "a merchant of eminence." The volume includes notes, illustrations, 

a bibliography, and an index. 

213


PEIBLEMAN, JAMES K. The Way of a Man: An Autobiography. New York: Horizon 

Press, 1969.401 pp. $10.00 

Philosopher Feibleman's autobiography, he suggests, "is not entirely a personal 

story," but "a story about some events in the world which [he] can best explain 

by telling how [he] felt their effect or . . . first heard about them." This native of 

Louisiana whose parents were of "German-Jewish, peasant-farmer stock" describes 

his encounters with, z'nter alios, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Jacob Epstein, 

Sherwood Anderson, Albert Einstein, William Faulkner, Gertrude Stein, John 

Dos Passos, and John Steinbeck. Alas, no index. 

FEINGOLD, HENRY L. The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the 

Holocaust, 1938-1945. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1970. 

xiii, 394 pp. $12.50 

The author, a member of the faculty of Bernard Baruch College in New York 

City, understands that, "for those who assumed that the New Deal was what its 

rhetoric said it was, the accumulation of evidence of indifference and even complicity 

in the Final Solution [Hitler's genocidal anti-Semitism] is difficult to accept!' 

Dr. Feingold, himself a refugee from Hitler Germany, is aware that anti- 

Roosevelt fulminations "are partly based on a misreading of American, especially 

New Deal, history" and "make us no wiser about why the Roosevelt Administration's 

rescue effort was so meager." He is at pains, "not always successfully," he 

says, to avoid fulminations. His important account is documented and supplemented 

with a bibliography and an index. 

FRIESEL, AVYATAR. The Zionist Movement in the United States, 1897-1914. Tel 

Aviv: Tel-Aviv University and Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1970. 

3 19 pp. [Hebrew] 

Dr. Friesel, of the University of the Negev in Beersheba, has divided his account 

into three parts: The Political Zionists (1897-1904), in which Hibbat Zion, 

the Federation of American Zionists, and leaders like Richard J. H. Gottheil and 

Jacob de Haas are discussed; The Cultural Zionists (1905-1910), which deals 

with leaders like Solomon Schechter, Israel Friedlaender, Harry Friedenwald, 

and Judah L. Magnes, with the Zionist debate in the Reform Movement, and 

with such organizations as the Knights of Zion, the Poale Zion, and the Mizrachi; 

and The Lipsky Administration (191 1-1914), which focusses on Louis Lipsky 

and the expansion of Zionist influence. The work is well-documented and indexed. 

SHARFMAN, I. HAROLD. "Nothing Left to Commemorate": The Story of the Pfoneer 

Jews of Jackson, Amador County, California. Glendale, Cal.: Arthur H. Clark 

Company, 1969.181 pp. $10.00 

Dr. Sharfman offers a very handsomely presented contribution to California 

Jewish history. His account of Jewish life in the Mother Lode area is well documented 

and supplemented by a number of illustrations. An appendix reproduces 

the constitution and bylaws of Jackson's Congregation B'nai Israel as they appeared 

in 1873. Dr. Sharfman provides an index as well.

A 

AARONSOHN, AARON, 213; RIVKA, 213 

ABBo~, LEONARD D., 23,29 

ABERNATHY, RALPH, 138 

~ ~ Cahan, b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

(Zlotnick), 33-36, 39-46 

ABRAHAMS, ISRAEL, 117 

ABRAMS, JACOB (JACK), 1,9-14, 16, 18- 

19,23,26-27; MARY, 7,14 

Alienation, 34, 42 

60* 68, 1319 lg7 

Allaire Restaurant, New York City, 28- 

29 

lAllemania h i l ~ ~ Society, ~ m ~ Cincinnati, ~ ~ 116 ~ ~ 

Allen Ginsberg in America (Kramer), 

107 

ALLEN* WALLAc~* 135 

Allies (First World War), 7-9, 14 

d 

Academicians, 103 

Acapulco, Mexico, 117 

Accidents, 213; see also Catastrophes 

Accommodation, 107 

Acculturation, 104; see also Assimilation 

ACKERMAN, WILLIAM, 113; MRS., 1 13 

Act of Parliament (1740), 202 

Activists, 22, 42 

Actors, 63-64, 67, 71-72, 170, 194 

ADAMS, EDWARD B., 23 

Adath Israel Synagogue, Cincinnati, 11 3 

Addresses, 115, 195; see also Lectures, 

Sermons, Speeches 

ADERHOLD, J. DON, 137 

Adjustment, 119 

ADLER, C-ES, 48; CYRUS, 115; 

F E ~ 84; , F-K J., 113; ISAAC, 84; 

ALPER, ROBERT, 114 

Alta California, 87 

Amador Cal.* 214 

Ambassadors, 103, 201 

America, 1, 7-10, 14-16, 22, 24, 27, 29, 

31, 34, 36, 39, 41, 45, 47, 63-64, 68, 

70, 72, 86-87, 103-12, 117, 119, 160, 

163, 170-73, 175-76, 181, 184-85, 

190, 194, 198, 203, 213-14; Military 

Mission, 13; see also New World, 

North America, United States 

American for Jewish Research, 

6 

American Civil Liberties Union, 28, 32 

American Israelite (Cincinnati), 156 

American Jewish Archives, 5 

American Jewish Committee, 116 

American Jewish Historical Society, 

JACOB, 170; ROBERT S., 118; SAMUEL, lo7 

84 American Jewish Joint Distribution 

Adler Township, N. D., 48 

Committee, 11 5 

Adobe, 87,93 American Jewish Relief Committee, 

Advertising, 144 

Affidavits, 116 

Agents, 10-11, 128, 133-35, 146, 149; 

116 

American Jewry, 104, 107-9, 1 1 1-12, 

1159 l19-20,213 

see also Forwarding agents American Medical Biography 

Aggada; see Haggadah 

Agriculture, 30; see also Farming 

(Thacher), 203 

American Military Mission, 13 

Agronomists, 213 

AGUIRRE, PEDRO, 92 

Airplanes, 21 3 

Aix-la-Chapelle, 202 

American Nazis, 135 

American Red Cross, 13 

American Revolution; see Revolutionary 

War 

Akron, Ohio, 113 

Alabama, 12, 22, 125, 138; see also Birmingham, 

Mobile, Montgomery 

Albuquerque. N. M.. 119 

Alibis, 150 

American Zionist Organization, 120 

Americanization, 35, 39, 44, 163, 181, 

186 

AMES, EZRA, 109 

Amnesties, 18, 22-25, 27 

21 5


Amusements, 163, 171 

stone, Tucson, Yuma 

Anarchists, 9-14, 16, 22, 26, 28, 30-31, Ark, 132 

105, 189 

Arkansas, 125 

ANDERSON, SHERWOOD, 214 

Arlington, Va., 135 

ANDREWS, ROBERT, 206 

Anglican Church, 202 

Anshai Emeth Synagogue, Peoria, Ill., 

136 

Anshai Russia Congregation, Newark, 

N. J., 113 

Anshe Chesed Congregation, Vicksburg, 

Miss., 113-14 

Anshe Emeth Memorial Temple, New 

Brunswick, N. J., 120 

Anthologies, 105, 108 

Anthony's fire, 207 

Anti-Americanism, 30 

Anti-Bolsheviks, 1, 25, 183 

Anti-Chassidim, 187 

Anti-Defamation League (B'nai B'rith), 

144, 150 

Anti-Jewishness; see Anti-Semitism 

Anti-liberals, 183 

Anti-Roosevelt, 214 

Anti-Semitism, 64, 84, 108, 112, 115, 

123, 125-26, 128, 130, 135-36, 144, 

146, 148, 151-52, 165,214 

Antisociability, 85 

Anti-Zionism, 159 

Antwerp, 47 

Apothecaries, 207-8 

Appeals, 13, 17 

Apples, 58 

Apprentices, 172-74, 176, 196, 208 

AQUINAS, THOMAS, 148 

Arabs, 103, 107-8, 129; language and literature, 

82 

Arbeiterzeitung, 4 1-42 

ARBUCKLE (coffee manufacturer), 58 

Archaeology, 5, 81-82 

ARCHEBALD, JOHN H., AND WOOD, TUCson, 

Ariz., 88 

Archives, 33, 41, 43, 207 

Arithmetic, 80 

Arizona, 2, 87-89, 95, 98, 101, 112; Pioneers' 

Historical Society, Tucson, 86; 

Seventh Territorial Legislature, 99; 

Social Club, Tucson, 100; Territorial 

Legislature, 86, 99; see also Florence, 

Fort Huachuca, Fort Lowell, Pima 

County, Prescott, Safford, Tomb- 

Armed services; see British Army, Military, 

Soldiers, Union Army (Civil 

War), United States, War 

Army posts, 101 

"Arnold B. Ehrlich: A Personal Recollection" 

(Stern), 73-74, 77-85 

Arrests, 125, 134-36, 147, 152 

ARROWSMITH, HAROLD NOEL, 135 

Art, artists, 109, 152; see also Painting, 

Portraits 

Aryans, 126 

Assimilation, 34, 39-40; see also Acculturation 

Associated Jewish Charities, Baltimore, 

106 

Asylums, 204, 206 

Atheists, 39 

Atlanta, 15, 18, 26, 123, 125-39, 141- 

53, 165; Baptist Association, 137; 

Baptist Pastors' Conference, 137; 

Board of Education, 143; B'nai B'rith, 

131; Christian Council, 137; Constitution, 

129, 134-35, 141, 151; 

E. Rivers School, 143; First Baptist 

Church, 145, 149; Friendship Hall, 

143; Jewish Community Center, 143; 

Journal, 128-30, 134, 142; Missionary 

Baptist Association, 137; University, 

138; West Methodist Group, 137 

Atlantic Ocean, 160 

Atlases, 104 

Attorneys; see Lawyers 

Attorneys General, 17, 128 

Auction sales, 57 

Auditoriums, 143 

AUERBACH (family), 117; COMPANY, 

117-18 

AUERBACH, ARNOLD, 78; JULIUS, 78; 

OLGA EHRLICH, 73 78 

Austria, 13, 202 

Authority, 22, 141 

Authors; see Writers 

Autobiographies, 33, 46, 104-5, 116, 

118-19,214 

Autobiography of Nahum Goldmann, 

104-5 

Automobiles, 133-34, 147, 174 

Avarice, 7 1

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIIf 

BERKOWTZ, WILLIAM, 2 13 

BERLIN, CHAIM, 107; CHARLES, 106; 

B sr B Waist Manufacturhg Company, IRVING, 108 

169-70. 179 

Berlin, Germany, 103 

BERMAN, MYRON, 119 

~ad~e, 69 

Bernard Baruch Collece. New York 

u. 

Baia California. 90 

City, 214 

in^, 52, 59 . 

Bernard Malamud and Philip Roth 

BALDWIN, ROGER N., 32 

(Meeterl. 110 

Baltic-American Line, 29 

BERNSTEIN;.ETHEL, 18, 21; LEONARD, 

Baltimore, 106, 114, 118 

108; ROSE, 14 

Bank of Tucson, 102 

Beth-El Congregation, Miami, Fla., 127 

Banking, 64, 73, 86, 89, 96, 100, 102, Beth Israel Congregation, Jackson, 

179 

Miss., 138; Portland, Or., 113 

BANKS, ARTHUR, 104 

BET~MAN, BERNHARD, 159 

Banquets, 120 

Bevis Marks Congregation, London, 

Baptism (Christian), 79 

198 

Baptists, 137, 145, 147 

BEWER, JULIUS, 84 

BARNES, J. H. (JACK), 68 

Bible, Bible criticism, Bible references, 

Barns, 60-61 

2, 35, 73, 80-81, 83-84, 107, 122, 

Barter, 97 

162, 169, 192, 195; see also Torah 

Bartlett, N. D., 51, 60 

Bibliographies, 33, 1034, 106, 109-11, 

Baseball, 194 

213-14 

Basilia, Russia, 187 

BIBO (family), 119; ARTHUR J., 119 

BASINGER, MRS. PAUL, 116 

Bicycles, 60 

BASINSKI, JULIUS, 112 

BWDLE, MAJOR, New York City, 11-12 

Basketball, 194 

BIEDENKAPP, FRED, 17 

Bathhouses, 187 

Big Brothers Association, 122 

BAUM, BERNARD (BERELE), 160-66, Big Little Man from Brooklyn (Mc- 

169-76, 179-97; DANIEL, 193; Kelway), 110 

ESTHER, 183; EZEKIEL, 193; HARRY, Bigotrv, 125, 136 

169, 172; MIRIAM, 161; MIRIAM ~ivkur '~holim Congregation, San Jose, 

FEIGL, 191; ROSE, 161; see also Cal.. 113 

Brooks, Martin 

~ilious' fever, 207 

Bavaria, 118 

"Bintel Brief' (Forward), 120 

BEACHY, DORIS, 137 

Biography, 33, 63, 103-7, 118, 148, 

BEAUFORT, DUKE OF, 207-8 

203,213 

Beans, 98 

Birmingham, Ala., 127, 136 

Beaumont, Tex., 138 

BLACHSCHLEGER, EUGENE, 138, 141 

Beef, 97 

Black anti-Semitism, 108 

BEERMAN, FRED, 132 

Black Cabinet (Russia), 31 

Beersheba, Israel, 214 

Black Revolution, 108 

Behavior, 67 

Blacks, 122, 126, 129, 153; see also 

Belief, 192 

Negroes, Negro-Jewish relations 

Bellevue Hospital, New York City, 10 Blackwell's Island, New York City, 15 

BELLOW, SAUL, 110,213 

Blade, 59 

Belts, 90 

BLAIR, JOHN, 205-6 

BEN-HORIN, MEIR, 11 1 

BLANK, MAX, 162, 170, 174 

BENTON, ROBERT, 132, 144 

BLANTON, WYNDHAM BOLLING, 206 

Berg, Mosel Valley, 47 

BLAU, JOSEPH, 213 

BERKMAN, ALEXANDER, 1, 10, 28, 30 Bleter fun mayn lebn (Cahan), 33-34 

BERKOWTS, EWEZER, 107 

Blizzards, 49, 53, 57


BLOCH, CHARLES, 126 

Blockades, 27 

Blouses, 162, 173-74, 179-82 

BLUESTONE, HARRY, 114 

B'nai B'rith, Independent Order of, 114, 

198; Anti-Defamation League, 144, 

150; Klutznick Exhibit Hall, Washington, 

D. C., 198; Mexican Bureau, 

121; see also Atlanta; Burlington 

Lodge No. 251; Isaac Lodge No. 87; 

Monessen, Pa. 

