Introduction of new fungicides for Septoria Leaf Blotch Control

Introduction of new fungicides for
Septoria Leaf Blotch Control
Andy Leadbeater
Head of Fungicide Technical R&D, Basel Switzerland
EPPO Workshop on azole fungicides and Septoria
leaf blotch control, Rothamsted December 2010

2
Agriculture is innovation driven…
Percent of
sales
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
R&D investment as percent of sales by sector
Source: Financial Times, Phillips McDougall
2

Loss of active substances: Cereal fungicides example
Charts show percentages of EU-27 arable fungicide value
3
Strobilurin
2002 2008 2014?
Other Triazole
18%
49%
33%
Strobilurins dominate,
followed by triazoles
Strobilurin
Other
31%
8%
Triazole
61%
Triazoles dominate
Strobilurin resistance
widespread
• Strobilurin resistance
continues to grow
• Triazoles significantly
restricted by cut-off
criteria
• Still fewer “other”
alternatives available
Reduced Yields
Loss of EU competitiveness
Greater reliance on grain
imports

4
Waves of new chemistry for sustainable disease control
• From broad spectrum and low resistance risk to highly specific and high
resistance risk
• Innovation key for solving continuous pathogen adaptation
• Mixtures: tool for resistance management program and disease control
security.

“Industry can come up with new solutions”.....
● Costs of new product discovery and development have risen by 39%
from 2000-2008
5

Costs of New Product Discovery and Development
6
$M
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Total $152 m
13
13
18
18
18
10
30
Development 67
Research 72
11
16
18
25
20 36
9
11
44
32
32 41 42
1995 2000 2005-2008
Source: ECPA / Crop Life America 2010
Total $184 m
Development 79
Total $256 m
25
24
32
54
Registration
Environmental Chemistry
Toxicology
Field Trials
Chemistry.
Tox/Env Chemistry
Biology
Chemistry
Development 146
Research 94 Research 85

7
Will new chemistry be available to fill the gap?
Drivers for Innovation:
Need.. Have..
Rapid time to Market
Stable development costs
Predictable review process
Return on R&D investment
•Increasing delays (average 6 years)
•Increasing number, and complexity
of new tests
•Significant uncertainty
•Erosion of data protection rights

“Industry can come up with new solutions”.....
● Costs of new product discovery and development have risen
by 39% from 2000-2008.
● Number of molecules screened to bring 1 to market is
around 140,000.
● Number of years between first synthesis and market has
increased to 9.8 years.
● Increased registration requirements thus increase cost and
impact on development workload and time to market
negatively.
● New EU regulations raise the hurdles further for new
product innovation and are likely to reduce the chances of
success.
8

9
Key Fungicide Introductions
Year Fungicide
1940 - 1960 thiram, zineb, nabam, biphenyl, oxine copper, tecnazene, captan, folpet, fentin
acetate, fentin hydroxide, anilazine, blasticidin S, maneb, dodine, dicloran
1960 - 1970 mancozeb, captafol, dithianon, propineb, thiabendazole, chlorothalonil,
dichlofluanid, dodemorph, kasugamycin, polyoxins, pyrazophos, ditalimfos,
carboxin, oxycarboxin, drazoxolon, tolyfluanide, difenphos, benomyl,
fuberidazole, guazatine, dimethirimol, ethirimol, triforine, tridemorph
1970 - 1980 Iprobenfos, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, validamycin, benodanil,
triadimefon, imazalil, iprodione, bupirimate, fenarimol, nuarimol, buthiobate,
vinclozolin, carbendazim, procymidone, cymoxanil, fosetyl-Al, metalaxyl,
furalaxyl, triadimenol, prochloraz, ofurace, propamocarb, bitertanol
diclobutrazol, etaconazole, propiconazole tolclofos-methy, fenpropimorph
1980 - 2000 benalaxyl, flutolanil, mepronil, pencycuron, cyprofuram, triflumizole, flutriafol,
penconazole, flusilazole, diniconazole, oxadixyl, fenpropidin, hexaconazole,
cyproconazole, myclobutanil, tebuconazole, pyrifenox, difenoconazole,
tetraconazole, fenbuconazole, dimethomorph, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil,
epoxyconazole, bromuconazole, pyrimethanil, metconazole, fluquinconazole,
triticonazole, fluazinam, azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metaminostrobin,
cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, famoxadone, mefenoxam, quinoxyfen, fenhexamid,
fenamidone, trifloxystrobin, cyazofamid (acibenzolar s methyl)
13
24
29
42

Key Fungicide Introductions
10
Year Fungicide
2000 - present picoxystrobin , pyraclostrobin, prothioconazole,
ethaboxam, zoxamide, fluopicolide, flumorph,
benthiavalicarb, iprovalicarb, mandipropamid, boscalid,
silthiofam, meptyldinocap, amisulbrom, orysastrobin,
metrafenone, ipconazole, proquinazid, penthiopyrad,
isopyrazam, ametoctradin
Future Many known pipeline products
ca. 20
● Industry continues to invest heavily into providing new innovative
solutions, despite increased costs and legislation. Sustainability is
essential to maintain this investment

