Eii":,':"?3#ifi

249
4. MonpEof,oeY
Note: In ord.er to na^ke the infonoation aE exact as.posslble, I frequently
ad duce__original sources, translating the parts tn questi'oa- i;i" -griri"ul if neces_
sary.- I{any of the exanpres on the u side are taken fron Eung"=i.";"b;;;;se it is
best hroun to ne: s,' ad'ded.. reason is that in the si'ple uunlarian ' seniJrrce tne
word. ord.er 18 6tr.u subject - object - preiltcate, urrire, roi-'in;;;;;-;" Finnish
a"lxd Estonian this ls no longer the case.
.41 GENEnAI I'EATURES cf NOMI$A! a.nd. TERIAI CATEGORIES in J and U
flt;] @ so far as it belongs to the genuine J
Eii":,':"?3#ifi;; .
since rt has no oa,se flexion, it has to be brought into relatto; wiir trre otr_
er pa"ts of the sentence a) by encli.tlc particles or poetpositlons, b)-iUrough a
sort of inflection of the wo?d.s serying is predlcates, na,nely the ver6s anal the a&
jectives, c) ttrrougtr iuxtaposition. s=;rpi."i - (1" 11,) 4"t"'"" i.'il-iro,u 1r.rr4,
(9. 'na.n', ry gen. /at'tt. narker); o!oa,+ il& & ,"o aee a nan, (a phrase which
ca.n serye a,s a sentence, too; 0J ana cr.r wol Er o is tbe ot; "" i -r-"=iJ" which iq
houever, not the strict equivarent of, srfr-r"tio -[ in ter"a]nr 'eartrri: it is
sooner of - lative/d irectional - sense, sayl -'ioward.s I r-miru i@Gs werr be rra,:rslated
as rthe fact of ".:t1*l) i gtg.rco iri {g+ ,to s:.F-to a-nani o;-;(s;netrrin!)
i?^gt: l_:_? T""t' (g+ is a seneral-EE.-suffi, here servins a aatrve/iaiive func_
}io")i g E E ni rupon/above a nountain r
(to
iv.
b):) _rno.ntainr, ue ,top,
ClJ.yoki_otgkg.'g topsidei)i
sood nan' (trre base-of th;-;;i;.'rts_ waruki' kaze ,iJjii"iru v._.r;
'|a baa wind', (""="-.'1"*')i_ (to c):) ?toko, tatsu i;-nan-t;iuts1ii"""
the noun canraot be sa,id to-E-e tied to' thd veriai i66-t@ r"ri""tioo -or latte?: trr"
@!.9, sini1a"ly_lo gp qd {.T" above, could Le. taten "" " ooorrj r -oioto
g? neshi (ylo later-u 'a nan 6ET-s. rice(Eg is ihe subject narker of post_oJ
tirnesi n. rfood. nad.e of .ricer: thig sentince is reraiii.i; ;;;;i;"j: """'
By wanr of contragt (or comparison), trere . folrow, the "ipi""ir"i6
-s" equivarsxts:
{Flfr, Eql: or rdrri-+dk'@_ '; nan,B'hand, (i.-;a (;;";)-;i;;"iuii,l'*"u_"
'rrr. s'rra;nq_' r ,-9. pxr?dsg; -nek< -ne + -k, latfite /d irectional suffixes ).: rffi_t
+62 .'\he/she/it)
views a nan' ( ttre-suU; e-ct :.s inpiiea, o"" f"oru-it-i;fi;ffi_
text; -! marks the obiect; gli te tne-tare sten- lr1 the furxctidn of D]eed.ica.ro a-,t
sg present indtcative)i f6rE-i-=nek J4r r(sonethine)is eu;J;-i;t;;r-i;#";",-"
above: ..iS;, is the barir sTen;Tfe e;n-6 ai nd, aroieli -lE i-"$i":il ;;E;:"*
cs6.cs-d,-n ron top of a nountain'. (9. . _'noun-ta-ain, , ._L_.Ep"@d-_S
roE._ suff.);
:9 {€rri , t (a) .good .naa' (j! 'gooaiJ the Eu adj. is urrJ.nJ:recrec/i roasz szdl rbad.
1!!:.;-r*"**:l"l"m""igi:'"1::lu j"*:;*'*i;3***i";#=*i;"
ginning with a consona.nt; in earlie? tii&, when Eu useal no deftnite was a den. pron. , neaning ,that
' i _! i6 ob j. narker; i"; gdfki, "=i:."t"r- " -;: ;ii' laoerul.
4-. 1.2 tro clear iiistinction bet$een noninal and verbal og.tcrnnr.i ac __!\,^, +^,r^-ir,"
sound ""t as a surprise ;-;g;: r'n consideration- of fft3";"
the oeten :.ong ptronetlc -sJqu"o""u verb fo::rns. Eoueve?, such or .i
a fo:n as tabenakuie ;rrot
goes back to a
eiting,,
sten tabe nhich ""-,""t'
rr""iig eatenl
in itffi?rn"tiorr.u a noun ( gerund
_44gute
forcn of the piGoeitton is the
-ry$, mLra*enasu "oe""tulith llr"-rrue;iioo._,ffi), o",
'r ao (terns) seen/wat6r.ed-; , rris evoivea r"", ifi" -tr""'6i-;r:iro
""" , ,
first into the fulter sten_ Efu_, then analogicairv r"t" r""e""JJ"i".? :.u r"
rnonosyllabic and disyllabib,er-ba1 fo='s waJd.e category is iot atways Jiear.
. San:gn interestingly contrasts the IE noun c"t"gor? with the ,f irr", -aoa
m€"rks: rrJa,palre€e, eyen in lts noderrf, for:n seens to retiin vestLges or a clna:.tron ""_
1n-whlch,there was inperfect aifferentiation of graonati.car ,--This
"atEgo"i-u. is
quite different at least fron a. relatlvety late Eondition or irr"-in-ii"'go"e""
yhigh t]ave '... fo::nal graonatlcal categ6ries correspon.ing
logical to c"=taf"-plycfro_
categories -- vord-classes such is ,rouns, correspoidinE to the plycholo_
1?f:r""1_"?l:g:lg 'lll"u] I verbs correspond.ins to the psycrr6rogicei !r-on' or cate;oit';;;_
'state,; and
rpropertyr;
adjectivesr. copesponding to the psychoiogical
in Japa.nese, elther ihe psycirologi6al categorX, iu i"riy ""i"gory
"5t -aifr"r_
entiatedr or the correspond.ence between gaa.nma,f,igs1 a,nd. psychologicar categories
-.

250
iE inconplete. Tiie. substantival or noun category_ seens to be the pxina.r one and
io ir"""-["""= "etainedl 14 _sg'.ng cages w]xexe, in 9ttrgr lgreguages.'_ n9w. categories have
d.evelopedrr (P. 7O).
I i';atei- 6r .r aayerlg d19 4opas aq well. E' g: , &. I the present ; the present
tiner can be used. as the eguivalent _of rnowr, in ima na,irimasu rI a,n coning.nowr;
ina no yo I he present o"v'o" tg"' (no gen. /attrSa;ffi; &E rhere; at this
iGcF G histoiically .a noun (in which at least the second -ko psobably nea:rg
ilace', cf. 0J -$, -$i uader entry
'
-Egl-gg)
ft; sien for6; of-adjectives ca.n also firnction ' as nouns' E'c'! @no ngnohiki
rred d.rawers', where al

etc' harde4s frop. freezjjngt,q. Sucb .era.narles bear out schlac?]ter altd _oth_era, for
this sort of fossil evidence nusi be tirousands-of vears oid.
251
- conqiaeriing the ract tpt tF ;ooi rom -;; of
ii"" iT.""i;'-?
noniaal nature,
slnson
e.g.,
writes, is
4 : roi-ti yulcu 'to gor
lg see'., ha+!-ni -;iiorli_vie*irrg,
!vs,ni-+ rto see, viev', Ednir--sttng-ii-ita o.l if 7 a+R..rrar rne so-called rentaikei
(attr. _fornr corresponding to the present par-ticiple 'oi conveniionai;;;ditfeverv
J verb, along uith the. recy6ke+ (or.2nd. base) can firr iH"-i"""tili""i .
norur' one wonders whether the ,l conjugation systen, which tar.es i"l-"iito"gr, i"
a less involved way, the ad.jec,tive. (rJ.iva"i.ii" ""cl ihe ad.j ectt""r-"!=l -
is not . a relatively tate growtl' ri*dfiEEi]ugation sysien"-"i-q."-U i=";.*ue"u.
i[livOaa"rri;,
letts read hou nod.e]Tr Eu linguists inag. ine-the_ one-ti-ue
differentiated.
working of the ueakr-y
word. categod.es rn u/rw. Bl*czi - Benk6
(tr_ansl' - r.iiZ"- iVel
): , ib, ut"t""
" Man5r contesl ttre coevaiiiy oi-irre -aa3 ective
verb. uith the no'n anat
rnrere axe
the
opi.nr.ons accord.ing to whicu the separation of noun a'a was not conplete
ae;ectrve
in the U p-la'guage, and. not even in the I,U p_IanguateJ
Lrords, dependLng in otUer
on the sy_nla9tic situation, a given sten couid.
ad'jective. t"-"iirr6" noun
There i-s no doubt
or
that in today's Eu nost wo"de narked -by-d"Ji:.ty word-class are
or
no'n-ad jectives. 0f the antient noun for:nants,
adiectives ,*y-L"To""a i'
' -too. The syntactic and semantic properties or nu'ravoirrlJti-trr"
beconing ,rou,.u
adjectives and. the adjective€ teco--ing- no'ns. These qual:.tiee'nay rrave
been present to a certain extent in the U and iU p-tanguageu. f__Oo p.-eG,
sane work treats of the
tir"
tu::ring of a nou' or an ad.Sective i.nto an trorc in-
:!T:"; "i""=t. golt"o, rtonorrov' and.!gg3& 'yeaterdayr wexe nouns j.n OEu, but are ad_
I?"ou. (9r tLneJ nouadadrs; vasdrnap rSundayr ca,n function both as a noun
aovero
and as an
(and it seens to have ke4t tts a^nbi.valence
conparative
ever since it was created); the
srad.e of the acrj. _!fu!
,Iate' Ls @gU. i"rri.i, -i"-i";;;,;-;;Jd uor"
:::lyi:: _ "93 : b:]nt ?d3{, _ !!fo! runct ions as-ar ad verb, mea,:ring' raier- on' larry' the ad.j. i sini_
4si. 'lrhich is in front' took on the sigr' of the conparative grade
to becone 94!. -'which is further in front', yet today i.t :." reanlier, aavi=b, ieaning
f o::nerly t .
""
stil1 of interest is Eajd.{.'s description of the anrcr.ent link between noun and
verb (1966r_58, transl.)i ,' .,. we nention here the capacity of trre Sa,noyeA fan_
guages a'nd_ Mg,.dvll? by virtue of uhlch--in preaticative posiiion and witir-out tne
use of verbal suffirces--thes-e la.nguages can- tu:cn the noiinal ("or-, aaj".t:."",
numeral, pronoun) into a vexb, a^nd. oi such occasions the non:iial orirrcrr"ira" l""or"
a verb takee on verbal personal endings and even tine characteriuti"u. rr--u.*.,
MdE prs sg 1
2
5
pI 1
2
1
Past sg 1
2 7,
(non)
Il:t]
tr#l
(
"yri )
od-an
od -at
od.
od.-ta,no
od.-tad.o
od -t
odo-ri-fi
od.o-1i-{
od.o-I
tI an youngl
t You are fr r
rheisnt
tWe- afe rl t
I You are tt I
I they rr tt I
t I was young t
tyou were tt I
rhe WaS tl I
pl- 1 od.o-1i-rlet< twe are ft I
2 od-o-lri-d'e tyou are tr t
3 od.o-I-t' I they. were tt | .
The above paradign i.s instnrctive for several reasons s a) its base j.s the adj.
od- ryoung, newf which. probably belongs under entry gt": t "tg-i;;
t;-+e"g"-;r""ii
yourgest child.'? b) it illustrates how a nominal sten turn;E6 a ve;ffi) we can
obse:rre on it that the Jrd. person aetor can be ind.icated" by the bare s.leni d) ih;
past tense form is created. out of the adj. stem + the verb of existence ufe (+
personal end.ings). Concer:ring u1g, reference j-s mad-e to entry iru,-,o:tr tto b"t ("g
Fi ole-, etc., U *wofg). As Haffi expLains, Md. u1e has becone Fao"&-itr the given
position to a marker of the past tense. I woufd. note that there is some sinilarity
between this fcrnationand.OHu and dial. verb stem + vala (etc.), e.g.; tdtvatZ
'he/sheSaw',j5rvala|he/shewenttoaJId.fro|,1esvaF'h"/.r'",watcilea':F
the ma,ny verb fornations on the J sid.e effected by means of ad.d.ing arifu'to existt