B'nai Israel Congregation, Charleston, 

W. Va., 113; Hattiesburg, Miss., 138; 

Jackson (Amador County), Cal., 214 

B'nai Jehudah Congregation, Kansas 

City, Mo., 113 

B'nai Jeshumn Congregation, New 

York City, 213 

Boarders, boardinghouses, 40, 201 

Boats, 60; see also Ships 

BOERHAAVE, HERMANN, 212 

BOGEN, BORIS D., 154-55 

Bohemians, 112 

BOLLING; see Bowling 

Bolsheviks, 8, 13,3 1, 183 

Bombings, 123, 125, 127-39, 141-44, 

14647, 149, 151-53; see also Dynamiting 

Book reviews, 116 

Bookbinders Union, 12-1 3 

Books, 31, 33, 45, 59, 78, 100, 103-12, 

132, 148, 154, 172, 207, 212-14; see 

also Hebrew language, Textbooks, 

Writers 

BOOTH, EDWIN, 64 

Borisover landsmanshaft, 22 

"Borscht belt" (Catskills) , 40 

Boston, 47,71-72, 115 

BOTETOURT, BARON DE, 207 

Bottles, 91 

BOWLING (BOLLING), RICHARD, 135, 

BRIEF, NEIL, 121 

BRIGHT, GEORGE MICHAEL, 135, 137, 

144-52 

BRISMAN, SHIMEON, 106 

British; see England, Great Britain 

British Army, 205 

British Military Mission, 13 

Brokers, 100 

Bronchos, 54,57 

Bronx, The, N. Y., 172, 183 

Brooklyn, N. Y., 71, 107, 110-11; College, 

33 

BROOKS, MARTIN, 194 

Brotherhood, 125, 143, 152, 192; see 

also Interfaith relations, International 

brotherhood 

BROWN, WILLIAM HENRY, 109 

Brownsville (Landesman), 107 

Bucharest, 117 

"Buddhist Jews," 107 

Buffalo, N. Y., 142 

Buffaloes, 48 

Buford (steamship), 18 

Buggies, 60-61 

Buildings, 61, 87, 129, 132-34, 136, 

142, 151, 212 

BUNIN (anarchist leader), 14 

BURDINE, ESSLEY, 144 

Burlington, Iowa, 114; Lodge No. 251, 

B'nai B'rith, 114 

Burlington, Vt., 118 

BURWELL, NATHANIEL, 205 

Business, 78, 86, 88-89, 91, 95, 98, 102, 

115-16, 119, 122, 169-70, 174, 176, 

191; see also Department stores, Economic 

life, Merchants, Retail, Storekeepers, 

Wholesalers 

Business managers, 67 

Businessmen; see Merchants 

Butter, 59 

147; ROBERT, 135, 149 

BOXERMAN, BURTON A., 1 12 

C 

Boycotts, 125 

BRANDEIS, LOUIS D., 15, 22, 24 

BRANHAM, BILLY, 146 

BRAV, STANLEY R., 118 

BRAXTON, E. RANDOLPH, 203 

Bread, 52, 59 

BRESLIN, JIMMY, 109-10 

Bricks, 50 

Bridegrooms, 173 

BRIDPORT, HUGH, 109 

CAHAN, ABRAHAM, 1, 28, 33-37, 39-46, 

105, 170, 181 

Calico, 98, 100 

California, 72, 87-89, 92, 102, 120, 

215; Gold Rush, 87, 120; Mother 

Lode, 214; see also Amador County, 

Jackson, San Diego, San Francisco, 

San Jose 

Camp Upton, N. Y., 163, 165 

Campaigns, 109-10

INDEX TO VOLUME xxw 219 

Canaanites, 81 

CHAIEMEL OF ZINKOV (Hasidic rabbi), 

Canada, 53, 109, 121, 138; see also 

Vancouver 

Candler School of Theology, Atlanta, 

138 

Canned goods, 88; &e also Food 

CANNON, WILLIAM, 138 

Cantors, 166, 186, 193 

Capital, 89-90, 101, 169; see also 

Money 

Capital punishment, 144, 149 

Capitalism, 7-8, 16-17, 25, 29, 31, 43 

CAPONE, AL, 133 

Captains, 164 

Card playing, 58 

Cardozo and Frontiers of Legal Think- 

186 

Chamblee, Ga., 147 

Chapels, 133, 186, 207 

Chaplains, 117, 121, 130 

Charity; see Philanthropy 

Charleston, S. C., 121; W. Va., 113 

Charlotte, N. C., 127, 136-37 

Cham, JEROME, 108 

CHEKHOV, ANTON, 4 1 

CHESTER, WAYNE, 131 

Chicago, 71-72, 113, 120, 181, 185,213; 

Ledger, 59; University, 84 

Childbirth, Chicago, 51, 53, 59 

Children, 1, 17, 40, 47, 51, 53-54, 57- 

60, 80, 143, 161, 171-74, 183, 191ing 

(Levy), 108 

CARDOZO, BENJAMIN NATHAN, 108 

Cargoes, 88, 90, 96; see also Ship 

ments 

Caricaturists, 67 

CARLYLE, THOMAS, 148 

Carolina Israelite, 104 

94 

Chile, 98 

Choir, 132 

Chosen Few (Quinn), 112 

Chosen (Potok), 111 

Christian Anti-Jewish Party, 135 

Christianity, 67, 69-70, 84, 100, 103, 

Carpenters, 172 

Carpets, 53, 57, 61 

CARPI, DANIEL, 21 3 

CARRILLO, LEOPOLD, 88 

Cars; see Automobiles, Street cars 

Carson wagons, 92; see also Wagons 

CARTER, ROBERT, 207-8 

Cartoonists, cartoons, 119, 126-27 

CARUSO, ENRICO, 171 

CARVALHO, DAVID NUNES, 121 

CASH; see Currency, Money 

CASTRO, MORRIS FIDANQUE, 115 

Catastrophes, 171, 190, 213, 214; see 

also Accidents 

Catechisms, 90 

Cathedrals, 133 

Catholic Church, 60, 87, 128 

Catskill Mountains, N. Y., 40 

Cattle, 57, 97, 180 

Cemeteries, 60, 198 

Censors, 3 1 

Centennial (steamship), 91 

Central Conference of American Rabbis, 

82, 117 

Central Synagogue, New York City, 84 

Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem, 

110, 121, 128, 130-31, 137-38, 141- 

42, 153, 164, 169, 198; see also Anglican, 

Baptists, Catholic, Episcopalians, 

Gentiles, Greek Orthodox, Non-Jews, 

Protestants 

Christmas, 138 

Church, the; Churches, 87, 129-30, 133, 

137-38, 141, 143-45, 151 

CHYET, STANLEY F., 121-22, 213 

CICERO, MARCUS T~LLIUS, 148 

Cincinnati, 113, 118, 120-22, 130-3 1, 

142, 15655; Allemania Society, 116; 

Big Brothers Association, 122; Jewish 

Community Center, 154; Rockdale 

Temple, 154-55; Times-Star, 116 

Circuit Court of Appeals, New York 

State, 12 

Cities; see Urban areas 

Citizens, citizenship, 23-24, 72, 95, 99, 

12P-30, 171; see also Second-class 

City councils, 129; see also Municipal 

Civic activities, 119 

Civil liberties; see Rights 

Civil Liberties Union; see American 

Civil Liberties Union 

Civil rights; see Rights 

115-16 

CERF, J., COMPANY (business firm, San 

Francisco), 91 

CHAFEE, ZECHARIAH, 22-23 

Civil War (United States), 60, 64, 121, 

171 

Civilians, 99, 169 

Civilization, 81, 129, 190


Claims (land), 6 1-62 

Colorado Navigation Company, 91-92 

Clara Bell (steamship), 91 

Colorado River, 90-92, 95 

CLARK, WALTER, 201 

Columbia University, 82 

Classes, 26, 107, 172; see also Labor, Columbus Concordia, Columbus, Ga., 

Lower classes, Magnates, Masses, the; 114 

Peasants, Plutocrats, Poor, the; Skilled Columbus, Ga., 114, 152; Ohio, 118 

workers, Wealth, Working class Comedy, comics, 34,44, 63, 67-68 

Classical languages, 74 

Commandments, 192 

Classics, 8 1 

Commentaries, biblical, 81; rabbinical, 

CLAY, BERTHA M., 59; Luc~us D., 106 

CLAYTON, HENRY DE LAMAR, 12-14, 

21-22 

Clergy, 104, 129-31, 134, 136-38, 141, 

145, 153 

Clerks, 61, 87, 97 

Cleveland, 1 14 

ClichBs, 45 

Clifford Odets: Humane Dramatist 

(Mendelsohn) , 110-1 1 

Clinton, Tenn., 130, 136 

Cloakmakers, 169 

Cloth, 90-91 

Clothing, 34, 87; see also Garment industry 

Clowns, 1, 63 

Clubs, 100, 108, 119, 129; see also 

Night clubs, Organizations, Social 

life 

Coal mining, 195 

Coat of Many Colors: Israel (Mikes), 

83 

Commerce, domestic, 121; foreign, 121; 

see also Business, Economic life 

Commissaries, 205 

Committee on Public Information 

(United States), 23 

Communal life; see Jewish community 

Communism, 26, 28, 30-32, 129, 131, 

134, 183-84 

competition, 88 

CONAN, ABRAHAM P., 34 

Concentration camps, 3 1 

Concerts, 163; see also Music 

Confederacy, 133, 141-42 

"Confederate Underground," 127, 131, 

133-34, 136, 141 

"Confederate Union," 127-28 

Conflicts, 11 1-12 

Confrontations, 110 

Congregations, 113-14, 121, 125-27, 

129-30, 132, 138, 143, 166, 169, 198, 

111 

213, 214; see also Synagogues, Tem- 

Cochran, Ga., 142 

ples 

Coffee, 58, 98; houses, 40 

Congress (of Mexico), 95; (of the 

Coffins, 50, 60 

United States), 12, 14-15, 22, 121, 

COHEN, ALEX, 117; MRS. 117; ALFRED 153, 165, 185; see also House of 

M., 154-55; HERMANN, 85; JACK J., Representatives, Senators 

111; MORRIS R., 105 

Connecticut; see Ridgefield, Voluntown, 

Coin, 91, 97, 100-101, 212; see also Woodstock 

Currency, Money 

Conscientious objectors, 10 

COLE, ARTHUR, 147 

Consecrated Unto Me (Gittelsohn), 

COLLAS, LOUIS A., 109 

104 

Colleges, 5, 30, 74, 125, 164, 172, 203, Conservatism (political), 22, 142 

207-8, 214; Bernard Baruch, New Conservative Judaism, 120 

York City, 214; Bronx Community, Consolidated Bank of Tucson, 102 

New York City, 214; Brooklyn, 33; Consolidated National Bank, Tucson, 

Dropsie, 82; Knox, 125; Sacramento 102 

State, 63; William and Mary, 203, Constitution (Atlanta), 129, 134-35, 

208; see also Theological colleges, 141, 151 

Universities 

Constitution (of United States), 14-15, 

Colloquialism, 34 

22, 24, 129, 171, 185; First Amend- 

Colonels, 208 

ment, 14 

Colonial period (American), 11 1, 207 Consuls, 117 

Colonies, American, 201-3, 21 1, 2 13 Contempt of court, 152

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIII 

Contractor (contracting) system, 169- 

70, 176, 180, 186, 195-96 

Contracts, 185 

Controversies, 1 13 

Conversion, 121, 198 

COOKE, EDMUND V., 18; GEORGE FRED- 

Curses, 44 

Curtains, 61, 176 

CUSTIS, MARTHA PARK ("PATSY"), 208 

Customs (ceremonies, practices, ways), 

175, 181, 192 

Customs (duties), custom houses, 95- 

ERICK, 63 

96 

Cooking, 52, 58 

Czarist Russia; see Russia 

Copyists, 171 

Czecho-Slovaks, 8 

Corks, 9 1 

Corky's Brother (Neugeboren), 11 1 

D 

Cornerstones, 133 

Corporations, 50 

Dakota Territory, 47; see also North 

Correspondence, 86, 89, 113-18; see Dakota 

also Letters 

DALLEK, ROBERT, 103 

Correspondents, 109 

Dancing, 35, 50, 60 

Cosmopolitanism, 203 

DARWIN, CHARLES, 36 

Costumes, 68; see also Garb 

Davenport, Iowa, 130 

Councils, municipal; see Municipal DAVIDSON, SAUL, 1 18 

councils 

DAVIS, CAPTAIN (First World War), 

Country clubs, 108 

164; SAMMY, JR., 121 

Corn; see de la Cour (family) 

DAVISON, LYNN, 34 

Court martials, 166 

Day of Atonement; see Yom Kippur 

Courts, 11-13, 22, 70, 121, 127, 129, Day schools, 119 

141, 145-46, 150, 185, 206; contempt Days of Awe, 39 

of, 152; see also Circuit Court of Ap- DE HAAS, JACOB, 214 

peals, Military courts, Supreme Court DE LA COUR (family), 198 

(United States) 

DE SEQUEYRA; see Sequeyra 

Covenant, 192 

DE SILVER, ALBERT, 6, 28 

CRAIG, MRS. MARILYN, 148, 150-51; Death(s), 10, 12, 21, 52, 60, 73, 78, 

THOMAS, 212 

112, 132, 150, 198, 201, 212-13 

CRAIGIE, MRS., 85 

Debates, 214 

CRANE, HART, 41,45 

DEBS, EUGENE V., 10 

CRAPANZANO, JANE; see Kramer, Jane Debts, 60, 89, 100 

Creativity, 36 

Decoration Day, 60 

Credit, 54, 89, 102 

Deeds, 198 

CREEL, GEORGE, 23 

Delaware, 114, 125 

Crime, criminals, 10, 128, 133, 138, DELITZSCH, FRANZ, 79-80 

148, 152-53; see also Murder Democracy, 22, 24, 42, 128, 133, 181, 

Criticism, critics, 41, 45, 70-71, 78, 82, 184-85, 190 

107, 152 

Democrat a~zd Diplomat: The Life of 

Criticism (of the Bible), 80; see also William E. Dodd (Dallek), 103 

"Higher criticism" 

Democratic Party, 109, 115 

Critique of Pure Reaton (Kant), 85 DENIKIN, ANTON, 183 

Crochet hooks, 90 

Denization, 202; see also Naturaliza- 

Crops, 54 

tion 

Crosses, burnings of, 126, 133 

Department of Commerce (United 

Cruelty, 71 

States), 121 

CUKIER, GOLDA, 121 

Department of Justice (United States), 

Culture, 2, 5, 67, 103, 119, 163, 190, 

214 

Currants, 59 

Currency; see Coin, Money 

10 

- - 

Department stores, 115 

Deportations, 13, 16, 18, 22-25, 27, 29- 

31

Depressions, 9 1, 1 11 

DRACHMAN, BERNARD, 83 

Des Moines, Iowa, 118 

Draft (First World War), 163, 171 

Desert, 91 

Drafts, 96, 100; see also Money 

Desertion, 40 

Draftsmen, 135 

Designers, 182-83 

Drama; see Music, Theatre 

Despotism, 9, 18, 22-24 

Dramatists, 110, 190; see also Play- 

Detroit, 109 

wrights, Theatre 

DEUTCHMAN BROTHERS, 179 

DREISER, THEODORE, 41, 45 

DEUTSCH, BABETTE, 103; GOTTHARD, Dress, 163 

155-56 

Dresses, 181-82, 186 

Devil's Island, 15 

DREYFUS, ALFRED, 15 

Devil's Lake, N. D., 53 

Dropsie College, Philadelphia, 82 

DEVORE, ELDRED, 147; JAMES, 147, 149, Drugstores, 147, 150 

151 

Dialect, 34, 44 

Dialogue, 43, 130,213 

DIAMOND, SANDER A., 112 

Diaries, 112, 116, 118,213 

Diaspora, 45, 108 

Dictatorship, 42 

Dictionaries, 82 

Dietary laws, 49; see also Kashruth, 

Dry goods trade, 87, 90,99, 115 

Dryage, 98 

DUBINSKY, DAVID, 197 

DUBOW, SYLVAN M., 121 

Ducks, 61 

Duties: see Customs 

~~eing, 57 

Dynamiting, 125, 127, 133, 135-38, 

143, 147-48, 152-53; see also Bomb- 

Terefah 

DIGGES, DUDLEY, 205-6 

Dignity, 67-71, 83 

Dinners, 154-56, 159 

Diplomats, 103, 110 

Dire Society for the Propagation of Human 

Faith, 134 

Discipline, 165, 169, 175 

Discrimination, 69, 112, 194 

Diseases, 203, 207; see also Epidemics 

DISEND, MICHAEL, 103 

Disputations, 20 1 

Dissertations, 20 1 

District of Columbia; &e Washington 

Divorce, 40,42 

Dixie; see South (United States) 