Fungicide Mode of Action Groups Available
for Resistance Management in Wheat (adapted from HGCA, 2010)
11
Rusts S tritici S nodorum Mildew Eyespot Ear Blight
DMIs Triazoles **** **** **** ** **** ***
QoI Strobilurins **** * **** * * ***
Amines Amines *** * ***
Chloronitriles Chlorothalonil * *** ** *
APDs Cyprodinil **** *** **
Azanaphthalenes Quinoxyfen
Proquinazid
****
Benzofenone Metrafenone * **** **
Phenylacetamides Cyflufenamid ****
Dithiocarbamate Mancozeb * ** ** *
Carboxamides Various
(provisional) **** **** ? *** **** ?
performance of best fungicides in each class (adapted from HGCA 2010; modified)
**** excellent *** very good ** moderate * poor (**** resistance losses)
Septoria tritici: Very limited possibilities for resistance management
Powdery mildew: Good situation with > 6 modes of action

12
So What's New??

Bayer presentation IUPAC Congress Melbourn 2010
13
Classification: INTERNAL USE ONLY

14
New QoIs -The Strobilurin Family
(FRAC Code 11)
Company Compound Launch
Syngenta azoxystrobin Sales 2008:
895 mio US$*
BASF pyraclostrobin Sales 2008:
670 mio US$*
Bayer CS trifloxystrobin Sales 2008:
474 mio US$*
Kumiai pyribencarb 2010
Shenyang pyrametostrobin Provisionally
approved
Shenyang coumoxystrobin ?
Shenyang pyraoxystrobin Provisionally
approved
Shenyang triclopyricarb ?
Shenyang dicloaminostrobin ?
* Phillips McDougall 2009

15
Summary (QoI / Strobilurins)
• No new breakthrough in the QoI area (new
compounds show limited biological potential)
• All new compounds seem to be x-resistant to the
market strobilurins
• New compounds might be only of local importance
e.g. China

Complex II Inhibitors – SDHI Family
Boscalid (BASF) – the first broad spectrum SDHI
16
Chemical Group Pyridine carboxamide (bisphenyltype amide)
Mode of Action SDHI (complex II inhibitor)
Spectrum Alternaria (vegis), botrytis (grapes), sclerotinia (lawn,
oilseed rape and lettuce) and eyespot (cereals)
Characteristics Protective, persistent, crop enhancement effects claimed
Registration 2002
Sales First sales 2003
Reinhardsbrunn Symp April 2010
boscalid
O
N
H
N Cl
Cl

1969
carboxin
(Uniroyal)
S
O
O
17
N
Historical Overview of SDHIs (source: BASF)
Market entry of selected fungicidal SDHI´s & their main targets
1974
benodanil
(BASF)
fenfuram
(Shell/Bayer CS)
O
seed disinfection
(& foliar spray)
O
I
O
N
N
1981
mepronil
(Kumiai)
O
N
O
1986
flutolanil
(Nihon Nohyaku)
O
F
N
F
F
O
1997
furametpyr
(Sumitomo)
N
N
Cl
O
N
O
thifluzamide
(Monsanto/Dow)
F F
O
F
Br O
N
S
N
Br
F
F
F
2003
boscalid
(BASF)
rice diseases specialty crops
N
cereals
O
Cl
N
Cl
2010 – 2012
penthiopyrad
(Mitsui)
fluopyram
(Bayer CS)
penflufen
(Bayer CS) N
sedaxane
(Syngenta)
bixafen
(Bayer CS)
isopyrazam
(Syngenta)
fluxapyroxad
(BASF)
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
O
S
N
O
CF3 Cl CF3 N
CF3 O
F
N
O
CHF 2
O
O
CHF 2
N
Cl
N
CHF O 2
CHF 2
N
F
N
Cl
F
N
F
F

SDHI - Mode of Action
inside
Mitochondrial
Membrane
outside
18
AcetylCoA
Oxalacetate
NADH+H + NAD +
I
2 H +
Citrate
Citrate Cycle
Fumarate Succinate
Complex II
Q
2 e-
2 H +
Complex
III
2 H +
½O2 + 4 H + H
-
2O
IV
2 H +
SDHIs Strobilurins
Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase)
Respiration Inhibitor - SDHI
ADP + P i ATP
3 H +
3 H +

19
SDHI„s bind to the UQ pocket of SQR of the complex II
Isopyrazam
F
F
N N
O
N
● Essential TCA cycle reaction
O
O
O
O
O
O
Succinate Ubiquinone
Septoria tritici SDH inhibition
150
100
50
-2 2 4
Log (nM) AI
-50
2x e -
● ...can be blocked
O
O
n
H
isopyrazam
SYN 520 (9:1)
Bixafen
Penthiopyrad
Boscalid
Fluopyram

Efficacy of Isopyrazam for control of Septoria tritici
20
IZM 1.0+
EPZ 0.5
IZM 1.0
EPZ 1.0
Untreated
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Source: AGRISEARCH, UK
% Septoria tritici on leaf 2 (58 DAA2)
Variety: DUXFORD LSD: 19.30
Application: GS30-31 (22/04), GS39-41 (14/05) ,