252
which seeos to be a variartt, by spli! r of th" verb of exj-stence i,qtf
shi.rokari 'is rshitet

253
strea^n). He then remarks: ttfn word.s of the t1"pe o, ua.*"rr there is no coales-
cenee , but only iuxtap9 silign, ?nd the r""tting . parts. "orrrrffi
o"f-i-irr;.*r* Jr the two
:hills ?nq s.trea^qsr'--an interegline corollar_T-9f tf,g fact t4it Brr"" j;;";:"
"f e has- no satlsfac-tory gquiviienl of the-gonjunction 'ana i . hlhere semantic
alescenceco-
takqs place it is usually accompanied by phgnetic chans; r'-T;"-r -u*i*"n"
would. mea:l tmountain-streamt.tt--The qule juit quolea d.oes not seen
for a
to
few lines further
be'strict,
d-own sansom
tgrassf
rras tcusauani 'grass and. fl;;;;rl"qilo, icusa
-and ]Igqg..'flowers'1 it is tme, FffiEffi i" given by KenkSrusha
9'"i'ep1ant;.a.f1ower');tKenkyushagives_Effias'treesLnd.p1ants;vegetation' ""*,ffio*-
(kusa tgrasst , ki ttree |
).
EVen if there is some mix-up , paratacti.c composition is clear in a fair number
of casesr and- we are i.nterested..in -such compositions at present. For j.nstance:
0J tunr;sino '' d.ew and frost.r , -k6'
^&-x& 'wif rwife e ana and crriia(=""1r;;-;Hd:";;; child.(ren)', ' mftot-suwe' iri"* s
:?T];F|? !"::), $iri;efai E6?is :bris ?"d and guck',,o;sar.f quckr , wo-sakf ;tffiu,iji'"on1,
, mftot-suwe tstem and.
'tdIGd5eaa ""0
rnight t , pf:rr tdwr)-- v8-pf i.d_. . rrumi-v
? - pi= 'dtllf,Ep,i id. , vumi-va , rbow ,and.
ll-a | ,
-
, matu-kape tpine a4d oakl , pf-tukf
" Jffi"a--"ir " " i rff*"iii n # "5ffi*
?,?+;;?" ;'?, I i d-fi .; ;,l:l:,' i *i: o., I "T; " :; :"' :i;':;I "
f ffi
l" "jl,
'motherarrdfather',|fathera;adffi;r'(titi'father';,,tffi'"o.l"T"yand. iS;,L
house"_S;.sawo' roar and. boating pole','@gpe 'bottom ;ffiE;i, ;;8-;" f color
and. sme1l | , ing-se twife and. husband. | , ipaTffick and. trees r .
Referenceismad.eton6aeiryT5,95ffirrereword.formationinthePI'u/Pu
parent language is treated.. Rdd.ei call-s tcompound. word.sf those which consi.st
two free
of
morphemes, while I d.erivatives I are cal-led. those which contain one free
and- one or more bound. morphemes; the tcompound. word.s t can be split into paratactic
(.^,copulative) hypotactic subgroups;
"ttd
a special branching of the para_
tactic subgroup j-s what ndaei terms the tuniting/copufatj.verone. Members
group of this
express abstract or coLlective concepts iil a manner that they comfrise two
characteristic elements o_f t!" concept in question which elements nly have
opposed- meaninS.g. E.g.e Hu h{r-ndv rrepute, fa4e.t (nir tnews, tid.ing-s, "rrl4 reportr,
n6v 'na,me')/ve E"y'i-piv 'crrildrf[irl ' + ,ioy')/ q" gg=re.'rrunan-#G'-(,wife,
womarr' + '*"Ti ffi"47 z" *i.=-I?*-'visase t racJ, ('n6Gt* 'ro"{rri)7"?*"tjir-r.i=
/.
+*. (+P 'mouthr, +q5' rTose')/ pi maa-ilma rwor1d., .universe, terresirial-
('earthr
airt
land.r + tgkyt)r Est isad.-emad. tparentst (isa-d. tfathersI, ema-d- tnothers'),
suu-E*Iln?d 'face ' (S*t '*ootn@, I eyes, .
R6dei remarks in ttris conttecffiFlTrattll-. ) : nParatactic/copulati.ve compos1tions
form a very archaic common trait of the U languages, and- they issue from an
id-entical attitud.e to maJtfs world.--For the origin of tfriu type of compositi_on
goes back to a tine when abstract and. eollective concepts corrla only bl expressed.
in the way just seen. Such compositions qui.te ]ikely."ii"tea j.n the" pFu/pu parent
language, although we cannot trace any of the now
"*i"ting
copulative compositions
of the member languages back into the era of the parent linguage.tt
When we take a closer l-ook at the J, OJ conpositions of-thfs. (q= approxinate)
tltg_;e.g: r krlsa-ki 'grass("") and. tree(")'; 'vegetation', o= rd-kon 'ili; an4
chi1d.(ren)r; foners fa^nilyt--it is immed.iately apparent that tffitoo, express
abstract and/or collective concepts. It seems th;t this feature of word. formation
in J closely resembles the one on the u sid.e seen just above.
4.2.1 Word. f ornation by d.erivation
4.2.1.1 Derivation from attested. and. assu-med. open monosyl-labic bases.--Reference
is mad.e to Ka 1980 where the possibility of a common pattern of word. d.erivat j.on
in U and. J j.s d.iscussed., with supporting parallels from the A sid.e. Since in the
course of the etymologi.cal analyses we have had. occasion to see numerous stcamples
of the pattern in question, a d.etailed. treatment can be d.ispensed. with here. Iloweverr
two reLevant groups of verbs could. not be presented. en bl-oc, in these
pagesr so they shall be ad.d.uced. now.
EncLo-active versus exo-active 0J verbs:
ka-r-u t borrow t k/.-r-u t wear t ki-y-u t go out/d.ie out I
ka- s-u I Lend- ' ky'- "-o
I to clothe ' td.i-; ' !*titrgui sh r
ke-s-u
tr

d-y-u
td- s-u
*f-"-o
*flml-
"-o
*&-y-o
md- s-u
na-r-u
na- s-u
ni-r-u
ni--s-u
t go beYond- r
' :"3d:
rviewr see
'1et/nake
rviewr see
r (Vi ) burn'
t set afire t
transf er'
rbecome f turn i-nto I
I d-o f achieve I
t resemble I
tmake resemble I
t
see I
I
254
nd-r-u
n&- s-u
(n}toL )po-r-u
(mo\d-)po-s-u
ta-r-u
ta-s-u
vo-r-u
vd- "-"
frirla.
!fuv t
I loaci
bYt
gtt!o
on (".g., a horse)t
' (Vi ) return'
tcause to returnl
rbe ful1/satisfied'
'ad.d.f cogple!e:
tcome nearr
tlet come near; gatherr
I{u verbs derived from roots of (C)V shape:
The case on the J side is cfear, i.e., the root is each time of cv shape, and'
""""L:;;"-;: 3.ti::t"irn?::;s ,. there are a rew which are d ebatable ("' s' ' 4- )'
However, the pattern is plain there, toor and r propose that at least a consj'derabre
part or irr" lexical material in J, the same as in u, can only be explained'
as e j.ther having remained open monosyliabic since time irnmemorial, or as having
derived from such open nono-syllabic roots. The fa,ct that by fa'_ the greater parts
of the respective ,ro"u.bor;;;"";-ig"""1"" J and- genuine u) are known to us in the
-"pp""p"iate1y
rlrnants of verb-nouns, immed'i-
form of d.isyllabic stems ao", falsify the proposition'
9'b9ve
"dt
a.s verb f ormants, or perhaps more
ately following the g"*!""i"';"ca)u""oll* -- nencl afso referred- to as primary expansion
f o"nu,rrI" the J slde seems to have:
-&- ; -Y/-e-; -s- ; -g- ; -g- (and reflexes) ; -I- ; -s-(t") ; -t- ;
-g- t -r:
TheSuggested.correspondencesol1theUsj.dea'Teeitheridenticafinshape
with the above formarrt;";;-aiiiu" f;;; trt"* srightrv gT^gotuiderablv' s' the
tabulation und.er 1.1.1.--A..comp1ete explanatlgi :I th; differences may not be possibfe
for a long tine yet (;h;-9tynoro!i"" *i11 have to be sifted, also new ones
added, etc.)._-At present, a fu]:- of
"tu,ri.u.tion
!h" verb d-erivation patterns can'-
comments and- 4.2'i'7'
not be offeredo but s. t;; p"=iir""t";;;;liosi""r
Reference is made to Sansom
4.2 .5 .2 ng"t"q"i/,:gltq:l*"" -?""t;l*fT3t ;5#;131' ;;"X?;?'i'J'ror."- "pi ' a."n;l
5_*tt1"?; ^ffi"nlii "o*"i
",r)rr,ffi {"g*
ffi"*di#t: ;ffi;{=I}*t:T'=#L
'greatneSS'(:6,ki-shil}arge,great;lls!gry-,suifering'(:kunrshi-shi