Doctors; see Physicians, Surgeons 

Doctrines, 110 

Documents, 30, 80, 113-15, 119, 214 

DODD, WILLIAM E., 103 

Dodds Township, N. D., 51 

Do-gooders, 142 

DOHSE, MICHAEL, 119 

DOIBER & GOTITRIED, 181 

Dominoes, 90 

Dos P~ssos, JOHN, 214 

"Double Jeopardy-The Abrams Case 

of 1919" (Szajkowski), 6-18, 21-32 

DOUGHERTY (North Dakota family), 

54, 60; DAN, 54 

ings 

E 

E. Rivers School, Atlanta, Ga., 143 

"Early Days: The Story of Sarah Thal," 

47-54, 57-62 

Early History of Lakota (King), 47 

Early Jews of New Orleans (Korn), 

106-7 

East (United States), 54 

East Broadway, New York City, 171, 

189 

East European Jews, 107, 119 

East India, 201 

East River, N. Y., 15 

East Side, New York City, 12, 105, 171, 

179, 189; see also Lower East Side 

EASTMAN, MAX, 12 

Easton, Pa., 120 

Economic life, 2, 36, 39, 42, 73, 87, 

102, 111, 121, 125-26, 189, 202, 211 

EDEN, ANTHONY, 109 

Editorials, 42, 135, 141-42 

Editors, 24, 28, 33, 40, 42-43, 129, 142, 

152, 156, 170 

EDOUART, AUGUSTIN, 109 

Education, 43, 74, 110-11, 120, 135, 

163-65, 172, 191, 193, 204; see also 

Colleges, High schools, Public

INDEX f0 VOLUME =Iff 

schools, Sabbath, Schools, Universities 

EDWARDS, ELDON, 147 

EFRATI, YORAM, 213 

Egotism, 82 

77-85; MRS. ARNOLD B., .75, 78; 

OLGA, 75, 78 

EICHHORN, DAVID M., 118 

EINSTEIN, ALBERT, 112, 115, 214; 

LEWIS, 103 

EISENBERG, FREDERICK A., 121-22 

EISENHOWER, DWIGHT D., 133, 138 

Elections, 99 

Elementary schools, 80 

Elevated railroads, 160 

ELIOT, T. S., 214 

Ellaville, Ga., 142 

Ellingen, Saar Valley, 47 

Established Church (Anglican), 202 

Estonia (steamship), 29-30 

Eternal light, 132- 

Ethics, 175 

~thnicit~, 110-11 

E~GER, MRS. CARL N., 1 18 

Eudora (steamship), 87 

Europe, 31, 36, 47, 69, 87, 120, 173, 

182; Jews of, 213; see also Old Country, 

Old World, Western Europe 

Ex Merchantman (steamship), 90-91 

Exchange business; see Money 

Executives, 112 

Exegetes, exegesis, 2, 82 

Exile. 31-32, 175 

~x~eAence, 107, 169 

Exports, 182 

Extremists, 126 

EZEKIEL, MOSES, 108 

ELLIOT, ELISABETH, 103 

ELLIOTT (North Dakota family), 53 

Ellis Island, New York City, 24, 27-28, 

160 

Emanu-El Theological School, New 

York City, 74,79, 83 

Emergency Refugee Committee, 121 

EMIOT, ISRAEL, 106 

EMMETT, ROBERT, 15 

Emory University, Atlanta, 125, 136, 

F 

Factories, 9, 34, 40, 51, 162, 169, 172- 

76, 179-82, 185, 191, 193-97; see 

also Manufacturing, Shops 

FAGNANI, CHARLES, 84 

FAHEY (North Dakota families), 53- 

54; MRS. FAHEY, 58; MRS. TOM, 59 

Faith, 21, 105, 133, 187 

Family, 49-50, 57-59, 74, 87, 115-19, 

138 

160-61, 174, 176, 179, 186, 189, 191, 

Employees, 49, 53-54, 57, 60, 131, 169, 

174, 180, 189, 195 

Employers, 42, 170, 175, 195 

Encounter (Martin), 110 

ENGELMAN, URIAH Z., 1 11 

Engineers, 54 

England, 15, 51, 63, 87, 201, 207; see 

also Great Britain 

"English Coffee House," Williamsburg, 

Va., 212 

English Jews, 108 

English language, 7, 12, 14, 33, 44, 48- 

50, 58, 84, 97, 163-65, 181, 194 

English, the, 201-3 

Epidemics, 10; see also Diseases 

Epilepsy, 208 

Episcopalians, 135 

EPSTEIN, JACOB, 105, 215; MELECH, 33 

198 

Family service, 114 

Farces, 64 

Farming, 47-48, 53-54, 57, 62, 95, 97, 

100, 122, 180, 214 

FARRAR, GERALDINE, 17 1 

Fashion, 182 

FAULKNER, WILLIAM, 2 14 

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 

128, 133, 135, 138, 141, 146, 149-50, 

153 

Federal Government; see United States 

Federation of American Zionists, 11 6, 

214; see also Zionism 

FEIBLEMAN, JAMES K., 214 

FEINBERG, LEON, 106 

FEINGOLD, HENRY I., 214 

FEINSILVER, ALEXANDER, 1 18 

Equality, 126, 184, 189, 196 

Espionage Acts, 10, 12-13, 16 

Essays, 42, 45, 63, 78, 106, 110 

FEKE, ROBERT, 109 

FELMET, JOHN, 147 

Felshtin, Russia, 183, 187


Felshtiner Society, 186-87 

FERBER, EDNA, 108 

FERNANDEZ, JUAN, 92 

FEUER, LEON I., 118 

Fiction, 33-36, 41,4345, 59, 103, 105- 

6, 108, 111, 181, 196, 213; see ato 

Novelists 

FIELD, EDWARD, 106 

Fifteenth Virginia Regiment (Revolutionary 

War), 207 

"Fifty Years in America" (Baum), 160- 

66, 169-76, 179-97 

Finance, 73, 116, 206 

Fines, 13 

Finnish language, 81 

Fires, 51-52, 54, 170 

Fireworks, 60 

Firms, business; see Business, Commerce, 

Merchants 

First Amendment (United States Constitution), 

14 

First Baptist Church, Atlanta, 145, 149 

First Felshtiner Benevolent Association, 

186 

First National Bank, Tucson, 102 

FORREST, EDWIN, 64 

Fort Huachuca, Ariz., 121 

Fort Lowell, Ariz., 99 

Forties (French), 103 

Forts, 96-97,99, 121 

Forward (Forverts: New York City), 

27-28, 32, 41, 43, 112, 120, 170 

Forwarding agents, 90, 92, 96, 99 

Fox, MARVIN, 107 

Foxes, 52 

France, the French, 15, 95, 138, 164, 

202; Revolution, 8 

"Frank Answer, A," 85 

FRANK, LEO M., 153 

FRANKFURTER, FELIX, 23, 1 15 

FRANKLIN, ABRAHAM M., 97-98 

FRANZEN (North Dakota family), 53; 

MRS., 59 

FRASER, CHARLES, 109 

Fraye Arbayter Shtime, 22, 30 

"Frayhayt" Anarchists, 14 

Free trade, 95 

FREEDMAN, MORRIS, 110-1 1 

Freedom, 9, 12, 15, 21, 28, 30, 42, 171, 

189; of speech, 14, 131, 153; of the 

First World War, 9, 23, 120, 163-65, 

169, 181, 190 

FISHMAN, JOSHUA A., 112 

Flags, 156 

FLEISCHMAN, ABRAHAM A., 119 

FLESHIN, S., 3 1 

FLIGELMAN DEPARTMENT STORE, Helena, 

Mont., 115 

Florence, Ariz., 91, 102 

Florida, 125, 128, 138; see also Jacksonville, 

Miami, Miami Beach 

Flour, 97-99 

Flowers, 59 

FLYNN, ELIZABETH GURLEY, 17, 28-29 

Folklore, 120; see also Yiddish 

FOLKMAN, JEROME D., 1 18 

Food, 57-58, 90; see also Canned 

goods, Meat, Dietary laws, Kashruth, 

Staples 

Football, 194 

Forage, 95 

Foreign countries, 182 

Foreigners; see Aliens 

Foreladies, 176 

Foremen, 49, 162-63, 173-74, 176,186, 

195 

Forks, 91 

press, 24 

FREEHOF, SOLOMON, B., 106, 115 

Freight, freighters, 88, 90-92, 95-96, 

98-100 

French; see France 

French language, 74,213 

FRENCH, WARREN, 103 

FREUD, SIGMUND, 85 

FRIDENBERG, MR., Sonora, Gal., 72 

FRIEDENWALD, HARRY, 215 

FRIEDLAENDER, ISRAEL, 214 

FRIEDMAN, ARTHUR, 2, 124; BRUCE 

JAY, 103-4; Lw, 2, 124; NEWTON J., 

138 

FRIEND, MITCHELL, 134 

Friends, 162, 164, 171 

FRIESEL, AVYATAR, 213,214 

FROMER, SEYMOUR, 11 1 

FROMM, ERICH, 121 

Frontier, 86-87, 90-91, 98, 100, 102 

Fruit, 58, 98, 161 

FULLER, WALTER G., 29 

Fulton County, Ga., 136; Grand Jury, 

136 

Funerals, 50, 53, 59-60 

Furnace of the Lord (Elliot), 103 

Furniture, 53, 61


GAGGSTATTER, HENRY D., JR., 114 

GAHN, JOSEPH ANTHONY, 119 

GALT, JAMES, 206; JOHN M., 207 

GAMORAN, EMANUEL, 120 

Garb, 68-69 

Gardens, 51, 58 

GARLAND, REUBEN, 149-52 

Garment industry, 40, 121, 123, 160, 

163, 169-70, 172-73, 177, 180, 182, 

184-85, 193, 195; see also Clothing, 

Needle trade 

Gastonia, N. C., 127 

Geese, 61 

GELFAND, LAWRENCE E., 103 

GELFMAN, HAROLD L., 122 

Gemara, 34 

GENDLER, CAROL, 119 

Genealogy, 119, 198 

General Assembly (of Virginia), 206 

General Services Administration, 105 

Generals, 64, 106 

Genocide, 214 

Gentiles, 69, 106, 125, 134, 163-64, 

171-72, 175, 184; see also Christianity, 

Non-Jews 

Geography, 80 

Georgia, 126, 142, 144, 150; Council of 

Churches, 137; see also Atlanta, 

Charnblee, Cochran, Columbus, Ellaville, 

Fulton County, Macon, Rome, 

Savannah, Waycross 

German Hebrew Congregation Bene 

Zion, Titusville, Pa., 113 

German Hospital (Lenox Hill), New 

York City, %4 

German Jew in America (Glanz), 104 

German Jewry, 104, 116, 214 

German language, 48, 74, 80, 83-84 

German Republic, 43 

Germans, 104, 176 

Germany, 1, 8-9, 13, 23-24, 31, 47, 60, 

79-80, 103, 106, 163, 190, 214; see 

also Nazism, Third Reich 

GERTMAN, STUART A., 120 

GIN-FISH AND COMPANY, Tucson, 88 

GINSBERG, ALLEN, 107; LOUIS, 114-15 

GINZBERG, ELI, 77-78; LOUIS, 77-79,82 

GITTELSOHN, ROLAND B., 104 

GLANZ-LEYELES, A., 106 

GLANZ, RUDOLF, 104 

Glassware, 91 

GLATSTEIN, JACOB, 106 

GLOCK, CHARLES Y., 104 

GLUECK, NELSON, 4-5 

Goa, 201 

God, 51, 108, 110, 148, 151, 187, 192- 

93,208 

God, Man, and the Devil (Gordin), 

170 

Gods, the, 105 

GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG, 148 

Going Places (Michaels), 11 1 

Gold, 91, 96-98, 100-101 

GOLD, HERBERT, 109 

Gold Rush (California), 87, 120 

GOLDBERG, ABRAHAM, 33; ARTHUR J., 

108 

GOLDBURG, ARIEL L., 11 3 

GOLDEN, HARRY, 104 

GOLDMAN, ALBERT, 118; EMMA, 1, 10, 

28, 30, 189 

GOLDMANN, NAHUM, 104-5 

GOLDWATER, BARRY M., 115 

Golf, 108 

GOOD, HELEN CONSTADT, 118 

Goods; see Merchandise 

GOODSON, WILLIAM, 212 

GORDIN, JACOB, 170, 190 

GORDON, "GENERAL" ("Confederate 

Underground"), 131, 134 

GORDON, NOAH, 108 

GORKY, MAXIM, 41 

GORMLEY, JAMES, 146 

GOTTHEIL, RICHARD J. H., 82, 214 

Government, 26-28, 31-32, 87-88, 92, 

97, 202; government officials; see Officials 

Governors, 115, 131, 141-42, 205-7 

G. P. U. (Soviet secret police), 31 

GRADE, CHAIM, 106 

Ghetto, 34, 40, 42-43, 45, 189 

GIGLI, BENIAMINO, 171 

Gila River, 91, 95, 99 

Gila Road, Arizona, 91-92 

GILBERT, MARTIN, 104 

GRAFF (First World War soldier), 165 

GRAHAM, B~LY, 137 

Grain, 54; see also Wheat 

Grammar, 82 

Grammarians, 2 

GIMBR~DE, THOMAS, 109 

Granaries, 54

1% AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES, NOVEMBER, 197 1 

Grand Army of the Republic (G. A. R.), 

60 

Grand Forks, N. D., 48, 62 

Grand juries, 135-36 

GRAND, SAMUEL, 119 

Grand. Union Hotel, Saratoga Springs, 

N. Y., 64 

GRANT, ULYSSES S., 64; Order No. 11 

of, 64 

GRANVILLE. GEORGE. 63-64 

GRATZ, REBECCA, 108 

Great Britain, 63, 201, 213; MiIitary 

Mission, 13; see also England 

Great Northern Rail Road, 50, 53 

Greek language, 74, 81 

Greek Orthodox, 130 

Greeks, 81, 196 

GREEN, PAUL, 147 

Greenbacks, 96, 100-101 

GREENBAUM, LEONARD, 122 

GREENBERG, ELIEZER, 105-6 

GREENFIELD, SAMUEL, 74 

Greenhorns, 35, 58, 161 

GREENSTEIN, HARRY, 106 

Hairpins, 90 

Halachah, 107 

HALLOWITZ, GEORGE, 1 19 

HALPERN, MOISHE LEIB, 106 

HAM, F. GERALD, 105 

HAMMERSTEIN, OSCAR, 11, 103 

HAMMETT, DASHIELL, 105 

HANCOCK, JOHN, 206 

HAND, AUGUSTUS N., 12; LEARNED, 12 

Hanukkah, 40 

HAPGOOD, HUTCHINS, 23, 105; NEITH 

BOYCE, 23 

Happiness, 161 

Hardship, 179 

Hardware, 90 

HAREVEN, TAMARA K., 112 

Harmonicas, 90 

Harmony, 107 

HARPER, ROBERT F., 84 

HARRIS, MR. (Triangle Waist Company, 

New York City), 162, 174 

Harrisburg, N. D., 49, 53; Pa., 118 

HARRISON, BENJAMIN, 205; LEON, 83 

HARTSFIELD, WILLIAM, 132-34, 137, 

GREIFER, JULIAN L., 119 

148, 150 

GRIFFIN, CHESTER, 150; KENNETH, Hanard Law School, 23; Review, 22 

135; MARVIN, 13 1 

Hanard University, 22-23, 84 

GRINSTEIN, HYMAN B., 11 1 

Hasia the Orphan (Gordin), 170 

Groceries, 90, 150-51 

Hasidim, 186-87 

GROPPER, WILLIAM, 119 

HATCHER, RICHARD, 104 

Groups, 125-26, 128, 135, 138, 152, Hate movements, 137, 141-42, 164-65, 

154 

Growing Up Jewish (David), 214 

GRUBBS, MISS K. A., 203 

GRYMES, PHILIP LUDWELL, 203 

Guaymas, Mexico, 95-96 

Gulf of California, 90 

Guns, 52, 146 

GUNTHER, JOHN, 117 

Gurus, 107 

GUTTING, MR., North Dakota, 53; MRS. 