21
Isopyrazam for control of Septoria tritici
IZM 125g+EPZ 90g
EPZ 90g+Bravo 500g
Rates: gai/ha
IZM 125g
EPZ 125g
Untreated
Location: Terrington, UK
Variety: Consort LSD: 10.83
Applic: GS31/32 (28/04), GS39-45 (21/05)
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Septoria tritici on leaf 2, 54DAT2

22
Improved yields from SDHI chemistry
IZM 125g +
EPZ 90g
EPZ 90g
+Bravo 500g
IZM 125g
EPZ 125g
Untreated
Rates: gai/ha
8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14
Yield (t/ha)
Location: Terrington, UK
Variety: Consort LSD: 0.97
Applic: GS31/32 (28/04), GS39-45 (21/05)

Isopyrazam
Exciting New Chemistry
23
Untreated
IZM, 125 ga/ha

Trials show outstanding brown rust control with
isopyrazam
Advantage 1l/ha high
performing triazole
Efficacy advantage
24 Source 23 trials various
Advantage
isopyrazam

Resistance risk assessment for SDHI fungicides
● Single site inhibitors
● Mutations in the target genes (sdh genes) lead to resistance
● Compound risk is „medium to high“
● Putative resistance risk
- Mycosphaerella graminicola: medium to high
- Pyrenophora teres: medium
- Rhynchosporium secalis: low to medium
- Puccinia recondita: low
- Ramularia collo-cygni: medium
● SDHIs should always be applied in mixtures or alternations
with an appropriate partner i.e. one that is active in its own
right against current field populations of the target pathogen
at the applied dose
25
Source: Sierotzki et al, Reinhardsbrunn 2010

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Monitored species / SDHIs and reported cases of resistance
Pathogen Field Sensitivity Pathogen Field Sensitivity
A. alternata R (US), Pistachio E. necator S
B. cinerea R (in grapes and
strawberries, apple storage
etc.)
C. cassiicola R (cucurbits, Japan) M. fijiensis S
P. xanthii R (cucurbits) V. inaequalis S
M. graminicola S
P. teres S
R. secalis S
R. collo-cygni S
Tapesia spp. S
M. nivale S
U. nuda S?
S. sclerotiorum S (R, single isolate from OSR
in 2008 but not re-found
(FRAC))
P. leucotricha S

SDHI Sensitivity Monitoring
● 2010 monitoring in cereals (all FRAC Working Group companies) show
a continuing fully sensitive situation for SDHIs against all pathogens
including M graminicola.
● All values are within the estabished baseline sensitivity range. No
change for isopyrazam since 2004 (start of monitoring).
27
C

SDHI FRAC Working Group recommendations
SDHI Guidelines – Cereals 2011
● Apply SDHI fungicides always in mixtures applied as tank mix or as a coformulated
mixture
● The mixture partner:
28
- should provide satisfactory disease control when used alone on the
target disease
- must have a different mode of action
● Apply a maximum of 2 SDHI fungicide containing sprays per cereal crop.
● Apply the SDHI fungicide preventively or as early as possible in the
disease cycle. Do not rely only on the curative potential of SDHI
fungicides.
● Strongly reduced rate programs including multiple applications must not
be used. Refer to manufacturers’ recommendations for rates.

Summary (Broad spectrum Compounds/SDHIs)
● Boscalid is so far the most significant SDHI in
market, in many crops, also used in cereals.
● Penthiopyrad, bixafen, fluopyram, isopyrazam,
fluxapyroxad are broad-spectrum, high potential
SDHI fungicides expected to be significant in the
market. For seed treatment sedaxane and
penflufen are expected.
● Bixafen, isopyrazam, penthiopyrad, fluxapyroxad
used in mixtures with other fungicides expected to
be important in cereals based upon published
information
29

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WHAT'S NEXT AFTER THE SDHIs?

What's next?
● Company published pipeline information shows a number of potential
new fungicides, of undisclosed chemistry and mode of action
● These fungicides may or may not be novel in terms of mode of action
● Based upon investor presentations alone these seem to be quite some
time away from market at present (6-9 years??)
● There is no guarantee that these willl pass regulatory hurdles and will
make it to the market.
● Key message – Industry is continuing to innovate but hurdles are high
and it seems we will have to wait a while before the next wave of modes
of action for cereals after the SDHIs hits the market.
31

Conclusions – New Fungicides for Septoria Control
● There are few modes of action available for M. graminicola
control.
● The "next generation" of cereal fungicides is based around
SDHIs.
● A very good number of high performing SDHIs will be launched
and will need to be managed well to ensure longevity. Triazoles,
chlorothalonil etc will be essential for resistance management.
● Chemistry / MOA following the SDHIs, is not yet clear.
● New EU regulations raise the hurdles further for new product
innovation and are likely to reduce the chances of success..
● R&D search criteria will be changed, hazard criteria designed in
earlier in the process (will tend to reduce success)
● Drive to lower performing but lower hazard solutions (not lower
risk!) e.g. biologicals
32