In theee exantrlles *.|-ii
ryrl f,or:nations, _g is attached to ad.j. .st9np,..pr1;
ryw- oT s-econdarJr. 3ut !h9 exa.nple kaeru-ga rone is return.r or iqners way of re_
turn'! (! @ rreturarr) show' that it can also be-adiled !o deverbal noiinils, arrd
then the noun so forrnia segnq .to be a rionen actjon:.s.. At qny ""t",
255
-Sr,11"oi t"u,11u_
lates.the clauee. kienr;s? + + q +igen_as 'on ny rbturn i r^'i11'show rre"i-Gn""u
the first nL nust be of loc/adv. of tlnelunction, the second. Ls the particle of
dative/latlve ; $. 'sweetheast' ; Eb! 'tet seei) .
- Other exa,nples: 0J ku-sa ronets coning; when one coroes' (: ku, tater kuru
'coner); truku- sa roners going; lrhen one goes'; Ealca-Ea rinversi6Ti (: sa,lrffiract
?:.1t"?"y. to:, . Sj+sE ropposel.go against'); ry, '""rroess; (trre) ciiiffi aown,
lvJ-; sar-o. oI t-ne heart or of the waves of a body of water).; yoko_Ea rhorizontal
positionri rthe condltion of sonething lying horizontallyi )
0no explains -sa as being cognate-wiih fhe first p"=i 6r .gg@ 'way, nzurnerc,
nealts, conditions; reason'; -€ Eerves to indicate: a) airectl6il b) -(wfren attach_
ed to a verb) condition; tinel-occasion; c) (wben atticheci to aaj. !tJr"-o" no
words of adj. type) nature (of things); quality; d.eg?ee, extent.
Secause we know tha,t a d.enominal noninal fo::nant of shape _E appea?6 in sone
Eu,foxns,\vith correspondences in the cognates (e.g., :1!g ,tows-trin!; nerver, s.
entry ,, the proposition Ls nade that the Eu Roun fo::nant _ 4A1l_ ggg,.-O&u _'ezj!E/
-sz6g is conparable to J, 0J -g.
oe tbe basis of record.s, one. ca"rr distinguish two na,i.n and a few less inportan!
functions of -gful-glE: a) fo::nation of collective nouns, e.g., !.6EgSk- 'populace,
(H. tpeopre r f oIk, nasses t ) , enberi-g6e t na&kind , the human racFTffier 'human
9"t1"')j b). fornarion. of ab;trm;6;out of ad.jectio"u, u.s. ; uu;;=6 ,rJ"iiv,
(ggp rbeautiful, prettyl attractiver), k6srres-sd$ rkind.lines;r (EEEF'tinafy,-
ffi " i'1*#),' :i";3 #ff ;l' ffi "##"' *ff ;il J rl"
" "; 3il1*,m,iHlffi fl '
tive-units,
_e:g: r.$ig rboxder defence area, (ft ra guardr), b6n-sdE rextensive
territory ad.ninistered by a !@r a high royal oti-iciat), o r- ! zdffiezd,g r coun_
try, domainr (8,. _'lord, naetEF) ; a) io::mation or nouni'ei!ffsing-one-connissior5
e.g.r E(H9S rlegateehipr (!!p[ rlegate'), 6rna.ev- sd,S ,high coonantting posl
over gua?d.s' (gn 'guard,, lgg rgTeat, proninent, larger).
Accordlng to D. Sartha (1958, 119-21), the origln of this formant is unrrnol,zr.
sone scholar4s a?e of opinion that it has to do with gfu rhj.rlr, but this eq)lanation
does not sound convincing, --rt is of interest to note that J. Budenz (ilagxrar
Nyelv6r_I, 1e-72,
.148-9) had. p?oposed that the originat neaning of -gi!g,/- sdi ;;y
have had to d.o with ttLme I r since several of the formants of ibstra-ct nofrs itr th.
otlj.er tr'U lupg""q": carl be tTaced back to nouns meaning 'timer. llhLs vou1d. link up
with point b) of the info::nation given by dno in connection with OJ -sa.
Cf. Gulya 1966, 4Tz OsE -g{,/-sa + dual- or plural-narker fulctiins as cotlectIve.
ullf+f, e.g._' jg1-sii-aoo rfather with his son' (d.uat; j9;
idY-se-t ,fathex witir EffiiF(pr).
'father'),
. Cf . SenzinS 1956, 6!: Tg collective suffix *+gt
Itree:), no--sa
".g., 'forest' (gq
*$ tfish, fishesr i l. TQz b ggi3f,irro"i"u'-*g-gao-* ith"-Moogors'/i
p. 7u: -g ta.Tr unkrown eLement) + sa, fore the fornation of nouns expres_
sing nasses consisting of snaLl conponents.
reyesr.
-- Cf. Ransteclt 1957 (f),58: Ma ia_sa
4.2.5.5 Alstract noun fo:med. romed. with _-mi. -mi. --lewin 1?59 1959. , 51 z:
yowa-mi tweakness t (yowashi
'weakJ;El="-rn @
rwhite').'f,ewin [o Fhat the diffe;8fr46
between -sa and -ni is that -sa ind.icates the 'd.egree of
fers to the rseat
a qualit/, while -ni re-
of a qualityr.
Sansom (l9Ze, 294) states in connection with such
( : aka rred.; the red.) that -gi is a suff ix that f orms
val stems.
examples as aka-mi f red.nesst
abstract nouns from ad.jecti-
leavi.ng aside such formati.ons as eirc,shimi t(tfre) suspectingt (r ayashimu tto
suspect t< 3[,qEbi r suspj.cious; marvelous | ; Sansom hj.nself thinks that avashini
is a d.everbal_ '!oun) r we still have the abstract nouns formed. out of adj. stems +
-. I propgse to compare this -ni to Sa^n Yr -*"/-W. (s. f,. Honti | s review concerning
abiiiact nouns in u; NtK-79, 1977, 4j1J fficir Lazar:i'tl,he foin"ation of
abstract nouns in the Uralic languagesrrr Acta Univ. Uppsaliensj.s; Stud.ia Uralica

256
et Altaica 10. A.lmgvist & Wiksell, Uppsala 1975,
*tle"-rg. (^lYf?4:rlg,-'rednessr (i *f,e"- 'red'); cf.
=F-, Y"'/la-@rlet (feYer ) t -
134 pp.).
xnd,:m6'-
Bsamples from SW 1 07:
("- *gitnna- ) 're/uecome
4.2.3.4 ironoun-roTie!i??.--l) { -ry'.ol^-*V-+':. u *:+ ("', tl? treatnent of
the pronorfE-Es-lfETLcal itens under 2.1.12..1 ).--Whetber 0J--45f uhich functions as
p"or,-or- tornent is . id.entical . with the gen./attr. narker -45[ cannot be decideil
at pre sent.
^B) J. oJ -re vs u *-r (s. 2.1.12.1).-- against -E. in oJ glre., ]!4.E., @.E.
'I', fufu. 'yoF (2nO "S), -"d-*. rhe, she, that', ka-re rhe. she'. ta-le rwhor,
omant *-r.
ldu-re rwhichi nhere I we caniE (Lehtisaio 19t6, Tolu pronorninal-f
E.-e. Jty -L i4 rwhati
ry, what,kind' (: g id.)lTe -r in sennr-r. na'na-r
,wtrich, (3 n€n id.r, sr'""-tir:.s,' t[atT),//v;;FwhAEFcr.
fehtisalo l9l3 ""-i-i*r*i;("i.
' tggz FSa,n prononinal fo:sant *-13 ; e.9., h -Jg in se-Ie
.gg;4$,r ge-le-qua rsonebodyt/rn -Le-/-b- in g$1r gEL t such (a)t'
ruho I
4' 2. t' 5 l4.lesiiIg-&=t"ati*
4.2,1.5.1 or,aqi. foln?Tt lsi (.:I:-!+i];:v!;u:l-4or:*-I4'--.Lewin (1-959, 1tT-9)
Doinb out that -Ene rerar,i-ely poor stock of original adjectives in J has been
'supplenented with derivatives by neans of suffixes arrd with subordinative conposiii-"i".
f" the fo1lor,ring, [ewin'-s dtata shall be atlaluced (transf . ): A) tterivatives
wftU -shi (+ final sutiix): a) denoninal fomations' rnostly involving reduplica-
;;;;' ft., otona-shi 'obed'ient, gentlet (ot-ona 'adult personr), katawa-shi rd'efonoed,
crippled.r (kata$a 'defo:mltv'), l}d,"T6ia-urt+ 'eirenaid, e1o;$;;'-1'h"+"
tflower, blossonr); q-shi
rivation from the indefinG/4!4@i forln-of verbs of @.9on;';, e'9" I]@-
EEL rdesirable' (4€ggg, rto d.esire I ) ' .ry+i
rwonanishr (r0e 'wonan')i -b/ deve?Dar rornarLons \q'e-
rdesiTable ' . advlsable ' (ryl]xEl
rwish ror, desire,), isgfa-sr.ri 'ruiy'@-. _ 1o.h*""1 )i ")-t4:?:l?tll: r"'-"-
tio"u (p"ttrv e. g.
=eauiiicat-io-nJ)l , @@!4!i
rvery, irnmeneely'), @l!l: !h! rvhich is not yet (soJ' (ry.'ye'E; no! yer',1'
@;o"i"! i6"ii.
"t+te_ r ercessive i no?e antl norer), @ 'slit-
I ertrene, excessive | (h?'q*a'la
texingr (EiEEtgl.:!9J tglitterLngly: onoE',1 '--l) i
d&iffiith-the surrlx--@- iniervening (+ rinal :Sri*ll ?:e.'
nede-ia-shi 'ausBiciousi happy' (nez[-tuish fori love, adnire')r-s!L]*-i .
ffiy'- G;^"f-41 'sirile')@aqa-sh:L rflat, even, levetr '(hira rflatnegs
--- - - i plainr levelt ) ;
C t- a""i.i"tives iritU the suffix -4g- intervening (+ final sufflx;.sona of the
.t"rJio"i"" i""oived are not clear),-'g. r El1g@
tlittle' soanrtyr (s' entry
ggi""ni) abu-na-shi rdange?ous |
r'lirtyr;.
--Tierffi-tives ' ' .kita-na-F+i,
rsith {he uorii@(-sawaq+i) (+ final suffix), e'9.'
"f.o-EL"-"+i , 'eil1y' . (xgp- 'awkwa,rdleis, clunsiness' ) , 4ilkgi.@L 'lew'I'
llcentious' --- --nj-i""i"if""u (nidari '(trsorcer' ,, t
"ith the suiiix -gEi. (+ fiaal suffix), e'g'; otgko:ra-shi
'nanty, nanfut' (@g '.;*'),-o""";i+'--"ui '1"f".t"' raAliite:-eifEn-iiFe-(g
rwonanr), otona-ra-ehi I ad.ultlike | (g!g 'adult person'.r'
subordinative conpositions: t"-df"*rtt 'fa,noi.s' (E 'ttt^n"'r-tqk?.'high'),
t"-ar*+-"rti inoble'.(i" '"pi=lt')--' !C-YC@!. tsinple' easy to dor (te rhandr'
xgEg- reasy, sxlpre ' ,r.
On the U sidle, three Eources shalt be consulted.-. --A) Lehtisalo-1916 (196 tt.).
* (*r t ?eference to Toivonen [sw i9, 226.ft'J lehtisalo en-
;;";i;"; "#ri"'*]6-""-i-tg tnaT in t ru.ttgrru,ges. it is difficult lo leep apart th9 reflexes of
"oi6
t';6-i;;r-il;"e--oi u *d6; tianir.); rpr tgal€bna-g
".s., rkeen-Eishted' clea.x-
!ieh-t;;* ( #;i;# i
"{" i -
i, bElrli- 8
I or- acute irEa:-Ins{4!!' ear' ) ; M{}1 84.
ioie vear'6ffi6' .(*j.zi 'ftEfi MdE kafta-6 ]!9! 't"rttu' (kafto .rtwor); ch
.d-:U i" ig8q-{a., i!@4. 'ggnile, ;ovia1, polite: snooth' smooth-haire'll
(ve.iaoa-ld ' anoot.rr' ut:-ffi"v?) i-vii i;;:' i"foovr (g rstoner): "1+- f r$iich iB
;;i"frtf iii';""a""n''i't;"tirit *Lid-ii'teneaii'')lqig':g 'ii';rr-(!g. 'nose');
,-blb-ody' 1:tirl^,r,\.
iia-d ria', f .ii 'icei)' btjry-6
^-iji;A
rwhiah i8 behindl
(brjr ,ioon/sDaoe tehj.nd (;; I-aTffin')t ve J@.
iffia'- ("i'. "ir"iiifi'ffi4-ai-1.tiffi""r' '0" 1"r ia.); o" 1!ry 'elenaer' (&. id.)' ign--e! rriSht-hand ei'le'
'