GUTTING, 53 

Gutting Grove, N. D., 60 

Gymnasium, 80 

H 

190,197 

Hattiesburg, Miss., 138 

HAUPT, PAUL, 84 

Hay, 57, 97 

HAY, PETER, 207 

HAYDEN, CHARLES T., 88 

HAYS, JUDAH, 115 

Health, 169, 197, 204 

HEALY, GEORGE P. A., 109 

Hear the Other Side, 42 

Hebraism, 81 

Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, Atlanta, 

125, 139, 141-44, 146-49, 

151-52; Friendship Hall, 143; Sisterhood, 

132 

Hebrew Bible, 74, 79-80, 82; see also 

Habits, 163 

Habonim, 116 

Haggadah, 83 

HAHN, HAROLD D., 115 

Hailstorms, 60 

Bible 

Hebrew language and literature, 74, 77, 

79-81, 154-56, 195,213 

Hebrew .union college-~ewish Institute 

of Religion, 5, 73-74, 79, 117, 121-


22, 130, 154-55, 159; Library, 104; Homesteading, 5 1 

Museum, 105 

Hoodlums, 42 

HECHT, MEL, 121 

HOOPER & WHITING COMPANY (San 

Helena, Mont., 115 

Francisco), 90, 92 

HELLER, IDA M., 118; MAXIMILIAN, 1 17 HORNSBY, JOSEPH, 206 

HELLMAN, LILLIAN, 103, 105 

Horses, 49, 53-54, 57, 60-62, 180, 212 

Henry Irving and the Lyceum Theatre Horticulture, 208, 21 1 

(Kline), 63 

Ho~wrrz, JULIUS, 108 

Herbert Hoover Oral History Program, Hospitals, 10, 84, 114, 150-51, 203-6 

119 

Hotels, 50, 64, 87 

Hermosillo, Mexico, 95 

House of Burgesses (Virginia), 202, 

Heroes, 34-36, 43, 109 

204; Journals, 204 

HERSCHER, URI D., 119 

House of Representatives (Michigan), 

HESBURGH, THEODORE M., 104 

117; (United States), 121; see also 

Hessians, 10 

Congress 

Hester Street, New York City, 22, 161 Houses, 51-53, 59, 61, 87, 99 

Hibbat Zion, 214 

HOWE, IRVING, 105-6 

High schools, 130, 136, 175 

HOWELLS, WILLIAM DEAN, 33, 36, 41, 

HIGHAM, JOHN, 33 

43,45, 105 

"Higher Anti-Semitism," 84 

HUBARD, WILLIAM JAMES, 109 

"Higher criticism," 80 

Humanism, 107, 190 

HILBORN, WALTER S., 115 

Humanitarianism, 1 10 

HILLQUIT, MORRIS, 105, 115 

Humility, 83 

HINDUS, MAURICE, 105; MILTON, 105 Humor, humorists, 39, 44, 78, 11 1 

Hipsters, 103 

HUNEKER, JAMES GIBBONS, 105 

HIRSCH, MRS. EDWARD, 114; MYRON Hungarians, 162 

A., 121; SAMUEL, 121 

Hunger, 35, 39; strikes, 28, 31 

HIRSCHMANN, IRA A., 213 

Husatin, Russia, 187; Hasidirn, 186 

Historians, 103, 107, 109, 180 

History, 15-16, 33, 63, 77, 86, 104, 

107, . 111, . 113-14, . 117, . 171, . 176, . 181, 

213-14 

Histon, of Jewish Education in Amer- 

I 

Idealism, 11, 21, 110, 133, 188-89 

Identity, Jewish; see Jewishness 

ica (~ilch), 1 1 1 

HITLER, ADOLF, 43, 137, 145, 214; see 

also Nazis 

HOENIG, SIDNEY B., 107 

HOFFMAN COMPANY (San Francisco), 

90 

HOFHEIMER, HENRY, 114 

Hogs, 180 

Holidays, 77, 138, 196; see also Jewish 

holidays 

Holland, 201-2 

HOLLANDER, JOHN, 106 

HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, 14-15, 22, 

24, 108 

Holocaust; see Catastrophes 

Holy Alliance, 8 

Holy Land; see Israel (state), Palestine 

Homes, 126, 134-35, 160, 171, 174, 

182, 191 

Idioms, 44, 81 

Ignorance, 15,3 1 

Iliad (Homer ), 81 

Illinois, 53; see also Chicago, Peoria 

Illustrations, 107, 11 1, 213, 214; 

Abrams, Jacob, 19; Atlanta: The 

Temple Is Bombed, 1958, 139; Cahan, 

Abraham, 37; Ehrlich, Arnold, 

75; Ehrlich, Olga, 75; Ehrlich, Mrs. 

Arnold, 75; Garment workers strike, 

177; Glueck, Nelson, 4; Immigrants, 

167; Irving, Henry, 65; Neumark, 

David, 157; North Dakota, sod 

shanty, 55; Sequeyra, Dr. John de, 

199; Sequeyra's residence and office, 

209; Tucson, Ariz., in the 1870's, 93 

IMBER, NAPHTALI HERZ, 213 

Immaturity, 15 

Immigrants, 1, 8-9, 12-13, 16, 34-36,


39-41, 43, 47, 58, 61, 87, 102, 104-5, 

107, 112, 119-20, 160, 167, 171-73, 

180-81, 190, 201, 203-4; see also 

Settlement(s) 

Immorality, 35, 125 

Impiety, 187 

Imported Bridegroom (Cahan), 45 

Impostures, 110 

Imprisonment; see Prisons 

In Russia (Miller and Morath), 111 

India; see East India 

Indians (American), 52, 92, 98, 126 

Individualism, individuals, 25, 31, 67, 

112, 153 

Industry, industrialism, 24, 179, 181 

Inequality, 43 

Inequity, 42 

Influenza; see Spanish 

Informants, 135, 149 

Injustice, 70, 143, 174 

Inkstands, 90 

Innovations, 173 

INMAN, HENRY, 109 

Inquisition, 10, 117 

Insane, 150, 203-7; asylums, 204, 206 

lnscripiiones (Leiden), 201 

Insecurity, 189 

Institute for Christian Clergy, 130 

Institute for Social Research, University 

of Michigan, 11 2 

Institutions, 114, 192, 204; see also Organizations 

Instructors, 74, 77, 176, 194, 196; see 

also Teachers 

Insult, 70 

Insurance, 98, 142, 196; see also Sick 

Integration, 125-27, 129-30, 136, 148 

Intellectual life, 36, 107, 189 

Inter-Church Building (Protestant), 

New York City, 133 

Interfaith relations, 104, 130, 136; see 

also Brotherhood, International 

brotherhood 

Intermarriage, 120 

International brotherhood, 188; see also 

Brotherhood, Interfaith relations 

International Ladies' Garment Workers' 

Union, 160, 184, 196 

International workers; see Working 

class 

Intervention, 13-16, 18, 23-25, 27 

Iatroverts, 78, 85 

Inventories, 86 

Invoices, 86 

Investment business, 73 

Iowa; see Burlington, Davenport, Des 

Moines 

Ireland, 15; Irish, 72, 165 

Irony, 22 

IRVING, HENRY, 1, 65, 67-72 

Isaac Lodge No. 87, B'nai B'rith, Milwaukee, 

Wis., l 15-16 

Isabel (steamship), 91 

Islam, 110, 192 

Isolationism, 122 

Israel (state), 106-8, 111, 121, 152, 

188; see also Palestine 

Israel & the Arabs (Kosut), 107 

Israel-Arab War, 108 

Israelites, 8 1 

Italians, 70, 165, 173, 176, 184, 196, 

203-4 

Ivria (Cincinnati), 154 

Jackets, 17 

Jackson (Amador County), Cal., 214 

JACKSON, DR. (Lakota, N. D., physician), 

53 

Jackson, Miss., 138 

Jacksonville, Fla., 127-28, 136 

JACOBS (family), 86, 102; BARRON, 2, 

86-89,91-92,96-97,99-102; LIONEL, 

2, 86-89, 91-92, 96-97, 99-102; 

LIONEL M., COMPANY, 86; MARK I., 

COMPANY, 86-92, 95-102; MARK 

ISRAEL, 86, 88-89, 100 

Jails; see Prisons 

JAKOBOVITS, IMMANUEL, 107 

James City County, Va., 204 

JAMES, HENRY, 36 

Janitors, 132, 144, 146 

Japan, 8 

JARVIS, JOHN WESLEY, 109 

Jefferson City, Mo., 15 

JEFFERSON, THOMAS, 123, 203, 205, 

Jerante, Sonora, 99 

Jerusalem, 103 

JESHURIN, E. H., 33 

Jesuits, 110


JESUS (of Nazareth), 145 

Post-Jews, Russia, South (United 

Jew of Venice (Granville), 63 

"Jew That Shakespeare Drew, The?" 

(Kline), 63-64, 67-72 

Jewish Book Annual, 106 

Jewish-Christian relations; see Interfaith 

relations 

Jewish Chronicle (London), 198 

Jewish community, 107-8, 1 1 1, 120, 

126, 134, 141, 153-55, 179, 198, 201, 

213; centers, 127, 143, 154 

Jewish Community Center, Atlanta, 

143; Cincinnati, 154; Jacksonville, 

127; Nashville, 127 

Jewish Community Relations Com- 

States) 

Jews in American Life (Levitan), 108 

Jobbers, 98 

Jobs; see Employees, Employers 

Johns Hopkins University, 84 

JOHNSON, N. R. (FBI agent), 133 

JOHNSON, RICHARD, 145 

Jokes, 106 

Joplin, Mo., 118 

Journal (Atlanta), 128-30, 134, 142; 

Cochran, Ga., 142 

Journal-Herald (Waycross, Ga.), 142 

Journalism, 14, 22, 30, 45, 59, 71, 109; 

see also Newspapers, Periodicals, 

mittee, Cincinnati, 113 

Jewish Daily Forward; see Forward 

Press 

Journals (House of Burgesses, 

Jewish day schools; see Day schools 

Jewish education; see Education 

Jewish faith; see Judaism 

Jewish Historical General Archives, Je- 

Virginia), 204 

Journeymen, 182 

JOYCE, JAMES, 214 

Judaism, 39, 68, 104, 107, 110, 125, 

rusalem, 116-17 

Jewish History Atlas (Gilbert), 104 

Jewish holidays, 162, 187, 194; see also 

Days of Awe, Hanukkah, New Year, 

Passover, Rejoicing of the Law, Yom 

K,'PP~I: 

Jew~sh Kzng Lear (Gordin), 170 

Jewish life, 104-5, 122, 130, 214; see 

also Jewish community 

Jewish literature, 78 

Jewish National and University Library, 

Jerusalem, 116 

129, 138, 145, 169, 183, 190, 192-94, 

213; see also American Jewry, Conservative 

Judaism, Orthodox Judaism, 

Reform Judaism 

Judea, 5, 114 

Judeophobia; see Anti-Semitism 

Judges, 12, 14-15, 22, 108, 115, 127, 

144, 206 

July the Fourth, 60 

Juries, jurors, 144, 146-51; see also 

Grand juries 

Justice, 26-27, 85, 106, 189; see also 

Jewish National Workers' Alliance, 188 

Jewish Public Library, Montreal, 121 

Social justice 

Justice-Not Charity: A Biography of 

Jewish Publication Society of America, Harry Greenstein (Kaplan and 

82 

Jewish Theological Seminary of Arner- 

Schuchat), 106 

ica, 74, 82 

Jewish Wit (Reik), 44 

K 

Jewishness, 104, 164, 169, 194 

Jewry, 1, 12-13, 30, 34, 3941, 45, 49, 

64, 67-69, 71-72, 79, 84-85, 87, 99- 

Kaddish, 44 

Kaftans, 173 

KANDER, MEYER, 115-16 

100, 103, 105-8, 110-12, 116, 120- 

22, 125-26, 128-3 1, 134-35, 144-46, 

Kansas City, Mo., 113 

KANT, IMMANUEL, 85 

148, 152-53, 159-60, 162-66, 169, 

171, 173-75, 179-80, 183-84, 187- 

88, 191-97, 201-2, 214; see also 

American Jewry, "Buddhist Jews," 

Diaspora, East European Jewry, Europe, 

German Jewry, North (United 

States), Palestine, Poland, Portugal, 

Kapital (Marx) ,43 

KAPLAN, KIVIE, 116, 121; LOWS L., 

106; MORDECAI M., 213 

URGER, GUS J., 116; MRS. A. G., 116 

Kashruth, 186; see also Dietary laws 

KASTLE, HERBERT, 106 

KATZ, ALEPH, 106


KAUPMAN, MYRON S., 108 

KAUFMANN, DONALD L., 106 

KAYE, DANNY, 107 

KAZM, ALFRED, 107 

&AN, EDMUND, 64 

Ktav Publishing Company, New York 

City, 81 

Ku Klux Klan. 126. 138. 144. 146-47 

KUEHNEN, AB&HA&, 80 ' 

KIJNITZ, STANLEY, 106 

Kehillah, New York City, 116 

Kupitchinitz, Russia, 187 

KELLOOG, PAUL U., 23 

KELLY, HARRY, 129 

KURSKY, FRANZ, 33,41,43 

KURTZWIK BROS., 196 

KEMELMAN, HARRY, 108 

KENNAN, GEORGE F., 103 

Kentucky, 125 

L 

Keren Hayesod, 107 

KERENSKY, ALEXANDER, 183 

Labor, laborers, 40, 97, 109, 170-72, 

180, 196; leaders, 3 1; organizers, 

KERTZER, MORRIS, 1 18 

KESARI, URI, 2 13 

109; see also Unions, Working class 

Labor Zionist Organization of America, 

KESSLER, DAVID, 170 

KEYSERLING, LEON H., 2 13 

KIEFER, DAVID, 29 

KING, MRS. H. A., 47; HENRY, 149; 

116, 121 

Lace, 98 

MARTIN LUTHER, SR., 137; SAMUEL, ~aissez-faire, 43 

109 

Kingdom and the Power (Talese), 112 

Lakota, N. D., 47, 53, 60 

LAMM, NORMAN, 107 

KIPNIS, SAMUEL, 11 8 

KIRBY, LIEUTENANT (Fist World 

War), 164 

KIRK, RUDOLF AND CLARA, 43 

KISCH, GUWO, 116 

"Klaus," 186 

KLINE, HERBERT W., 63-64, 67-72 

Lamps, 61 

Land, 49, 51, 60-61, 88; see also 

Claims 

LANDESMAN, ALTER F., 107 

Landsmanshaften, 22 

LANGER, MARION F., 120 

Language, 74,77, 79-81, 112, 176, 187; 

Knights of Zoin, 213,214 

Knowledge, 77, 80, 82, 176; see also 

Learning, Scholars 

Knox College, 125 

see also Linguistics 

Larimore, N. D., 48-52, 61-62 

LSKER, LOULA D., 23 

LATIMER, A. C., Atlanta, 143 

Knoxville, Tenn., 134 

Latin America, 109 

KNYFF, JACOB DE, 201 

Latin language, 74, 8 1 

KOEHL, MATT, 147 

KOHLER, KAUFMANN, 155-56, 159 

KOHN, ABRAHAM, 116; FANNY, 116 

KOHUT, GEORGE ALEXANDER, 78, 83 

Koloncar landsmanshaft, 22 

KOREY, HAROLD, 120 

KORN, BERTRAM WALLACE, 106-7, 117; 

Latvia, 30 

Laundries, 30 

Laura (steamship), 91 

Law, 22, 108, 141, 153, 192; see also 

Torah 

Law enforcement, 136 

Lawlessness, 22, 128-29, 138, 141 

RACHEL, 106 

KORROS, FRED, 122 

Kosher; see Dietary laws, Kashruth 

Laws, 21, 128-29, 135, 141, 144, 150, 

185,208 

Lawsuits; see Trials 

Kosvr, HAL, 107 

KRAMER, FRADIE, 121; JANE, 107; SI- 

MON, 118 

KRENSKY (family), 116 

KRIM, SEYMOUR, 103 

Kristallnacht (Nazi Germany), 112 

Lawyers, 10, 18, 21, 25, 31, 50, 108, 

126, 141, 144, 149, 152, 165 

Laymen, 84 

LAZARON, MORRIS S., 115-16 

LEACH, ETTA MYERS, 1 18 

Leaders, 33, 40, 99, 126-27, 130, 134-

INDEX TO VOLUME xwr 23 1 

35, 141, 184-85; Jewish, 105, 120, Libraries, 73, 79, 83, 86, 104 

154, 162, 214 

Library of Congress, 122 

Leaflets, 6-10, 12, 14-15, 24, 29, 32 Lie detectors, 135, 146 

Learning, 82, 162; see also Knowledge, Life, 21, 30, 40-42, 78, 85, 108, 110, 

Scholars 

160, 175, 179, 181, 183, 185, 191-92, 

Leases, 21 2 

196-97; see also Jewish life, Social 

LEAVITT, JULIAN, 115 

life 

Lectures, 77, 115-16, 121-22, 145, 166, LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, 64, 171 

171, 188-90; see also Addresses, Ser- Linguistics, 8 1; see also Language 

mons, Speeches 

LIPMAN, SAMUEL, 1, 9, 12-14, 18, 21, 

Ledgers, 86 

23,25-28,30 

Leftists, 42, 184-85 

LIPSET, SEYMOUR MARTIN, 104 

Legislation, 153 

LIPSKY, LOUIS, 214 

Legislators, 99 

Liquor trade, 86 

Legislatures, 115 

Literature, 33, 41, 45, 77-78, 99, 103, 

LEHMAN, HERBERT H., 106 

106, 160, 190; see also Fiction, He- 

Leiden; see Leyden 

brew language, Poetry, Rabbinic lit- 

Leisure, 43 

erature, Theatre, Yiddish 

LEIVICK, H., 106 

Liturgy, 83, 104; see also Prayer 

L.ELWELD, TOBY, 63, 68 

LITVINOFF, BARNET, 108-9 

LENIN, VLADIMIR LYICH, 183 

LITWAK, LEO, 109 

Leningrad, Russia, 3 1 

Loans, 9, 89, 100, 102 

Leninism, 184 

Lockouts, 189 

LEOKUM, ARKADY, 108 

LOEB, MRS. CHARLES W., 113; ISIDOR, 

LEONARD, HENRY BEARDSELL, 120 

116 

LESENSHY AND COMPANY, Tucson, 88 Lofts, 169 

LESSER, ALLEN, 11 5 

Log houses, 52 

LESTER, JULIUS, 108 

London and San Francisco Bank, San 

Let Us Reason Together (Berkowitz), Francisco, 89 

213 

London, England, 108, 198, 201, 207, 

Lethargy, 122 

212; Lyceum Theatre, 67, 72; Royal 

Letters, 16-18, 21-22, 25-31, 115-17, College of Physicians, 201 

120, 135, 138, 141, 202, 204-8, 21 1; LONDON, HANNAH R., 109 

see also Correspondence 

LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH, 85 

Levant, 67-68 

LOPEZ, AARON, 213; Lopez of Newport 

LEVI, ABRAHAM J., 121; MRS. ABRA- (Chyet), 213 

HAM J., 121 

LQRD AND WILLIAMS, Tucson, 96 

LEVIN, LEWIS C., 121; MEYBR, 108 Lore, 176 

LEVINE, MRS. HELEN, 117 

Los Angeles, Cal., 112 

LEVINSON, ROBERT E., 112, 120 Louisiana, 125, 215; &e also New Or- 

LEVITAN, ABRAHAM, 127; TINA, 108 leans 

LEVITT, MRS. THOMAS I., 118 

Love, 36,42, 103 

LEVY, BERYL HAROLD, 108; FELIX A., LOVE, KENNETT, 109 

116 

LOVETT, ROBERT MORSE, 29 

LEWIS, JERRY D., 108; SINCLAIR, 41 LOWELL, MISS, 85 

Lexicographers, 2 

LOWENSTEIN, EMANUEL, 1 12 

Leyden, Holland, 201, 212 

LOWENTHAL, AARON W., 114 

Libau, Latvia, 30 

Lower classes, 172 

Liberalism, 80, 129, 183 

Lower East Side, New York City, 34, 

Liberals, 12, 30, 84, 103 

40-41, 45; see also East Side and 

Liberty; see Freedom 

New York City


Loyalism, 43 

Manufacturing, 90, 121, 162, 169-70, 

LUBIN, Z., 190 

174, 179-80, 182, 185; see also Fac- 

LUCK, TOM, 144, 149, 151 

tories, Shops 

Lumbee Indians, 126 

Manuscripts, 41, 73-74, 78-79, 82, 86, 

Lumber, 5 1 

116, 121 

Lunatic Hospital, Virginia, 203-6 Maps, 104, 107, 109 

Lunatics, 128, 135, 206 

MARCUS, JACOB RADER, 5, 115, 117, 122 

LURIE, LOUIS A., 154-56, 159 

MARGOLIS, MAX L., 74, 82 

Lusk, Clayton R., Committee, 13 Markets, 52, 58, 87-89, 182 

Luzmrro, SAMUEL DAVID, 83 

Markham Review, 33 

LYONS, EUGENE, 17 

"Marot's," Williamsburg, Va., 212 

Lyons, France, 117 

Marriage, 34, 42, 47, 61-62, 78, 80, 

104, 117, 172, 183, 191, 198; see also 

Intermarriage 

MARSHALL, DEXTER, 41; WILLIAM F., 

Machines; see Sewing 

119 

MACHOL, MICHAEL, 116 

MARTIN, MALACHI, 110 

MACK (family), 116; JULIAN W., 117, MARTINELLI, GIOVANNI, 17 1 

213; LEONARD W., 116 

MARX BROTHERS, 122; ROBERT J., 122 

MACKLIN, CHARLES, 63 

Marxist-Socialists, 14 

Macon Curtain Company, Yonkers, Maryland, 106, 125; State Relief Ad- 

N. Y., 176, 183 

ministration, 106; see also Baltimore 

Macon, Ga., 122, 126, 138 

Maskilim, 187 

MACREADY, WILLIAM CHARLES, 64 MASLIN, SIMEON J., 122 

MADISON, JAMES, 205-6 

Masonry, 114, 116 

Madison Square Garden, New York Masoretic text (Bible), 81 

City, 43 

Mass production, 182 

Magazines; see Journalism, Periodicals Massachusetts; see Boston, Worcester 

Magnates, 36 

Massachusetts Historical Society, 121- 

MAGNES, JUDAH L., 115-16, 213, 214 22 

MAHLER, RAPHAEL, 122 

Massacres, 183; see also Pogroms 

MAHONEY, JERRY, 52; MIKE, 52 MASSELL, SAM, JR., 153 

Mail, 12, 49, 58, 89, 101, 187 

Masses, 12 

MAILER, NORMAN, 103, 106, 109-10 Masses, the, 29, 107, 181 

Majorities, 184 

Matchmakers, 40 

Majors, 11-12 

Mathematicians, 162 

MALAMUD, BERNARD, 110, 120 

MAUGHAM, SOMERSET, 41 

MALBIM, MEIR Lij~ BEN JEHIEL MAYER, MRS. JESSIE STRAUSS, 122; Ju- 

MICHAEL, 83 

LIUS M., 12; MARTIN, 110; NATHAN, 

MALBONE, EDWARD GREENE, 109 

114 

Malice, 72 

Mayors, 128-29, 132-34, 137, 148, 153 

MALTER, HENRY, 74, 82 

MAZZEI, PHILIP, 204 

Man, 67, 83, 85, 105, 107, 110, 188, MCGILL, RALPH, 135, 141, 146 

191; see also Men, Women 

MCKELWAY, ST. CLAIR, 110 

Managers, 30, 32,48, 67, 112, 172, 179, Meat, 58 

184, 193, 195; see also Business man- MECHANIC, ARTHUR, 118; HOWARD L., 

agers 

118 

MANGER, ITZIK, 106 

Mechanics, 163, 180 

Manifestos, 129, 131, 136, 153 Medical schools, 201 

Mannie's Crowd (Stem), 1 12 

Medical service, 196 

MANSO, PETER, 109-10 

Medicine, 201, 207-8; see also Physi- 

MANTINBAND, CHARLES, 126, 138 cians, Surgeons

INDEX TO VOLUME MCIlI 

Medieval period, 71, 105 

MEETER, GLENN, 110 

Meetings, 10-11, 13-14, 135-36, 146, 

Michigan, N. D., 60 

Middle East, 117, 151 

Middlesex County, Va., 203 

156, 159, 171, 188 

MEISELS, STANLEY D., 120 

Melting pot, 162, 174 

Memoirs, 14, 47, 77-78, 105, 118 

Memorial services, 121 

Memphis, Tenn., 72 

Men, 29, 50, 58, 156, 175-76, 180-81, 

196 

MENCKEN, H. L., 33,44 

MENDELSOHN (clerk in Sam Thal's 

store), 61 

MENDELSOHN, MICHAEL J., 110-1 1 

MENDELSON (family), 53; MRS., 49; 

MIKE, 50; SOL, 4849, 51-52 

MENDELSSOHN, MOSES, 80, 122 

Menorahs, 127, 132 

Menshevism, 183 

Midrash, 83 

Miedzybozh, Russia, 187 

MIHALY, EUGENE, 122 

MIKES, GEORGE, 11 1 

Mikra Kiph'shutah (Ehrlich), 8 1 

Mikveh, 187 

Militants, 110 

Militarism, 8-9 

Military, 9, 15, 22, 24, 27, 87-88, 95- 

97, 99, 119; see also Soldiers, War 

Military courts, 166 

Milk and Honey (Mikes), 11 1 

Milking, 58 

Milledgeville State Hospital, Georgia, 

150 

MILLER, ARTHUR, 103, 108, 111; HOR- 

ACE, 126-27; LOUIS, 170, 181; WIL- 

Mercantilism, 86,88,92,96,99, 115; see 

also Merchants 

Mercenaries, 10; see also Soldiers 

Merchandise, 86-92, 95-98, 100-102 

"Merchandising in the Southwest" 

(Stanley), 86-92, 95-102 

Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare), 63, 

67-68,72 

Merchants, 36, 64, 72, 86-89, 91, 95- 

100, 112, 126, 144, 212-13; see also 

Business, Department stores, Mercantilism, 

Retail, Storekeepers, 

Wholesalers 

Meridian, Miss., 1 13 

MERVIS, LEONARD J., 120, 122 

Mescal, 98 

LIAM, 127 

Millionaires: see Wealth 

Mills, 99, 182 

Milwaukee, 47, 49, 53, 61, 118; Herald, 

59 

Miniatures of Early American Jews 

(London), 109 

Miniatures and Silhouettes of Early 

American Jews (London), 109 

Mining, 92; camps, 92; see also Coal 

Ministers (religious); see Clergy, 

Preachers, Priests, Rabbis 

Ministers' Manifesto, 136 

Minnesota, 53; see also St. Paul 

Minutemen, 122 

Mirrors, 90 

Metropolises; see Urban areas 

Mexican-Americans, 88, 97-98 

Mexico, 30, 91, 95, 97-98, 117, 121; 

Congress, 95; Inquisition, 117; see 

also Acapulco, Guaymas, Hermosillo, 

Mexico City, Sonora 

Mexico City, 95-96 

Miami, Fla., 127, 134, 136; Episcopate, 

137 

Miami Beach, Fla., 106, 128 

Miami Golden Boy (Kastle), 106 

MICHAEL, ANN DEBORAH, 120 

MICHAELS, LEONARD, 11 1 

Michigan, 117; House of Representatives, 

117; Jewish History Month, 

1 17; see also Detroit 

Mishnah, 34 

Misnagdim, 187 

Missionaries, 103 

Missions (political), 121 

Mississippi, 125-26, 131, 138; see also 

Hattiesburg, Jackson, Meridian, 

Vicksburg 

Missouri, 125; see also Jefferson City, 

Joplin, Kansas City, St. Louis 

Mr. Sarnrnler's Planet (Bellow), 213 

Mixed seating, 11 3 

Mizrachi, 214 

Mobile, Ala., 119 

Mobs, 141 

Modernism, 83, 106, 110-11, 181-82, 

187


Modesty, 174 

My Beloved Is Mine (Gittelsohn), 104 

Modistes, 173, 182 

Mysticism, 107 

MOE, HENRY ALLEN, 110 

MOGIJLESCU, SIGMUND, 170 

N 

Monarchies, 8 

Monessen, Pa., 114 

NACHAMSON (family), 11 8 

Money, 2, 43, 51, 54, 72, 78, 87, 89, 95- Names, 203 

98, 100-102, 128, 134,136, 138,141- NAROT, JOSEPH, 134 

42, 147, 154, 172,205; exchange busi- Nashville, Tenn., 73, 127-29, 136; Jewness, 

86, 96; see also Capital, Coin, ish Community Center, 127 

Drafts, Greenbacks 

National Archives, Washington, D. C., 

Montana, 112; see also Helena 

114, 121 

Montana (steamship), 91 

National Association for the Advance- 

Montgomery, Ala., 138 

ment of Colored People, 121 

MOORE, GEORGE FOOT, 84; HARRY T., National Conference of Christians and 

106 

Jews, 130 

Moos, CARL, 115; MRS. CARL, 115; National Historical Publications Com- 

HENRY, 115 

mission, 105 

Morality, 174 

National States' Rights Party (NSRP), 

MORATH, INGE, 1 11 

135, 146-47, 152 

MOREELL, BEN, 119 

Nationalism, 108, 115, 190; see also 

MORGAN, WESLEY, 147 

Zionism 

Morning News (Savannah, Ga.), 142 Nations, 163-64, 174, 176, 180-81, 

Morning service; see Shachris 

190, 192, 196,203 

Morocco, 67 

Native-born, 64, 165, 195 

Morris Hillquit Papers (Ham and Naturalization, 202; see also Denization 

Warmbrodt). 105 

Nazism, 103, 135, 145; see also Hitler 

Mortgages, 60 . 