257
(ign 'gootl,,4ei]!tl'); tf *-i.,.
1:g,: in e-u: $Fli .,ra.st' (2!
B) 'background; arse,;
Ay'dTk9..1.934 i. on 1t: fB, the. author points out thet 'ffi /-C (:. _Sl,
,_"", -_irr),
-e (< u i-j$' --..+$ ogcqr' i+ ad.iectj.ves which have
possessoris-f.unction.8.s.,..(.all.r)_"€f;g'yetlowishr(4"8-t;ii;";j,
.either aiil.nutire-'or nonen
feketd-s 'of a br.ack hue slightly urict rTretlte-
' 'btackrJi (nonen possessoris:)
hala:s rabopl4ing in fish' (iE4 'fisfr'), r'iF'watery; iret; rot of
"oot"irrine-a
:"'::i:i,{#?*"?iil:]ie,-ffiu"*"itix; jF,;Y:**m";i'u*:",+"ifp
den' (!!!- r tilt- '|forbid'), igzo,-e 'habitual drinker, (tg"-^,ii: ffu"t"t;j-*-
?sayplo;? r€creud; cr:aningt_ (cs+yar- rtwist, tu::r, y"ydT fra-znao_s ;iy:.rrg, orr_
truthfulr (har"d-, 'to. teIl ri6{f, ry.g,
rknour), tartd-e I durable, stabler (tart- 'tee!]uofa').
,urgergt, (szoioF6Fo"""Liil), --
?f.lo;F 't?icky' (gL_ - 'to trick, dEfifrdr), tuai-g iffi?a, ""rrh"=iy;-jt.,1i_
4'2'J.5.2 J',0{agi-. f?rnant
?Fe/-l,

4. 2.1. 6 Second.ary nor.rn fornation
258
4.2.j.6.1 : i, 0.f (? seegnd.arry) norLn..fqrn?nt -+? (? :aF).vs 9 x--tr! 4e4on. {ormant.
Neithersanthisformation,butinviewof-appg,ren!parallels
I offer what naterial is at ny di-sposal' .
, J ha-ne. *rr+. (o; pu.-re, E) ireatrr" r' , OJ kf-ry: kf . (J ki-ff) lpestle' , 0J
tfto-tt"=, *-St"T;'kiiffiE'-ioi', J ko-.na ^OJ ffi:oil='' ;. ;@' ol-d- nan t
6""=dinffi d""ffi=t ki = oJpnan. fr61e' , & irn;-nEil@e' ; g- seems
to be an endearj.ng prothetie-elenentf OJ s,e;na,-,51g Gpouse t, J su-na,^rg-t ""
tsandy shore, sandt, J wa-na tlassot r! wa tringt (0J id')r 0J wo-F?:na tboyt
(*o rsna1l1 young'; -g, tmale', cf.gl)r_? J, 9J Va;n? rroof t_: E, rhouser"
- Lehtisal-o 1916, 1192 U *-g for the fornation of d.enominal nounsi e.$.e tp
*-na, in orbe-n I sister | , uorpe -ne , giog! id.. /Fi 'gt/-nei in eiihki-pii,
(:-fran fEFT,ila.); esp. rreguently.occurring in animal nanesr-€.8,,-,,W\-na
'anaspene1ope';nstp,ir'rc-nd-i"oii/man-{te,MdM-49'e.g.,.Md-E46e.--@)-
@|3i=rr.t**E-rd-a.rrl:-Eeinwi:na-'height:meaSure:1imitl
thaselnut t
,srand.fatrrerl] irdyi-guiE-G "{e I id. (-@-* in-dim. use), MdE-Fiire. d6.'of
}d tway, pathi ; MdlI -nat cottectj.ve. denom. noun foma,nt, probably -na-+. -!r €.9. I
E-af i eA:l I elm-f orestF(: silli t elm') /2" -wL, d.i-m. r esP. in popular poetry; e. g. I
G,hFghtl)/vs -g, ".s.,E+- ljaw, chin' ("f: o" FT?;l' Vt{ gq ' jaw-bone'
Os -n, €. g. , -fg6"li 'Enall boat r (rdB- 'boat | os -E.r €.$. ) , t6rn3-n. 'little godr.Tglij=g
'small ooar' \x?l'- (e.nd.earingly)
'eud'v' J t
(' 6vu \e'Lr'\rs@r
(tor;;'g6a;1ffix:d-ne'-€.e-,.Jfin'-il..j,''-''o-'s1ed.d.rawnbyreindg-""'(30s.i}tw^
iEA; wood;'coffi"')IpA"e-r{". rterm for close relations anong themselvesr (cf .
Fi pereh tfa.nilyt )/S[ -g, -&; e.-8. , t

259
rsacaed'- staket are werl attested., and the patte& of rrd- Byrr. noun for:nation in J
senerally rese'blea that -oq the U side, r i,irer iirig-c;.rg;;;;9;-il iilTope trrat
nore J, 0J ne,terial wi11 be forthconlne.
tr'or the U side, ref6rbnce_ii _n]le Io RddeL 1975, 95:97. rra,nptes: U *lg1_
lffi -"1ir'P::"'eru:"lii_:ill"it@[llfr ;"1i1;v:,illi-li*-*.J;-*+-"
i:i:""#fri]fl"ffili_ i:fr:,&$t Lffi,;. . *";H";'ru*
'sly, cunnlng t < ? IE Aveetan ioapit tfox; jac*al r).
$;fui;1r16ffff**;n#H f3#Ht+gH;JiEB :;::'ffiT:"i""ffifiu::
tion have deverbar noninal f oms enaing- in -1. n. g. ti"ii"rr"i #hi;i; iur.t ,trr"
blower: the blowing' (fuku 'blow'), ooii 'trrE artikei; the drinktng, (ioifr,to """
"i"r"_
drink i swalrow' ;, rand:ffi+ sr.*ati Fniuata, il;-;jil_;;"il;;?l:hr;#f"o
Ee]:i tthe rrea*ins;mG5t-six-ibata,
jus' or,tr,"
' jar' vase'i uaru 'lo ll"4' ,.ry sel./attx. ;;t";);-i;;hi;;:;{;-,lT"ri7"
"lilsrrir"ii-t=ir.ffiffi
goiTg to yoshino' 1@ ,go'),
!"+4:oJ.i,,rtiii.,uesaenserr (tsur(auEE>
viewr).
0n the u sj-d'er one may Fet agai.nst this fo:mation one witir U d.everbal formant
i_-+ (lehtisalo 19i6.. Go rr. ) : E. *: i .ql opstlaja ;;;;;;;; (r"r!1"- ,teach ,);-**" "
l4hgtt6.ie 'sendert (ri*rettii-'u9r,4')/va ffiTthj.ef ' (s"ra-'"f#i'),";G;,'Lli
: ( ?) - livins/dwellingEffiere' (&".
d'ead' (ku13- 'TTiTar"ii_ "or"ffi"' ), kuti''6uring;
'd19'). (th" above'eriffir"s are from p=orri"l)--t6artj.sa1or op. c. 61 r,p(swedfs)- pugllgie,'tburning'_n :
,org
leK.6cge.i who seeks', pdri.i f one who eats';
9aCde '?*".good. at shooting'- (U=adSgtGoot'), *r"To f one [-o.y with sewing,
inhabitant'(asSet'dwe11'),_}ok5e'read-er;(i"a[attffi';;88;'''ii,=ffi*'l,.
@+!l"?I]ll.6TgIq''one.iffi-TJ:1owsg"lik-1.;:@g;ilri"";),'"u""|a',rt
soarro rseamstress'1 p. 6.21 r,ivl-g or :r) k"4+E 'transi""FQa1 (y;i;ear'),
""i+i+ .'forgetful' (unn'forqet' ),Epi.'i:fipffiffi' (98-ii""=" )fti4' ani_
a;tr{.iettito11Y"i,TFi(-d@"'"i};,--('ui"ta"'remember,trrint-o'?i,_
p.aisti 'the roast ' (paistaa 'toEE.t ' ) , . p"igo' ;ffiG6'"tling, *;;";t; ; tbend tbend.;preSsuPon;tornent');cf.E"!(:relj6di'thewaiering;r"",tffi(pairr""
; press upon; toE6F) ; cf . Est (-iffir jddi 'the waterinE: f eastinq.
,to kiss'), 4ifi-;;;; who-
dinner partvt,,(,iSgg, Igive-_to
$rink')''?ti:]86+E"ture; fodd.er; feed.in*i'(sg!ma
rto feed ' )/MdE B?li, MdM p?ta.i.-l$"9i"g_' swal]-ows|(sL1.ens'toswarroilT-ltd.Eefi,-MdME'inhabitant'(efa^ns'd.we11,
@q"
live son"'h6F|ft llv. (..:i) .ttry'_? ry9gl;. t@- 't? prooeh'))ffi( .i)-"ii"i
lli"T'/r* (-g) _th"fi- 'irri"-i'-lF. yr tdrt6 'io--#""ri),-;;il. 'living, (cf . Tilelein
I come to life again t ) .
4.2.r.7 Yerb fo::mation a^nd verb for:na.nts (s. also 4.Z.l.l)
4.2.5.7.1 J, 0J verb forrn?nt -V:e (t vowet) vs U x_k.. T_kk. __trollowing .t ewln
(1959| 129. *"r)-r""-il-d in J:
., a) verbs of,the original vocabulatTr in $hich ,ro -A"=-tvit:.oo rgo' i.".app"="on;
(formerly also rconer), saku rtear, rip, rendr; 0J e;iu rspread ".S.,
i$ltfh thinlyr, SEg 'assist,, !$ ,1"rto"i, ffi .'pi""c";,-!gk"-;"inniyffi=o!,, tu*o
'u"o:Ru*-!?l: .qEE! 'infor:EL toau 'undofi*! ,b1ow;,8., " '' ---'-
, ^" ^:j, i"",:i1i.t__":T?u in -El.: e.g.,_Ea-fu.'(vi) snoll, give
'aqo*r'l, off a scent' (p
Ear?-gu r carry on the ehoulder r (kata rshould.err), gata_nr , strad le,
strlde overr . (ryta t_crotch., fork(ing)), ts;Fru rfasten, 6ina'i-lE;;na ,rope,)i
c ) denoninal ve_rbs -
with the . suff ix conbi;;TIon -ne-ku (ror _nfi'. vert
l.ornSr-rt -9Jr_e.8,, haru-ne-ku rbecome spring-like, foot l-flie spr-irrgi, iro_ne_ku
'De tr-nged riven up' be-stirredr
'
(E -'colour'; s. eatrJr iro where roiTlfiTora
the basic.neaaing rbloodlr is suggested'), ina-ne-ku rbe ii6-e. tyr (4 'tUe p"""""t)
( sound.lnitatLng verbs: ) sg,sa-ne-Eu
. ' to'*hi-5i6FT@ ,uhiip-ering s-or-a;), Ui"fril
p:EE rto cla.nourr (ai$; ;;""4- wi.trrE:tting),
= "seociated - o-r"lko ,to groan,
(g' a sound of groanirig);
d) d.enonlnal verbs with the guffix conbination -v"-go 1"fuo -ra-ror -ya-ku),