NEAHR, DAVID, 92 

Moscow, Russia, 30; Red Square, 30 Nebraska; see Omaha 

Mosel Valley, 47 

Needle trade, 160, 172-73, 175-76, 180- 

MOSES, ISAAC S., 84; RAPHAEL JACOB 81, 184-85, 194; see also Garment in- 

MOSHE SON OF CHAIEMEL OF ZINKOV dustry 

(Hasidic rabbi), 186 

Needles, 98 

MOSLER (family), 117 

Negroes, 125-29, 131, 134, 137, 145, 

Motion pictures, 82 

147, 194; Negro-Jewish relations, 

Mt. Sinai Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, 107, 110, 122 

114 

Neighborhood centers, 119 

Mourner's prayer; see Kaddish 

Neighbors, 49, 51, 53-54,58-60,207 

Mules, 92 

Neilah, 194 

MULLER, MARTIN, 201 

Nelson County, N. D., 47; Observer, 59 

MULLINS, EUSTACE, 134 

NELSON, THOMAS, 205 

Municipal councils, 115; see also City NEUGEBOREN, JAY, 11 1 

councils 

Neumann Memorial Publication Fund, 

Municipalities; see Urban areas 

2, 123-24 

Munitions, 9-10 

NEUMARK, DAVID, 154-57, 159 

Murder, 109 

Nevada, 92 

Murder, Inc., 107 

New Brunswick, N. J., 120 

Musaph, 194 

New Deal, 43,214 

Music, 60, 90, 103, 171; see also Con- New Jersey; see New Brunswick, Newcerts, 

Opera, Operettas, Songs, The- ark, Patenon 

atre 

New Mexico, 91,95; see also Albuquer- 

Muslin, 98 

que

]INDEX TO VOLUME XXUI 235 

New Orleans, La., 106-7 

New Republic, 129 

30, 141-42, 144, 146, 148, 150-51, 

153, 181, 190; see also Journalism, 

New Rochelle, N. Y., 73 

Periodicals, Press 

New Testament, 79 

New World, 47, 162-63; see also Amer- 

NICHOLAS 11 (czar), 31, 183-84 

Night clubs, 13 1; see also Clubs 

ica, North America, United States Night schools, 40 

New Year, 194 

Nihilism, 43 

New York City, 10, 12, 14, 71-74, 87, NISBET AND LEVY, 122 

96, 107, 109-11, 114, 120, 133, 160, NOAH, MORDECAI MANUEL, 108 

167, 169, 180-81, 185, 213; Allaire Non-Anglican Protestants, 202 

Restaurant, 28-29; American, 22; 

Bellevue Hospital, 10; Blackwell's Is- 

Non-Chassidim, 187 

Non-Communists, 30 

land, 15; Board of Health, 169; Nonintervention, 23 

Bronx, The, 172, 183; Brooklyn, 11, Non-Jews, 34, 84, 104, 169, 173, 192- 

107, 110; Brownsville, 107; Call, 23, 93; see also Christianity, Islam 

28; City Council, 109; East Broad- Non-union, 185 

way, 171, 189; East Side, 12, 105, 

171, 179, 189; Ellis Island, 24, 27-28, 

Normarl Mailer (Kaufmann), 106 

North (United States), 126 

160; Ethical Culture Society, 84; Forward, 

27-28, 32, 41, 43, 112, 120, 

North America, 201-2; see also America, 

Canada, Mexico, New World, 

170; German Hospital (Lenox Hill), 

84; Harbor, 29; Hester Street, 22, 

United States 

North Carolina, 125; see also Charlotte, 

161; Kehillah, 116; Lower East Side, 

34, 40-41, 45; Madison Square Garden, 

43; Parkview Palace, 11; Protestant 

Inter-Church Building, 133; Staten 

Island, 119; Statue of Liberty, 

160; Times, 28, 64, 109, 112; Tombs 

Prison, 10; Town Hall, 32; Union 

Theological Seminary, 84; United 

States Court House, 12; University, 

33; West Side, 169; Yiddish Theatre, 

120 

New York Dry Goods Company, 

Helena, Mont., 1 15 

New York State, 120, 123, 138; see also 

Bronx, Brooklyn, Brownsville, Buffalo, 

Camp Upton, Catskill Mountains, 

New Rochelle, New York City, 

Rochester, Saratoga Springs, Staten 

Island, Yonkers 

New York Times, 28, 64, 109, 112 

New York University, 33 

Gastonia 

North Dakota, 1, 55, 61; see also Adler 

Township, Bartlett, Dakota Territory, 

Devil's Lake, Dodds Township, 

Grand Forks, Gutting Grove, Harrisburg, 

Lakota, Larimore, Michigan, 

Nelson County, Stump Lake, Wamduska, 

Williams Township 

Northern Jews, 125-26 

Northern Lights, 61 

Notebooks; see Manuscripts 

"Notes on an Early Virginia Physician" 

(Shosteck), 198, 201-8, 21 1-12 

"Nothing Left to Commemorate" (Sharfman), 

214 

Novelists, 41-42, 109 

Novels; see Fiction 

NUSSBAUM, PERRY E., 126, 138 

0 

Newark, N. J., 113 

Newbeny Library, Chicago, 113 

Newborn (steamship), 9 1 

NEWHALL, H. M., COMPANY (San 

Francisco), 90 

NEWMAN, JOSEPH, 118 

News Tribune (Rome, Ga.), 142 

Newspapers, 18, 22-23, 27, 31-32, 40- 

42, 59, 64, 87, 95, 112-13, 116, 128- 

Oath, The (Gordin), 170 

Oaths, 145, 147 

Obdorsk, Siberia, 31 

Obituaries, 86, 212 

Occupations, 180 

OCHS, ADOLPH S., 112 

Odessa, Russia, 183 

ODETS, CLIFFORD, 110-1 1 

Odyssey (Homer), 81

Office, public; see Public office 

Officers, 136; see also Police 

Offices, 125 

Officials, government, 22, 87, 109, 128, 

137,153 

Ohav Zedek Congregation, Wilkes- 

Barre, Pa., 194 

Ohio; see Akron, Cincinnati, Cleveland, 

Columbus, Toledo 

Oklahoma, 125 

Old age, 196 

Old Country, 161, 172-73, 180; see also 

Painting, paintings, 109, 203; see dm 

Art, Portraits 

PAIS, ABRAHAM, 112 

Palestine, 5, 116, 119, 152, 213; Jews 

of, 213; see also Israel, Jerusalem 

PALEY, GRACE, 108 

PALMER, A. MITCHELL, 17 

Pamphlets, 104; see also Leaflets 

Panoche, 98 

Pardons, 22, 25, 27, 29 

Parents, 132, 149, 214 

Paris, France, 213 

Europe, Russia 

Old East Side (Hindus), 105 

Old Testament; see Bible 

Old World, 39, 190; flee also Europe, 

Old Country, Russia 

PARKER, DOROTHY, 105 

Parkview Palace, New York City, 11 

Parliament (England), 202 

Parties, 195 

Partnerships, 169, 172, 174 

Omaha, Neb., 72, 119 

"On the Passing of Nelson Glueck," 

5 

Onions, 51 

Only in America (Golden), 104 

Passover, 34, 40, 49 

PASTEUR, WILLIAM, 204,207 

Pastors; see Clergy 

Paterson, N. J., 25 

Pathos, 39 

Opera, 163, 171, 190 

Patients, 206, 208 

Operators, 170, 180, 195 

Operettas, 170 

OPPENHEIMER (family), 118; OPPEN- 

HEIMER BROS. AND COMPANY, 118; 

Patriots, 10, 152, 171 

Pattern makers, 171-72, 182 

PAUL, JOSEPH, 7 

PAULAN (Triangle Waist Company), 

J. ROBERT, 112 

Oppenheimer (Rabi) , 112 

162 

PAULEY AND SONS, Tucson, 88 

OPPER, MRS. RUTH, 118 

Oppression, 175 

Optimism, 107, 110 

Order No. 11 (Ulysses S. Grant), 64 

Peace, 185, 202 

PEALE, ANNA CLAYPOOLE, 109; 

CHARLES WILLSON, 109; JAMES, 109; 

REMBRANDT, 109 

Oregon; see Portland 

Peasants, 173, 214 

Organizations, 28, 112, 125-26, 131, 

154, 160, 188, 214; see also Institu- 

Peddling, 34, 88, 161, 180 

Pedro (card game), 58 

tions, Societies 

PEERCE, JAN, 213 

Organs, 60 

PEISER, WALTER G., 122 

Orient, 107 

Orphans, 34 

Orthodox Judaism, 79, 107, 111, 120, 

127, 181, 187, 193; see also Tradition 

Ostracism, 125 

Ostrolenker landsmanshaft, 22 

Overseas relief, 112 

Ox-teams, 51 

OZICK, CYNTHIA, 106 

PEIXOITO, BENJAMIN F., 117 

Pennsylvania, 123; Contractors Association, 

196; see also Easton, Harrisburg, 

Monessen, Pittsburgh, Titusville, 

Wilkes-Barre 

Pensions, 114, 196 

Pentateuch; see Law, Torah 

People's Home Journal, 59 

People's Relief Committee, 116 

Peoria, Ill., 136 

PERCHONOK, LEON, 11 8 

Pacific Ocean, 5 

Periodicals, 27, 67, 104, 107, 119, 121, 

Pacifists, 10,22,28, 122 

128-29, 152, 156, 198; see also Jour- 

Pack trains, 98; see also Wagons 

nalism, Newspapers, Press

INDEX TO VOLUME XXll 

Perjury, 151 

Pogroms, 17 1, 183; see also Massacres 

Persecutions, 31, 35, 71, 126-27, 194 Poland, 80, 176, 196; Jews of, 2, 87 

Pessimism, 29 

Police, 9-12, 31, 128-29, 131-35, 143, 

PESTORE; see Pasteur 

PETICOLAS, PHILIPPE A., 109 

Petitions, 121, 204 

PETLURA, SIMON, 183 

147-51, 153 

Political Prisoners Relief and Defense 

Committee, 27-28 

Politics, 9, 13, 18, 25-28, 31-32, 34, 42- 

Petrograd; see Leningrad 

Philadelphia, 14, 7 1-72, 11 8 

Philanthropy, 40, 106, 134, 138, 141, 

190 

PHILIPSON, DAVID, 155-56 

Philology, 78, 80 

Philosophers, 21, 85, 214 

Photography, 105, 111, 116, 121, 133, 

213; see also Illustrations, Pictures 

43, 116, 129-30, 133, 141, 184, 214 

Politics of Rescue (Feingold), 214 

POLK, CHARLES PEALE, 109 

POLLACK, THEODORE, 33-34 

POLLAK, EMIL, 1 18; DAVID, 118 

Polotzer landsmanshaft, 22 

POOL, DAVID DE SOLA, 2 

Poor, the, 34, 39, 42, 172 

POPE, ALEXANDER, 63; MATTHEW, 

Physical Essays on the Parts of the Human 

Body, 207 

204 

Population, Jewish, 119; see also Statis- 

Physicians, 52-53, 

201-8, 211-12; 

84, 110, 123, 198, 

see also Medicine, 

tics 

Pork, 49 

Surgeons 

Physics Today, 1 12 

Picketing, pickets, 129, 135, 151 

Picnics, 60 

Pictures, 117; #ee also Illustrations, 

Photography 

Portland, Or., 1 13 

Portraits, 11, 109, 203 

Portraits of Jews (London), 109 

Portugal, 201-2, 213; Jews of, 198 

Post chaises, 212 

POSTAL, BERNARD, 115 

PIERSON, JOSEPH, 92, 99 

Piety, 36, 49, 162, 180, 192 

PILCH, JUDAH, 1 1 1 

Pima County, Ariz., 87, 99; Bank, Tucson, 

102; Board of Supervisors, 99 

PINCHOS SON OF CHAIEMEL OF ZIN- 

KOV (Hasidic rabbi), 186 

Pioneer Farm; see Thal, Sam 

Pioneer Stories . . . of Nelson County, 

North Dakota, 47 

Pioneer Women, 116 

Pioneers, 47, 55, 61, 102, 112, 214 

Post-Jews, 103 

Post-World War I period, 1, 115 

Post-World War 11 period, 106 

Potatoes, 52 

POTOK, CHAIM, 11 1 

POUND, ROSCOE, 23 

Poverty, 35, 43, 162, 170, 172, 174-75, 

179 

Powder puffs, 90 

Power, 12, 184-85 

Prairies, 52, 55; see also Fires 

Prayer, 29, 83, 169, 181, 186, 193-94; 

books, 83, 121 

Pioneers Museum, Colorado Springs, Preachers, 83; see also Rabbis, Sermons 

Colo., 118 

Preaching, 127 

Pipe stems, 90 

Pittsburgh, Pa., 130, 142 

Playlets, 121; see also Theatre 

Playwrights, 78, 170; see also Dramatists 

Plutocrats, 7 

Pneumonia, 155 

Poale Zion, 214; National Community 

Action Committee, New York City, 

1 22 

Poetry, 18,47, 61-62, 67, 82, 103, 105- 

7,170-71 

Prejudice, 104, 131, 148, 152, 165, 190, 

192, 197; see also Anti-Semitism 

Prejudice U. S. A. (Glock and Siegelman), 

104 

PRwns (PRE~s), J. (Virginia), 205 

Preparatory schools, 172 

Prescott, Ariz., 87 

Presidents, United States, 7, 17, 27, 64, 

103, 121, 133, 138, 171, 214 

Press, 29, 129, 131; freedom of, 24; 

Yiddish, 120; see also Journalism, 

Newspapers

238 AMERICAN J rEWISH ARCHIVES, NOVEMBER, 197 1 

Pre-World War I period, 84 

R 

Prices, 182, 185, 208 

PRIDE, MR., York, Va., 204 

Rabbinic literature, 83-84 

Priests, 195 

Rabbinical seminaries, 79 

Princess Anne County, Va., 206 Rabbis, 73-74, 83-84, 107, 113, 117, 

Prisoners of war, 14142 

120-22, 125-27, 132, 134-35, 138, 

Prisons, 9-13, 15-18, 21-22,24-29,31- 141, 150, 153, 186-87; fiction on, 

32, 129, 147-49, 152-53 

108 

Prizes, 21 1 

Rabble-rousers, 133, 142 

PROBER, GABRIEL, 9, 13 

RABI, ISIDOR I., 112 

Proclamations, 115 

Rabishover landsmanshaft, 22 

Professions, 201, 204 

Race, 69, 85, 127, 129, 147, 153, 174, 

Professors, 5, 22, 63, 79, 82, 103, 105- 181, 191 

6, 108, 155, 159 

Racism, 126 

Profits, 91 

RACKMAN, EMANUEL, 107 

Pro-Germans, 8, 10, 24 

Radicals (political), 1, 10, 12, 16, 18, 

Progress, 9, 129, 175, 185-87, 190, 23, 25, 27, 30, 110, 119, 126, 134 

195 

Radio, 134, 150 

~rolitarians, 7, 110 

Rags, 57 

Promise (Potok), 1 1 1 

Rahtiner landsmanshaft, 22 

Promoters, SO 

Railroads, 48, 50-51, 53, 179; see also 

Propaganda, 9, 12,30, 189 

Elevated railroads, Street cars, Trains 

Property, 95,202, 21 1 

Rain, 54, 59, 92 

Prose, 44, 11 1 

RAMAGE, JOHN, 109 

Prosecutors, 144, 149, 151 

Ranchers, 97, 100 

Proselytization, 79 

Randglossen zur hebraischen Bibel (Ehr- 

Pro-Soviets, 27 

lich), 73-74, 84 

Prosperity, 97, 129, 182, 195 

RANDOLPH, EDMUND, 206 

Protest, 120 

Raphael Naarizoch (Cahan), 43 

Protestants, 60, 87, 129, 131, 133, 137, 

RAPPAPORT, JOSEPH, 120 

202; Inter-Church Building, New York 

Raspberries, 59 

City, 133 

RATSCHKOWSKI, S., 122 

Prussia, 87, 202; see also Germany 

RAUSCHNER, JOHN CHRISTIAN, 109 

RAVITZ, DAVID, 113 

Psalms, 83 

RAWIDOWICZ, SIMON, 122 

Psychology, 36, 85 

READ, THOMAS BUCHANAN, 109 

Public office, 99, 106 

Readers (books), 195, 212; (Torah), 

Public opinion, 24 

195 

Public relations, 110 

Realism, 33-36,3946, 67 

Public schools, 129, 131, 136, 143, 153; Realtors, 115 

see atso Education, High schools, Rebels, 9, 21 

Schools 

Recensiones (Leiden), 201 

Publishing, 15, 42, 63, 73, 78, 81, 84, RECHT, CHARLES, 29 

103, 105, 154,213 

Recipes, 1 16 

Pulitzer Prizewinners, 103, 141 

"Red Scare," 16; see also Communism 

Pupils, 73-74, 77-78, 83, 176 

Red Square, Moscow, 30 

PYE, DURWOOD, 14446, 148 

REDDING, SAUNDERS, 104 

REED, JOHN, 11 

Reform Judaism, 79, 120-21, 132, 193- 

94,214 

Q 

Reformed Society of Israelites, Charles- 

Quebec, Canada, 213 

ton, S. C., 121 

QUINN, ROBERT P., 112 

Reformers, 27

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIU 

Refugees, 116, 121, 214 

Roads, 62 

Rehabilitation, 116 . . 