260
fi i i; ; ffi: : ";:$;," ?ffi f (: " *:#Tl :1;, { ruffi ' ) i "ffi=,;: ;;i?:
(jgg- , tanra-'G-"k, pGt'jr -",*i-v"-r.. tbe in ;ffi' ("-*i-r-S -'qtr.iek-r).
Accord.iag to iefrtis"io (li:fi, 155.ff .),. gn the U side one frnds -verb-.fsr!qatj-ons
with t[ree suffixes of shape *-E
----'A)'Ugric-Sa,noyed. (*-+k)
suffix x-k for d.everbal- verbs of momenta:
ne.ous/inchoative,
nature; e.g.r Os -ry-- in kd.rtclt frise_, g'et^gPr (kjA- id.), k6t3-v tbe left behind
, ="ru.ir,? i'i4d-"a al\ ffi--,b il" the-sufrix dffui"aii5" E@. ,^ e'8' ,
;'ajJl_rr":r:Ig )ff"gr" to'iich' (fF+ra f to itch')-; x-ka in inchoative formations
( actual suff ix combi.nations r -h$il-ha'l\6', -,'fuI-'E€- ) ' e ' $' , 6fima-ha-1-t6
)(vii";";;;;:(sumad)/sy -k"-1T-t+-t-T*td.variants) in momenta;reous verbs,
e. g. , rran-E$-nnau I to plait r weave ' (p@B rcr' / i
B) u *-a6aeverbal- .rr"=dFG.,
.frequ. .zr ki!-ka-]- l*:"g:.,lYt):{It" EE-
dtr-f -enti
ka_ ,to tug, tear, pruck'/vg + (or variants) ttt@T-?T 'to walkl (.tpti rto.
.
ft"n , il iiii-r-i, 16nt-r6nti T(vr ) swins, *r"y' (G;tiid- ; 'shak".'
) (
r to buzz, boom, ring, siTgfiti-
"oa "r. ; to cractcte, rattle, creak t ) , is

261
:l:';;^T#p1:::_^t:s *-F*i: lg:*,.'^h:1:, .set h?1",:_l (=pire. ,hor_e i), rprv b6srsr_
e _'P9"9te sharpel, b" gharpe+;d' (b6stet' uPstgl 'Jnr
I sharp' )iya vaiao-no-'bright-"rrr-6ffi'"
bright' @. 'brigh! ,),. 1Z Ch
nii tl^^^^*- ..^ - -r t -
4,2.,7.7,., J,,0J lerb f_o:na,+! -n (+ vowel) vs U *-n.--J, OJ vexbs with the foroa.nt
-q \nor counti.ng lts conbinations lrith othes forualltE) are not very numerous. only
$ 'to die' 3.r.rd ilg.'to go,awl:rt.ca.n be catled. as sonehow be:,oirgi;g-io tt"
Exanpres s 0J kasa-nu 'to heap/piIe up; repeatr, r r""="1""* Iaa (@-* aea!, i
!1r"'), o,r faEilu but togeifier'.(t;L ;t;i;,;
9I: J @ ,put in;";;;ii,-
0J pusa-nu I ou.nmarJ.ze, synthes5.ze | IW. '? bunchr), o.@ uooai", ti",,
"io
Largest conjugation category (,y?$e'l:); the xest belong to the shino-nidan calegor5r.
J taba-ne-ru id. ftaba '? p"l+r", a-IG-ch'), o.r t"iu-l"r@r_r,[;irrqoj."",
::E:-?q-1'o""@ 9r.g4fu!, .r t;e;-fi ;i"'..., ro.r.row up, puxsue,, s. entrxr
.gl@/I U,J trrka-nu. J tsulca-ne-ru rto br:ndlat- O.t u'da-n'r .r ihrd--n---, r^-+*.i]|
In conbinatj_on with other formants: a) with _.!5 e.B.,@_""_"";;@EE;
!azu.-ne-r-u,. ++l!e4l4t IIIdA:4e-ru. etc. .
" . Di "tJ! oJ -S, J -- , .e.e. (Miller 1971, 266), gbe-na-tr\r rconply, subnitl
1'g@ I rea11y, - indeed 'rl, afc+:na;Fu 'caxry on traAe i /81%-nn, '.ce r' tiad,e, J , !za_
&. f invite I r ur3-na-Ih ^rto dlivine, tel1 the auspiG-' fg I otacLe,J, udu_na-trb.
treat with, esleem/caret
_f
@, '. thing pertainin6 to nobi1ffi; sonethi'ng ;""fiii" rt
Pui-.-ori{}. rto_loaer (B rbecone Lost, tlisappear, vanrishr); iurther exa.iples fron
Lewln-t>)>r -'tru: lono-na-fir 'acconpaIly r (tono rfxienat, conpanion'), ni_na_fu rto
carxy' (gi, ra burden, a load.'), i suni-na-Eu-.p-lf sh' (@i
J 'offeirce, crTn-); cf.
soko-na:u, 0J qokg-n?-p}
'breal

262
of verb forns I exa.nples tbat na6r be cited includ'e -&@+ :Pl?nr' -ggts+ rconi"o"i;,
X@I 'call',.E@P._'spea,k' sav' tell" rliver.dwe1lr:
ryfq
md @
Frr tbecone aooustomed !q':.All tbese are complex fo:ms tbat show tbis enlargenent
w.i-tn -f'- when con a.i deied- +longsiiie their correspondiig sinplex f orns r na.nely
F.k"""; g4, igEE' k?tar.u, S., ?ld naTE, (Na,kada 1)6Jz )8o) 'tt .
t--9 59-, 110: de-rivatFe suffix-:f$ (intensifying firnction), e'g' ,
rserve | ( sa- intensifying
tataka-fu 'io iigtrt '
-l,"wirr
({;!eSu 'hit., beat ' ) , .S-fu
proolitic; g ,to Sa{d'), n.a*ek=a-fu 'wa '. (lg@. 'con!Iai;T), g!q& 'sing'
1".!g '"o"g;--ho"t po-nt), E:g--rbecone beautifulr {i4 '"oro"' conplexion of
the facer ), saka-fu |n€Le a boundalv' (.W. 'a srope',,.
Coffiiaei-T9Tdl 2?0: U 4everbative *g in fi keff-va present participle forn of
' -t
i:narta:va, [l6ti cent. zJ
Sf,- tgo, *11Lr', cf . kiiY-pe ra,ba t current noneytl svi5-vEi' present participle of
syd- r eat t , cf . xii:!!i ' 6;""" ':ltrrai-"rti"r, ""ie ";6U
-r.,-""t"-p", pres-nt participre oi.Egg!g--.lJo r-;it: !?*'l 9}!iIi1\):t"i:gi !n:::"il
'iirr" r participle of elA- ) ,' alive '@p{4, Liv .i e+aa' -t ) /ve ludqlp ne?. ' ?
tlivel
weeping womarr'Gtdd- 'weepr cry')r sqrlke=e tm91t3r'-(cl' 0s ?"ntf- rbeatr)' +
' d.eacL ' (hool: .' d-ie ' ) , nin-pEl 'going' (Big-, 'go : I 192 iv+ts-w' lltlo,? 'nee(
( ju.tt- G"w') /t Ona';56-- ne who wail-s/goes| (&"- 'go, walk')//Yr @oo-pa
\Srriir
rvj-gorous r
--- (p-g!o- tto be Tear to the end.r- come ne;r be ne.ar to
""coveiTnS-)ffn
kaa-be 'a""ai-@g- ,d ie ' )/st kuu-lie (5131- 1d"?t' 'd1" ',)ly EE-!g. 'd ead r . --Cf .
Ffihffi' 1915/11)Ro; tehtisato@Tz4t ff .; Szinnyei 1922. 77-8.
4.2.1.7., "r, O.r verb forn?+t:T (+ voYel\=vs 9 T:!r 1-E'--Reference j's made to
I,ewin1959,teaoutthatinJ'pasSiveand.meil.io.passive
are fornatty and senanti.cally very close to each other; howeverr in a passive
construction the agent is usually expr;ssed. (and marked- by $}.l e-'8'r. seiio IITFshini
shikara:rr'the fupil is scold.ed bt the teacher' [9. fpupil', E:-'teacher'J),
but in a med.io-p""sive construction there is no expressed- agent; the subject is
passively involved. in some way in a process or stater rro matter whether intention-
-rffy or lrnintentionally. Exa,nples in which the ver! formant,r is involved-: hibashi
hai-ni sasaru 'the rire ilffi;-(;"G.)';;;;,;;i"e-pi"""a il t-h'e ashes/a^nbersT@
@r,'i'ashes',SaSu.'stickfputfplaceinto'),on9ti*era.r9n}.'remember,
""i-i"i";;;" (;rF'think oi rflearr"' , id'eru -'Lome got, emerge | ) , inochi d-ake wa tasuka:rr
'set'ffiof difficulties witrtaFs bare lifel (g: lil,l:l:^*;.ronlv'r }E
topic marker, tasukenr t to help | , @uEagq rbe savedf rescued-/helped- t ) r mukashi'-no
koto-sa shinobareru trecall events-ffi-past t (g. rold- ti-mes, the past t r no
|word-;matter,thing,happening:1gsubjectmarker'
itrinotu '="r"rt"=i ;l@t" that in the f orms shil,

263
*:2:1:!.6 0:I.veTb-fgT+ant.-v (+ vower) vs u x-;1.--sa,nso.m (lgze, 1j9) states
that the earliest J lj-terature enployed. for the passive/ned.io passive almost exclusively_
-Xg *td (:.ts combination with another lorrnant) -ra-vu (-g1 was attached.
to verbs whose imperfect base end.ed. in -&e whil_e -ra-tru tAnT with verbs whose
imperfect base end-ed. in -i o" -g). --Lewj.n (T959, 15O), f-*"ver, treats only of 0J
passive formants -ru and_-El ("11 later forms). It would. segm that:re-tfu simpfy
contained both sho?f, passive duffixes (cf . -trt6 u" cags. suf_f . combinEffiffi -i-t--
i-n szaka-.i.-t: l!eai, plucf-r vs siaka-a- tbecome torn; , szalsu-r- tbecome squffied. t ,
or---- 6:t-e-t:-?to-feed., cause to eatt vs OIru fu[- id..).--Exa"np1e.s froil Sansom:
hj-to ni shj-ra-I,nr na tlet it not be known to ment (b. tpeoplel personrn ni is a

aeneral 1oc. particlg Uhich also.seees tQ be useful in--passive go4struqtiong;
264
ihiru ,to knovr; na, p".uiilitii"/""e"ti.i; p""iior";, rnilg ni shira:Yg:+$ -u'nailito
fffg=oor not anown-ny gighti (niru tseer; nu is a privativg/4e9.: Pa;r'trgae; una
'f,oi""i 1;--.qxa,nnGs 'fron-lewiriTgt. -150: .-itoui-vg rbe.haleQ'r , ,
k"i:?Pt:.-Et rbe re-
*:li;:i::*iffi ;:il::ti;=eii-ll:E;-+j#"Ji"!i:tff-i'"J*""-
jlri"i"i"a;, E. 'be, sbot; (cf . 'ib--;-hoo1r (with bow an'1 arrow)), 41@ rbe af1a.rae,.bu-nt
(sr'.@, 'sei ari$T'), $!1gl.'go out' die (1s a fta'ne or fire)'-
(cr. ki!-tu,.,ke-su 'extine;isn;jl-(t1',i;l!]4o-sproui, u"ii)' igrgr tbe cutr (cf'
e,Fr::ill,E#_:*"*i",:l;*T$:;i3l";,"#;":;"il=:il*i,,"7pe*_,i.,u
verbs.--!pN -i.g- in ="t (-giga),-t'e' ' i."tt,"l rbe co-l ted/r. -ead '. (9f.' loEkat
Icount, read|), @gti}!'rE;-broken,/snashed't"r.-og4j?t_'break'(ihr;;GE)T?
sorr-ut rset sewnt ("1. soa"rot i""i) ;--r'ps*"li' -gil- t e'g'I B!l+ig:
ffi _,#,tinilxs$;;Hff ?'ru""*3:":;?irls__-'q!,oi"'lili*r*"-
,seu,). kuet-ie- rbe forglvenr (tcttte- 'leavei pldoii 6;6f"-", iernit'), :i$-t-'i "-
'i"'i"i!";tfffalnt": lio-"ot"" d6iieat')/osr -ig in.tle entu'ns -+.' e's.'
ffi ,il#il*iif iH#ili:;*+j#-:i#.r"-11*+ffi ".
Fr was overcone./beaten'! (e;*"tg--_1-o-1"o1"_l?')/il7r:;g"_i,;r;t",;$;Zrffi
'i cut nyself'/tn *-;t- a -e- (ref1..) in n?t-e;l
sk *-ia- / -Na- in the conbi! ation -yg'1-.p-ta-- 1r-rE-frf,' e'81 ' !l:j-4 'loose
ii"'""fi"!.,:g"t-io;;; (;i. -urtipEa'n Eo-rosE-',.,@9, rto rorset')r +q-ie=l or
;;-;-lil ?e"t-"".t",i ; "rffi 6it4-ial )iEgl"-'; itf -e-{a-rn' suspend'''
4.2.1.7.7 0J verb fo::rnant -t (+ vo{e1).vs-U 1-!' --Tlxe treatnent of tbis 0J vexb
fo::nant seens to have been neglecteil. standald W6rks are sj-1ent about it (sinl1ar-
iJ"i.'irr"-i"qe of the oJ-c"""iii"" fo::roan! -!.;1 to follow next). --trka.nples frolo
onodaka s"'d ono : ira-tu 1|i-'1"-i""it"t"a/"eEti'ea' ^(ig, I iT=ll :l:-{,*3:a-aa!sY
;i"-ii"rt"i"il "1ffwirJr3 -datsu probaliy cones ri6t-tatsu tto stand ' ) ' Doni-tu
>,41g t(tree -teaves,l-iJ"oiF"aii"rt/r."ir9'1' (v' ana E'n' rconi': cf ' noei-ta-Du
(y.) ttrees a.nd foxests tal

265
ry,' ]?:i i": .,:"t*i"ate, talre,its gource, issue,fron' (cf.. td+aszt- .'na.ke rise,)
&W. .\v1J aonere/srrck to, (cf. ra"{raszt_ ,(vt) stick, gloe'), bd.rrrra_d_ ,gror,r
Ttiea/-weak/exh?ustea ' (ci. t{esri! zt-E-exrrausi, w9p{erllr daAa-d- rxi-se., swelr'
!"f . 4gggg.!.- 'knead; cause-To-Eli6,) , herva-d- -wittr
'wilt, (_cr. t"*iur{I--
'cause to wiLt, etc.'),, duzza-d-: rswell, riser (e.g,, a_bud or
zaszt-'cause
a
to ris6/sGi1f, enae-a-'yield;'th;;i f"Jia-"r1"""i;'":;l;"ffi; =iverfffior_
ground., or Lce over tb.e waters), ggE-d- rcauge '(Vi) tire, flag, slacken,-(cf. ernveszt_
to tire, etc.r).
Cf. lehtisalo 1915, 2162 ppermian *-_d4 for:ns verbs that have the general
senee of rbecorni.'g tulning.!.nto sonettring-, attqlning a new.state q"
?.s.'.It{.fiea;!t-{--4?t=L-e.-'become "oiaitioo',
sort'.1493ig-'u?lt'), (Aon-fhair
eg"-dZ-j---;i;-rr;,i"y'
on the body')/Zr ia-d.t-*va-Z-i- 'b;;;;; wet,/waijry-@*ater,
Cf . Ra,nstettt ),
19|27 G),, tT-1, ru^F'feet ashaned.', Mo !1g['6e anxious/de_
pressed.r

266
verb, r' or rather :.ts perfective aqpect" (F:,"1F9 I,eYln 195?r.166.-7).'.
Exa^mpre"i 1" ni ug4i irete uchi- ni rnoihite kinu rhe took her in his hand.s
""a t"li-*rri"rr"
oth !-ines; +
^ughj. 1reru,, ind.icates
igl:ickly to ao'-(q. entry g!i-); irgte is the genrnd. 9f igf 'plaee/put
intor ; uchi thouse, home t; g,. I genrnd- of motsu thold.r keep ]; ki- is the ind.efi-
;;; ("f":teverbal- noninar) ioir of ku 'EoE,Ji; ggi-s" + tu(nl) '!=118')., k.o-+o ko
wo rits
tu fafter he had.
bamboos co e' -(Fo;"? 'thisr;
ko 'child. I i wo, ob j ec-t marker; ni:tsuku tcateh si65ht of , f ind-'
i,_ry++ 'af terwarclr ;
E,J-sanety"1-ro*n"!art, i.€., ;g;frt- 'existr) qualifyittst"kF)J!.rrba^mboo';
k. rtfring, event r (attr. form of the verb + koto form an abstract noun) ; kasanaru
?ivii"il:;"J..", grow in size or frequ"""y') 1E-wa Etrrq 'autu-mn has coneT-(l-ti-
'autu:nn'; g, ioii" marker; ki-r &s in the.ri=stffi-o), _noniii-w?. yado-ni
furishikinu r the coloured. leFes in the house are fallen and. spread- themselves t
@"a1eaf|;9ttopicnarter;.y?do|house|;n}'.;1o:.:}f{:;9T?|tofa11l'
shiku ,spreai'.--1r,""fr'1gj.i, lee ) shiffiT

267
|fromtEed.ayw!t9nEEEr-@qconjuncti]veroi'-oi-ff{i"iffioIIJtl[C-
ll""'; !. 'time.'; ai pi-shi functions as a qualifier to toki), kikite-shi hj, ycli
tive form "r !u' ?,{1"?tionarJEiective suffix, ;;;rffi:th- nu; hi lday,; yori
_'fromf , a pos_tposition), +ube Jio. yaqahulci .targ.ka- taori-shi
kerria on the *gg": 'whilpliFfea tfr"
' (+u
' ; la"e iwtro ' r 'li, t.ef-oaative_ particle in-
i laoTi, is the conjuncti.ve foin of a (""=iffi
";;; io=*
which must be related. to tubunr'be cnrshed./battered.t and.'perhaps
ruined'f
to irpo=,r--tu"
cf. clJ taoru t"6I1frT",
!e ruj.ned.'i s. entries taory ,rra
as to the ori-gi.n f,fl@i and :9, _gbr!iff).::
sansom notes, "nii"="-i"ffir;; #id":""" to
show the o"igin of trrffi two silffixes . . . i lot it is j.ntere"tiil*;o=rroil''that the
verb ku::u make s pred.icative f orms with ghi (ui7.
--;;;
kj.- shi and k!-;hil , not with
E' .wffi5 tne ,t"iu suru nakes the pred.iFt:ive ro"r- f. *nir" meaning of ki seems
to inai cate !tt?t it;F have a co"on origin with th-ft:rb toor, and. sfri ailf, ;;;;"
perhaps constitute a simj.lar pairrt- (turu = Fy tcome f , suru

268
in It and A by I. Sinor (s.. sirLor 1911-2, 2o1-3o) '
4.1.1 Case suffixe s,/Particle!
-^-
co'ruiecEf6i-iff,l, the cproparison. of tuq ggJ'-,.
J does not have lne c-ofrFison of the a'ti ' in tbe IE sense' 3ut the?e are
variouscircuI01ocutory""v-"-t"_o""""onethisd.1ff1cu1ty.E.g.,@g
f.i-""i-;ti.l-ff o""" ts-p""iifer' (g Jthatr' 4. tflone?t'.gP
.t931" rnanker' E'
E6E, nrctr nore" E. rprettyt)r.?oo,h*" to.!?.f" kirei 'Fhat flo$er is prettlerl
(no qen. marker ' ho- rside, ilirectiont ' s+.:Y?t":l-ffi)
ra
i-TiP?n;co Y? ei-so vori
tfit'r"iiii'lii-"iii-l"ir'" .r.r"is"'s"-iu than Exsrish' (re. 'ransuase"
ei-eo rthe E. 'oi"-a{li;:}l J-anguage., -gl tiropt, no reven; a1sor. n' I troublesone; difficultrS
ffit"ii:;t"t$iliili*1ffi ill ":siiJ'lT*,?*;.;::
verbal non. of EEI34, i""tp"""', & 't" able-; ca'nt ' m' I thing' natterr
'
g!
;irr""-i" not; w[fln is not'). . ta ---:
ffii ffi .ry:i**,ii-ii:*:i'i': "
oJ and c1J prefesred to use ]ry.!t e.g., . (Lewin 1959, 82) z !&tgl.
,to be superior to other peoPlg' (4''person
".q';"""|"'"":
t6 t6f,t'--t . .- -Ioasarulg
l1o:) sa*ura,voli une -ya
ha{a'ill- S;k; I*-:-t"tly btoons earlier thar the flower-
t
pruaus
quickly |
' saku
ins cherryr ( sa&ura ' t .roi-i"g-"uu="y ' ' 94c.. f ' h' 'earryi
Ito blossonr)r *" *'o"i uli.i"3
"u'-"tit*iu[f
'tire t' ctteiry is lovelier than the
n*t3*r"
(ilia. ) notes that in 0J, yg! had the variants.xg' .$'r and,4lLr e'8'I
ffi ;ffiq*" i,i;;i*;:: :i:"T i;"#ffi i#_., -
i*#*+-+";ffi"-1i*,l::*til:,"ruit";i**"tl;il:i.@-3i;"3fl "
ll'i:";;:h"
'"3"1":; li:'fl1h*""llli");,
;::;"'.rfi ;;:t;;:"U,&l*#fr {:l;;"il,"'*i:H"i',:"il'"-'i=i."i;}i""*"'
direotion' as it were ttouard !?op+e'3 c1'-++r9jr9ri-ryge4t; aite-ni otoru 'to be
t"t"illi"liril"ifl""iln:ti:l'.liiE*"i'tilZti L)++l te'1s us !l*t.',... the sra'naticat
category of conpa?ison is- lacking\in the Uralic languages a'nd in
1il'"f
'
sone of then ( Cherenis, 'Volyt*, Ka'roassian) a suffix of tu?kisb or-igin is use'I'
tr'ennlc, Laplish' and Eungarian have a /xl4g
"o*o" "otiiiailvelureix
+ 'voweV'
but this specific t""""'i3i"ii"o"iliv ["""r"p"a seiarate:-v in the Wesf, and' in the
tt"tiji oao"" words' PII probabry had no othe? way of na'king the oomparison of tbe
adj. than bv circumrocu;;i;::+t:",:.ii^"?T3,oflll :#"'*:::":l*;,t??ii"?o;"'""
?:''.?ir,"i',t.it-'hoo""',j..|good-|,tin'thi.s|,.q.
-
,rrom' ) , (p . ?e ft;+ ;u! i i',4' t.:t+ttT:I: *:H"ti*lit?*13t"f;";:"*?:u;":t"t
,l;l3'l: .!l;"li" 1tt house is *?:*
than that oI
(a. ,big,;
only in comparative.constrrrctions, but it
remai.ns uncrear what its components ;;";;i";; it is not attached' to the adj " '
its fr.mction must be the as that
"*L ?f,---9T):*^
In vg, the comparative is expressed !y3"?1t of the abl-ative case coupled
withthepo"iii,,"brade.,;.;:,--(K4t,1a,,n65,4o)."ffiul"ilT]"i#",
fbetterJ' , Lin-trat-l"t rt"!:"iq& aff"iti'itmgger
:;;:lrFg4,U"#il' ;*l**IllSlt=?d=ri-' $!"'iia i3rre" tr"' *v-r"tr'ui' ffit "
,you(are)fronnyr"tr'"*ffi:;'.+.iiv-,t"t4:":,,i.'ta11r).--Thesuff.
-nel is anarysed as -no (l-oc' ) *=f Tiiimota 1965' 64)'
!{r;ti::{::p"="ii""i
r-inks up with tlie Hg'way or-adJ. comparis-on. T:s.,
a bor a v{?-n61 jobb
,wj.ne -This is better tha' waterr (rit., 'rirrl wate-r-fron uetter" s' def--iilite article;
viz,waterr;-n61 the sarne as vg -EL; iobb