Rosms, RAYMOND, 13 

REICHER, PERLA, 213 

Rochester, N. Y., 149 

REIK, THEODORE, 44 

Rockdale Temple, Cincinnati, 154-55 

Reioicinrr of the Law, 39 

ROCKWELL, GEORGE LINCOLN, 122, 

~dief, 176 

135 

Religion, 49, 107, 133, 192, 202; see RODGERS, RICHARD, 103 

also Christianity, Education, Islam, ROGERS, LESLIE, 146-47, 149; WILLIAM, 

Judaism, ~ersehtions, Sunday, Sun- 128 

day schools, Worship 

Romance, 36,42 

Religious education; see Education Romanticism, 107 

Religious schools; see Education, Sab- ROMANOFFS, 9 

bath, Schools 

Rome, Ga., 142; Italy, 121 

Rentals, 169, 212 

ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D., 103, 121, 

Reporters, 133, 149 

214 

Republican Party, 115, 181 

ROSANSKY, HYMAN, 9, 12-13 

Research, 82; see also Social research ROSEN BROTHERS, 170-72, 196; DAVE, 

Research scholars, 73 

170; HARRY, 170; NATHAN, 170; 

Responsa, 106, 115 

NORMA, 108 

Responsibility, 11 1 

ROSENBERG, ADOLPH, 142, 152 

Restaurants, 28, 87, 147, 179 

ROSENFELD, MORRIS, 106, 171 

Retail, 86, 98, 101-2; see also Business, ROSENZWEIG, EFRAIM, 118 

Merchants, Storekeepers 

ROSTEN, LEO, 108 

Reviewers, 70-7 1 

ROTH, CECIL, 213; MRS. HARVEY, 116; 

Revolution, 9; French, 8; American, 10, HENRY, 105; MAX, 196; PHILIP, 108, 

207; Russian, 8-9, 14, 16, 30, 183; 110 

Social, 14 

ROTHSCHILD, JACOB M., 123, 130, 132- 

Revolutionaries, 30-3 1 

38, 141, 14345, 152-53; MRS. JAN- 

Revolutionary Notes (Lester), 108 ICE, 134, 146, 149-50 

Revolutionary War, American, 10, 207; Round Table, National Conference of 

Russian, 8-9, 14, 16, 30, 183 

Christians and Jews, 130 

Rewards, 128, 133, 141, 147 

Royal Arch; see Masonry 

REZNIKOFF, CHARLES, 105 

Royal College of Physicians, London, 

Rhode Island, 213 

20 1 

Rhubarb, 59 

RUBIN, PHILIP, 11 8 

Rich; see Wealth 

RUBINSTEIN, M., 7 

RIDDELL, GEORGE, 207 

Ruffians, 72 

Ridgefield, Conn., 113, 120 

RUKEYSER, MURIEL, 103 

Riga, Latvia, 30 

Running Against the Machine 

Right, Rightists (political), 134-35, 184- (Manso), 109-10 

85 

Rural regions, 11 8 

Right Time (Golden), 104 

RUSSELL, HENRY, 122 

Righteousness, 190 

Russia, 7-10, 13-16, 18, 22-32, 39, 43, 

Rights, civil and political, 22, 125-26, 45, 105, 111, 114, 183, 190; Black 

130 

Cabinet, 31; Jews of, 9, 22-23; Revo- 

RII~, JACOB, 105 

lution, 8-9, 14, 16, 30, 183; see also 

RILEY, EDWARD M., 203 

Old Country, Old World, Soviet 

RINCK, A. D., 109 

Union 

Rise of David Levinsky (Cahan), 33, 

35-36,4245 

S 

Ritual bath; see Mikveh 

Ritual slaughterers; see Shochtim Saar Valley, 47 

Rivers, 87, 90-92, 95, 99 

Sabbath, 117, 122, 166, 180, 187

Sacramento State College, Cal., 63 SCHWARTZMAN, ALLAN H., 114 

SaEord, Ariz., 102 

St. Louis, Mo., 112-13, 116 

Scmmz, LEON, 119 

Science, 112 

ST. M~MIN, FEVRET DE, 109 

St. Paul, Mim., 48, 132 

Scotland, Scots, 138,203 

Scoundrels, 35 

Salaries, 182; see also Wages 

SALINGER, J. D., 110 

Scranton, Pa., 72 

Scribe; see Sofer 

Salt Lake City, Utah, 117 

Scripture, 80; see also Bible, Hebrew 

SALTZSTEIN, MRS. IRVING D., 116 

Bible 

SAMUELS, HOWARD J., 104 

SALOMON, HAYM, 108 

Scrolls, 39 

SEABORG, GLENN T., 112 

Samarkand, 1 11 

SEBBA, HELEN, 104 

SAMUEL, LEWIS, 122; MAURICE, 163-65 SECARRI, SECCARI; see Sequeyra 

San Diego, Cal., 89 

San Francisco, 86-91, 95-96, 98, 100- 

Second-class citizenship, 129; see also 

Citizens 

101 

San Jose, Cal., 113 

Second World War, 109, 117, 194 

Sects, 187 

Sanctuaries, 132, 143 

SANDMEL, SAMUEL, 117 

SANDOVAL & Bud (Guaymas, Mexico), 

Secular learning, 162 

SECUNDA, SHOLOM, 213 

Seder, 34, 106 

96 

SANG, PHILIP D., 117 

Sanskrit, 81 

Santa Cruz River, Ariz., 87 

Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 64 

Segregation, 123, 125, 129-31, 147 

SEIGER, MARVIN L., 120 

Self-realization, 85 

SELIGER (family), 49-50; MRS., 53 

SELIGMAN, JOSEPH, 64 

SARNOFF, DAVID, 108 

Seminaries; see Rabbinical seminaries, 

Satellites; see Sputniks 

Theological colleges 

Satire, 42 

Savannah, Ga., 142 

Scapegoats, 126, 164 

SCHAPIRO, MEYER, 106 

Seminars, 130, 136 

Semitic languages, 73, 81-82 

Senators (United States), 128; see alm 

Congress, House of Representatives 

SCHARY, DORE, 104 

SCHECHTER, SOLOMON, 79,84,214 

SCHIFF, JACOB HENRY, 84, 108, 213 

SCHINDLER, SAMUEL, 188-89 

Scholars, 73-74, 78-79, 82, 84-85, 155- 

Septuagint, 8 1 

SEQUEIRA, ABRAHAM DE, 198; ABRAHAM 

ISRAEL DE, 198; JOSEPH HENRIQUE 

(HENRY) DE, 198; LEAH, 198, 201; 

P. J. L., 198 

56, 159, 180 

SEQUERA, SEQUEYEA; see Sequeyra 

Schools, 40, 47, 54, 61, 74, 80, 129, SEQUEYRA, DE (family), 198; ABRAHAM 

132, 141-43, 145, 161-62, 193-94; DE, 198; JOHN DE (Virginia), 198see 

also Day schools, Education, Elementary 

schools, Gymnasium, High 

212; JOHN DE (London), 201; SE- 

MUDA, ISAAC DE, 198, 201 

schools, Medical schools, Night SERBER, ROBERT, 112 

schools, Preparatory schools, Public Sermons, 116-17, 122, 130-31, 137, 

schools, Rabbinical seminaries, Sun- 143; see also Addresses, Lectures, 

day, Sunday schools, Talmud Torah, 

Theological colleges, Yiddish schools 

SCHUCHAT, THEODOR, 106 

Speeches 

Services; see Worship 

Settlement House; see Jewish Commu- 

SCHUCHTER, SIMON, 17 

nity Center 

SCHUH (North Dakota family), 54 

SCHULMAN, SAMUEL, 83 

SCHWARTZ, FLORENCE, 14; JACOB, 9-12, 

Settlement(s), 49, 53, 86, 91, 202; see 

also Immigrants 

SEWALL, THOMAS, 198, 208 

14; WILLIAM, JR., 132-34 

Sewing, sewing machines, 53, 59, 162,

INDEX TO VOLUME ~ ~ t . l l - 249 

169-70, 172-74, 179-80, 182 Sinai Congregation, Chicago, Ill., 113 

Shachris (morning service), 194 SINCLAIR, Jo, 108; UPTON, 22 

SCHACHTER. ZALMAN, 213 

SINGER, ISAAC BASHEVIS, 106, 108, 213 

Shades of s ~ oref y fathers (London), Singsong, 44 

109 

SIQUEYRA; see Sequeyra 

SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM, 63-64, 67-72 SIRNAKUR, BERNARD, 14 

SHANKMAN, ARNOLD, 123, 125-38, Sisterhoods, 132 

141-53 

Six-Day War (June, 1967), 103, 107, 

Shanties, 53, 55 

109, 111 

SHAPIRO, CECELIA, 120; KARL, 103; YO- Skilled workers, 174, 176, 180 

NATHAN, 120 

SKIRBALL, MRS. JACK H., 117 

SHAPLESS, JOSEPH, 43 

Skirts, 181 

SHARFMAN, I. HAROLD, 214 

Skull caps, 180 

SHAW, IRWIN, 108 

Slavery, 34, 212 

Sheet music; see Music 

Slavic dialects, 8 1 

SHEFTALL, SHEFTALL, 1 14 

Sleds, 60 

SHIPLACOFF, ABRAHAM, 10 

Sleighs, 50, 52, 60 

Shipments, 89-90, 92, 96, 101; see also SLOAN, JACOB, 106 

Cargoes 

SLOTKIN, JAMES S., 120 

Ships, 29, 87, 90-92, 96, 160, 202-3 Slovaks, 176 

Shirt industry, 180, 182 

Slutsker landsmanshaft, 22 

Shochtim, 180 

SMEDLEY, AGNES, 26 

Shoemakers, 172 

SMITH, ARNOLD, 145; J. A., 208; 

Shoes, 90 

M. BREWSTER, 104; W. THOMAS, 137 

Shofar, 39 

SNCC. 108 

SHOLEM CHAYE HINDE, 187 

Snow, 52,57,59 

Shops (factories), 34, 169-71, 174, Soap, 98 

182, 185, 189-90; see also Facto- Social Democratic Party, 33, 43 

ries, Manufacturing 

Social justice, 120 

Short stories; see Fiction 

Social life, 34, 42-43, 68, 78, 85, 99- 

SHOSTECK, ROBERT, 123, 198, 201-8, 100, 107, 125-26, 130, 202, 211 

211-12 

Social reformers, 142 

Shtetl, 106 

Social research, 112 

Shturem, 14 

Social revolution, 14 

SHUB, DAVID, 43 

Social science, 112 

SHURGIN, MRS. ABE, 132, 144-45 Social Security, 196 

Shylock (Shakespearian character), 1, Socialism, 10-11, 32, 40, 42-43, 105, 

63-65, 67-72 

118, 181, 188-89 

Shylock on the Stage (Lelyveld), 63 Socialism, Fascism, and Communism, 

Siberia, 7, 12-13, 22, 29, 31-32 

42 

SICCARY; see Sequeyra 

Socialist Zionism, 188 

Sick insurance, 196 

Societies, 114, 116, 134, 18687 

Sick, the, 204, 207 

Sociology, 36, 72, 85 

SIEGELMAN, ELLEN, 104 

Sofer, 39 

SILBERMAN; CHARLES E., 104; LOU H., Soldiers, 10, 12, 22, 24, 27, 29, 32, 95, 

128 

97, 163-66, 169, 172, 175, 193-94; 

Silver, 86 

see also Military, United States 

SILVER, DANIEL JEREMY, 120 

(Amy), War 

SILVERMAN, MYRON, 11 6; WILLIAM, Solicitors general, 149-50 

127-28 

SOLOVEITCHIK, JOSEPH B., 107 

SIMKHOVITCH, MARY K., 105 

Songs, 39, 60, 171; $ee also Music 

Sin, sins, 164 

Sonora, Mexico, 95-96, 98-99

242 AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHlVES, NOVEMBER, 1971 

South, Southernen (United States), 12, 

125-30, 133-34, 136, 141-42, 165 

STEIMER, MOLLIE, 1, 7, 9, 12-18, 23, 

25-32; FANNIE, 16; Relief Fund, 17 

South Carolina, 125, 134, 147; see also STEIN, GERTRUDE, 214; LEON, 34 

Charleston 

STEINBACH, ABRAHAM A., 114; ALEX- 

Southern Israelite (Atlanta), 128, 152 ANDER ALAN, 106, 114 

Southern Jews, 125, 127, 129 

STEINBECK, JOHN, 2 14 

Southwest (United States). .. 86. . 88. . 91. . 

102 

Soviet Union, 10, 12-13, 15-16, 18,23- 

Stern (Friedman), 103-4 

STERN, JOSSI, 111; MADELEINE B., 116; 

NORTON B., 112; RICHARD M., 2, 73- 

25, 27-28, 30, 32, 106; G. P. U., 31; 

see also Russia 

Spain, 202 

Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, 

London; see Bevis Marks 

Spanish influenza, 10, 17 

Spanish Inquisition; see Inquisition 

74, 77-85; TIBOR, 127 

STIKER, MEYER, 106 

STILES, EZRA, 213 

STOKER, BRAM, 67 

Stockings, 98 

Stomping the Goyim (Disend), 103 

STONER (North Dakota family), 53-54, 

Spanish language, 97 

59-60; SAM, 49 

Speakers, 155, 188; see also Speeches 

Speech, 119; see also Freedom 

Speeches, 10-11, 28, 32, 43, 60, 115, 

121-22, 138, 145; see also Addresses, 

STONER, J. B., Atlanta, 127 

Storage, 98 

Storekeepers, 51, 61, 86-88, 96-97, 

100, 115, 125, 182; see also Business, 

Lectures, Sermons, Speakers 

Merchants, Retail 

SPENCER, HERBERT, 36 

Spies, 31 

Stories; see Fiction 

Storms, 50, 57, 60-61 

Spingarn Award (NAACP), 121 STRATTON (North Dakota family), 53; 

Spiritual life, 36, 190 

MRS., 57 

SPIVAK, JOSEPH, 7 

STRAUSS, LEWIS L., 213 

Sports, 194 

Strawberries, 5 1 

Sputniks, 150-51 

Staatendam (steamship), 160 

Street cars, 172, 179 

Strikes, 9-10, 16, 43, 110, 174, 177, 

Stagecoaches, 49 

STAINMAN, THEODORE H., 113, 120 

179, 186, 189; see also Hunger 

STUART, GILBERT, 109 

STANLEY, GERALD, 86-92, 95-102 

Staples, 98; see also Food 

Students, 73-74, 79-80, -83-84, 132, 

138, 154, 161, 164, 180, 203 

STARK, RODNEY, 104 

Studies, 74, 78, 81, 84-85, 162, 186, 

STARKOFF, BERNARD, 2, 124 

190 

State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Stump Lake, N. D., 50-52, 60 

Madison, 105, 115, 118 

Suburbs, 104 

State, 189 

Staten Island, N. Y., 119 

States, 138, 141 

States' Rights Council, Georgia, 126; 