of tl" adi: (nod.ern) jg + the reftex of rTI *-g+ yowel) . .
269
::?::iF;::IH:i.:l*.{lj**ii.;l;fti.:=:;;t'TIil?lzl3i.
suf.fix), rs-tgg-ni,.fc;r,rebE,'highei u.*trnoa,_(r. GEr; tF:?pg_=-fel.igbb), nirrd6nfffi'-"::*:"T-:l?:-"iI|y:,::::,(*;^]"}1;'t":y''.:..'
t sQ?- P, it?llgi lkn,p !oyJ='i-. 'nofsi;;;"#
sz61$s fwide, I 'bigger';h;;
'
"-t'"tTl^*
g4lreD
AsmaybeSeen,thecnr@is--ne-r(ro".+ab1ative/sep.
eeeg, uIt, sluurirr tslrrr1x an vg is _gl (loc, + ablative/separatlve )E
sta.nd.ard Eu uees -n61. the cognate of vg _nJI, wnFaiar. u" """"']"i, iirri, a"_
l?.li?i",:.*:::"j: :9^ #r -4-r,""-a-ai"3"tfr,,=i,r"u.ou", r*e-;towiia,f",,i _torr17
-grg,l (lrhere we note that the latter suffix cluster i6 id enticar. wiirr
Hu
sianoara
-tc!!/-t61) of abtative/separative function.
The questi.on now arises: !'lhat j.s
.the origin of IIu d.ial &u/-tri ? (ffre
-1 comes from suffix
9s"19 1:!' s. Hajd.ri 1966, 12?-t.)--tt
tinuer """*"
tE-"t
of th:.U ablative ,!ryi-jg-;" the con-
suffix x-t + vowel (". further on in connection with 0J
s),-in"-"o"tinuer havj.ns :.uilu;;f ;";:-ii,li;";:;3:: ;:-_l: ;"#::li"luil1ll ot
not near their head-s ]t}"?hi+d.1ies?!-(nextto)ir'"r""i/oitheparents'ffina
| (a a"rinite articte r g,. i chrt-cl r r Ldi 'rooi '; ;*'t €,:t' rii"},,
i:::::^}sI-:to: ":tj;
r?.i 'head._t)r._'l this E-xa,nple, -gr@ is clearly of loc.
runctioillot in kalapE.n?ryolh 'bisger lhan ;."j.r;ionar-*i iil!'i.i',!i"rr"=
thanone'sfist:@';9i+i'|::!v-tiimarks"ffire."pil'ti'".
Sinilarlv in ?- fal--tu hu?d 91 t @rr [itl Li"ya"on-trre wat]-' (fat- 'watt ;i:-' "'
The 0s reflex of Ugric te-l (ablative) is not found. j.n connection with the com-
-(lr"iaA"r ;ee'; i;b;"*
parative, but here follow sonE exampl-es illustrating its
ko-.L^'Eo-1.. twhence, from where t ,. tc-I tfrom herer , 6wi-1i """ rfrom the side of
besid ; from
e I , t5,= l; ( ta,] 'frog here ' (wEEG -ta strengthens -l- which j.s the
questi-on
ref lex in
; although Haj d-rl- d oes not say so , r suggest thaT
separative -ta is also an
suffix, probably cognate with "iiiiiiZ t
Hu di;l . -!il-,,!g):-
Su-nming up, I propose that a) d.ial. Hu -ni ( rsten-nIic;rfS!8, etc.) is comparab1ewith/:'9',-4,i',S&I:trito-ninasail(@ootherp"opt"'),
b]- uelirc *-L. (abiatr-ve/sepa""ii"fr" comparable with the element -ri of oJ
-W,/,-yru-v+t ,c) IIU c-ial-. -tyJ-tii is comparable with the element -y"- /lv;a of OJ
-vo-rL/-vu-ri (for the opposition J, 0.1'f,.1 : Ugri.c *!-, s. entry O.fftic:ficf.
also vari a,nd vue; cf . further Muraya^u Tgj7, 77oi oT irct< *-aui -gf;-d.u-r_i;
p.121i0J-t".maybetakenasthevoice1essvarj.arrtoF-ur=x-d.u),d)oJ@/
-y-uri is a combination of two suffixes and probably has to-To with -tu which j.s
polyfunctj.onal (s. the treatment of
- a ----
-to ).
1.-1.1._? r. 9r tlf'+""try: *t@.__sanson
(j9za, 255) ttsts
ryas a,n adverbi.a-i- parti.cle, ,neaning ras far asi uJotirr, but arso allows it as
a case particre. Eis exa,nples (p. 26))z kod.omo nl nade atieru 'to gi;e even to ttre
chil-dre'r (E. 'child, childrenil n:., 6r a-a ffiffifr.'ii";;i- i'ru naae
si tby the time he coneer (k. tcoi6i, used h""" u," a noun, un-te6s maare itself is
conceived of as a noun, in wbich case kuru is there in an attr. funEion; i.n both
:Ta.nple:, ,naae,^is combined -with ni), hdito niru nacle 'ag far "" -""irrg'tlr", ""
rJ-owers' (+. _'rlover'; e 'asi in the rofe of i g. rseer, probably used as a noun)
lewin, (1!l!' 82). writes of rocat a^r:.d tenporar adverbial f'nctions of roade,
e.9., fy6!o-vg.ri. Oe+k?-nade rfron lgroto as far as 0sakar, otoko Musash.i_n6-kuni_
Iltaoe, madoj.-a,Ij.kj'kerj. 'a nan, trying to find his way, uadrdered about ag far as the.
province Musashi | (9. traot i !. tprovince, countryt; gglg-nayou rlose oners wayr)
yg ,fy.Fugu-mad e asobi-wo-zo ghi-ta,nau-naru tthey a,nusert thenselves late into the
nj.ghtr (p rnightri 4. tget later; a. rpladr, a.nusenentt; gg, acc. narker; zo is a
paxticle of enphasis i -Eli. < g'ao'; !. 'to deignr (:.n polfte styte); n. 'f-6').
IUV 115! Ch..nu6an 'at last'; &E9., ggIE 'alongi through; throughout i the
whole tinet,. nuEno.rat the endr, nada5, gg@f rend., point, topr ,/ Yg no!, maE,
4gg. 'tilrr / 0s p*g, @'as far as, to; titl't-- FU 7'nud3.1-Gulya 1)65, )1 z
osE toro puv3l noded nranlaro rI will go as far as that village' (@ 'that'; g.
'vitI@'l).--g.Intw@.("r.pxobabIeTgeorrespond.ence-s).
4.5.3.1 J -chi, OJ -ti (locative) vs pFU *-t ("-Ile/-tte) . --Examp16s: oJ kd-ti,
J ko-chi-ra there; this way', 0J place:/wary; yout, J so-chj.-ra fyour
"&-ti'that

270
place; you; the otherl, Ol rthefgr- yond'eT;.that; the other" J a-chi-ra id"
?-l+
cf.a-chi--ko-chi]her9u,,,E]Tfi""";r'iir'!"and.,trr:.itrer;toq,4dfio;'ffis/
sporffiJ.rv@'where'?.J'd.o-tchi/d.o-chi-ra|where,whatp1ace|,0J
wo-tin,wo-td'there,-that-pi;;;;ir''t@le'thatP}.?ce'thatd.irec-
:€6hi-ko-chi
tion/side' tfa'r aJrd- near'. cf . entry ,
y?-ti'
-1 Mitler ffi l.ffi'trre suffixal -Ii of_0J idu-li' th9.
_t:"1.both.as
final
element in .r iotii ana as qne^tryr,py su-Fixal rayer in J dotirJ1r is ... a puz'-Lei
thise1ementappearStohaveno^Atraiccorrrrectio1s.il6-,@.veng'es1975,7$o)--
""*"dii"l['i"ir* the erement -E as, 'way, d.irectionr I the s?me ,-g 1s thought by
hin to be present in ni-ti 't"il path, ioad' ("' eltry-:4): This is poss1b1e'
For the turning of u, ,rooi-into a postposition and finally into a mere suffix can
be shown to have occurred i-n u. However, the two forms could- also be homonSrmoust
without being cognate. -
W proposition is that in the above exa,mples -ti fills the function of a loc'
suffix (whether identicai with -ti 'way; ailictionT or not). --rt is interesting
to note that wo-ti had the _vari"rf, f orn *o-.!.d,^ as a free word, . but ?+so occurring
as a bound- roffi.;:; *oid-!".qf 'the d.ffitore yesterday' (to'. attr. marker;
il';u"';;-";._J'oioi9i)?@'theyearbefore1ast'(i.e.9theyearwhich
is farther than the last @ id'' ) ' ,
grood.aka (+;>) notes that.a b6Ed-n-o-rpheme -lSJtr- occurs j-n ntr-merous compositions,
and. has tire general meani.ng tplacel timer.
Letrs aLso take.note of 0J ndti lthe lower course of a rivert, considering it
as consistinl-;i "3--= rre 'that wticrr is terow/rower'+ 1oc. suff. -g (s' entry

271
thef a writing brush' ({. rwriting brrrsh';
-{une nile and fud.e nite
instnmentalillustrate
use
the
of -"i-!il, ygtFu;kado
tfourJ;E.'corner';ffi"s);]-=i.;i"-G;;,.Bo;-;);"stru
niTffiE meetffifrrossroad.*' (U.lmental.
e .8. r t,e-n*le ]rtsu. 'to.beat with the hanf (s)'. (gg rin**ii, b) €.g.
Lrefi:fi-.te--rasumu-rto TE- absent on account of iltness' "i"""re 'IU. -[. -'ne
'illnes;1 , ab-
%l I :) loeal r e. s. , -ruoli'itJ*i"Lr,tr,,lro ,to rive'iil ryoto, o
g)tempora1(markingthepointor-ti*);"":;.lio,.otu,,,,a
attheage:'t91?';-fl1-t""'honourab1e"i"7uJ""Jii-i.,15,;
ggn?p iuso-nite. t?ishi-ni taehi 'this emperor had been instailed au
"61ffi-prince
t. fcrown-princef
; ni, translative (t) soEf-
Seeing the use of -ni-te in the above examples, f suggest
is also
that the part
a loc. -- -'r/instrumuilIEFsuffix.
'
v*ev v's v@ -te
-te might be a variartt of -!d (in wo-td); for e".,d alternationr s. Wenck
1959, B.
4'5.-1-.4
-QJ -na (locative,/tenporal) q!__q r:g/-gfu --prohle 1916/17 , 159
an 0J uoffi
treats
f in the morningf morni.ngf , yd_na yd-na
|in*l"^lI.?illg]l???:n?{a,sa-na'fery:morning'@-';;;;;".iie}'fi
bably i-nferred. by hin that -4a is a variant of -ni.
T?:"T:il y_"_ :?"i?i b" ""itrin. For -na could-Te a f os si.t f orm which was apprac- }/!sv-
::"_i11I 1:",*, lv^ 9j times. 3ut_the ?ogg"*6a f ossit- form become in view """ra very vatuabt-e
of U x-&/-@;
:@; e.
l?l.*-ttn 'behind -( tatca
e.g. r Fi koto-na tat home, in the houset, piiivei-nii tat
taka- aka- tthat , pd,ivd,-nri I at d_ay r
'that rrlffi-l'ehinrr wrtffi
r \ /ivrn +^tr-;- t:'r, i^ffi-^*,
. : bgi.r.r-nd_' (EE- rthat
.wrlich is behtnd ,) /va Xelj-fia, &J_fe-im-rf-"t 1Ou"
"", ,
T*l;"""::",th: lgY":, at^none,ftr 1966,12o-1;Co11ind.er196o,2B5-7F.tr."""ii;"-ni.
M.'und.erneat6--, gq-wrreru;l s.--u"iail
4.1.5.5 J, OJ -ni (locative, etc.) vs U n-qq:/-ne, ? U x-d.--Reference
to is nade
Sanson J, oJ g! is a polyfunctional
having the
suff.,
following main uses:
A) Adverb of place *u.ll:":, y?rnles : FIF-+L suny ,to- live ,in Tokyo , , TEIqyF
+i lruku rto go to |
,Toiqro , hako-ni osaiete offi-EEi'-In a box , (h. ,bol . : osa,ne_
!e < osaJleru 'put/p1ace in, store in', 9E rput, .place; leaver, s.-entry gEgI-
*i+- na oku.rerg tto.be later than five -o-'.fo"t' (!,:e.,'fi""'; ,,ri''Uouri;-!. rbe be_
ni"d,lilu, 1e.1a.tel)'_ ysrri:no yo-ni idete 'stepping/going out on a pitch--d.ark
nr.gnr' \E. 'pr_tch-darkneE s '.; E, gen./attr, marker; p rniAht'; idele.

272
E) ivb4al adverb. Exa^mples: tadaglri r-ri 'imned.latelyr, ?egsoka='.* 'so1emnly',
kirei ni rprettily' , ongyazr}.ni
- 'unthinkingly' , kuw?uTu ?i 'in ad.dilionr molgovF
, a^trzunr ni. ton ref lection t r llggEii
tin ny. opinionj .
Ovef ' . aJlZl].fU nl- '(JJr r-sr rs(, u.lurr r ::gY-4-j* lrr sJ
_ "Y*'1-l':- ' --
F) G;mi-""tfve (with o.r without nade). k*Tples: ni.iuFi sai ni oYobtJ. f to
reach' the age of 2i; (tt. '25, ; sai 'yearsr age') ' ina ni it?$+ na*e lf;svrr vr*v *o" \-- 'qt*l -4
t .;_;. - _ _l _-
"oy:
(ina rnow' ; !. f reach, come t: I ; itanr.]ia.eff. acts a? *9t1.::-t: ashita
? i?*"/j
ffiffi''iffinr'unt-i1tonorrow'(a.'ton6ii6w'),_H@'toreachtheex- (E. 'extxsnity' ; !. ana !. are Sino -Japaiese fom.ations) i for nole exa,mples'
- s. IJevin 1959r 95.
'it Est ter:ninative suffix -n.i ttoes not differ fron its J counterpart. E.g.'
"
-a. ;:H :?'#"iti,i!'.:'?:.iuif i,tit?-u.
;iiert"Jii -;uoorl; 'kiJrErse-ni
r ), '(up)-io a heisht '- ( collinrt-er 1957, "t1z). - -
Reaardina the It siate, refelence is first nade to 4.r.1.4. l|lhethes oJ -na is
,"""ri"3tlitE i-lr"-gl-"i.a1i not be decicled. trere. Nor'i! ini attenpt nade Efr ne
t"-pilf. out' say, theTst te::oinative suffix -!!L and the lDv general 1oc' euffix
-ni'. because t1.Ly a"" identical in shape with J, OJ -ni, and. leave the rest asitle.
ri"i""o,-, nunbei of exa.nples uill be ad d.uceil f?on the II side, too, for it cou1d.
well be that nore than one suffixes are hidden in the garb of -+ + vgwel'
'---coirr"a"" (1960, 286-7) reconstructs a u 1oc' suff' *-99l:+4, and renanks:
rrlt is best preserred in i'innish, Eastelrl Osty'k, antl Yurak: tr'i and osE -ry:"-4'
tr -A..,-p.- tavgi has -nu (

stood if.it is a_q
or partitive reration
legardeq
between - two wordi. rn one of its sinpiesi"ila*"IJii"r"
usee it fo]ms. d enonstrative, adj ective e fron pronouns. ,r--Exirpia to]iltiito
'this n;.: ($g 'this; here'), t.-"o, .-"o,-g;; |+1.^+| | - | "i
establi shilg adr attributive rather than a possesaj.ve
va- t cuk? h o, ;:q *?irri,ho, manyrl-unar effia L"""r Jt": ;" : 1fe; =3;FdTL :li{i -' )'
T-{_'; @: 'a b'ndle'7.s. entry tp}ka_,hanctle; bu,d.Ie'/; W: ,e"i-i:{ g_iii,
l.
ur".,,
I I'uxuril'.t I i expression f ron-f,G-To ehi gohi 'prayer roisarvest' frri""iy. '
under attributive nostpositions, Lerin
(tra,sr-):
(lsi9, D_&- i5) aescribes-no
narks 1) tire attrib;ii;;; "l'il'iro"" '"ij"rrr*,,
+ne:no ha+a rflouexs of the plun-tree', to-no "ls:;-;?6,i_;;-;-;;""i6# fa ie-fffir6Ge r,
to!,n of that prace/areat,. 4chira-no nacni
futari-no oFEvoo"1
tiT"f roTgo', tr"-i"ffiffi"=;ffi'r
:. (ina 'nor,r'), e).ttffiliilTl-on: e.g., rlJr-no yana ,lrount
no kurti rthe province luji,1 rosa_
Tosa', g4!:gEgg
no"i rKivomori of the 'tar-,'tEFffiE:o-tir"=f t"ii._rl"ffi"_
Taira clad- oi-, Ta-ira Kiyor.ori ' , . €etpu{op,i-"6 Effiisu}a 'I,Iorr_
1i{:_ll:,-?9i1' (9. rMond.ayr, !. 'the 2oth d.ay; 20 oays.), za) 1oIle appositj.on of
conparative sense; e.g.r-hg{La-+g roivako rthe capital thai abound.s *iirr-iio*"""' o"
Ithe flowex-rich capital' @'-1116@ ni-va-k-o actualry ;";; ;"h;;;"-;i4;;),-
#F'.l1il?.,":""l_F='"*r"ig"@'6u*');-i11,1a[;""-;;;l;"{"\na]cuIa
H;:;"'iili::'inlffi
f:ruit'
. .\ (i.e.; 'pitch-black')r-iv?katusa-no.'like young grass'ffi, ii"it and_
suppler)' shirg.tae:no tlike white linen' (i."., lcrein, pure'), 2bi trre-expand.ed.
apposition in the form of a clause, in the attributive form only a verb or
"it"=
arr ad'jective (optlon-"l);.e.g., ima komu-no chigiri tthe
. f .
promise that r will come
now' (ima rnowr dt this timet-; E. expresses the future oi turcomer,
as E. act here
a nominal), wasufg.ii-ng.{ukEEu?, 'the future *r.i"rt-i
"rt"Ti "ot
forget' (;.;"-"
negative of wasunr f forgett)r lf-trre possessive constructj.oni I e.g.,
the
ani-no ie
house of the eld.er brotheri , mj.zj,r-kara-no oya r one r s own parents r .
Note: At this juncture, refeience :is mad.e to what has been said. in connectj.on
with pronouns and- d.emonstratives (2.1.12)z I suggest that the 0J
pronoun formant ge/z n+ (rater +o) j.s id.entical with til-;;" .-f
suffix hand.led. here; naturally, the U pronoun formant *n cones ^ttr. into
play with it.
Concerning the.p senitj.ve suffix,*-gl .Hajdri (l_2ee , 6j ff . ) sums
ions.
up the opin-
I^Ie can note the fol-lowj.ng points:-i) t[e rdfiexes of U 6"r. *-rr'u,"L unknown
in the Permj.a,n and. the Ugric languages; i.nstead.r.they have several ways
the
for
expression of the possessj.ve constructj.onp €.g.; a) th; possessi-ve relation
is unmarked., it Zr
"l,
.iu-d?i rriver-bank | , Hu lilb-sz|,r rshinl (jg |
|foot71"g.'),b)apossess.tvesuffixisattact'ffithermeuberofthe"offi,*."- 'river ; LAb
tion (usual1y it is the part possessed. which bears the posg. suffix; at times,
the part possessor has it; sometimes both parts are narled.), 2) unmarked the sa.me
as marked- possessive const:ructions are belj.eved. to be very'old.: the assri.mption is
supported- by the circumstance that the two types also e*.st in those member l-anguages
of the U fa.niLy which have retained. reflexes of the gen. suffix *-g,
for this reason, several researchers are of the
i
opinion that in the p-language
the possessive relation was unmarked. and that the constnrctlon incorporating the
g'en'. suffix is a later d.evelopment , 4) the proponents of this theory refer to the
vj-ew of Ravj-]?
?g"ord.ing to which the gen. suffix *-n originally d.id.
possessive not mark
relations, but functioned. as arr ad.jective-formint; f6r i" ftla, Cfr, a'd.
Sa,mr morphemes id-entical in shape with the gen. suffj.x appear in attr. constructi-ons1
€.$. e Md- vif-n med- tforest honeytl this type of constnrction is thought to
have1ed.ioge''.ffi'c_tions('foresthoney,-,honeyoftr.e-io=""t;).'--
At this juncture, Hajdd.lines up argr.unents against Ravilats contention,
closing the reasoning thus (transl.): ?fThe suffix -g of the genitive j-s used. j.n
3alto-Finnic, Lapp, Mord.vj.n, Cheremis, and. the Sa"uoyed. Ia;rguages. It is hard. to
lnagine that this suffix should. have arisen by convergence in the separate lives
of the enumerated. langtrages, from a p-language element which had no genitive
functj.on. Therefore we consj.d.er the reconstruction of a possessive attributive
suffix *-n for the p-la"nguage inevitable, without d.isnj.ssing the connection of
the geni.tive suffix with other graq4atical elements in the p-la4$leger e:g.r
with the adjective formant or wi.th the suffj.x of dative/lative" (p. 54).
Returning to the J sf d6 , .E cannot be said. to hav6 had. the pflifary' function
of a gen. suff. in 0J tines ("f. -gg as gen. marker j.n 0J,; l,ewi-n 19591 75-6),
273

274
but its x0anifold. and w!{e-spreail uee otbexwise 4a,ke its deeq-rootedness probptle.
Muraya.na (1957, 128) ProPoses that a) 0J 4{

All in all, the reco4stnrcted U acc. suff. has the following reflexes:
-gr lg, -9, -8, -Lr -non-syllabic pr w'd" g'
Cf . Senzj-ng 1956, 81.
// 11
*' 2:z;?- -o g= - 8h$3-*itiltl"/?l jl'85*1""' i =**:3*'#i] rEE =o i i= l#;#u5 T; 3"d; *H )'
Accorol-ng ro
true g"triti.r" particle.rr It has become obsolete but it is still encountered- j-n
y,1rmerous preserved- phrases ; e. g. r $dzukara