Success, 36, 163, 170, 191 

Suez (Love), 109 

Suffering, 179 

Sugar, 98 

see also National States' Rights Party SULLY, LAWRENCE, 109; THOMAS, 109 

Statesmen, 24 

Sun (Ellaville, Ga.), 142 

Statistics, 54, 57-58, 87-89, 91-92, 95- Sunday, 59 

101, 112, 125, 128, 132-33, 142, 155- Sunday schools, 137-3 8 

56, 160, 173, 176, 179, 181, 189, 195, 

204-6,208,211-12 

Supreme Court (United States), 13-15, 

17, 22, 108, 115, 121, 185 

Statue of Liberty, 160 

Surgeons, 204, 207-8; see also Physi- 

Status, 175 

Steamships; see Ships 

STEFFENS, LINCOLN, 105 

cians 

Swearing, 58 

Sweatshops, 42-43, 160, 163, 169, 171


SWICHKOW, LOUIS J., 118 

Sympathy, 42.71-72 

Symposia, 189 

Synagogue Council of America, 117 

Synagogues, 39-40, 83-84, 111, 113, 

125, 127-28, 130, 133-34, 136, 142, 

146, 152, 179, 186-87, 190, 194, 198; 

see alm Congregations, Temples 

Syriac, 81 

SYRKIN, MARIE, 106 

SZAJKOWSKI, ZOSA, 6-18, 21-32, 112 

SZOLD, HENRIETTA, 108, 213 

T 

129-31, 133-38, 141, 144, 154; see 

also Congregations, Synagogues 

Tenements, 39,41 

Tennessee, 125; see also Clinton, Knoxville, 

Nashville 

Terefah, 120; see also Dietary laws, 

Kashruth 

Terrorism, 4243, 128 

Texas, 125; see also Beaumont 

Textbooks, 83; see also Books 

Textiles, 180 

THACHER, JAMES, 198,203 

THAL, ELSIE, 47; JACOB, 51; MARTHA, 

47; SAM, 47-48,50, 52,57-58,61-62; 

MRS. SARAH (SOLOMON), 1, 47-54, 

Tables, 91 

57-62; SOLOMON, 47 

Tablespoons, 9 1 

Thanksgiving Day, 29 

TAFT, ROBERT, JR., 117 

Theatre, 1, 63-64, 67-70, 72, 103, 105, 

Tailors, 18, 40, 87, 172-73, 182, 212 111, 122, 136, 163, 170, 181, 190, 194; 

Tales of Our People (Lewis), 108 Yiddish, 120; see also Comedy, Dra- 

TALESE, GAY, 112 

matists, Farces, Playwrights, Tragedy, 

Talmud, 44, 162, 180,186 

Travesties 

Talmud Torah, 194 

Theatre, The, 67-68 

Talmudic scholars, 36, 39-40 

Theft, 130 

TANKERSLEY, JEPTHA, 149, 151-52 Theological colleges, 84, 190 

Tariff, 182 

Theology, 107, 138, 201 

TARR, HERBERT, 108 

THEUS, JEREMIAH, 109 

TAVEL, HENRY, 117; MRS. HENRY, 117 Third Reich, 103 

Taxes, 202, 212 

THOMAS, NORMAN, 23, 28 

TAZEWELL, HENRY, 206 

Thread, 98 

Tcheka; see G. P. U. 

Threshing, 54, 58 

Tchortkov, Russia, 187 

Thunderbolt, 152 

Teachers, 33, 40, 54, 74, 77, 79-80, Timber, 52 

110, 137, 162; see also Instructors, Tithe tax, 202-3 

Tutors 

Titusville, Pa., 113 

Teachers Strike (Mayer), 110 

TODD, GEORGE, 109 

Teams, 53,60 

TOFIELD, SANDERS, 128 

Teamsters, 91 

Toledo, Ohio, 72, 118 

Telephones, 127, 131, 134, 136, 146, Tolerance, 153, 188,202 

149-50, 154 

TOLSTOY, LEO, 21 

Television, 144, 148, 151 

TOMASHEFSKY, THOMAS, 170 

Temple Beth-El, Charlotte, N. C., 127 Tomatoes, 57, 123, 203, 211 

Temple Beth Israel, Meridian, Miss., Tombs Prison, New York City, 10-1 1 

113 

Tombstone, Ariz., 102 

Temple Emanu-El, New York City, 79, Torah, 192, 195; see also Law 

84 

TORNER, JOHN, 206; MARY, 206 

Temple Israel, Akron, Ohio, 113; New TORRES, LUIS DE, 108 

Rochelle, N. Y., 73 

TORREY, CHARLES C., 84 

Temple Shearith Israel, Ridgefield, Torture, 11 

Corn., 113 

Totalitarianism, 130 

Temple, The (Leokum) , 108 

Tours, 67,72 

Temples, 73, 79, 84, 113, 120, 123, 127, Town Hall, New York City, 32


TOWS, 50, 58, 72, 87-88, 97, 172, 180, 

183, 187, 203, 208; see also Urban 

areas 

TOY, CRAWFORD H., 84 

Tractors, 53 

Trade, 98-99; see also Free trade 

Trade unionists; see Unions 

Tradition, 39, 61, 64, 83, 107, 171, 183, 

192, 194; see also Orthodox Judaism 

Tragedy, 34, 63, 67-68 

Transfer points, 91 

Translation, 33-34, 41, 43-44, 46, 79- 

80, 82-83, 104, 106, 116, 122,213 

Transportation, 88, 90, 92, 95, 98, 101; 

see also Water transportation 

Transshipment, 92 

Travel, 62, 72, 112, 202; see also 

Unions, 12, 160, 169-70, 179-80, 184- 

86, 188-89, 194, 196; see also Labor, 

Working class 

United Hebrew Congregation, St. 

Louis, Mo., 113 

United Press International, 13 1 

United States, 7, 12-14, 16, 23-26, 28- 

29, 32, 79, 91, 95, 109-10, 112, 127- 

28, 133, 137-38, 14647, 153, 160, 

185; Army, 95-97, 117, 130, 133, 

148, 164-65, 171, 182, 186, 193-94; 

Commissioner on Public Information, 

23; Congress, 12, 14-15, 22, 

121, 153, 185; Constitution, 14-15, 

22, 24, 129, 185; Department of 

Commerce, 121; Department of Justice, 

10; Depository, 96; Senators, 

Tours 

Travesties, 63-64 

Trays, 9 1 

Trees, 59 

Trials, 10-13, 15, 24, 125, 136, 143-53, 

128; Supreme Court, 13-15, 17, 22, 

108, 115, 121, 185; see also America, 

East, North America, South, Southwest, 

West 

Universities, 22, 74, 77, 82-84, 112, 

166 

Triangle Waist Company, 162-63, 170, 

118, 125, 130, 136, 138, 150, 154-55, 

201-2, 208, 214; Arizona, 86; At- 

174, 180, 186, 189, 196 

TRILLING, LIONEL, 103 

Trinity, 202 

Troops; see Military, Soldiers 

TROTSKY, LEON, 13, 183 

Trotskyism, 184 

TROTT, BENJAMIN, 109 

lanta, 138; Chicago, 84; Cincinnati, 

130, 154-55; Columbia, 82; Emory, 

86; Georgia, 150; Harvard, 22-23, 

84; Johns Hopkins, 84; Leiden, Holland, 

201-2; Michigan, 112; Negev, 

Beersheba, Israel, 214; New York, 33; 

Vancouver, 118; Yale, 84 

Trucks, 180 

Truth, 145, 148 

Tucson, Ariz., 86-93, 95-102; Arizona 

Social Club, 100; City Council, 99; 

Literary Society, 99-100 

TULLY, OCHOA AND DELANY, Tucson, 

Ariz., 88 

TURGENEV, IVAN S., 105 

Tutors, 78 

TWERSKY, ISADORE, 107 

UNRRA, 106 

Urban areas, 72, 121, 128-30, 136-37, 

143, 160, 170, 179-80; City councils, 

129; Municipal councils, 115; see 

also Towns, Villages 

Uruguay, 21 3 

Usurers, 63 

Utah; see Salt Lake City 

u 

Un-Americanism, 112 

Underground, 43 

Unhappiness, 36 

Union Army (Civil War), 64, 121 

Union of American Hebrew Congre- 

gations, 117 

Union Prayer Book, 83 

Union Theological Seminary, New 

York City, 84 

Vacations, 77, 196 

Valley National Bank, Tucson, 102 

Vancouver, British Columbia, 118; 

University, 11 8 

Vandals, 129 

VANDIVER, ERNEST, 142-43 

Varheit, 170 

VENABLE, JAMES, 144-47, 150 

Venice, Italy, 68-69 

Vermont; see Burlington 

Vernacular, 34,43

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIll 

Verse; see Poetry 

Versions (of Scripture), 80-8 1 

Vessels; see Boats, Ships 

Veterans, 60 

Vice, 192 

Vicksburg, Miss., 113-14 

Victorians, 112 

Villages, 80, 180, 185 

Villains, 1, 34-35, 63, 109 

Violence, 125, 128-29, 137-38, 142 

Virgin Islands, 115; Bureau of Libraries 

and Museums, Charlotte Amalie, 115 

Virginia, 123, 125, 198, 201-3, 206-7, 

211-12; Gazette, 212; General Assembly, 

206; House of Burgesses, 

202; Journals of the House of Burgesses, 

204; State Papers, 204-6; see 

also Arlington, James City County, 

Middlesex County, Princess Anne 

County, Williamsburg, York, Yorktown 

Virtue, 174, 192 

Visas, 30 

Visionaries, 107 

VLADECK, B. CHARNEY, 27, 32 

VOLTAIRE, 148 

Voluntown, Conn., 122 

Voss, CARL HERMANN, 117 

Vote, 1 15 

Vouchers, 97 

vows, 44 

Wages, 179, 185, 196; see also Salaries 

Wagons, wagon trains, 48, 57, 60, 62, 

88, 90-92, 96, 99; see also Carson 

wagons, Pack trains 

Waists, waistmakers, 162, 169-70, 176, 

180-83, 188, 196 

Waiting for the News (Litwak), 109 

WALD, LEWIS, 119; LILLIAN D., 105; 

SARA, 1 19 

WALLBRUNN, MRS. WILLIAM, 116 

Wamduska, N. D., 50; House, 50 

War, wars, 10, 13-14, 16, 22-23, 29, 

105, 109, 176, 190, 202; see also Civil 

War, First World War, Military, 

Revolutionary War, American; Second 

World War, Six-Day War, Soldiers, 

War of the Austrian Succession 

War of the Austrian Succession, 202 

WARBURG, FELIX M., 115 

Warehouses, 92,182 

Wares; see Merchandise 

WARMBRODT, CAROLE SUE, 105 

WARSEN, ALLEN A., 117 

Washing, 59 

Washington, D. C., 7, 21, 116, 125 

WASHINGTON, GEORGE, 208 

Water, 59, 90 

Water transportation, 88, 92 

Way of a Man (Feibleman), 214 

Waycross, Ga., 142 

Wealth, 35-36, 45, 174 

WEBB, PAUL, 149-50 

WECHMAN, ROBERT J., 120 

WEIDMAN, JEROME, 108 

WEINBERG, STEPHEN JACOB, 110 

WEINBERGER, HARRY, 6, 10-13, 16-18, 

21-23, 25-30 

WEINER, MARTIN S., 118 

WEINREICH, MAX, 106 

WEISSKOPF, VICTOR F., 112 

Welfare, 106, 196 

WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS, 80, 84 

WELLING, THOMAS, 207 

Wells Fargo Express, 91,95 

West (United States), 47, 122 

West Side, New York City, 169 

West Virginia, 125; see also Charleston 

Western Europe, 3 1, 74, 8 1; see also Europe 

Western world, 69, 110 

WESTHEIMER, IRVIN, 122 

WEYMAN, STANLEY CLIFFORD, see 

Weinberg 

Wheat, 60, 97 

White Citizens' Council, 126, 129 

White Terror and Red (Cahan), 43 

WHITE, WILLIAM, 206 

Whites, 126, 153 

WHITMAN, WALT, 107 

Wholesalers, 89-90 

Why Are We in Vietnam? (Mailer), 

106 

WILHELM II (kaiser), 163 

Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 193-94, 196 

William and Mary College, 203, 208 

WILLIAMS, CHARLES, 206 

Williams Township, N. D., 54 

Williamsburg, Va., 203-4, 206-9, 21 1- 

12 

WILSON, WOODROW, 7-8, 17, 27, 32 

Wine, 21 1 

WINESTINE, NORMAN, 1 15; REALTY


COMPANY, Helena, Mont., 115 

Winterthur Museum, Del., 203 

WINTHER, NATHAN B., 120 

Wisconsin, 53; see also Milwaukee 

Wisdom, 85 

WISE, ISAAC M., 79, 108, 117; LEO, 156; 

STEPHEN S., 83, 115, 117, 119 

WOLFE, GEORGE, 120 

WOLK, IAN L., 113 

WOLLASTON, JOHN, 109 

Wolves, 52-53 

Women, 9, 29, 40, 50-51, 54, 58-59, 

78, 116, 142, 156, 162, 171-76, 179, 

181-82, 190, 194-96 

Wood, 57,97 

WOOD, CHARLES W., 29; GEORGE B., JR., 

109; JOSEPH, 109 

Woodcutters, 52 

Woodstock, Cdnn., 103 

Worcester, Mass., 119 

Work, 42-43, 172; see also Working 

class 

Workers' Defense Union, 17 

Workers' Party, 11 8 

Workers Prison Relief Committee, 25 

Working class, 8-10, 12, 16, 25-26, 29, 

34, 40, 43, 147, 170, 173-74, 177, 

179-80, 185, 189-90, 195-97; International 

workers, 16; Workers Soviets, 

9; see also Skilled workers 

Workman's Advocate, 42 

Workmen's Circle, 22, 188 

World, the, 171, 183-84, 190-91 

World Jewish Congress, 105, 117 

World Union for Progressive Judaism, 

117 

World War; see First World War, Second 

World War 

World Zionist Organization, 105 

Worship, 83, 111, 117, 122, 127, 143, 

151, 166, 169, 181, 186-87, 201, 207 

Writers, 1, 24, 33, 71, 73, 110-11, 126, 

163; see also Books 

WURZBURGER, WALTER S., 107 

Y 

Yachts, 67 

Yale University, 84 

Yale Waist Company, 162 

Yankees, 35 

YANOVSKY, SAUL, 189 

YARDENI-AGMON, GALIA, 21 3 

Yekl (Cahan), 33-36, 40,42,44-45 

Yeshivas, 107, 180, 190 

YEZIERSKA, ANZIA, 105 

Yiddish culture and literature, 7-8, 11- 

12, 14, 22, 27, 30, 43-44, 105-6, 112, 

120, 122, 181, 190, 192 

Yiddish schools, 116 

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 

New York City, 6, 33; Annual, 112 

Yom Kippur, 49, 194 

Yoman Aharon Aharonson, 213 

Yonkers, N. Y., 172, 175-76, 179, 193; 

Chamber of Commerce, 179; National 

Bank, 179 

York, Va., 204 

Yorktown, Va., 207 

Young Men's Christian Association 

(Y. M. C. A.), 166, 193 

Young Poale Zion, 1 16 

YOUNG, WHITNEY, 138 

Youth, 113, 152, 162, 187-89, 194 

Yuma, Ariz., 90-92, 95-96 

Zaddik, 187 

ZAMELKIN, MICHAEL, 189 

ZECKENDORF, A. & L., Tucson, 88 

ZEITLIN, AARON, 106 

ZELINKER, EDWM A., 119 

ZHITLOWSKY, HAIM, 189 

Zinkover Hasidim, 186 

Zionism, 115-16, 154, 156, 159, 213, 

214; see also American Zionist Organization, 

Federation of American 

Zionists, Hibbat Zion, Knights of 

Zion, Labor Zionist Organization, 

Mizrachi, Poale Zion, Socialist Zionism, 

World Zionist Organization, 

Young Poale Zion, Zionist Federation, 

Zionist Youth Organizations 

Zionism (Carpi), 213 

Zionist Federation in America, 213 

Zionist Movement in the United States 

(Friesel), 214 

Zionist Youth Organizations, 11 9 

ZLOTNICK, JOAN, 33-36, 39-46 

ZUCKER, DAVID J., 120

A Temple Is Bombed-Atlanta, 1958 - American Jewish Archives

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